Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations

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    Agriculture and Related Agencies:
FY2020 Appropriations
 FY2020 Appropriations
    Updated November 19, 2019

Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
R45974

 SUMMARY

Agriculture and Related Agencies:
FY2020 Appropriations
The Agriculture appropriations bill funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
except for the U.S. Forest Service. It also funds the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) and—in even-numbered fiscal years—the Commodity Futures Trading
Commission (CFTC).

R45974
November 19, 2019
Jim Monke
Specialist in Agricultural
Policy

Agriculture appropriations include both mandatory and discretionary spending. Discretionary amounts, though,
are the primary focus during the bill’s development. The largest discretionary spending items are the Special
Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); agricultural research; rural
development; FDA; foreign food assistance and trade; farm assistance loans and salaries; food safety inspection;
animal and plant health programs; and technical assistance for conservation programs.
In the absence of an enacted full-year appropriation, FY2020 began on October 1, 2019, under a continuing
resolution (P.L. 116-59, Division A).
For the regular annual appropriation, the Trump Administration requested in March 2019 $19.2 billion for
discretionary-funded accounts within the jurisdiction of Agriculture appropriations subcommittees. The request
would be a reduction of $4.1 billion from FY2019 (-18%).
On June 4, 2019, the House Appropriations Committee reported a stand-alone Agriculture appropriations bill
(H.R. 3164, H.Rept. 116-107) by a vote of 29-21. On June 25, 2019, the House passed a five-bill minibus
27, 2019
            (R45974)
          Jump to Main Text of ReportContentsStatus of FY2020 Agriculture Appropriations
Scope of Agriculture Appropriations
Recent Trends in Agriculture Appropriations
Action on FY2020 Appropriations
Administration's Budget Request
Discretionary Budget Caps and Subcommittee Allocations
Budget Resolution
Budget Caps
Discretionary Spending Allocations
Budget Sequestration
House Action
Comparison of Discretionary Authority: House-Passed Bill to FY2019
Comparison of Mandatory Spending: House-Passed Bill to FY2019
Senate Action
Comparison of Discretionary Authority: Senate-Passed Bill to FY2019
Comparison of Discretionary Authority: Senate-Passed to House-Passed Bill
Comparison of Mandatory Spending: Senate-Passed to House-Passed Bill
Continuing Resolutions
Policy-Related Provisions

      Figures
      Figure 1. Timeline of Action on Agriculture Appropriations, FY2010-FY2020
Figure 2. Scope of Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations
Figure 3. Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations, by Title, FY2010-FY2020
Figure 4. BCA Discretionary Limits, FY2014-FY2021

    

      Tables
      Table 1. Status of FY2020 Agriculture Appropriations
Table 2. Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations, by Title, FY2019-FY2020
Table 3. Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations, by Agency, FY2017-FY2020
Table 4. Selected Policy Provisions Considered in FY2020 Agriculture Appropriations
Table A-1. USDA Departmental Administration Appropriations
Table B-1. General Provisions: Changes in Mandatory Program Spending (CHIMPS)
Table B-2. General Provisions: Rescissions from Discretionary Accounts
Table B-3. General Provisions: Other Appropriations
Table B-4. General Provisions: Scorekeeping Adjustments
Table C-1. Summary of Sequestration on Agriculture Accounts
Table C-2. Sequestration of Mandatory Accounts
Table D-1. Congressional Action on Agriculture Appropriations Since FY1996

    

      Appendixes
      Appendix A. Appropriations in Administrative Accounts
Appendix B. Appropriations in General Provisions
Appendix C. Budget Sequestration
Appendix D. Action on Agriculture Appropriations, FY1996-FY2020

    
SummaryThe Agriculture appropriations bill funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) except for the U.S. Forest Service. It also funds the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and—in even-numbered fiscal years—the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).
Agriculture appropriations include both mandatory and discretionary spending. Discretionary amounts, though, are the primary focus during the bill's development. The largest discretionary spending items are the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); agricultural research; rural development; FDA; foreign food assistance and trade; farm assistance loans and salaries; food safety inspection; animal and plant health programs; and technical assistance for conservation programs.
In the absence of an enacted full-year appropriation, FY2020 began on October 1, 2019, under a continuing resolution (CR) that lasted until November 21, 2019 (P.L. 116-59, Division A). A second CR (P.L. 116-69) was enacted to last until December 20, 2019.
For the regular annual appropriation, the Trump Administration requested in March 2019 $19.2 billion for discretionary-funded accounts within the jurisdiction of Agriculture appropriations subcommittees. The request would be a reduction of $4.1 billion from FY2019 (-18%). 

    On June 4, 2019, the House Appropriations Committee reported a stand-alone Agriculture appropriations bill (H.R. 3164, H.Rept. 116-107) by a vote of 29-21. On June 25, 2019, the House passed a five-bill minibus appropriation with Agriculture as Division B (H.R. 3055). The discretionary total of the House-passed Agriculture
 appropriations bill is $24.3 billion. This is $1 billion more (+4%) than the comparable amount that was enacted
for FY2019 for FY2019 and $5.1 more (+27%) than the Administration’'s request.
 
    On September 19, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported its Agriculture appropriations bill (S. 2522,
, S.Rept. 116-110) by a vote of 31-0. On October 31, 2019, the Senate passed a four-bill minibus appropriation with
 Agriculture as Division B (H.R. 3055). The discretionary total of the Senate-passed bill is $23.1 billion. This is
 $57 million more than the FY2019 appropriation (+0.2%), $4.2 billion more than the Administration’'s request,
 and $894 million less than the House-passed bill on a comparable amount without CFTC (-3.7%).

    The primary components of the $1 billion increase in the House-passed bill from FY2019 include increases to
 rural development accounts by $412 million (+14%, primarily for rural water, broadband, and housing), a rural
 broadband pilot program by $393 million (+314%), foreign agricultural assistance by $377 million (+19%),
 departmental administration by $205 million (+53%, primarily for construction to renovate USDA headquarters),
 agricultural research programming by $197 million (+6%), and FDA appropriations by $185 million (+6%).
 Reductions in budget authority include decreases to agricultural research buildings and facilities funding by -$331
 million, rescinding WIC carryover balances an additional -$300 million, and eliminating temporary funding for
 international food assistance by -$216 million (with a larger increase to the base appropriation, as noted above in
 foreign agricultural assistance).

    The primary differences that comprise the -$894 million difference in the Senate-reported bill from the HousepassedHouse-passed bill include providing agricultural research $193 million more than in the House bill and department
 administration accounts $97 million more than in the House bill. These greater allowances are more than offset by
 providing rural development $407 million less than in the House bill (largely from rural water and waste disposal
 grants), rural broadband in the General Provisions title $518 million less than in the House bill, foreign
 agricultural assistance $159 million less than in the House bill, and FDA $105 million less than the House bill.

Congressional Research Service

 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations

Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations, by Title, FY2019-FY2020

Source: 
      
Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations, by Title, FY2019-FY2020
Source: CRS, using P.L. 116-6 (Division B), House-passed H.R. 3055 (Division B), and Senate-passed
 H.R. 3055 (Division B).

            Note: FDA = Food and Drug Administration, CFTC = Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
 For comparability, includes CFTC in Related Agencies in all columns regardless of jurisdiction.


          
        
      
    
    The appropriation also carries mandatory spending that is largely determined in separate authorizing laws. These
 mandatory spending amounts total nearly $131 billion in the House-passed bill and $129 billion in the SenatereportedSenate-reported bill. Thus, the overall total of the FY2020 Agriculture appropriation would be about $155 billion in the
 House-passed bill and $152 billion in the Senate-reported bill.

    Policy provisions may also be included that affect how the appropriation is delivered. This year, these provisions
 include issues such as the relocation of USDA agencies, disaster programs, rural definitions, livestock regulations,
 nutrition programs, and dietary guidelines.

    Budget sequestration continues to affect mandatory agricultural spending accounts. Sequestration refers to
 automatic across-the-board reductions in spending authority. In FY2020, sequestration on mandatory spending
 accounts is 5.9% and totals about $1.4 billion for agriculture accounts. Recent budget acts have extended
sequestration through FY2029.

Congressional Research Service

 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations

Contents
Status of FY2020 Agriculture Appropriations ................................................................................. 1
Scope of Agriculture Appropriations ............................................................................................... 4
Recent Trends in Agriculture Appropriations .................................................................................. 6
Action on FY2020 Appropriations .................................................................................................. 7
Administration’s Budget Request ............................................................................................. 7
Discretionary Budget Caps and Subcommittee Allocations...................................................... 7
Budget Resolution............................................................................................................... 7
Budget Caps ........................................................................................................................ 7
Discretionary Spending Allocations ................................................................................... 8
Budget Sequestration .......................................................................................................... 8
House Action ............................................................................................................................. 9
Comparison of Discretionary Authority: House-Passed Bill to FY2019 ............................ 9
Comparison of Mandatory Spending: House-Passed Bill to FY2019 .............................. 10
Senate Action .......................................................................................................................... 10
Comparison of Discretionary Authority: Senate-Passed Bill to FY2019........................... 11
Comparison of Discretionary Authority: Senate-Passed to House-Passed Bill ................ 12
Comparison of Mandatory Spending: Senate-Passed to House-Passed Bill ..................... 12
Continuing Resolutions ........................................................................................................... 13
Policy-Related Provisions ....................................................................................................... 21

Figures
Figure 1. Timeline of Action on Agriculture Appropriations, FY2010-FY2020 ............................. 3
Figure 2. Scope of Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations ............................................ 5
Figure 3. Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations, by Title, FY2010-FY2020 ............................ 6
Figure 4. BCA Discretionary Limits, FY2014-FY2021 .................................................................. 8

Tables
Table 1. Status of FY2020 Agriculture Appropriations ................................................................... 1
Table 2. Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations, by Title, FY2019-FY2020 ................. 2
Table 3. Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations, by Agency, FY2017-FY2020 .......... 15
Table 4. Selected Policy Provisions Considered in FY2020 Agriculture Appropriations ............. 21
Table A-1. USDA Departmental Administration Appropriations .................................................. 25
Table B-1. General Provisions: Changes in Mandatory Program Spending (CHIMPS) ............... 27
Table B-2. General Provisions: Rescissions from Discretionary Accounts ................................... 28
Table B-3. General Provisions: Other Appropriations................................................................... 29
Table B-4. General Provisions: Scorekeeping Adjustments .......................................................... 32
Table C-1. Summary of Sequestration on Agriculture Accounts ................................................... 33
Table C-2. Sequestration of Mandatory Accounts ......................................................................... 36

Congressional Research Service

 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations

Table D-1. Congressional Action on Agriculture Appropriations Since FY1996.......................... 39

Appendixes
Appendix A. Appropriations in Administrative Accounts ............................................................. 25
Appendix B. Appropriations in General Provisions ...................................................................... 27
Appendix C. Budget Sequestration ............................................................................................... 33
Appendix D. Action on Agriculture Appropriations, FY1996-FY2020 ........................................ 39

Contacts
Author Information........................................................................................................................ 40

Congressional Research Service

 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations

Status of FY2020 Agriculture Appropriations
In the absence of an enacted full-year appropriation, FY2020 began on October 1, 2019, under a
continuing resolution (P.L. 116-59, Division A) that lasts until November 21, 2019.
 sequestration through FY2029.
    
  
  Status of FY2020 Agriculture AppropriationsIn the absence of an enacted full-year appropriation, FY2020 began on October 1, 2019, under a continuing resolution (CR) that lasted until November 21, 2019 (P.L. 116-59, Division A). A second CR (P.L. 116-69) was enacted to last until December 20, 2019.
For the regular annual Agriculture appropriation, the House passed a five-bill minibus
 appropriation on June 25, 2019 (H.R. 3055), and the Senate passed a four-bill minibus on October
 31, 2019 (H.R. 3055) from Senate-reported bills as amended on the floor. In both cases, the
 Agriculture portion is Division B (Table 1). The Administration released its budget request in two
 parts: an overview on March 11, 2019, and more detailed documents on March 18, 2019. See
 Figure 1 for a decade-long comparison of timelines and Appendix D for more details.

    To set spending levels to develop the bills, an Agriculture subcommittee allocation was
 established in the House on May 14, 2019 (H.Rept. 116-59). The Senate waited for an overall
 budget agreement before marking up bills. On August 2, 2019, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019
( (P.L. 116-37) raised the statutory caps on discretionary spending. A different subcommittee
 allocation was set in the Senate on September 12, 2019 (S.Rept. 116-104). A compromise
 appropriation is pending, including agreement to set common subcommittee spending levels.

    
      
        Table 1. Status of FY2020 Agriculture Appropriations
House Action
Administration
Request
3/11/2019
OMB Budget
3/18/2019
OMB Appendix
USDA
FDA
CFTC
FCA

Senate Action

Subcmte.

Cmte.

Floor

Subcmte.

Cmte.

Floor

5/23/2019
Draft

6/4/2019
H.R. 3164
H.Rept.
116-107
Vote 29-21

6/25/2019
H.R. 3055,
Division B
Vote
227-194

9/17/2019
Draft
Voice vote

9/19/2019
S. 2522
S.Rept.
116-110
Vote 31-0

10/31/2019
H.R. 3055,
Division B
Vote
84-9

Voice vote

Continuing
Resolution

Final
Appropriation

9/27//2019
P.L. 116-59,
Division A,
until 11/21/2019

—

Source: CRS, compiled from Congress.gov, OMB, and agency websites.
Note: OMB = Office of Management and Budget, USDA = U.S. Department of Agriculture, FDA = Food and
Drug Administration, CFTC = Commodity Futures Trading Commission, and FCA = Farm Credit
Administration.

The discretionary total of the House-passed Agriculture appropriations bill is $24.3 billion. This
is $1 billion more than (+4%) the comparable amount for FY2019 that includes the Commodity
Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)1 and $5.1 billion more than (+27%) the request.
The $23.1 billion discretionary total in the Senate-reported bill would be $57 million more than
(+0.2%) the amount enacted for FY2019. This is $894 million less than (-3.7%) the House-passed
bill on a comparable basis without CFTC.
The appropriation also carries mandatory spending—though that is largely determined in separate
authorizing laws—that totals nearly $131 billion in the House-passed bill and $129 billion in the
Senate-reported bill. Thus, the overall total of the FY2020 Agriculture appropriation would be
about $155 billion in the House bill and $152 billion in the Senate bill (Table 2).
1

Jurisdiction for CFTC appropriations differs between the chambers. Since FY2008, CFTC is marked up in the
Agriculture Subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee and in the Financial Services and General
Government Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee. The enacted CFTC appropriation is carried in the
Agriculture bill in even-numbered fiscal years and in the Financial Services bill in odd-numbered fiscal years.

Congressional Research Service

1

 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations

Table 2. Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations, by Title, FY2019-FY2020
Budget authority in millions of dollars
FY2019

Title of Agriculture Appropriations Act
I. Agricultural Programs: Discretionary

P.L. 116-6

FY2020
Admin.
request

Change from FY2019

Housepassed
H.R. 3055

Senatepassed
H.R. 3055

Enacted

to Housepassed

to Senatepassed

6,033.9

5,712.3

6,165.6

6,439.2

—

+131.6

+405.3

Mandatory

1,374.0

1,404.0

1,404.0

1,404.0

—

+30.0

+30.0

Subtotal

7,407.9

7,116.3

7,569.6

7,843.2

—

+161.6

+435.3

2,748.8

2,430.6

2,798.0

2,819.9

—

+49.3

+71.1

Mandatory

30,821.1

34,489.6

34,489.6

34,489.6

—

+3,668.5

+3,668.5

Subtotal

33,569.9

36,920.2

37,287.6

37,309.5

—

+3,717.7

+3,739.6

III. Rural Development

3,011.7a

2,938.1

3,423.8a

3,016.7

—

+412.1

+5.0

IV. Domestic Food Programs: Discretionary

6,620.3

5,958.3

6,584.8

6,563.5

—

-35.5

-56.8

96,560.0

93,013.1

95,049.8

92,708.3

—

-1,510.2

-3,851.7

103,180.3

98,971.4

101,634.6

99,271.8

—

-1,545.7

-3,908.5

1,938.0a

205.0

2,315.2

2,156.3

—

+377.2

+218.4

II. Farm Production and Conservation Programs

Mandatory
Subtotal
V. Foreign Assistance
VI. Related Agencies:

—

Food and Drug Administration

3,080.5

3,251.3

3,265.7

3,160.5

—

+185.3

+80.0

Commodity Futures Trading Commission

[268.0]b

250.0

315.0

[305.0]b

—

+47.0

+37.0

VII. General Provisions:
CHIMPS and rescissionsc

—
-490.0

-1,153.0

-799.8

-810.1

—

-309.8

-320.1

493.5

0.0

628.8

141.5

—

+135.3

-352.0

-404.0

-403.0

-398.0

-398.0

—

+6.0

+6.0

23,032.7

18,939.6

[23,984.0]

23,089.6

—

+951.3

+56.9

[23,300.7]

19,189.6

24,299.0

[23,394.6]

—

+998.3

+93.9

Mandatory

128,755.1

128,906.7

130,943.4

128,601.9

—

+2,188.3

-153.2

Total: Senate basis w/o CFTC

151,787.8

147,846.4

154,927.4

151,691.5

—

+3,139.6

-96.4

Total: House basis w/ CFTC

152,055.8

148,096.4

155,242.4

151,996.5

—

+3,186.6

-59.4

Other appropriations
Scorekeeping adjustmentsd
Discretionary: Senate basis w/o CFTC
Discretionary: House basis w/ CFTC

Source: CRS, using appropriations text and reports, and unpublished CBO tables.
Notes: Amounts are nominal discretionary budget authority unless labeled otherwise. Excludes amounts in
supplemental appropriations acts. Bracketed amounts are not in the Agriculture appropriations totals due to
differing House-Senate jurisdiction for the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).
a. Excludes amounts for other appropriations that are provided separately in General Provisions.
b. The amount for CFTC is from the Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) division of the
Administration Request
House Action
Senate Action
Continuing Resolutions
Final Appropriation
Subcmte.
Cmte.
Floor
Subcmte.
Cmte.
Floor

          
           
          
           
          
        
        
          
            3/11/2019OMB Budget
            3/18/2019OMB AppendixUSDAFDACFTCFCA5/23/2019
Draft
Voice vote
6/4/2019
H.R. 3164
H.Rept. 116-107
Vote 29-21
6/25/2019
H.R. 3055,a Division B 
            Vote227-194
          
          
            9/17/2019
Draft
Voice vote
9/19/2019
S. 2522
S.Rept. 116-110
Vote 31-0
10/31/2019
H.R. 3055,a Division B 
            Vote84-9
          
          
            9/27//2019
P.L. 116-59, until 11/21/2019
            11/21/2019
P.L. 116-69,auntil 12/20/2019
          
          
            —
Source: CRS, compiled from Congress.gov, OMB, and agency websites.
Note: OMB = Office of Management and Budget, USDA = U.S. Department of Agriculture, FDA = Food and Drug Administration, CFTC = Commodity Futures Trading Commission, and FCA = Farm Credit Administration.
a. H.R. 3055 was originally a Commerce-Justice-Science Appropriations bill. It became the vehicle for a House minibus and later a Senate minibus. It was also used to carry the second CR without the minibus text.
The discretionary total of the House-passed Agriculture appropriations bill is $24.3 billion. This is $1 billion more than (+4%) the comparable amount for FY2019 that includes the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)1 and $5.1 billion more than (+27%) the request. The $23.1 billion discretionary total in the Senate-reported bill would be $57 million more than FY2019 (+0.2%). This is $894 million less than (-3.7%) the House-passed bill on a comparable basis. 

    The appropriation also carries mandatory spending that is largely determined in authorizing laws—nearly $131 billion in the House-passed bill and $129 billion in the Senate-passed bill (Table 2).
    
      
        Table 2. Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations, by Title, FY2019-FY2020
        Budget authority in millions of dollars
FY2019
FY2020
Change from FY2019
Title of Agriculture Appropriations Act
P.L. 116-6 
Admin. request
House-passed H.R. 3055

          
          
            Senate-passedH.R. 3055Enacted 
to House-passed
to Senate-passed
I. Agricultural Programs: Discretionary
6,033.9
5,712.3
6,165.6
6,439.2
—
+131.6
+405.3
Mandatory
1,374.0
1,404.0
1,404.0
1,404.0
—
+30.0
+30.0
Subtotal
7,407.9
7,116.3
7,569.6
7,843.2
—
+161.6
+435.3
II. Farm Production and Conservation Programs
2,748.8
2,430.6
2,798.0
2,819.9
—
+49.3
+71.1
Mandatory 
30,821.1
34,489.6
34,489.6
34,489.6
—
+3,668.5
+3,668.5
Subtotal
33,569.9
36,920.2
37,287.6
37,309.5
—
+3,717.7
+3,739.6
III. Rural Development

          
          
            3,011.7a2,938.1

          
          
            3,423.8a3,016.7
—
+412.1
+5.0
IV. Domestic Food Programs: Discretionary
6,620.3
5,958.3
6,584.8
6,563.5
—
-35.5
-56.8
Mandatory
96,560.0
93,013.1
95,049.8
92,708.3
—
-1,510.2
-3,851.7
Subtotal
103,180.3
98,971.4
101,634.6
99,271.8
—
-1,545.7
-3,908.5
V. Foreign Assistance

          
          
            1,938.0a205.0
2,315.2
2,156.3
—
+377.2
+218.4
VI. Related Agencies:
—
Food and Drug Administration
3,080.5
3,251.3
3,265.7
3,160.5
—
+185.3
+80.0
Commodity Futures Trading Commission

          
          
            [268.0]b250.0
315.0

          
          
            [305.0]b—
+47.0
+37.0
VII. General Provisions:
—

          
           
          
           
          
        
        
          
            CHIMPS and rescissionsc-490.0
-1,153.0
-799.8
-810.1
—
-309.8
-320.1
Other appropriations
493.5
0.0
628.8
141.5
—
+135.3
-352.0

          
        
        
          
            Scorekeeping adjustmentsd-404.0
-403.0
-398.0
-398.0
—
+6.0
+6.0
Discretionary: Senate basis w/o CFTC
23,032.7
18,939.6
[23,984.0]
23,089.6
—
+951.3
+56.9
Discretionary: House basis w/ CFTC
[23,300.7]
19,189.6
24,299.0
[23,394.6]
—
+998.3
+93.9
Mandatory
128,755.1
128,906.7
130,943.4
128,601.9
—
+2,188.3
-153.2
Total: Senate basis w/o CFTC
151,787.8
147,846.4
154,927.4
151,691.5
—
+3,139.6
-96.4
Total: House basis w/ CFTC
152,055.8
148,096.4
155,242.4
151,996.5
—
+3,186.6
-59.4
Source: CRS, using appropriations text and reports, and unpublished CBO tables. 
Notes: H.R. 3055 refers to the June 25, 2019, and October 31, 2019, House-passed and Senate-passed bills, respectively. H.R. 3055 later became the vehicle to carry the second CR without the minibus text.
Amounts are nominal discretionary budget authority unless labeled otherwise. Excludes amounts in supplemental appropriations acts. Bracketed amounts are not in the Agriculture appropriations totals due to differing House-Senate jurisdiction for the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).

        a. Excludes amounts for other appropriations that are provided separately in General Provisions.
        b. The amount for CFTC is from the Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) division of the FY2019 Consolidated Appropriation and for FY2020 from the Senate bill for FSGG (S. 2524).
        ).
c. Changes in Mandatory Program Spending (CHIMPS) are reductions made to mandatory programs via
 appropriations. Rescissions are permanent cancellations of previously provided budget authority.
d. “ 
        d. "Scorekeeping adjustments”" are not necessarily appropriated but are part of the official CBO accounting.

Congressional Research Service

2

 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations


      
Figure 1. Timeline of Action on Agriculture Appropriations, FY2010-FY2020


          
        
        
          
        
        
          
            Source: CRS. For specific dates and links to bills, see Appendix D.

.
          
        
      
    
    
      
        
          
            Other CRS Resources for Agricultural Appropriations

            In addition to the agency-level amounts presented in Table 3, the following CRS reports provide more detail and
 analysis about various agencies and programs within the Agriculture appropriations act:










CRS Report R46011, FY2020 Appropriations for Agricultural Conservation
 
            CRS Insight IN11168, The CCC Anomaly in an FY2020 Continuing Resolution
 
            CRS Insight IN11132, FY2020 Agriculture Appropriations: H.R. 3164
 
            CRS In Focus IF11245, FY2019 Supplemental Appropriations for Agriculture
 
            CRS Report R45743, USDA Domestic Food Assistance Programs: FY2019 Appropriations

            CRS Report R44576, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Budget: Fact Sheet
 
            CRS Report R45413, FY2018 and FY2019 Agriculture Appropriations: Federal Food Safety Activities
 
            CRS Report R45712, FY2018 and FY2019 Agriculture Appropriations: International Food Aid
 
            CRS In Focus IF10953, Agriculture Appropriations: Animal and Plant Health

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    Scope of Agriculture Appropriations

    The Agriculture appropriations bill—formally known as the Agriculture, Rural Development,
 Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act—funds all of the U.S.
 Department of Agriculture (USDA), excluding the U.S. Forest Service.22 It also funds the Food
 and Drug Administration (FDA) in the Department of Health and Human Services and, in evennumberedeven-numbered fiscal years, CFTC.

    Jurisdiction is with the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations and their Subcommittees
 on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies. The
 bill includes mandatory and discretionary spending, but the discretionary amounts are the primary
 focus (Figure 2). Some programs are not in the authorizing jurisdiction of the House or Senate
 Agriculture Committees, such as FDA, WIC, and child nutrition (checkered regions in Figure 2).
    ).
The federal budget process treats discretionary and mandatory spending differently:3


3 Discretionary spending is controlled by annual appropriations acts and receives
 most of the attention during the appropriations process. The annual budget
resolution4 resolution4 process sets spending limits for discretionary appropriations. Agency
 operations (salaries and expenses) and many grant programs are discretionary.
 Mandatory spending5 is 
    Mandatory spending5 is carried in the appropriation and usually advanced
 unchanged, since it is controlled by budget rules during the authorization
 process.66 Spending for so-called entitlement programs is determined in laws such
 as the 2018 farm bill7bill7 and 2010 child nutrition reauthorizations.8
8In the FY2019 appropriation (P.L. 116-6), the discretionary amount was 15% ($23 billion) of the
 $152 billion total. Mandatory spending carried in the act comprised $129 billion, about 85% of
 the total, of which about $106 billion is attributable to programs in the 2018 farm bill.
 
    Within the discretionary total, the largest spending items are the Special Supplemental Nutrition
 Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); agricultural research; rural development;
 FDA; foreign food aid and trade; farm assistance loans and salaries; food safety inspection;
 animal and plant health programs; and technical assistance for conservation program.
 
    The main mandatory spending items are the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
 and other food and nutrition act programs, child nutrition (school lunch and related programs),
 crop insurance, and farm commodity and conservation programs that are funded through USDA’s
's Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC). SNAP is referred to as an “"appropriated entitlement”" and
 requires an annual appropriation.99 Amounts for the nutrition program are based on projected
spending needs. In contrast, the CCC appropriations reimburse spending from a line of credit.10
2

Although the Forest Service is part of USDA, jurisdiction for its appropriations are in the Interior and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act.
3 See CRS In Focus IF11032, Budgetary Decisionmaking in Congress; and CRS Report R44582, Overview of Funding
Mechanisms in the Federal Budget Process, and Selected Examples.
4 See CRS Report R42388, The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction.
5 Mandatory spending creates funding stability and consistency compared to annual discretionary appropriations. In
agriculture, it originated with farm commodity programs that had uncertain outlays due to weather and markets.
6 See CRS Report 98-560, Baselines and Scorekeeping in the Federal Budget Process.
7 P.L. 115-334 (Agricultural Act of 2018). See CRS Report R45425, Budget Issues That Shaped the 2018 Farm Bill.
8 P.L. 111-296 (Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010). See CRS In Focus IF10266, An Introduction to Child
Nutrition Reauthorization.
9 See CRS Report RS20129, Entitlements and Appropriated Entitlements in the Federal Budget Process.
10 See CRS Report R44606, The Commodity Credit Corporation: In Brief.

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 spending needs. In contrast, the CCC appropriations reimburse spending from a line of credit.10
      
Figure 2. Scope of Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations

            FY2019 budget authority in billions of dollars


          
        
        
          
        
        
          
            Source: CRS.

            Notes: SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; CCC = Commodity Credit Corporation; FCIC =
 Federal Crop Insurance Corporation; Section 32 = Funds for Strengthening Markets, Income and Supply; WIC =
 Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; CSFP = Commodity Supplemental
 Food Program; FDA = Food and Drug Administration; FSA = Farm Service Agency, incl. Farm Production and
 Conservation Business Center; RMA = Risk Management Agency; FSIS = Food Safety and Inspection Service;
 APHIS = Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; NRCS = Natural Resources Conservation Service. Does
 not show agencies under $0.5 billion. Spending in the General Provisions are presented with the agencies.

Key Budget Terms
Key Budget Terms
Budget authority is the main purpose of an appropriations act or a law authorizing mandatory spending. It
 provides the legal basis from which to obligate funds. It expires at the end of a period, usually after one year unless
 specified otherwise (e.g., two years or indefinite). Most funding amounts in this report are budget authority.

            Obligations are contractual agreements between a government agency and its clients or employees. These occur
 when an agency agrees to spend money from its budget authority. The Antideficiency Act prohibits agencies from
 obligating more budget authority than is provided in law, such as during a government shutdown.

            Outlays are the payments (cash disbursements) that satisfy a valid obligation. Timing of outlays may differ from
 budget authority or obligations because payments from an agency may not occur until services are fulfilled, goods
 are delivered, or construction is completed, even though an obligation occurred.

            Program level represents the sum of the activities undertaken by an agency. A program level may be higher than
 a budget authority if the program (1) receives user fees, (2) includes loansloans that are leveraged by an expectation
 of repayment (loan authority may exceed budget authority), or (3) receives transferstransfers from other agencies.

            Rescissions are actions that reduce budget authority after enactment. They generally score budgetary savings.

            CHIMPS (Changes in Mandatory Program Spending) are adjustments via an appropriations act that can change
 available funding for mandatory programs. CHIMPS usually change spending for one year and may score either as
 an increase or decrease to outlays. They do not change the underlying authority of the program in law.
 
            For more background, see CRS Report 98-721, Introduction to the Federal Budget Process.

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.
          
        
      
    
    Recent Trends in Agriculture Appropriations

    Discretionary Agriculture appropriations were at an all-time high in FY2010, declined through
 FY2013, and have gradually increased since then. Changes within titles have generally been
 proportionate to changes in the overall bill, though some areas have sustained relative increases,
 such as FDA and rural development.

    The stacked bars in Figure 3 represent the discretionary authorization for each appropriations
 title. The total of the positive stacked bars is the budget authority in Titles I-VI. In FY2018,
 USDA reorganization affected the placement of some programs between Titles I and II of the bill
 (most noticeably, the Farm Service Agency). Prior to FY2018, the cumulative appropriation for
 the agencies was higher than the official discretionary total in the spending allocation (the blue
 line) because of the budgetary offset from negative amounts in Title VII (general provisions) and
 other negative scorekeeping adjustments. These negative offsets were mostly due to limits on
 mandatory programs and rescissions, which have been used less since FY2018.

    Historical trends may be tempered by inflation adjustments, as shown in the dotted line. The
 inflation-adjusted total since FY2011 has been nearly level until a slightly higher trend line in the
 FY2018 appropriation.

      
Figure 3. Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations, by Title, FY2010-FY2020


          
        
        
          
        
        
          
            Source: CRS.
 
            Note: For FY2020, Adm is the Trump Administration’'s request; Hse is chamber-passed H.R. 3055, Division B;
 Sen is Senate-reported S. 2522. For comparability, includes CFTC in Related Agencies in all columns regardless
 of jurisdiction. The inflation-adjusted line was calculated using the gross domestic product price deflator.
 Amounts printed diagonally correspond to the solid blue line, which is the subcommittee allocation.

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    Action on FY2020 Appropriations
Administration’
    Administration's Budget Request

    The Trump Administration released a general overview of its FY2020 budget request on March
 11, 2019,1111 and a detailed budget proposal to Congress on March 18, 2019.12 12 USDA released its
 more detailed budget summary and justification,1313 as did the FDA,1414 and the independent agencies
 of the CFTC15CFTC15 and the Farm Credit Administration.1616 The Administration also highlighted
 separately some of its proposed reductions and eliminations.17
17
    For accounts in the jurisdiction of the Agriculture appropriations bill, the Administration’'s budget
 requested $19.2 billion, a $4.1 billion reduction from FY2019 (-18%; Table 2, , Figure 3). The
 Administration released its budget request for FY2020 after Congress had enacted the omnibus
 FY2019 appropriation in February 2019 (P.L. 116-6). Amounts in the FY2019 column of the
Administration’ Administration's budget documents are based on FY2018 levels, not enacted FY2019 amounts.

 
    Discretionary Budget Caps and Subcommittee Allocations

    Budget enforcement has procedural and statutory elements. The procedural elements relate to a
 budget resolution and are enforced with points of order. The statutory elements impose
 discretionary spending limits and are enforced with budget caps and sequestration.18

Budget Resolution
18
    Budget Resolution
    Typically, each chamber’'s Appropriations Committee receives a top-line limit on discretionary
 budget authority, referred to as a “"302(a)”" allocation, from the Budget Committee via an annual
 budget resolution. The Appropriations Committees then in turn subdivide the allocation among
 their subcommittees, referred to as the “"302(b)”" allocations.19
19 
    For FY2020, the House did not report or pass a budget resolution. The Senate Budget Committee
 reported S.Con.Res. 12, though it received no further action.

Budget Caps
 
    Budget Caps
    The Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA, P.L. 112-25) set discretionary budget caps through
 FY2021 as a way of reducing federal spending.2020 Sequestration is an across-the-board backstop to
achieve budget reductions if spending exceeds the budget caps (2 U.S.C. §901(c)).21
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), A Budget for a Better America: President’s Budget FY 2020.
OMB, FY2020 Budget of the U.S. Government, Appendix.
13 USDA, FY2020 USDA Budget Summary; and USDA, FY2020 Budget Explanatory Notes.
14
FDA, FY2020 Justification of Estimates for Appropriations.
15 CFTC, FY2020 President’s Budget Request.
16 Farm Credit Administration, FY2020 Proposed Budget and Performance Plan.
17 OMB, FY2020 Budget of the U.S. Government, Major Savings and Reforms.
18 CRS Report R42388, The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction.
19 References to 302(a) and 302(b) are to sections of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974.
20 CRS Report R44874, The Budget Control Act: Frequently Asked Questions.
21 CRS Report R42972, Sequestration as a Budget Enforcement Process: Frequently Asked Questions.
11
12

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 achieve budget reductions if spending exceeds the budget caps (2 U.S.C. §901(c)).21 
    Bipartisan Budget Acts (BBAs) have avoided sequestration on discretionary spending—with the
 exception of FY2013—by raising those caps four times in two-year increments in 2013, 2015,
 2018, and 2019 (Figure 4).22).22 Most recently, the BBA of 2019 (P.L. 116-37) raised the cap on
 nondefense discretionary spending by $78 billion for FY2020 (to $621 billion) and by $72 billion
 for FY2021 (to $627 billion). The amount for FY2020 is 4.1% greater than the nondefense cap in
 FY2019. The BBA also provides language to execute (or “deem”"deem") those higher caps for the
 appropriations process without a budget resolution.23
23
    
      
Figure 4. BCA Discretionary Limits, FY2014-FY2021

            Budget authority in billions of nominal dollars


          
        
        
          
        
        
          
            Source: CRS Insight IN11148, The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019: Changes to the BCA and Debt Limit.

. 
          
        
      
    
    Discretionary Spending Allocations

    In the absence of a budget resolution and before the BBA that occurred in August, the House
 Appropriations Committee on May 14, 2019, set an overall discretionary target and provided the
 subcommittees with 302(b) allocations (H.Rept. 116-59). The allocation for the House
 Agriculture appropriations subcommittee is $24.3 billion, $1 billion greater (+4.3%) than the
 comparable amount for the enacted FY2019 Agriculture appropriation (Table 2).
    ).
The Senate chose to wait for the overall budget agreement in the BBA of 2019 before setting
 subcommittee allocations or proceeding to mark up any appropriations bills for FY2020. On
 September 12, 2019, the Senate Appropriations Committee set its subcommittee allocations
( (S.Rept. 116-104). The allocation for the Agriculture appropriation subcommittee in the Senate is
 $23.1 billion, $0.1 billion greater (+0.3%) than the enacted FY2019 appropriation.
 
    Without Congress having agreed on a joint budget resolution, subcommittee allocations are
 different between the chambers and eventually need to be reconciled.

Budget Sequestration

    Budget Sequestration
    Despite the BBA agreements that raise discretionary spending caps and avoid sequestration on
 discretionary accounts, sequestration still applies to mandatory spending. Sequestration on
 mandatory accounts began in FY2013, continues to the present, and has been extended beyond
22
23

CRS Insight IN11090, Increasing the BCA Spending Limits: Characteristics of Previously Enacted Legislation.
CRS Insight IN11148, The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019: Changes to the BCA and Debt Limit.

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 the original FY2021 sunset of the BCA. The various BBAs continue sequestration on mandatory
 spending through FY2029. See Appendix A for more on budget sequestration and its effects on
 agriculture spending.

House Action

    House Action
    The House Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee marked up its FY2020 bill on May 23,
 2019, by voice vote.2424 On June 4, 2019, the full Appropriations Committee passed and reported an
 amended bill (H.R. 3164, , H.Rept. 116-107) by a vote of 29-21. The committee adopted four
 amendments by voice vote.25
25 
    On June 25, 2019, the House passed a five-bill minibus appropriation (H.R. 3055) with the
 Agriculture bill as Division B (Table 1, , Figure 1).26). Under a structured rule,2627 the Rules
 Committee allowed 35 amendments for floor debate (H.Res. 445, H.Rept. 116-119). The House
 considered 33 of those amendments, of which 31 were adopted and two were rejected. Of the 31
 amendments that were adopted, 28 were adopted en bloc by voice vote, two were adopted by
 recorded votes, and another was adopted separately by voice vote. Of the 31 amendments that
 were adopted, 14 revised funding amounts with offsets,2728 three added policy statements, and 14
 made no substantive changes but were for the purposes of discussion.

    The $24.3 billion discretionary total in the House-passed FY2020 Agriculture appropriation
 would be $1 billion more than (+4%) the comparable amount enacted for FY2019 that includes
 the CFTC (Table 2, , Figure 3). Generally speaking, the House-passed bill does not include most
 of the reductions proposed by the Administration.


    Comparison of Discretionary Authority: House-Passed Bill to FY2019

    Table 3 provides details of the House-passed bill at the agency level. The primary changes from
 FY2019 that comprise the $1 billion increase, ranked by increases and decreases, include:




Increase Rural Development accounts by $412 million (+14%), including a $144
 million increase for the Rural Housing Service (+9%) and a $238 million
 increase for the Rural Utilities Service (+38%) to support rural water and waste
 disposal and rural broadband. In addition, the General Provisions title includes a
 $393 million increase for a rural broadband pilot program (+314%).

    Increase foreign agricultural assistance by $377 million (+19%), including
 increasing Food for Peace humanitarian assistance by $350 million and
 McGovern-Dole Food for Education by $25 million. In FY2019, Food for Peace
had received a temporary increase of $216 million in the General Provisions title.

24

See the House Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee website for the bill draft and report draft.
House Appropriations Committee, “FY2020 Full Committee Adopted Amendments,” June 4, 2019.
26 CRS Report R42933, Regular Appropriations Bills: Terms of Initial Consideration and Amendment in the House,
FY1996-FY2015.
27 These 14 amendments added $109 million spread across rural broadband, distance learning and telemedicine, dairy
innovation, 1890s institutions, geographically disadvantaged farmers, nutrition initiatives, farm-to-school, rural energy,
and opioid abuse. They remained budget neutral by reducing (offsetting) seven mostly administrative accounts by $110
million, including the Chief Information Officer (-$52 million), Office of General Counsel (-$30 million),
Departmental Administration (-$21 million), Office of Communications (-$3.6 million), Office of the Secretary (-$1
million), Agricultural Marketing Service (-$1 million), and Agriculture Buildings and Facilities (-$1 million). These
reductions were about 98% of the committee-proposed amount for the Departmental Administration, 73% of the Office
of General Counsel, and 52% of the Chief Information Officer. See Table A-1.
25

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 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations






 had received a temporary increase of $216 million in the General Provisions title. The larger FY2020 amount would be to the program’'s base appropriation rather
 than the FY2019 approach that used the General Provisions.

    Increase related agencies appropriations by $232 million, including raising FDA
 appropriations by $185 million (+6%) and the CFTC by $47 million (+18%).

    Increase other agricultural program appropriations by $151 million, including:
 
    Increase departmental administration accounts by a net $205 million (+53%),
 including funding most of the Administration’Administration's request for a $271 million
 increase for construction to renovate USDA headquarters.
 
    Increase USDA regulatory programs by $56 million, including increasing the
 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service by $23 million (+2%) and the
 Agricultural Marketing Service by $33 million (+20%).
 
    Decrease agricultural research by a net $134 million (-4%), mostly through
 smaller appropriations for construction. Agricultural Research Service (ARS)
 construction would be reduced by $331 million from FY2019 (-87%), while
 salaries and expenses would increase for ARS (+$44 million, +3%) and the
 National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) (+$146 million, +10%).

    Some of these increases are offset by a net change of -$175 million in budget
 authority that is accomplished through the General Provisions title. This is mostly
 a combination of greater rescissions of carryover balances in WIC (-$300
 million) and the absence of continuing the FY2019 appropriations in the General
 Provisions for Food for Peace (-$216 million, as mentioned above) and rural
 water and waste disposal (-$75 million). The General Provisions provide
 increases in funding for rural broadband (+$393 million, as mentioned above)
 and several appropriations for miscellaneous programs (+$33 million).

Comparison of Mandatory Spending: House-Passed Bill to FY2019

    In addition to discretionary spending, the House-passed bill also carries mandatory spending—
largely determined in separate authorizing laws—that totals $131 billion. This is about $2 billion
 more than in FY2019 often because of automatic changes from economic conditions and
 expectations about enrollment in entitlement programs. Reimbursement for the CCC would
 increase by $10 billion, mostly due to the cost of the Trump Administration’s 's trade aid assistance
 that was announced in 2018.2829 Child nutrition programs would increase by $0.9 billion. Crop
 insurance spending would decrease by $6.4 billion, and SNAP spending decreases by about $2.4
 billion.
 
    CHIMPS from the 2018 farm bill are incorporated in these spending levels and were subject to
 budgetary enforcement at enactment of the 2018 farm bill.29

Senate Action
.30 
    Senate Action
    The Senate Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee marked up its FY2020 bill on September
 17, 2019. On September 19, 2019, the full Appropriations Committee passed and reported an
See CRS Report R45310, Farm Policy: USDA’s 2018 Trade Aid Package. Most of the trade aid announced in 2019
(see CRS Report R45865, Farm Policy: USDA’s 2019 Trade Aid Package) is likely to be paid out (outlays) in FY2020
and reimbursed in the FY2021 appropriation after those payments are incorporated into CCC’s net realized losses.
29 See CRS Report R45425, Budget Issues That Shaped the 2018 Farm Bill.
28

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 amended bill (S. 2522, , S.Rept. 116-110) by a vote of 31-0. The committee adopted a manager’s
's amendment with three additions to bill text and 19 additions to report language.30
31
    On October 31, 2019, the Senate passed a four-bill minibus appropriation (H.R. 3055, after
 adopting S.Amdt. 948 in the nature of a substitute, which was comprised of four Senate-reported
 bills and amended by floor amendments).32 The Agriculture bill is Division B (Table 1, , Figure 1). ).
The Senate adopted 16 amendments to Division B, of which 14 were adopted en bloc by
 unanimous consent and two were adopted by recorded votes. Of these 16 amendments, eight
 revised funding amounts with offsets,3133 three revised funding amounts within an existing
 appropriation, three changed the terms of an appropriation, and two required reports or studies.

    The $23.1 billion discretionary total in the Senate-reported FY2020 Agriculture appropriation
 would be $57 million more than (+0.2%) the amount enacted for FY2019 (Table 2, , Figure 3). ).
The Senate bill is $894 million less than (-3.7%) the House-passed bill on a comparable basis
 without CFTC. Generally speaking, the Senate-reported bill does not include most of the
 reductions proposed by the Administration. Table 3 provides details of the Senate-reported bill at
 the agency level.

 
    Comparison of Discretionary Authority: Senate-Passed Bill to FY2019

    Compared to FY2019 and ranked by increases and decreases, the primary changes that comprise
 the $57 million overall increase are the following:


Increase USDA departmental administration accounts by a net $302 million
 (+77%), including a requested $271 million increase to renovate USDA
 headquarters and a $46 million increase for the Chief Information Officer.




    Increase foreign agricultural assistance by $218 million (+11%), mostly by
 incorporating $216 million into the base appropriation of Food for Peace that had
 been a temporary increase in the FY2019 General Provisions title.

    Increase other appropriations by $184 million, including:
 
    Increase FDA appropriations by $80 million (+3%).
 
    Increase agricultural research by a net $60 million (+1.7%). ARS salaries and
 expenses would increase by $121 million from FY2019 (+9%) and NIFA by
 $13 million (+1%). The amount for ARS buildings and facilities would
 decline by $76 million (-20%).
 
    Increase USDA regulatory programs by $39 million, including increasing the
 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service by $17 million (+2%) and the
 Agricultural Marketing Service by $22 million (+14%).
 
    Maintain Rural Development funding (+$5 million, +0.2%) by offsetting a
 $73 million increase for the Rural Housing Service (+5%) with reductions to
the Rural Utilities Service (-$62 million, -10%) and the Rural Business



Senate Appropriations Committee, “FY2020 Agriculture Manager’s Package,” September 19, 2019.
These eight amendments added $25 million spread across food insecurity, urban agriculture, equine encephalitis, pet
shelter and housing, distance learning and telemedicine, tribal student scholarships, 1890s institutions, and the farm and
ranch stress network. They remained budget neutral by reducing (offsetting) three administrative accounts by $26
million, including Agriculture Buildings and Facilities (-$14 million), Chief Financial Officer (-$6 million), and
Departmental Administration (-$6 million). These reductions were about 44% of the committee-proposed amount for
the Departmental Administration and 27% of the Chief Financial Officer (Table A-1).
30
31

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

 the Rural Utilities Service (-$62 million, -10%) and the Rural Business Cooperative Service ($12 million, -12%). The General Provisions title does
 not continue any funding for a rural broadband pilot program.

    Most of these increases are offset by a net change of -$672 million in budget
 authority that is accomplished through the General Provisions title. This is mostly
 a combination of greater rescissions of carryover balances in WIC (-$300
 million) and the absence of continuing the FY2019 appropriations in the General
 Provisions for Food for Peace (-$216 million, as mentioned above), rural
 broadband (-$125 million, as mentioned above), and rural water and waste
 disposal (-$75 million). The General Provisions title increases appropriations for
 several miscellaneous programs (+$64 million).

Comparison of Discretionary Authority: Senate-Passed to House-Passed Bill

    Compared to the House-passed bill and ranked by increases and decreases, the primary changes
 in the Senate-reported bill that comprise the -$894 million difference from the House bill include:












Agricultural research would be $193 million greater in the Senate-reported bill
 than in the House-passed bill. ARS buildings and facilities would be $255 million
 greater than in the House-passed bill, ARS salaries and expenses $77 million
 greater, and NIFA $132 million less.

    Departmental administration accounts would be $97 million greater in the Senate
 bill than in the House bill, mostly by maintaining appropriations for the Chief
 Information Officer, General Counsel, and Departmental Administration that
 were reduced as offsets to pay for floor amendments that were adopted in the
 House bill.

    Rural Development would be $407 million less in the Senate-reported bill than in
 the House-passed bill, mostly by a $300 million less for the Rural Utilities
 Service ($233 million less for rural water and waste disposal grants, $41 million
 less for distance learning and telemedicine, and $25 million less for existing nonpilotnon-pilot rural broadband programs), $70 million less for Rural Housing Service, and
 $22 million less for the Rural Business-Cooperative Service.

    In addition, for a separate rural broadband pilot account, the General Provisions
 title in the Senate-reported bill does not provide for any of the $518 million that
 the House bill would provide.

    Foreign agricultural assistance would be $159 million less in the Senate bill than
 in the House bill, mostly by not increasing Food for Peace as much as in the
 House bill, and maintaining the McGovern-Dole program at a constant level.

    FDA appropriations would be $105 million less in the Senate-reported bill than in
 the House-passed bill.

Comparison of Mandatory Spending: Senate-Passed to House-Passed Bill

    In addition to discretionary spending, the Senate-reported bill also carries mandatory spending—
largely determined in separate authorizing laws—that totals $129 billion. This is $153 million
 less than in FY2019 and $2.3 billion less than in the House-passed bill. Compared to the HousepassedHouse-passed bill, amounts for CCC and crop insurance are the same. Mandatory amounts for the child
 nutrition programs are about $400 million less than the House bill, and the amount for SNAP is
 about $1.9 billion less than in the House bill.

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Continuing Resolutions

    Continuing Resolutions
    In the absence of a final Agriculture appropriation at the beginning of FY2020 on October 1,
 2019, Congress passed a continuing resolution (CR)CR to continue operations and prevent a
 government shutdown (P.L. 116-59, Division A).32 The CR lasts34 The first CR lasted nearly eight weeks until
 November 21, 2019.
 A second CR (P.L. 116-69) was enacted to last until December 20, 2019.35
    In general, a CR continues the funding rates and conditions that were in the previous year’s
appropriation.33's appropriation.36 The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) may prorate funding to the
 agencies on an annualized basis for the duration of the CR through a process known as
 apportionment.3437 For the first 52 days (about 14%14%) of FY2020) through November 21, 2019, the CR:



Continuesand the next 29 days (about 8% of FY2020) through December 20, 2019, the CRs:continue the terms of the FY2019 Agriculture appropriations act (§101) with a
 proviso for rural development in the anomalies below.
Provides 
    provide sufficient funding to maintain mandatory program levels, including for
 nutrition programs (§111).3538 This is similar to the approach taken in recent years.

CRs may adjust prior-year amounts through anomalies or make specific administrative changes.
 Five anomalies applyapplied specifically to the Agriculture appropriation during this CR:








the first CR:Rural Water and Waste Disposal Program (§101(1)). . Allows the CR to cover
 the cost of directdirect loans in addition to loan guarantees and grants. In FY2019,
 direct loans did not require appropriation because they had a negative subsidy
 rate (i.e., fees and repayments more than covered the cost of loan making). In
 FY2020, OMB estimates a need for a positive subsidy rate.

    Disaster Assistance for Sugar Beet Processors  (§116).. Amends the list of
 eligible losses that may be covered under the Additional Supplemental
 Appropriations for Disaster Relief Act of FY2019 (P.L. 116-20, Title I) to include
 payments to cooperative processors for reduced sugar beet quantity and quality.
 The FY2019 supplemental provided $3 billion to cover agricultural production
 losses in 2018 and 2019 from natural disasters.36
Agricultural Research (§117).39
    Agricultural Research (§117). Allows USDA to waive the non-federalnonfederal matching
 funds requirement for grants made under the Specialty Crop Research Initiative
 (7 U.S.C. §7632(g)(3)). The requirement was added in the 2018 farm bill.

    Summer Food for Children Demonstration Projects  (§118). . Allocates funding
 for the Food and Nutrition Service summer food for children demonstration
 projects at a rate so that projects can fully operate by May 2020 (prior to summer
service, which typically starts in June). Similar provisions have been part of

32

CRS Report R45982, Overview of Continuing Appropriations for FY2020 (P.L. 116-59).
CRS Report R42647, Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices.
34 For example, if a CR lasts for three months, then three-twelfths of the previous fiscal year amount may be
apportioned to limit agency spending. See OMB, “Apportionment of the Continuing Resolution(s) for Fiscal Year
2020,” September 30, 2019, See also CRS Report RL34700, Interim Continuing Resolutions (CRs): Potential Impacts
on Agency Operations.
35 The OMB bulletin about CRs (footnote 34) identifies the scope of mandatory programs included in Section 111 by
referencing the conference report for the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (H.Rept. 105-217). For Agriculture
appropriations, these include SNAP, child nutrition, CCC, crop insurance, Section 32, and the dairy indemnity
program.
36 For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11245, FY2019 Supplemental Appropriations for Agriculture.
33

Congressional Research Service

13

 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations





 service, which typically starts in June). Similar provisions have been part of previous CRs. These projects, which include the Summer Electronic Benefit
 Transfer (EBT) demonstration, have operated in selected states since FY2010.37
CCC (§119).40
    Commodity Credit Corporation (§119). Allows CCC to receive its appropriation about a month earlier than
 usual to reimburse the Treasury for a line of credit, prior to a customary final
 report and audit.3841 Many payments to farmers arewere due in October 2019, including
USDA’ USDA's plan to make supplemental payments under its trade assistance
 program.3942 Without the anomaly, CCC might have exhausted its $30 billion line
 of credit in October or November before the audit is completed, which could
 suspend payments. This provision was part of a CR in FY2019. In addition, the
 FY2020 CR requires USDA to submit a report to Congress by October 31, 2019,
 with various disaggregated details about Market Facilitation Program payments,
 trade damages, and whether commodities were purchased from foreign-owned
 companies under the program.
Hemp (§120).
    Hemp (§120). Provides $16.5 million on an annualized basis to the USDA
 Agricultural Marketing Service to implement the Hemp Production Program
( (P.L. 115-334, §10113), which was created in the 2018 farm bill.43The second CR continues the terms of the first CR until December 20, 2019. It adds one new anomaly for Agriculture appropriations: 
Commodity Assistance Program (§146). Allows funding for the Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP) to be apportioned at a rate to maintain current program caseload. This means that funding available for CFSP under the second CR may exceed amounts that would otherwise have been available.
, §10113), which was created in the 2018 farm bill.40

37

For more information, see CRS Report R45486, Child Nutrition Programs: Current Issues.
For more information, see CRS Insight IN11168, The CCC Anomaly in an FY2020 Continuing Resolution.
39 For more information, see CRS Report R45865, Farm Policy: USDA’s 2019 Trade Aid Package.
40 For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11088, 2018 Farm Bill Primer: Hemp Cultivation and Processing.
38

Congressional Research Service

14

 Table 3. Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations, by Agency, FY2017-FY2020
Budget authority in millions of dollars

Agency or major program

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

P.L. 11531

P.L. 115141

P.L. 116-6

FY2020
Admin.
request

Change from FY2019

House
H.R. 3055

Senate
H.R. 3055

Enacted

to Housepassed

to Senatepassed

Title I. Agricultural Programs
Budget authority in millions of dollars
FY2017
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
Change from FY2019
Agency or major program
P.L. 115-31
P.L. 115-141
P.L. 116-6
Admin. request
House H.R. 3055

          
          
            SenateH.R. 3055Enacted 
to House-passed
to Senate-passed
Title I. Agricultural Programs
Departmental Administration (Table A-1)
          
          
            403.9
396.0
390.4
695.1
595.3
691.9
—
+205.0
+301.6
Research, Education and Economics
Agricultural Research Service
1,269.8
1,343.4
1,684.5
1,253.5
1,397.5
1,729.8
—
-287.0
+45.3
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
1,362.9
1,407.8
1,471.3
1,391.7
1,617.1
1,484.7
—
+145.8
+13.4
National Agricultural Statistics Service
171.2
191.7
174.5
163.0
180.8
175.3
—
+6.3
+0.8
Economic Research Service
86.8
86.8
86.8
60.5
87.8
86.8
—
+1.0
+0.0
Under Secretary
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
—
+0.0
+0.0
Marketing and Regulatory Programs
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
949.4
985.1
1,014.3
984.6
1,037.2
1,031.1
—
+22.9
+16.8

          
        
        
          
            Agricultural Marketing Servicea86.2
152.8
160.3
116.3
193.1
182.8
—
+32.8
+22.5
Section 32 (M)
1,322.0
1,344.0
1,374.0
1,404.0
1,404.0
1,404.0
—
+30.0
+30.0

          
        
        
          
            Grain Inspection, Packers, Stockyards Admin.a43.5

          
          
            moved into Agricultural Marketing ServiceaUnder Secretary
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.9
—
-0.1
+0.0
Food Safety
Food Safety and Inspection Service
1,032.1
1,056.8
1,049.3
1,045.3
1,054.3
1,054.3
—
+5.0
+5.0
Under Secretary
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
—
+0.0
+0.0
Farm and Commodity Programsa
          
           
          
           
          
           
          
           
          
           
          
           
          
           
          
           
          
           
          
        
        
          
            Farm Service Agencyb1,624.0

          
          
            moved to Title II: Farm Production and ConservationaFSA Farm Loans: Loan Authorityc8,002.6

          
          
            moved to Title II: Farm Production and ConservationaRisk Management Agency
74.8

          
          
            moved to Title II: Farm Production and ConservationaFederal Crop Insurance Corporation (M) 
8,667.0

          
          
            moved to Title II: Farm Production and ConservationaCommodity Credit Corporation (M) 
21,290.7

          
          
            moved to Title II: Farm Production and ConservationaUnder Secretary
0.9

          
          
            moved to Title II: Farm Production and ConservationaSubtotal, Title I
Discretionary
7,107.7
5,622.8
6,033.9
5,712.3
6,165.6
6,439.2
—
+131.6
+405.3
Mandatory (M)
31,280.2
1,344.0
1,374.0
1,404.0
1,404.0
1,404.0
—
+30.0
+30.0
Subtotal
38,387.9
6,966.8
7,407.9
7,116.3
7,569.6
7,843.2
—
+161.6
+435.3
Title II. Farm Production and Conservationa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Business Center
—
1.0
216.4
206.5
206.5
206.5
—
-9.8
-9.8

          
        
        
          
            Farm Service Agencyb
          
          
            —a1,625.2
1,494.2
1,412.7
1,536.1
1,544.4
—
+41.9
+50.2
FSA Farm Loans: Loan Authorityc
          
          
            —a8,005.6
7,987.7
7,674.3
7,997.8
8,037.8
—
+10.1
+50.1
Risk Management Agency

          
          
            —a74.8
58.4
56.0
58.4
58.4
—
+0.0
+0.0
Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (M) 

          
          
            —a8,913.0
15,410.6
8,936.0
8,936.0
8,936.0
—
-6,474.6
-6,474.6
Commodity Credit Corporation (M) 

          
          
            —a14,284.8
15,410.0
25,553.1
25,553.1
25,553.1
—
+10,143.1
+10,143.1
Conservation Operations
864.5
874.1
819.5
755.0
829.6
835.2
—
+10.1
+15.7
Watershed and Flood Prevention
150.0
150.0
150.0
—
155.0
175.0
—
+5.0
+25.0
Watershed Rehabilitation Program
12.0
10.0
10.0
—
12.0
—
—
+2.0
-10.0
Under Secretary
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
—
+0.0
+0.0
Subtotal, Title II
Discretionary
1,027.4
2,735.6
2,748.8
2,430.6
2,798.0
2,819.9
—
+49.3
+71.1
Mandatory (M)

          
          
            —a23,198.3
30,821.1
34,489.6
34,489.6
34,489.6
—
+3,668.5
+3,668.5
Subtotal

          
          
            —a25,933.9
33,569.9
36,920.2
37,287.6
37,309.5
—
+3,717.7
+3,739.6
Title III. Rural Development
 
 
 

          
           
          
           
          
           
          
           
          
           
          
           
          
        
        
          
            Salaries and Expenses (including transfers)d675.8
680.8
686.8
622.2
705.8
692.0
—
+19.0
+5.2
Rural Housing Service
1,654.9
1,582.4
1,606.0
1,467.0
1,749.7
1,678.8
—
+143.7
+72.8
RHS Loan Authorityc28,083.4
28,390.1
28,293.8
27,260.0
28,423.0
28,645.5
—
+129.2
+351.7

          
        
        
          
            Rural Business-Cooperative Servicee97.7
109.5
98.6
27.5
109.3
87.0
—
+10.7
-11.6
RBCS Loan Authorityc988.4
991.2
1,026.4
1,000.0
1,288.9
1,038.9
—
+262.5
+12.5
Rural Utilities Service
639.9

          
          
            628.1f
          
          
            620.2f821.3

          
          
            858.1f558.1
—
+237.9
-62.1
RUS Loan Authorityc8,217.0
8,219.9
8,419.9
7,390.0
8,419.9
8,419.9
—
+0.0
+0.0

          
        
        
          
            Under Secretaryg0.9

          
          
            temporarily moved to Dept. Admin.g0.8
0.8
—
+0.0
+0.0
Subtotal, Title III
3,069.2
3,000.9f3,011.7f3,016.7
3,423.8f3,016.7
—
+412.1
+5.0
Subtotal, RD Loan Authorityc37,288.9
37,601.2
37,740.0
38,104.2
38,131.7
38,104.2
—
+391.7
+364.2
Title IV. Domestic Food Programs
 
 
 
Child Nutrition Programs (M)
22,794.0
24,254.1
23,140.8
23,943.2
24,041.6
23,602.6
—
+900.8
+461.8
WIC Program
6,350.0
6,175.0
6,075.0
5,750.0
6,000.0
6,000.0
—
-75.0
-75.0
SNAP, Food and Nutrition Act Programs (M)
78,480.7
74,013.5
73,476.9
69,069.9
71,093.9
69,163.3
—
-2,383.0
-4,313.6
Commodity Assistance Programs
315.1
322.1
322.1
55.5
344.2
344.2
—
+22.1
+22.1
Nutrition Programs Administration
170.7
153.8
164.7
152.0
154.0
160.9
—
-10.6
-3.8
Under Secretary
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
—
+0.0
+0.0
Subtotal, Title IV
Discretionary
6,884.7
6,709.8
6,620.3
5,958.3
6,584.8
6,563.5
—
-35.5
-56.8
Mandatory (M)
101,226.7
98,209.6
96,560.0
93,013.1
95,049.8
92,708.3
—
-1,510.2
-3,851.7
Subtotal
108,111.3
104,919.4
103,180.3
98,971.4
101,634.6
99,271.8
—
-1,545.7
-3,908.5
Title V. Foreign Assistance
 
 
 
Foreign Agricultural Service
196.6
199.7
213.9
192.8
215.5
217.9
—
+1.6
+4.0
Food for Peace Title II, and admin. expenses

          
          
            1,466.1f
          
          
            1,600.1f
          
          
            1,500.1f0.1
1,850.1
1,716.1
—
+350.0
+216.0
McGovern-Dole Food for Education
201.6
207.6
210.3
0.0
235.0
210.3
—
+24.7
+0.0
CCC Export Loan Salaries
8.5
8.8
8.8
6.4
8.8
6.4
—
+0.0
-2.5
Office of Codex Alimentarius
—
3.8
4.0
4.8
4.8
4.8
—
+0.8
+0.8
Under Secretary
—
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
—
+0.0
+0.0
Subtotal, Title V
1,872.9
2,021.0
1,938.0
205.0
2,315.2
2,156.3
—
+377.2
+218.4
Title VI. Related Agencies
 
 
Food and Drug Administration
2,771.2
2,811.9
3,080.5
3,251.3
3,265.7
3,160.5
—
+185.3
+80.0

          
        
        
          
            Commodity Futures Trading Commissionh
          
          
            [250.0]i249.0

          
          
            [268.0]i250.0
315.0

          
          
            [305.0]i—
+47.0
+37.0
Subtotal, Title VI 
[3,021.2]
3,060.9
[3,348.5]
3,501.3
3,580.7
[3,465.5]
—
+232.3
+117.0
Title VII. General Provisions
 
 
 
Changes in Mandatory Programs (CHIMPS)j a. Conservation programs
-235.0

          
          
            [-0.1]k
          
          
            [-60.2]k-60.2
-60.2
-60.2
—
+0.0
+0.0
b. Nutrition programs
-106.0
+5.0
+5.0
—
+6.0
+5.0
—
+1.0
+0.0
c. Energy programs
-40.0
-21.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
d. Rural Development (Cushion of Credit)
-132.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
e. Section 32
-231.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
f. Farm Production & Conservation Bus. Ctr.
—

          
          
            [+0.1]k
          
          
            [+60.2]k+60.2
+60.2
+60.2
—
+0.0
+0.0
g. Other CHIMPS and mandatory rescissions
—
+15.0
+10.0
—
—
—
—
-10.0
-10.0
Subtotal, CHIMPS (Table B-1)-744.0
-1.0
+15.0
+0.0
+6.0
+5.0
—
-9.0
-10.0
Rescissions (discretionary)l (Table B-2)-854.0
-800.0
-505.0
-1,153.0
-805.8
-815.1
—
-300.8
-310.1
Other appropriations (Table B-3)a. Disaster/emergency programs
234.8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
b. Water and Waste Water
—
500.0
75.0
—
—
—
—
-75.0
-75.0
c. Broadband pilot
—
600.0
125.0
—
518.0
—
—
+393.0
-125.0
d. Opioid Enforcement and Surveillance
—
94.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
e. Food for Peace
134.0
116.0
216.0
—
—
—
—
-216.0
-216.0
f. Other appropriations
103.4
68.1
77.5
—
110.8
141.5
—
+33.3
+64.0
Subtotal, Other appropriations
472.2
1,378.1
493.5
—
628.8
141.5
—
+135.3
-352.0
Subtotal, Title VII
-1,125.8
577.1
3.5
-1,153.0
-171.0
-668.6
—
-174.5
-672.1
Scorekeeping Adjustmentsm (Table B-4) 
 
 
Disaster declaration in this bill
-206.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Other scorekeeping adjustments
-524.0
-481.0
-404.0
-403.0
-398.0
-398.0
—
+6.0
+6.0
Subtotal, Scorekeeping adjustments
-730.1
-481.0
-404.0
-403.0
-398.0
-398.0
—
+6.0
+6.0
Totals
 
 
 
 
 
Discretionary: Senate basis w/o CFTCh20,877.0
[22,998.0]
23,032.7
18,939.6
[23,984.0]
23,089.6
—
+951.3
+56.9
Discretionary: House basis w/ CFTCh[21,127.0]
23,247.0
[23,300.7]
19,189.6
24,299.0
[23,394.6]
—
+998.3
+93.9
Mandatory (M)
132,506.9
122,752.0
128,755.1
128,906.7
130,943.4
128,601.9
—
+2,188.3
-153.2
Total: Senate basis w/o CFTC
153,383.9
[145,750.0]
151,787.8
147,846.4
[154,927.4]
151,691.5
—
+3,139.6
-96.4
Total: House basis w/ CFTC
[153,633.9]
145,999.0
[152,055.8]
148,096.4
155,242.4
151,996.5
—
+3,186.6
-59.4
Source: CRS, using appropriations text, report tables, and unpublished CBO tables. H.R. 3055 refers to Division B of the June 25, 2019, and October 31, 2019, House-passed and Senate-passed minibus bills, respectively. Later, amendments to H.R. 3055 became the vehicle to carry the second CR without the minibus text.
Notes: Amounts are nominal discretionary budget authority in millions of dollars unless labeled otherwise. "(M)" indicates that the account is mandatory authority (or primarily mandatory authority). Excludes amounts in supplemental appropriations acts. Bracketed amounts are not in the Agriculture appropriations totals due to differing House-Senate jurisdiction for CFTC but are shown for comparison.

        a. Row headings reflect recent USDA reorganization. The Farm Service Agency and Risk Management Agency were moved from Title I to Title II, as was the Commodity Credit Corporation and Federal Crop Insurance Corporation in mandatory spending. Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration was moved into the Agricultural Marketing Service.
        b. Includes regular FSA salaries and expenses, plus transfers for farm loan program salaries and administrative expenses. Also includes farm loan program loan subsidy, State Mediation Grants, Dairy Indemnity Program (mandatory funding), and Grassroots Source Water Protection Program. Does not include appropriations to the Foreign Agricultural Service for export loans and P.L. 480 administration that are transferred to FSA.
        c. Loan authority is the amount of loans that can be made or guaranteed with a loan subsidy. This amount is not added in the budget authority subtotals or totals.
        d. Rural Development salaries and expenses include a base amount plus transfers from the three rural development agencies. Amounts presented for the agencies therefore include program funds for loans and grants.
        e. Amounts for the Rural Business-Cooperative Service (RBCS) are before the rescission in the Cushion of Credit account, which is different than the Appropriations Table A-1)

403.9

396.0

390.4

695.1

595.3

691.9

—

+205.0

+301.6

Agricultural Research Service

1,269.8

1,343.4

1,684.5

1,253.5

1,397.5

1,729.8

—

-287.0

+45.3

National Institute of Food and Agriculture

1,362.9

1,407.8

1,471.3

1,391.7

1,617.1

1,484.7

—

+145.8

+13.4

171.2

191.7

174.5

163.0

180.8

175.3

—

+6.3

+0.8

86.8

86.8

86.8

60.5

87.8

86.8

—

+1.0

+0.0

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

—

+0.0

+0.0

949.4

985.1

1,014.3

984.6

1,037.2

1,031.1

—

+22.9

+16.8

86.2

152.8

160.3

116.3

193.1

182.8

—

+32.8

+22.5

1,322.0

1,344.0

1,374.0

1,404.0

1,404.0

1,404.0

—

+30.0

+30.0

Research, Education and Economics

National Agricultural Statistics Service
Economic Research Service
Under Secretary
Marketing and Regulatory Programs
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Agricultural Marketing Servicea
Section 32 (M)
Grain Inspection, Packers, Stockyards Admin.a
Under Secretary

43.5

moved into Agricultural Marketing Servicea

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.9

—

-0.1

+0.0

1,032.1

1,056.8

1,049.3

1,045.3

1,054.3

1,054.3

—

+5.0

+5.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

—

+0.0

+0.0

Food Safety
Food Safety and Inspection Service
Under Secretary
Farm and Commodity

Programsa

Farm Service Agencyb
FSA Farm Loans: Loan Authorityc

CRS-15

1,624.0

moved to Title II: Farm Production and Conservationa

8,002.6

moved to Title II: Farm Production and Conservationa

 Agency or major program
Risk Management Agency
Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (M)
Commodity Credit Corporation (M)
Under Secretary

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

P.L. 11531

P.L. 115141

P.L. 116-6

FY2020
Admin.
request

House
H.R. 3055

74.8

moved to Title II: Farm Production and Conservationa

8,667.0

moved to Title II: Farm Production and Conservationa

21,290.7

moved to Title II: Farm Production and Conservationa

0.9

moved to Title II: Farm Production and Conservationa

Change from FY2019

Senate
H.R. 3055

Enacted

to Housepassed

to Senatepassed

Subtotal, Title I
Discretionary

7,107.7

5,622.8

6,033.9

5,712.3

6,165.6

6,439.2

—

+131.6

+405.3

Mandatory (M)

31,280.2

1,344.0

1,374.0

1,404.0

1,404.0

1,404.0

—

+30.0

+30.0

38,387.9

6,966.8

7,407.9

7,116.3

7,569.6

7,843.2

—

+161.6

+435.3

Business Center

—

1.0

216.4

206.5

206.5

206.5

—

-9.8

-9.8

Farm Service Agencyb

—a

1,625.2

1,494.2

1,412.7

1,536.1

1,544.4

—

+41.9

+50.2

—a

8,005.6

7,987.7

7,674.3

7,997.8

8,037.8

—

+10.1

+50.1

Risk Management Agency

—a

74.8

58.4

56.0

58.4

58.4

—

+0.0

+0.0

Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (M)

—a

8,913.0

15,410.6

8,936.0

8,936.0

8,936.0

—

-6,474.6

-6,474.6

Commodity Credit Corporation (M)

—a

14,284.8

15,410.0

25,553.1

25,553.1

25,553.1

—

+10,143.1

+10,143.1

Conservation Operations

864.5

874.1

819.5

755.0

829.6

835.2

—

+10.1

+15.7

Watershed and Flood Prevention

150.0

150.0

150.0

—

155.0

175.0

—

+5.0

+25.0

Watershed Rehabilitation Program

12.0

10.0

10.0

—

12.0

—

—

+2.0

-10.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

—

+0.0

+0.0

1,027.4

2,735.6

2,748.8

2,430.6

2,798.0

2,819.9

—

+49.3

+71.1

Mandatory (M)

—a

23,198.3

30,821.1

34,489.6

34,489.6

34,489.6

—

+3,668.5

+3,668.5

Subtotal

—a

25,933.9

33,569.9

36,920.2

37,287.6

37,309.5

—

+3,717.7

+3,739.6

Subtotal
Title II. Farm Production and

Conservationa

FSA Farm Loans: Loan Authorityc

Under Secretary
Subtotal, Title II
Discretionary

CRS-16

 Agency or major program

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

P.L. 11531

P.L. 115141

P.L. 116-6

FY2020
Admin.
request

Change from FY2019

House
H.R. 3055

Senate
H.R. 3055

Enacted

to Housepassed

to Senatepassed

Title III. Rural Development
Salaries and Expenses (including transfers)d
Rural Housing Service
RHS Loan

Authorityc

Rural Business-Cooperative
RBCS Loan

Servicee

Authorityc

Rural Utilities Service
RUS Loan Authorityc
Under Secretaryg
Subtotal, Title III

675.8

680.8

686.8

622.2

705.8

692.0

—

+19.0

+5.2

1,654.9

1,582.4

1,606.0

1,467.0

1,749.7

1,678.8

—

+143.7

+72.8

28,083.4

28,390.1

28,293.8

27,260.0

28,423.0

28,645.5

—

+129.2

+351.7

97.7

109.5

98.6

27.5

109.3

87.0

—

+10.7

-11.6

988.4

991.2

1,026.4

1,000.0

1,288.9

1,038.9

—

+262.5

+12.5

639.9

628.1f

620.2f

821.3

858.1f

558.1

—

+237.9

-62.1

8,217.0

8,219.9

8,419.9

7,390.0

8,419.9

8,419.9

—

+0.0

+0.0

temporarily moved to Dept. Admin.g

0.8

0.8

—

+0.0

+0.0

0.9
3,069.2

3,000.9f

3,011.7f

3,016.7

3,423.8f

3,016.7

—

+412.1

+5.0

37,288.9

37,601.2

37,740.0

38,104.2

38,131.7

38,104.2

—

+391.7

+364.2

22,794.0

24,254.1

23,140.8

23,943.2

24,041.6

23,602.6

—

+900.8

+461.8

6,350.0

6,175.0

6,075.0

5,750.0

6,000.0

6,000.0

—

-75.0

-75.0

78,480.7

74,013.5

73,476.9

69,069.9

71,093.9

69,163.3

—

-2,383.0

-4,313.6

Commodity Assistance Programs

315.1

322.1

322.1

55.5

344.2

344.2

—

+22.1

+22.1

Nutrition Programs Administration

170.7

153.8

164.7

152.0

154.0

160.9

—

-10.6

-3.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

—

+0.0

+0.0

6,884.7

6,709.8

6,620.3

5,958.3

6,584.8

6,563.5

—

-35.5

-56.8

Mandatory (M)

101,226.7

98,209.6

96,560.0

93,013.1

95,049.8

92,708.3

—

-1,510.2

-3,851.7

Subtotal

108,111.3

104,919.4

103,180.3

98,971.4

101,634.6

99,271.8

—

-1,545.7

-3,908.5

Subtotal, RD Loan Authorityc
Title IV. Domestic Food Programs
Child Nutrition Programs (M)
WIC Program
SNAP, Food and Nutrition Act Programs (M)

Under Secretary
Subtotal, Title IV
Discretionary

CRS-17

 Agency or major program

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

P.L. 11531

P.L. 115141

P.L. 116-6

FY2020
Admin.
request

Change from FY2019

House
H.R. 3055

Senate
H.R. 3055

Enacted

to Housepassed

to Senatepassed

Title V. Foreign Assistance
Foreign Agricultural Service

196.6

199.7

213.9

192.8

215.5

217.9

—

+1.6

+4.0

1,466.1f

1,600.1f

1,500.1f

0.1

1,850.1

1,716.1

—

+350.0

+216.0

201.6

207.6

210.3

0.0

235.0

210.3

—

+24.7

+0.0

CCC Export Loan Salaries

8.5

8.8

8.8

6.4

8.8

6.4

—

+0.0

-2.5

Office of Codex Alimentarius

—

3.8

4.0

4.8

4.8

4.8

—

+0.8

+0.8

Under Secretary

—

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

—

+0.0

+0.0

1,872.9

2,021.0

1,938.0

205.0

2,315.2

2,156.3

—

+377.2

+218.4

Food and Drug Administration

2,771.2

2,811.9

3,080.5

3,251.3

3,265.7

3,160.5

—

+185.3

+80.0

Commodity Futures Trading Commissionh

[250.0]i

249.0

[268.0]i

250.0

315.0

[305.0]i

—

+47.0

+37.0

[3,021.2]

3,060.9

[3,348.5]

3,501.3

3,580.7

[3,465.5]

—

+232.3

+117.0

a. Conservation programs

-235.0

[-0.1]k

[-60.2]k

-60.2

-60.2

-60.2

—

+0.0

+0.0

b. Nutrition programs

-106.0

+5.0

+5.0

—

+6.0

+5.0

—

+1.0

+0.0

-40.0

-21.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

d. Rural Development (Cushion of Credit)

-132.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

e. Section 32

-231.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

f. Farm Production & Conservation Bus. Ctr.

—

[+0.1]k

[+60.2]k

+60.2

+60.2

+60.2

—

+0.0

+0.0

g. Other CHIMPS and mandatory rescissions

—

+15.0

+10.0

—

—

—

—

-10.0

-10.0

Subtotal, CHIMPS (Table B-1)

-744.0

-1.0

+15.0

+0.0

+6.0

+5.0

—

-9.0

-10.0

Rescissions (discretionary)l (Table B-2)

-854.0

-800.0

-505.0

-1,153.0

-805.8

-815.1

—

-300.8

-310.1

Food for Peace Title II, and admin. expenses
McGovern-Dole Food for Education

Subtotal, Title V
Title VI. Related Agencies

Subtotal, Title VI
Title VII. General Provisions
Changes in Mandatory Programs (CHIMPS)j

c. Energy programs

CRS-18

 Agency or major program

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

P.L. 11531

P.L. 115141

P.L. 116-6

FY2020
Admin.
request

Change from FY2019

House
H.R. 3055

Senate
H.R. 3055

Enacted

to Housepassed

to Senatepassed

Other appropriations (Table B-3)
a. Disaster/emergency programs

234.8

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

b. Water and Waste Water

—

500.0

75.0

—

—

—

—

-75.0

-75.0

c. Broadband pilot

—

600.0

125.0

—

518.0

—

—

+393.0

-125.0

d. Opioid Enforcement and Surveillance

—

94.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

e. Food for Peace

134.0

116.0

216.0

—

—

—

—

-216.0

-216.0

f. Other appropriations

103.4

68.1

77.5

—

110.8

141.5

—

+33.3

+64.0

Subtotal, Other appropriations

472.2

1,378.1

493.5

—

628.8

141.5

—

+135.3

-352.0

-1,125.8

577.1

3.5

-1,153.0

-171.0

-668.6

—

-174.5

-672.1

Disaster declaration in this bill

-206.1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Other scorekeeping adjustments

-524.0

-481.0

-404.0

-403.0

-398.0

-398.0

—

+6.0

+6.0

Subtotal, Scorekeeping adjustments

-730.1

-481.0

-404.0

-403.0

-398.0

-398.0

—

+6.0

+6.0

20,877.0

[22,998.0]

23,032.7

18,939.6

[23,984.0]

23,089.6

—

+951.3

+56.9

[21,127.0]

23,247.0

[23,300.7]

19,189.6

24,299.0

[23,394.6]

—

+998.3

+93.9

Mandatory (M)

132,506.9

122,752.0

128,755.1

128,906.7

130,943.4

128,601.9

—

+2,188.3

-153.2

Total: Senate basis w/o CFTC

153,383.9

[145,750.0]

151,787.8

147,846.4

[154,927.4]

151,691.5

—

+3,139.6

-96.4

[153,633.9]

145,999.0

[152,055.8]

148,096.4

155,242.4

151,996.5

—

+3,186.6

-59.4

Subtotal, Title VII
Scorekeeping

Adjustmentsm

(Table B-4)

Totals
Discretionary: Senate basis w/o CFTCh
Discretionary: House basis w/ CFTCh

Total: House basis w/ CFTC

Source: CRS, using appropriations text, report tables, and unpublished CBO tables. For FY2020, House-passed and Senate-passed are H.R. 3055 (Division B).
Notes: Amounts are nominal discretionary budget authority in millions of dollars unless labeled otherwise. “(M)” indicates that the account is mandatory authority (or
primarily mandatory authority). Excludes amounts in supplemental appropriations acts. Bracketed amounts are not in the Agriculture appropriations totals due to
differing House-Senate jurisdiction for CFTC but are shown for comparison.

CRS-19

 a.

b.

c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

i.
j.
k.

l.
m.

CRS-20

Row headings reflect recent USDA reorganization. The Farm Service Agency and Risk Management Agency were moved from Title I to Title II, as was the
Commodity Credit Corporation and Federal Crop Insurance Corporation in mandatory spending. Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration was
moved into the Agricultural Marketing Service.
Includes regular FSA salaries and expenses, plus transfers for farm loan program salaries and administrative expenses. Also includes farm loan program loan subsidy,
State Mediation Grants, Dairy Indemnity Program (mandatory funding), and Grassroots Source Water Protection Program. Does not include appropriations to the
Foreign Agricultural Service for export loans and P.L. 480 administration that are transferred to FSA.
Loan authority is the amount of loans that can be made or guaranteed with a loan subsidy. This amount is not added in the budget authority subtotals or totals.
Rural Development salaries and expenses include a base amount plus transfers from the three rural development agencies. Amounts presented for the agencies
therefore include program funds for loans and grants.
Amounts for the Rural Business-Cooperative Service (RBCS) are before the rescission in the Cushion of Credit account, which is different than the Appropriations
Committee tables. The rescission is included with the CHIMPS as classified by CBO, which allows the RBCS subtotal to remain positive (Table B-1).
        f. ).
Excludes a portion of the other appropriations that are provided separately in General Provisions (see Table B-3). 
        g. ).
The USDA-initiated reorganization in 2017 created an “"Assistant to the Secretary for Rural Development”" as part of the Office of the Secretary rather than the
 previously Senate-confirmed undersecretary position. The 2018 farm bill reinstated the undersecretary position.

        h. Jurisdiction for the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is in the House Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee and the Senate Financial Services
 Appropriations Subcommittee. After FY2008, CFTC is carried in the enacted Agriculture appropriations in even-numbered fiscal years. It is always carried in House
 Agriculture subcommittee markup but never in Senate Agriculture subcommittee markup. Bracketed amounts are not in the Agriculture appropriations totals due
 to differing House-Senate jurisdiction for CFTC but are shown for comparison.

        i. The amount for CFTC in FY2017 and FY2019 is from the Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) division of the Consolidated Appropriation and for
 FY2020 from the Senate bill for FSGG (S. 2524). 
        j. ).
Includes reductions (limitations and rescissions) and increases to mandatory programs that are known as CHIMPS.

        k. These bracketed amounts were not in the official CBO scoring of CHIMPS. Appropriations acts in FY2018 and FY2019 transferred mandatory conservation funding
 into the Farm Production and Conservation Business Center, but the official CBO scoring of appropriations at that time did not record it as a CHIMP the way that
 the FY2020 scoring reflects. For more background, see CRS Report R45406, FY2018 and FY2019 Appropriations for Agricultural Conservation.
.
        l. Rescissions are actions that reduce a budget authority subsequent to an enacted appropriation. They score budgetary savings. Any rescissions from mandatory
 programs are included with the CHIMPS.
“
        m. "Scorekeeping adjustments”" are not necessarily appropriated items and may not be shown in Appropriations Committee tables but are part of the official CBO
 score (accounting) of the bill. They predominantly include “"negative subsidies”" in loan program accounts (mostly from receipt of fees) and adjustments for disaster
 designations in the bill.

 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations


      
    
    
    
    Policy-Related Provisions

    Appropriations bills have also been a vehicle for policy-related provisions that direct how the
 executive branch should carry out an appropriation. These provisions may have the force of law if
 they are included in the text of the appropriation, but their effect is generally limited to the current
 fiscal year unless they amend the U.S. Code. . Table 4 compares some of the primary policy
 provisions that are included in the FY2020 Agriculture appropriations bills.
 
    In addition to the text of an appropriations act, report language may also provide policy
 instructions. Although report language does not carry the force of text in an act, it often explains
 congressional intent, which the agencies may be expected to follow. Statements in the committee
 reports that accompany the committee-reported versions of the FY2020 bills (H.Rept. 116-107 for
 H.R. 3164, and S.Rept. 116-110 for S. 2522) are not included in Table 4.
.
    In the past, Congress has said that committee and conference reports need to be read together to
 capture all of the congressional intent for a fiscal year. For example, the FY2019 explanatory
 statement for the consolidated appropriations act instructs that the House and Senate reports
 should be read together with the conference agreement:

    Congressional Directives. The explanatory statement is silent on provisions that were in
 both the House Report (H.Rept. 115-706) and Senate Report (S.Rept. 115-259) that remain
 unchanged by this conference agreement, except as noted in this explanatory statement.
 The conference agreement restates that executive branch wishes cannot substitute for
Congress’ Congress's own statements as to the best evidence of congressional intentions, which are
 the official reports of the Congress…. The House and Senate report language that is not
 changed by the explanatory statement is approved and indicates congressional intentions.
 The explanatory statement, while repeating some report language for emphasis, does not
 intend to negate the language referred to above unless expressly provided herein. 41

44 
    
      
        Table 4. Selected Policy Provisions Considered in FY2020 Agriculture Appropriations

      
      
        
          
            House-passed H.R. 3055, Division B

 
          
          
            Senate-passed H.R. 3055, Division B
          
          
            Enacted
Relocation and restructuring
, Division B

Enacted

Relocation and restructuring
Economic Research Service (ERS). Appropriation . Appropriation
states that “"necessary expenses”" do not provide funds
 to relocate the ERS outside the National Capital
 Region. (Title I)

)
          
          
            No comparable provision in Title I.
 
            Provides $15.5 million for relocation. (§762)—
(§762)

—

National Institute of Food and Agriculture
 (NIFA). . Appropriation states that “necessary
expenses”"necessary expenses" do not provide funds to relocate the NIFA
 outside the National Capital Region. (Title I)

)
          
          
            No comparable provision in Title I.

            Provides $9.5 million for relocation. (§762)—
Farm Service Agency. (§762)

—

Farm Service Agency. None of the funds may be
 used to close a county office or to permanently
 relocate county-based employees that results in an
 office with two or fewer employees without
 congressional notification. (Title I)a

)a
          
          
            Same as House provision. (Title I)a—
Program reorganization—USDA.Title I)a

—

Program reorganization—USDA. No funds may be
 used to create or eliminate programs, relocate offices
 or employees, reorganize offices, or privatize functions.
(§716)b

No comparable provision. See §716.

—

41

H.Rept. 116-9, Conference Report for the FY2019 Consolidated Appropriations Act, Explanatory Statement for
Division B.

Congressional Research Service

21

 House-passed H.R. 3055, Division B

Senate-passed H.R. 3055, Division B

Enacted

Program reorganization—CFTC and FDA. No
(§716)bNo comparable provision. See §716.
—
Program reorganization—CFTC and FDA. No funds may be used to create or eliminate programs,
 relocate offices or employees, reorganize offices, or
 privatize functions unless notice is provided and
 approval is received from the Appropriations
 Committees. (§717)b

Program reorganization—USDA and FDA.
(§717)b
          
          
            Program reorganization—USDA and FDA. Similar approach to §717 of the House bill. Specifies
 USDA and FDA, but not CFTC. (§716)b

—

(§716)b—
Relocation. None of the funds may be used to
 relocate an agency to outside the National Capital
 Region without enactment of appropriation that is
 specific for that relocation. (§758)

No comparable provision.

—

(§758)No comparable provision.
—
Restructuring. None of the funds may be used to
 restructure an agency into another mission area or
 office without specific appropriation for that
restructuring. (§759)

No comparable provision.

—

Same as House provision. (§714)c

—

Disaster Programs
 restructuring. (§759)No comparable provision.
—
Disaster Programs
Disaster payments. In general, prohibits the use of
 Clause (3) of Section 32 (Funds for Strengthening
 Markets, Income and Supply, 7 U.S.C. §612c) to
 reestablish farmers’' purchasing power by making
 payments to farmers. However, allows an exception to
 use up to $350 million of carryover for this purpose
 with congressional notification. (§714)c
          
          
            Same as House provision. (§714)c—
No comparable provision.
(§714)c
No comparable provision.

Disaster assistance for sugar beet processors.
. Amends the list of eligible losses that may be covered
 under the Disaster Relief Act of FY2019 (P.L. 116-20,
, Title I) to include payments to cooperative processors
 for reduced sugar beet quantity and quality. (§764)Agricultural Research
Climate change. (§764)

Agricultural Research
Climate change. Prohibits USDA from removing the
 term “"climate change”" from any publication by any
 entity that receives USDA funding. (§784)No comparable provision.
—
(§784)

No comparable provision.

—

Matching requirement. . Allows USDA to waive the
 matching funds requirement for the Specialty Crops
 Research Initiative. (§762)No comparable provision.
—
(§762)

No comparable provision.

—

National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF).
 Directs that NBAF shall be transferred from the
 Department of Homeland Security to USDA. (§766)
          
          
            (§766)

Same as House provision. (§735)—
Nutrition Assistance Programs
735)

—

SNAP retailer standards. Prohibits funding to
 administer the “"variety requirements”" in the final rule
“ "Enhancing Retailer Standards in SNAP”" until the
 Secretary amends the definition of varietyvariety to increase
 the number of items that qualify as acceptable varieties
 in each staple food category. (§728)
          
          
            (§728)

Same as House provision. (§726)—
(§726)

—

School meal prices.  Exempts certain school food
 authorities (those without a negative balance in their
 school food service accounts as of December 31, 2019)
 from paid meal equity requirements in school year
 2020-2021. (§747)No comparable provision.
—
(§747)

No comparable provision.

—

Vegetables in school breakfast. Prohibits funding to
 implement or enforce the portion of a School Breakfast

Same as House provision. (§751)

—

Nutrition Assistance Programs

Congressional Research Service

22

 House-passed H.R. 3055, Division B

Senate-passed H.R. 3055, Division B

Enacted

 Program regulation that limits substituting fruits with
 certain vegetables. (§750)Same as House provision. (§751)
—
Livestock, Animals, Regulatory Agencies
(§750)
Livestock, Animals, Regulatory Agencies
Horse slaughter. Prohibits USDA from conducting
 horse slaughter inspection. (§740)
          
          
            (§740)

Same as House provision. (§765)—
765)

—

Animal Welfare Act.. Prohibits funding to issue or
 renew licenses to class B dealers who sell dogs and cats
 for use in research, experiments, teaching, or testing.
(§736)

 (§736)
          
          
            Same as House provision. (§739)—
739)

—

Directs the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
 to restore to its website and provide updated contents
 in an animal welfare database that was removed from
 the web in 2017. (§760)No comparable provision.
—
(§760)

No comparable provision.

—

Organic livestock. Directs USDA to finalize the
 proposed rule “"National Organic Program; Origin of
 Livestock,”" published in the Federal Register on April 28,
 2015. (§756)
          
          
             (§756)

Same as House provision. (§752)—
752)

—

Poultry from China. Prohibits funds to buy raw or
 processed poultry products from China for the
 National School Lunch Program, School Breakfast
 Program, Child and Adult Care Food Program, and
 Summer Food Service Program. (§739)No comparable provision.
—
(§739)

No comparable provision.

—

Prohibits funding to finalize the proposed rule,
“ "Eligibility of the People’'s Republic of China to Export
 to the United States Poultry Products,”" until USDA
 verifies certain conditions. (§742)No comparable provision.
—
(§742)

No comparable provision.

—

Swine Slaughter Inspection. Prohibits USDA from
 implementing the proposed rule “"Modernization of
 Swine Slaughter Inspection”" (February 1, 2018) until the
 USDA inspector general issues a report and the Food
 Safety and Inspection Service responds. (§779)No comparable provision.
—
No comparable provision.
(§779)

No comparable provision.

—

No comparable provision.

Genetically engineered salmon. Prohibits
 genetically engineered salmon from entering into
 interstate commerce until completion of a study
 commissioned jointly by USDA and FDA. (§763)Rural Development
American steel.(§763)

Rural Development
American steel. Prohibits funding for rural water,
 wastewater, waste disposal, and solid waste
 management projects unless all of the iron and steel
 products are produced in the United States. (§737)
          
          
            (§737)

Same as House provision. (§740)—
740)

—

Persistent poverty counties. Requires that at least
 10% of the funds in certain rural development programs
 shall be allocated to persistent poverty counties,
 defined as any county that has had 20% or more of its
 population living in poverty over the past 30 years.
(§741)

 (§741)
          
          
            Same as House provision. (§745)—
No comparable provision.
 (§745)

—

No comparable provision.

REAP Zones. Sets aside funding for Rural Economic
 Area Partnership (REAP) Zones for several programs
 in amounts that were most recently obligated in REAP
 Zones from such programs. (§741)Food and Drug Administration
(§741)

Congressional Research Service

23

 House-passed H.R. 3055, Division B

Senate-passed H.R. 3055, Division B

Enacted

Food and Drug Administration
Produce for human consumption.. Prohibits FDA
 funds to enforce the final rule “"Standards for the
 Growing, Harvesting, Packing, and Holding of Produce
 for Human Consumption”" with respect to wine grapes,
 hops, pulse crops, or almonds. (§746)
          
          
            (§746)

Grapes for wine. Similar to House provision except
 applies only to grapes used for wine. (§749)—
Seafood.749)

—

Seafood. Directs the FDA to revise the advice in a
 notice about eating fish to be consistent with nutrition
 science recognized by FDA about seafood consumption.
(§751)

No comparable provision.

—

 (§751)No comparable provision.
—
Human embryos. Prohibits FDA from using funds to
 accept any investigational new drug application for
“ "research in which a human embryo is intentionally
 created or modified to include a heritable genetic
 modification.” (§778)

" (§778)
          
          
            Same as House provision. (§730)—
No comparable provision.
730)

—

No comparable provision.

E-cigarettes and vaping.vaping. Directs FDA to address
 recent illnesses from e-cigarettes and vaping products.
(§767)

USDA Forest Serviced
 (§767)
          
           
          
        
        
          
            USDA Forest Serviced
          
           
          
           
          
        
        
          
            Forest Service. Prohibits USDA from eliminating the
 Forest Service Job Corps Civilian Conservation Center
 or altering the jurisdiction as it existed in the
 department on January 1, 2019. (§780)No comparable provision.
—
Other
(§780)

No comparable provision.

—

Other
Hemp. No comparable provision in Division B.
 Division A (for Commerce, Justice, Science
 appropriations) carries a similar provision for the Drug
 Enforcement Agency and Department of Justice.
( (Division A, §530)

§530)
          
          
            Prohibits using appropriations to contravene §7606 of
 the 2014 farm bill or §10114 of the 2018 farm bill
 regarding hemp. (§727)


          
           
          
        
      
      
        Source: CRS.
a. 
        a. The issue of closing an FSA county office is also addressed in a permanent law that requires certain
 conditions and notifications (7 U.S.C. §6932a). This appropriations provision, continued from previous
 years, would augment the standing law for one year.
b.  
        b. For USDA, Section 716 of the House bill omits a conditional clause that has been used in prior years’
' appropriations that would presumably allow reorganization only if USDA notifies Congress and receives
 approval from the Appropriations committees. For CFTC and FDA, Section 717 of the House bill (and
 Section 716 of the Senate bill for USDA and FDA) retains the conditional approval clause. The USDA Office
 of General Counsel recently noted that these types of approval clauses have been found to be
 unconstitutional as determined by the Supreme Court in INS v. Chada (1983). See the USDA inspector
general’ general's report about relocating ERS and NIFA and the USDA Office of General Counsel’'s comments (OIG
OIG Report 91801-00001-23, p. 35, August 2019).
c. 
        c. Appropriations acts from FY2012 to FY2016 imposed a complete prohibition on disaster payments that
 relied upon Clause (3) of Section 327 (U.S.C. §612c) or Section (5) of the Commodity Credit Corporation
 (CCC, 15 U.S.C. §714c). Beginning in FY2017, the restriction provision in appropriations began to allow a
 limited amount of carryover in Section 32 to fund Clause (3) up to $75 million, but the complete
 prohibition continued on Section (5) of CCC. Beginning in FY2018, the restriction on CCC was lifted (by
 no longer being inserted into the appropriation), and the Section 32 allowance for carryover rose to up to
 $350 million.
d. 
        d. Although the Forest Service is part of USDA, jurisdiction for its appropriations are in the Interior and
 Related Agencies Appropriations Act.

Congressional Research Service

24

  
      
    
    
    Appendix A. 

  Appropriations in Administrative Accounts

    
      
        Table A-1. USDA Departmental Administration Appropriations
Budget authority in millions of dollars

Office

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

P.L. 11531

P.L. 115141

P.L. 116-6

FY2020
Admin.
request

Change from FY2019

House
H.R. 3055

Senate
H.R. 3055

3.9

6.0

Enacted

to Housepassed

to Senatepassed

-1.2

+1.0

-0.8

-0.8

Office of the Secretary
Office of the Secretary

5.1

Office of Tribal Relations
Assistant to the Sec. for Rural

0.5
Developmenta

5.1

5.1

4.9

—

Combined with Public Partnership and Engagement

—

0.8

0.8

0.8

Office of Homeland Security

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.5

—

+0.0

+0.0

Public Partnership and Engagementb

1.2

4.7

4.7

1.7

6.2

4.7

—

+1.5

+0.0

Assistant Secretary for Admin.

0.8

0.8

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

—

+0.0

+0.0

Departmental Administration

24.1

22.3

22.3

21.4

0.4

16.3

—

-21.9

-6.0

Asst. Sec. Congressional Relations

3.9

3.9

3.9

3.1

3.1

3.9

—

-0.8

+0.0

Office of Communications

7.5

7.5

7.5

7.3

3.7

7.5

—

-3.8

+0.0

44.6

46.5

46.6

41.4

19.5

40.8

—

-27.1

-5.8

Office of Chief Economist

18.9

19.8

21.3

18.5

21.0

24.3

—

-0.3

+3.0

Office of Hearings and Appeals

13.4

15.2

15.2

13.5

15.2

15.2

—

+0.0

+0.0

9.5

9.5

9.5

8.2

9.5

9.5

—

+0.0

+0.0

41.8

44.5

46.0

40.2

45.8

49.0

—

-0.3

+3.0

Subtotal

Moved back to Rural Developmenta

Executive Operations

Office of Budget, Program Analysis
Subtotal

CRS-25

 Office

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

P.L. 11531

P.L. 115141

P.L. 116-6

FY2020
Admin.
request

Change from FY2019

House
H.R. 3055

Senate
H.R. 3055

Enacted

to Housepassed

to Senatepassed

Other Administration
Chief Information Officer

49.5

59.0

55.6

101.4

48.9

101.4

—

-6.7

+45.8

Chief Financial Officer

8.0

6.0

6.0

13.5

6.0

7.5

—

+0.0

+1.5

Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.9

0.9

—

+0.0

+0.0

Office of Civil Rights

24.2

24.2

24.2

21.2

24.2

24.2

—

+0.0

+0.0

Buildings and facilities

84.2

64.4

60.0

331.1

330.1

317.1

—

+270.1

+257.1

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.3

5.3

3.5

—

+1.8

+0.0

Office of Inspector General

98.2

98.2

98.2

98.2

99.2

98.2

—

+1.0

+0.0

General Counsel

44.7

44.5

45.1

41.2

11.2

45.1

—

-33.9

+0.0

4.1

4.1

4.1

2.8

4.1

4.1

—

+0.0

+0.0

317.5

304.9

297.7

613.5

530.1

602.1

—

+232.3

+304.4

403.9

396.0

390.4

695.1

595.3

691.9

—

+205.0

+301.6

Hazardous materials management

Office of Ethics
Subtotal
Total, Departmental Administration

Source:Budget authority in millions of dollars
FY2017
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
Change from FY2019
Office
P.L. 115-31
P.L. 115-141
P.L. 116-6
Admin. request
House H.R. 3055

          
          
            SenateH.R. 3055Enacted 
to House-passed
to Senate-passed
Office of the Secretary
Office of the Secretary
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.9
3.9

              
                
                  6.0

                

            
—
-1.2
+1.0
Office of Tribal Relations
0.5
Combined with Public Partnership and Engagement

          
        
        
          
            Assistant to the Sec. for Rural Developmenta—
0.8
0.8
0.8

          
          
            
              
                
                  
                    Moved back to Rural Developmenta-0.8
-0.8
Office of Homeland Security
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.5
—
+0.0
+0.0

          
        
        
          
            Public Partnership and Engagementb1.2
4.7
4.7
1.7
6.2
4.7
—
+1.5
+0.0
Assistant Secretary for Admin.
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
—
+0.0
+0.0
Departmental Administration
24.1
22.3
22.3
21.4
0.4
16.3
—
-21.9
-6.0
Asst. Sec. Congressional Relations
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.1
3.1
3.9
—
-0.8
+0.0
Office of Communications
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.3
3.7
7.5
—
-3.8
+0.0
Subtotal
44.6
46.5
46.6
41.4
19.5
40.8
—
-27.1
-5.8
Executive Operations
Office of Chief Economist
18.9
19.8
21.3
18.5
21.0
24.3
—
-0.3
+3.0
Office of Hearings and Appeals
13.4
15.2
15.2
13.5
15.2
15.2
—
+0.0
+0.0
Office of Budget, Program Analysis
9.5
9.5
9.5
8.2
9.5
9.5
—
+0.0
+0.0
Subtotal
41.8
44.5
46.0
40.2
45.8
49.0
—
-0.3
+3.0
Other Administration
Chief Information Officer
49.5
59.0
55.6
101.4
48.9
101.4
—
-6.7
+45.8
Chief Financial Officer
8.0
6.0
6.0
13.5
6.0
7.5
—
+0.0
+1.5
Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.9
—
+0.0
+0.0
Office of Civil Rights
24.2
24.2
24.2
21.2
24.2
24.2
—
+0.0
+0.0
Buildings and facilities
84.2
64.4
60.0
331.1
330.1
317.1
—
+270.1
+257.1
Hazardous materials management
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.3
5.3
3.5
—
+1.8
+0.0
Office of Inspector General
98.2
98.2
98.2
98.2
99.2
98.2
—
+1.0
+0.0
General Counsel
44.7
44.5
45.1
41.2
11.2
45.1
—
-33.9
+0.0
Office of Ethics
4.1
4.1
4.1
2.8
4.1
4.1
—
+0.0
+0.0
Subtotal
317.5
304.9
297.7
613.5
530.1
602.1
—
+232.3
+304.4
Total, Departmental Administration
403.9
396.0
390.4
695.1
595.3
691.9
—
+205.0
+301.6
Source: CRS, using appropriations text and report tables. For FY2020, House-passed and Senate-passed are H.R. 3055 (Division B).
a. 
        a. The USDA-initiated reorganization in 2017 created an “"Assistant to the Secretary for Rural Development”" as part of the Office of the Secretary rather than the
 previously Senate-confirmed undersecretary position. The 2018 farm bill reinstated the undersecretary position.
b.  
        b. Formerly, this was the Office of Advocacy and Outreach.

CRS-26

 
      
    
    
    Appendix B. 

  Appropriations in General Provisions

    
      
        Table B-1. General Provisions: Changes in Mandatory Program Spending (CHIMPS)

        Budget authority in millions of dollars

CHIMPS and mandatory rescissions

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

P.L. 11531

P.L. 115141

P.L. 116-6

FY2020
Admin.
request

Change from FY2019

House
H.R. 3055

Senate
H.R. 3055

Enacted

to Housepassed

to Senatepassed

a. Farm bill conservation programs
Farm Security Rural Investment Act programs

—

[-0.1]a

[-60.2]a

-60.2

-60.2

-60.2

—

+0.0

+0.0

-179.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Watershed Rehabilitation Program

-54.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Agricultural Management Assistance

-2.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program

-125.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

The Emergency Food Assistance Program

+19.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

+5.0

+5.0

—

+6.0

+5.0

—

+1.0

+0.0

Biorefinery Assistance Program

-20.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Biomass Crop Assistance Program

-20.0

-21.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

+15.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

-381.0

-1.0

+5.0

-60.0

-54.0

-55.0

—

+1.0

+0.0

—

[+0.1]a

[+60.2]a

+60.2

+60.2

+60.2

—

+0.0

+0.0

Cushion of Credit (Rural Development)

-132.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Section 32

-231.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

+10.0

—

—

—

—

-10.0

-10.0

Environmental Quality Incentives Program

b. Other farm bill programs

Farm to School

Tree Assistance Program
Subtotal, farm bill programs
Other CHIMPS
Farm Production & Conservation Bus. Ctr.

Food for Progress

CRS-27

 CHIMPS and mandatory rescissions
Total CHIMPS

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

P.L. 11531

P.L. 115141

P.L. 116-6

-744.0

-1.0

+15.0

FY2020
Admin.
request
+0.0

Change from FY2019

House
H.R. 3055

Senate
H.R. 3055

+6.0

+5.0

Enacted
—

to Housepassed

to Senatepassed

-9.0

-10.0

Source:FY2017
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
Change from FY2019
CHIMPS and mandatory rescissions
P.L. 115-31
P.L. 115-141
P.L. 116-6
Admin. request
House H.R. 3055

          
          
            SenateH.R. 3055Enacted 
to House-passed
to Senate-passed
a. Farm bill conservation programs
Farm Security Rural Investment Act programs
—

          
          
            [-0.1]a
          
          
            [-60.2]a-60.2
-60.2
-60.2
—
+0.0
+0.0
Environmental Quality Incentives Program
-179.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Watershed Rehabilitation Program
-54.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Agricultural Management Assistance
-2.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
b. Other farm bill programs
Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program
-125.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
The Emergency Food Assistance Program 
+19.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Farm to School
—
+5.0
+5.0
—
+6.0
+5.0
—
+1.0
+0.0
Biorefinery Assistance Program
-20.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Biomass Crop Assistance Program
-20.0
-21.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Tree Assistance Program
—
+15.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Subtotal, farm bill programs
-381.0
-1.0
+5.0
-60.0
-54.0
-55.0
—
+1.0
+0.0
Other CHIMPS
Farm Production & Conservation Bus. Ctr.
—

          
          
            [+0.1]a
          
          
            [+60.2]a+60.2
+60.2
+60.2
—
+0.0
+0.0
Cushion of Credit (Rural Development)
-132.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Section 32
-231.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Food for Progress
—
—
+10.0
—
—
—
—
-10.0
-10.0
Total CHIMPS
-744.0
-1.0
+15.0
+0.0
+6.0
+5.0
—
-9.0
-10.0
Source: CRS, using appropriations text and report tables, and unpublished CBO tables. For FY2020, House-passed and Senate-passed are H.R. 3055 (Division B).
a. 
        a. Amounts in brackets were not in the official CBO scoring of CHIMPS. Appropriations acts in FY2018 and FY2019 transferred mandatory conservation funding into
 the Farm Production and Conservation Business Center, but the official CBO scoring of appropriations at that time did not record it as a CHIMP the way that the
 FY2020 scoring reflects. For more background, see CRS Report R45406, FY2018 and FY2019 Appropriations for Agricultural Conservation.

.
      
    
    
      
        Table B-2. General Provisions: Rescissions from Discretionary Accounts
Budget authority in millions of dollars

Rescissions of discretionary accounts
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for
Women, Infants, and Children

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

P.L. 11531

P.L. 115141

P.L. 116-6

FY2020
Admin.
request

Change from FY2019

House
H.R. 3055

Senate
H.R. 3055

Enacted

to Housepassed

to Senatepassed

-850.0

-800.0

-500.0

-1,000.0

-800.0

-800.0

—

-300.0

-300.0

—

—

—

—

-5.8

—

—

-5.8

—

-4.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Rural community facilities program

—

—

—

-4.2

—

—

—

—

—

Rural Housing Service

—

—

—

-40.0

—

—

—

—

—

Water and waste disposal cancellation

—

—

—

-100.0

—

—

—

—

—

Electric loan refinancing

—

—

—

—

—

-15.1

—

—

-15.1

FAS salaries and expenses

—

—

—

-8.8

—

—

—

—

—

USDA unobligated balances

—

—

-5.0

—

—

—

—

+5.0

+5.0

-854.0

-800.0

-505.0

-1,153.0

-805.8

-815.1

—

-300.8

-310.1

NIFA buildings and facilities (relocation)
Rural Development balances

Total

Source:Budget authority in millions of dollars
FY2017
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
Change from FY2019
Rescissions of discretionary accounts
P.L. 115-31
P.L. 115-141
P.L. 116-6
Admin. request
House H.R. 3055

          
          
            SenateH.R. 3055Enacted 
to House-passed
to Senate-passed
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
-850.0
-800.0
-500.0
-1,000.0
-800.0
-800.0
—
-300.0
-300.0
NIFA buildings and facilities (relocation)
—
—
—
—
-5.8
—
—
-5.8
—
Rural Development balances
-4.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Rural community facilities program
—
—
—
-4.2
—
—
—
—
—
Rural Housing Service
—
—
—
-40.0
—
—
—
—
—
Water and waste disposal cancellation
—
—
—
-100.0
—
—
—
—
—
Electric loan refinancing
—
—
—
—
—
-15.1
—
—
-15.1
FAS salaries and expenses
—
—
—
-8.8
—
—
—
—
—
USDA unobligated balances
—
—
-5.0
—
—
—
—
+5.0
+5.0
Total
-854.0
-800.0
-505.0
-1,153.0
-805.8
-815.1
—
-300.8
-310.1
Source: CRS, using appropriations text and report tables, and unpublished CBO tables. For FY2020, House-passed and Senate-passed are H.R. 3055 (Division B).

CRS-28

 
      
    
    
      
        Table B-3. General Provisions: Other Appropriations
Budget authority in millions of dollars

Program

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

P.L. 11531

P.L. 115141

P.L. 116-6

FY2020
Admin.
request

Change from FY2019

House
H.R. 3055

Senate
H.R. 3055

Enacted

to Housepassed

to Senatepassed

Opioid Enforcement and Surveillance

—

94.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

FDA buildings and facilities

—

—

—

—

—

20.0

—

—

+20.0

10.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Agriculture Risk Coverage pilot

5.0

5.0

5.0

—

—

—

—

-5.0

-5.0

Dairy Innovation

—

—

—

—

—

20.0

—

—

+20.0

Mitigation banking

—

—

—

—

—

5.0

—

—

+5.0

Conservation Reserve Program pilot

—

1.0

1.0

—

—

1.0

—

-1.0

+0.0

Farmland Relending Program

—

—

—

—

5.0

—

—

+5.0

—

Farm Ownership Report

—

—

—

—

1.0

—

—

+1.0

—

Citrus greening

5.5

7.5

8.5

—

8.5

8.5

—

+0.0

+0.0

Pet shelter and housing assistance grant

—

—

—

—

—

3.0

—

—

+3.0

Eastern equine encephalitis

—

—

—

—

—

1.0

—

—

+1.0

APHIS buildings and facilities

47.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Fruit fly quarantine payments

—

—

9.0

—

—

—

—

-9.0

-9.0

Hardwood trees reforestation pilot

0.6

0.6

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Geographically disadvantaged farmers

2.0

2.0

2.0

—

2.0

2.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Farming Opportunities Training and Outreach

—

—

—

—

10.0

—

—

+10.0

—

Water Bank

4.0

4.0

4.0

—

—

4.0

—

-4.0

+0.0

Rural Energy Savings Program

8.0

8.0

10.0

—

15.0

10.0

—

+5.0

+0.0

Maturing mortgage pilot

1.0

1.0

1.0

—

—

1.0

—

-1.0

+0.0

Rural microentrepreneur assistance program

—

—

3.0

—

—

—

—

-3.0

-3.0

Zika virus, Ebola funding

CRS-29

 Program

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

P.L. 11531

P.L. 115141

P.L. 116-6

FY2020
Admin.
request

Change from FY2019

House
H.R. 3055

Senate
H.R. 3055

Enacted

to Housepassed

to Senatepassed

Water and Waste Water

—

500.0

75.0

—

—

—

—

-75.0

-75.0

Waste water pilot

—

—

—

—

—

5.0

—

—

+5.0

Broadband pilot

—

600.0

125.0

—

518.0

—

—

+393.0

-125.0

Distance Learning Telemedicine

—

20.0

16.0

—

—

1.0

—

-16.0

-15.0

Rural Hospital Technical Assistance

—

—

—

—

1.0

—

—

+1.0

—

Protecting Animals with Shelter Grants

—

—

—

—

2.0

—

—

+2.0

—

Tribal Demonstration Projects

—

—

—

—

3.0

—

—

+3.0

—

13.8

5.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Healthy Food Financing Initiative

1.0

1.0

2.0

—

10.0

2.0

—

+8.0

+0.0

Healthy Fluid Milk

—

—

—

—

1.0

1.0

—

+1.0

+1.0

RISE grants

—

—

—

—

—

5.0

—

—

+5.0

Farm and Ranch Stress Network

—

—

—

—

—

5.0

—

—

+5.0

NIFA military veterans grants

5.0

5.0

5.0

—

5.0

5.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

NIFA buildings and facilities (relocation)

—

6.0

—

—

—a

—

—

—

—

ERS-NIFA relocation expenses

—

—

—

—

—

25.0

—

—

+25.0

Genome to Phenome

—

—

—

—

1.0

—

—

+1.0

—

Science Technology Engineering Math programs

0.5

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

NIFA 1890 land grants, Centers of Excellence

—

—

5.0

—

10.0

3.0

—

+5.0

-2.0

Tribal Student Scholarships

—

—

—

—

2.5

5.0

—

+2.5

+5.0

International Agriculture Education

—

—

—

—

1.0

—

—

+1.0

—

Pollinator Research Coordinator

—

—

—

—

0.4

—

—

+0.4

—

Urban Agriculture Office

—

—

—

—

5.0

5.0

—

+5.0

+5.0

Food Loss Liaison

—

—

—

—

0.4

—

—

+0.4

—

Electric loan refinancing

CRS-30

 Program
Food for Peace

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

P.L. 11531

P.L. 115141

P.L. 116-6

FY2020
Admin.
request

Change from FY2019

House
H.R. 3055

Senate
H.R. 3055

Enacted

to Housepassed

to Senatepassed

134.0

116.0

216.0

—

—

—

—

-216.0

-216.0

Food for Progress

—

—

6.0

—

—

—

—

-6.0

-6.0

Child Nutrition training pilot

—

2.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Nutrition Assistance Program Study

—

—

—

—

7.0

—

—

+7.0

—

Micro-Grants for Food Security

—

—

—

—

10.0

2.0

—

+10.0

+2.0

Food insecurity pilot project

—

—

—

—

—

2.0

—

—

+2.0

School breakfast expansion

—

—

—

—

10.0

—

—

+10.0

—

237.4

1,378.1

493.5

0.0

628.8

141.5

—

+135.3

-352.0

Emergency Watershed Protection

103.1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Emergency Conservation Program

131.6

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

234.8b

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

472.2

1,378.1

493.5

0.0

628.8

141.5

—

+135.3

-352.0

Subtotal, other spending provisions
Disaster/Emergency programs

Subtotal, disaster/emergency programs
Total

Source:Budget authority in millions of dollars
FY2017
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
Change from FY2019
Program
P.L. 115-31
P.L. 115-141
P.L. 116-6
Admin. request
House H.R. 3055

          
          
            SenateH.R. 3055Enacted 
to House-passed
to Senate-passed
Opioid Enforcement and Surveillance
—
94.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
FDA buildings and facilities
—
—
—
—
—
20.0
—
—
+20.0
Zika virus, Ebola funding
10.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Agriculture Risk Coverage pilot
5.0
5.0
5.0
—
—
—
—
-5.0
-5.0
Dairy Innovation
—
—
—
—
—
20.0
—
—
+20.0
Mitigation banking
—
—
—
—
—
5.0
—
—
+5.0
Conservation Reserve Program pilot
—
1.0
1.0
—
—
1.0
—
-1.0
+0.0
Farmland Relending Program
—
—
—
—
5.0
—
—
+5.0
—
Farm Ownership Report
—
—
—
—
1.0
—
—
+1.0
—
Citrus greening
5.5
7.5
8.5
—
8.5
8.5
—
+0.0
+0.0
Pet shelter and housing assistance grant
—
—
—
—
—
3.0
—
—
+3.0
Eastern equine encephalitis
—
—
—
—
—
1.0
—
—
+1.0
APHIS buildings and facilities
47.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Fruit fly quarantine payments
—
—
9.0
—
—
—
—
-9.0
-9.0
Hardwood trees reforestation pilot
0.6
0.6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Geographically disadvantaged farmers
2.0
2.0
2.0
—
2.0
2.0
—
+0.0
+0.0
Farming Opportunities Training and Outreach
—
—
—
—
10.0
—
—
+10.0
—
Water Bank
4.0
4.0
4.0
—
—
4.0
—
-4.0
+0.0
Rural Energy Savings Program
8.0
8.0
10.0
—
15.0
10.0
—
+5.0
+0.0
Maturing mortgage pilot
1.0
1.0
1.0
—
—
1.0
—
-1.0
+0.0
Rural microentrepreneur assistance program
—
—
3.0
—
—
—
—
-3.0
-3.0
Water and Waste Water
—
500.0
75.0
—
—
—
—
-75.0
-75.0
Waste water pilot
—
—
—
—
—
5.0
—
—
+5.0
Broadband pilot
—
600.0
125.0
—
518.0
—
—
+393.0
-125.0
Distance Learning Telemedicine
—
20.0
16.0
—
—
1.0
—
-16.0
-15.0
Rural Hospital Technical Assistance
—
—
—
—
1.0
—
—
+1.0
—
Protecting Animals with Shelter Grants
—
—
—
—
2.0
—
—
+2.0
—
Tribal Demonstration Projects
—
—
—
—
3.0
—
—
+3.0
—
Electric loan refinancing
13.8
5.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Healthy Food Financing Initiative
1.0
1.0
2.0
—
10.0
2.0
—
+8.0
+0.0
Healthy Fluid Milk
—
—
—
—
1.0
1.0
—
+1.0
+1.0
RISE grants
—
—
—
—
—
5.0
—
—
+5.0
Farm and Ranch Stress Network
—
—
—
—
—
5.0
—
—
+5.0
NIFA military veterans grants
5.0
5.0
5.0
—
5.0
5.0
—
+0.0
+0.0
NIFA buildings and facilities (relocation)
—
6.0
—
—

          
          
            —a—
—
—
—
ERS-NIFA relocation expenses
—
—
—
—
—
25.0
—
—
+25.0
Genome to Phenome
—
—
—
—
1.0
—
—
+1.0
—
Science Technology Engineering Math programs
0.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
NIFA 1890 land grants, Centers of Excellence
—
—
5.0
—
10.0
3.0
—
+5.0
-2.0
Tribal Student Scholarships
—
—
—
—
2.5
5.0
—
+2.5
+5.0
International Agriculture Education
—
—
—
—
1.0
—
—
+1.0
—
Pollinator Research Coordinator
—
—
—
—
0.4
—
—
+0.4
—
Urban Agriculture Office
—
—
—
—
5.0
5.0
—
+5.0
+5.0
Food Loss Liaison
—
—
—
—
0.4
—
—
+0.4
—
Food for Peace
134.0
116.0
216.0
—
—
—
—
-216.0
-216.0
Food for Progress
—
—
6.0
—
—
—
—
-6.0
-6.0
Child Nutrition training pilot
—
2.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Nutrition Assistance Program Study
—
—
—
—
7.0
—
—
+7.0
—
Micro-Grants for Food Security
—
—
—
—
10.0
2.0
—
+10.0
+2.0
Food insecurity pilot project
—
—
—
—
—
2.0
—
—
+2.0
School breakfast expansion
—
—
—
—
10.0
—
—
+10.0
—
Subtotal, other spending provisions
237.4
1,378.1
493.5
0.0
628.8
141.5
—
+135.3
-352.0
Disaster/Emergency programs
Emergency Watershed Protection
103.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Emergency Conservation Program
131.6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Subtotal, disaster/emergency programs
234.8b—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total
472.2
1,378.1
493.5
0.0
628.8
141.5
—
+135.3
-352.0
Source: CRS, using appropriations text and report tables, and unpublished CBO tables. For FY2020, House-passed and Senate-passed are H.R. 3055 (Division B).

        Note: Excludes supplemental appropriations outside the annual appropriations act.
a. 
        a. See Table B-2 for a rescission from the FY2018 appropriation.
b.  
        b. Of this amount, $206 million was designated as a disaster spending and not counted against the discretionary spending limit (see Table B-4).
      
    
    
      
        ).

CRS-31

 Table B-4. General Provisions: Scorekeeping Adjustments
Budget authority in millions of dollars

Scorekeeping Adjustment

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

P.L. 11531

P.L. 115141

P.L. 116-6

FY2020
Admin.
request

Change from FY2019

House
H.R. 3055

Senate
H.R. 3055

Enacted

to Housepassed

to Senatepassed

Loan program negative subsidies
Rural housing negative subsidy

-146.0

-147.0

-135.0

-125.0

-125.0

-125.0

—

+10.0

+10.0

Rural community facilities negative subsidy

-159.0

-99.0

-72.0

-72.0

-72.0

-72.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Rural elec. & tele. loan negative subsidy

-203.0

-207.0

-173.0

-176.0

-176.0

-176.0

—

-3.0

-3.0

-2.0

-2.0

-2.0

-3.0

-3.0

-3.0

—

-1.0

-1.0

-24.0

-24.0

-23.0

-23.0

-23.0

-23.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

-534.0

-479.0

-405.0

-399.0

-399.0

-399.0

—

+6.0

+6.0

Denali Commission

4.0

—

—

-4.0

—

—

—

—

—

Interest Native American Fund Endowment

5.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Child nutrition equipment grants

1.0

1.0

1.0

—

1.0

1.0

—

+0.0

+0.0

Emergency designations not counted in allocation

-206.1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Total

-730.1

-481.0

-404.0

-403.0

-398.0

-398.0

—

+6.0

+6.0

Rural water & waste loan negative subsidy
Ag credit loan negative subsidy
Subtotal, negative subsidies

Source:Budget authority in millions of dollars
FY2017
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
Change from FY2019
Scorekeeping Adjustment
P.L. 115-31
P.L. 115-141
P.L. 116-6
Admin. request
House H.R. 3055

          
          
            SenateH.R. 3055Enacted 
to House-passed
to Senate-passed
Loan program negative subsidies
Rural housing negative subsidy
-146.0
-147.0
-135.0
-125.0
-125.0
-125.0
—
+10.0
+10.0
Rural community facilities negative subsidy
-159.0
-99.0
-72.0
-72.0
-72.0
-72.0
—
+0.0
+0.0
Rural elec. & tele. loan negative subsidy
-203.0
-207.0
-173.0
-176.0
-176.0
-176.0
—
-3.0
-3.0
Rural water & waste loan negative subsidy
-2.0
-2.0
-2.0
-3.0
-3.0
-3.0
—
-1.0
-1.0
Ag credit loan negative subsidy
-24.0
-24.0
-23.0
-23.0
-23.0
-23.0
—
+0.0
+0.0
Subtotal, negative subsidies
-534.0
-479.0
-405.0
-399.0
-399.0
-399.0
—
+6.0
+6.0
Denali Commission
4.0
—
—
-4.0
—
—
—
—
—
Interest Native American Fund Endowment
5.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Child nutrition equipment grants
1.0
1.0
1.0
—
1.0
1.0
—
+0.0
+0.0
Emergency designations not counted in allocation
-206.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total
-730.1
-481.0
-404.0
-403.0
-398.0
-398.0
—
+6.0
+6.0
Source: CRS, using appropriations text and report tables, and unpublished CBO tables. For FY2020, House-passed and Senate-passed are H.R. 3055 (Division B).

        Notes: A negative subsidy for a loan program generally occurs when the interest rate and/or fees charged to the borrowers are more than sufficient to cover the costs
 of the risk of default (Government Accountability Office, “"Credit Reform: Current Method to Estimate Credit Subsidy Costs Is More Appropriate for Budget Estimates
 Than a Fair Value Approach,”" GAO-16-41, January 2016).

CRS-32

 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations

Appendix C. 
      
    
    
    
    Appendix C.

  Budget Sequestration

    Sequestration is a process to reduce federal spending through automatic, largely across-the-board
 reductions that permanently cancel mandatory and/or discretionary budget authority.42
45 Sequestration is triggered as a budget enforcement mechanism when federal spending would
 exceed statutory budget goals.4346 Sequestration is currently authorized by the BCA (P.L. 112-25).
    ).
A sequestration rate is the percentage reduction that is subtracted from an appropriated budget
 authority to achieve an intended budget goal. OMB computes these rates annually. Table C-1
 shows the rates of sequestration that have been announced and the total amounts of budget
 authority that have been cancelled from accounts in Agriculture appropriations. Table C-2
 provides additional detail at the program level for mandatory accounts.

    
      
        Table C-1. Summary of Sequestration on Agriculture Accounts
Discretionary Accounts

Fiscal Year

Sequestration
Rate

Sequestered
Budget
Authority
($ millions)

Mandatory Accounts

Sequestration
Rate

Sequestered
Budget
Authority
($ millions)

2013

5.0%

1,153

5.1%

713

2014

—

—

7.2%

1,052

2015

—

—

7.3%

1,153

2016

—

—

6.8%

1,819

2017

—

—

6.9%

1,686

2018

—

—

6.6%

1,316

2019

—

—

6.2%

1,530

2020

—

—

5.9%

1,378

Source: Discretionary Accounts
Mandatory Accounts
Fiscal Year
Sequestration Rate

          
          
            Sequestered Budget Authority  ($ millions)
          
          
            Sequestration Rate

          
          
            Sequestered Budget Authority  ($ millions)
          
        
        
          
            2013
5.0%
1,153
5.1%
713
2014
—
—
7.2%
1,052
2015
—
—
7.3%
1,153
2016
—
—
6.8%
1,819
2017
—
—
6.9%
1,686
2018
—
—
6.6%
1,316
2019
—
—
6.2%
1,530
2020
—
—
5.9%
1,378
Source: CRS, compiled from OMB, Reports to the Congress on the Joint Committee Reductions, various fiscal years.
 Available for FY2018-FY2020 at https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/legislative/sequestration-reports-orders and
 for FY2013-FY2017 at https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/legislative_reports/sequestration.
Notes: sequestration.
        Notes: Sequestration rates listed here are for nonexempt, nondefense accounts. CRS computed amount totals
 from the compilation in Table C-2.
      
    
    Discretionary Spending
Table C-2.

Discretionary Spending
For discretionary spending, sequestration is authorized through FY2021 if discretionary defense
 and nondefense spending exceed caps that are specified in statute (2 U.S.C. §901(c)).

    In FY2013, the timing of the appropriations acts and the first year of sequestration resulted in
 triggering sequestration on discretionary spending.
 
    In FY2014-FY2019, BBAs in 2013, 2015, and 2018 (P.L. 113-67, , P.L. 114-74, and P.L. 115-123,
, respectively) have avoided sequestration on discretionary spending. These BBAs raised the
 discretionary budget caps that were placed in statute by the BCA and allowed Congress to enact
 larger appropriations than would have been allowed. The enacted appropriations in FY201442
43

CRS Report R43411, The Budget Control Act of 2011: Legislative Changes to the Law and Their Budgetary Effects.
CRS Report R42972, Sequestration as a Budget Enforcement Process: Frequently Asked Questions.

Congressional Research Service

33

 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations

FY2014-FY2019 met the spending limitations of the revised budget caps, and therefore no sequestration
 on discretionary accounts was necessary.
 
    For FY2020-FY2021, the BBA of 2019 (P.L. 116-37) similarly provides a higher discretionary
 cap that may avoid sequestration (see “"Discretionary Budget Caps and Subcommittee
Allocations”).44

Mandatory Spending
 Allocations").47Mandatory Spending
Sequestration Occurs and Continues

    For mandatory spending, sequestration is presently authorized and scheduled to continue through
 FY2029, having been amended and extended by budget acts that were subsequent to the BCA (2
 U.S.C. §901a(6)). That is, sequestration of mandatory spending has not been avoided by the
 BBAs and continues to apply annually to certain accounts (Table C-2).
    ).
The original FY2021 sunset on the sequestration of mandatorymandatory accounts has been extended five
 times as an offset to pay for raising the caps on discretionarydiscretionary spending to avoid sequestration in
 the near term (or as a general budgetary offset for other authorization acts):
1. Congress extended the duration of mandatory sequestration by two years (until
 FY2023) as an offset in BBA 2013.45
48 
    2. Congress extended it by another year (until FY2024) to maintain retirement
 benefits for certain military personnel (P.L. 113-82).

    3. Congress extended sequestration on nonexempt mandatory accounts another year
 (until FY2025) as an offset in BBA 2015.46
49
    4. Congress extended sequestration on nonexempt mandatory accounts for two
 years (until FY2027) as an offset in BBA 2018 (P.L. 115-123, §30101(c)).47
50 
    5. Congress extended sequestration on nonexempt mandatory accounts by another
 two years (until FY2029) as an offset in BBA 2019 (P.L. 116-37, §402).48

51 Exemptions from Sequestration

    Some USDA mandatory programs are statutorily exempt from sequestration. Those expressly
 exempt by statute are the nutrition programs (SNAP, the child nutrition programs, and the
 Commodity Supplemental Food Program)4952 and the Conservation Reserve Program.50 Some prior

44

CRS Insight IN11148, The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019: Changes to the BCA and Debt Limit.
CBO, Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, December 11, 2013, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/44964.
46
CBO, Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, October 28, 2015, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/50938. In addition to
extending sequestration and related to mandatory spending in agriculture, crop insurance was used as an additional
budgetary offset in BBA 2015. The effect was temporary, however, and the crop insurance reduction was restored. For
more background, see the section on crop insurance and the Standard Reinsurance Agreement in CRS Report R44240,
Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2016 Appropriations.
47 CBO, Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, February 8, 2018, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/53556.
48 CBO, Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019, July 23, 2019, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/55478.
49 2 U.S.C. §905(h).
50 2 U.S.C. §905(g)(1)(A).
45

Congressional Research Service

34

 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations

53 Some prior legal obligations in the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation51Corporation54 and the farm commodity programs
 may be exempt52exempt55 as determined by OMB.53
56 
    Generally speaking, the experience since FY2013 is that OMB has ruled that most of crop
 insurance is exempt from sequestration, while the farm commodity programs, disaster assistance,
 and most conservation programs have been subject to it.54

57
    Implementation of Sequestration

    Nonexempt mandatory spending in FY2020 is to be reduced by a 5.9% sequestration rate (Table
Table C-1) and thus would be paid at 94.1% of what would otherwise have been provided. This is
 projected to result in a reduction of about $1.4 billion from mandatory agriculture accounts in
 FY2020, including over $900 million from amounts paid by the CCC (Table C-2). 
    ).
For example, for the farm commodity programs that support farm income such as the Agricultural
 Risk Coverage and Price Loss Coverage programs,5558 payments to farmers are computed by a
 regular formula authorized in the farm bill, and the final actual payment to the farmer is reduced
 by the sequestration rate. For programs that operate on a fixed budget authority, such as the
 Environmental Quality Incentives Program and the Market Assistance Program, the sequestration
rate is applied to the available budget authority for the fiscal year.

51

2 U.S.C. §905(g)(2).
2 U.S.C. §906(j).
53 Some administrative expenses may be subject to sequestration, and therefore programs that are otherwise exempt
may have a relatively small sequesterable amount compared to their total budget authority, as shown, for example, in
Table C-2 for the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation, SNAP, child nutrition programs, and WIC.
54 CRS Report R42050, Budget “Sequestration” and Selected Program Exemptions and Special Rules.
55 CRS In Focus IF11161, 2018 Farm Bill Primer: ARC and PLC Support Programs.
52

Congressional Research Service

35

  rate is applied to the available budget authority for the fiscal year. 
    
    
    
      
        Table C-2. Sequestration of Mandatory Accounts

        Sequestered budget authority in millions of dollars
FY2013
Sequestration rate on nonexempt, nondefense mandatory accounts

FY2014

FY2015

FY2016

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

FY2020

5.1%

7.2%

7.3%

6.8%

6.9%

6.6%

6.2%

5.9%

—

—

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.9

—

—

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

Agricultural Research Service

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

National Institute of Food and Agriculture

—

—

—

9.9

10.0

—

—

11.7

Extension

0.3

0.4

1.8

—

—

3.3

0.3

—

Biomass Research and Development

—

—

0.2

0.2

0.2

—

—

—

Integrated Activities

—

—

7.3

—

—

6.6

5.0

—

13.6

18.8

21.5

20.1

19.5

18.8

52.1

51.3

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

Food Safety Inspection Service

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

Grain Inspection Packers and Stockyards Administration

2.1

3.0

3.0

3.1

3.1

2.9

—

—

40.4

79.7

81.9

77.3

79.6

78.1

74.4

72.2

Payments to states and possessions

—

—

5.3

5.0

5.0

5.6

5.3

5.0

Milk Market Orders Assessment Fund

2.9

4.2

4.2

4.0

4.1

4.0

3.8

4.8

Fee-Funded Inspection, Weighing, and Examinationa

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

2.9

Marketing services

—

—

2.2

2.0

2.1

2.0

3.0

2.1

Perishable Agriculture Commodities Act

0.6

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

U.S. Department of Agriculture
Office of the Secretary
Office of Chief Economist

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Salaries appropriation
Miscellaneous Trust Funds

Agricultural Marketing Service
Section 32

CRS-36

 FY2013
Expenses and refunds

FY2014

FY2015

FY2016

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

FY2020

0.4

0.9

0.9

1.3

1.3

0.4

0.4

0.6

—

—

—

—

0.6

—

—

—

3.0

4.2

5.9

3.5

3.9

3.7

5.0

3.2

329.5

573.7

710.8

1,388.6

1,238.6

904.1

1,088.2

938.6

Wool Apparel Manufacturers Trust Fund

—

—

—

2.0

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.8

Pima Cotton Trust Fund

—

—

—

1.1

1.1

1.1

—

0.9

Commodity Credit Corporation Export Loans

—

—

—

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

Agricultural Credit Insurance Corporation

—

—

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

Agricultural Disaster Relief Fund

70.0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Tobacco Trust Fund

49.0

69.1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

3.7

—

171.2

263.1

269.9

265.7

281.5

254.9

262.4

252.2

Watershed Rehabilitation Program

—

11.9

11.2

4.7

4.7

4.4

3.0

3.0

Damage Assessment Restoration Revolving Fund

—

—

—

—

—

—

0.1

0.1

Rural Energy for America Program

1.1

3.0

3.7

3.4

3.5

3.3

3.1

3.0

Biorefinery Assistance Program

—

—

3.7

3.4

1.4

1.3

—

1.5

Rural Cooperative Development Grants

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

1.1

Rural Economic Development Grants

—

—

—

1.6

—

—

0.9

0.9

Rural Microenterprise Investment Program

—

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

—

—

Energy Assistance Payments

3.3

3.2

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

—

0.4

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

Risk Management Agency
Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
Farm Service Agency
Commodity Credit Corporation Fund

Farm Production and Conservation Business Center
Natural Resources Conservation Service
Farm bill conservation programs

Rural Development, Rural Business Cooperative Service

Foreign Agricultural Service

CRS-37

 FY2013

FY2014

FY2015

FY2016

FY2017

FY2018

FY2019

FY2020

Food and Nutrition Serviceb
SNAP

4.7

8.0

8.4

9.8

10.6

9.6

9.2

9.4

Child Nutrition Programs

2.5

4.2

4.2

3.9

4.3

4.0

3.9

3.2

Commodity Assistance Program

1.1

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.2

WIC

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.7

0.9

1.0

2.2

2.2

0.1

0.3

3.5

0.4

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

16.3

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

713.3

1,051.9

1,153.0

1,818.9

1,685.6

1,315.9

1,530.3

1,377.8

Related Agencies
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Food and Drug Administration
Revolving Fund for Certification
User fees
Farm Credit System Insurance Corporation
Total

Source:FY2013
FY2014
FY2015
FY2016
FY2017
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
Sequestration rate on nonexempt, nondefense mandatory accounts
5.1%
7.2%
7.3%
6.8%
6.9%
6.6%
6.2%
5.9%
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Office of the Secretary
—
—
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.9
Office of Chief Economist
—
—
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Agricultural Research Service
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
—
—
—
9.9
10.0
—
—
11.7
Extension
0.3
0.4
1.8
—
—
3.3
0.3
—
Biomass Research and Development
—
—
0.2
0.2
0.2
—
—
—
Integrated Activities
—
—
7.3
—
—
6.6
5.0
—
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Salaries appropriation
13.6
18.8
21.5
20.1
19.5
18.8
52.1
51.3
Miscellaneous Trust Funds
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Food Safety Inspection Service
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Grain Inspection Packers and Stockyards Administration
2.1
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.1
2.9
—
—
Agricultural Marketing Service
Section 32
40.4
79.7
81.9
77.3
79.6
78.1
74.4
72.2
Payments to states and possessions
—
—
5.3
5.0
5.0
5.6
5.3
5.0
Milk Market Orders Assessment Fund
2.9
4.2
4.2
4.0
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.8

          
        
        
          
            Fee-Funded Inspection, Weighing, and Examinationa—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2.9
Marketing services
—
—
2.2
2.0
2.1
2.0
3.0
2.1
Perishable Agriculture Commodities Act
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
Expenses and refunds
0.4
0.9
0.9
1.3
1.3
0.4
0.4
0.6
Risk Management Agency
—
—
—
—
0.6
—
—
—
Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
3.0
4.2
5.9
3.5
3.9
3.7
5.0
3.2
Farm Service Agency
Commodity Credit Corporation Fund
329.5
573.7
710.8
1,388.6
1,238.6
904.1
1,088.2
938.6
Wool Apparel Manufacturers Trust Fund
—
—
—
2.0
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
Pima Cotton Trust Fund
—
—
—
1.1
1.1
1.1
—
0.9
Commodity Credit Corporation Export Loans
—
—
—
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
Agricultural Credit Insurance Corporation
—
—
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Agricultural Disaster Relief Fund
70.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Tobacco Trust Fund
49.0
69.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
Farm Production and Conservation Business Center
—
—
—
—
—
—
3.7
—
Natural Resources Conservation Service
Farm bill conservation programs
171.2
263.1
269.9
265.7
281.5
254.9
262.4
252.2
Watershed Rehabilitation Program
—
11.9
11.2
4.7
4.7
4.4
3.0
3.0
Damage Assessment Restoration Revolving Fund
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.1
0.1
Rural Development, Rural Business Cooperative Service
Rural Energy for America Program
1.1
3.0
3.7
3.4
3.5
3.3
3.1
3.0
Biorefinery Assistance Program
—
—
3.7
3.4
1.4
1.3
—
1.5
Rural Cooperative Development Grants
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.1
Rural Economic Development Grants
—
—
—
1.6
—
—
0.9
0.9
Rural Microenterprise Investment Program
—
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
—
—
Energy Assistance Payments
3.3
3.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
—
0.4
Foreign Agricultural Service
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1

          
        
        
          
            Food and Nutrition ServicebSNAP
4.7
8.0
8.4
9.8
10.6
9.6
9.2
9.4
Child Nutrition Programs
2.5
4.2
4.2
3.9
4.3
4.0
3.9
3.2
Commodity Assistance Program
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
WIC
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Related Agencies
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
0.7
0.9
1.0
2.2
2.2
0.1
0.3
3.5
Food and Drug Administration
Revolving Fund for Certification
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
User fees
16.3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Farm Credit System Insurance Corporation
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
Total
713.3
1,051.9
1,153.0
1,818.9
1,685.6
1,315.9
1,530.3
1,377.8
Source: CRS, compiled from amounts published in advance in OMB, Reports to the Congress on the Joint Committee Reductions, various fiscal years. Available for FY2018FY2019FY2018-FY2019 at https://www.whitehouse.gov, and for FY2013-FY2017 at https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov.
.
        Notes: Column totals were computed by CRS based on the jurisdiction of the House Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee. Sequestration rates are for nonexempt,
 nondefense accounts. The sequesterable budget authority for each cell may be computed by dividing the amount of sequestration by the sequestration rate.
a. 
        a. USDA reorganization moved the Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration into the Agricultural Marketing Service.
b.  
        b. Benefits from the nutrition programs are generally exempt from sequestration by statute, but some administrative expenses in these programs may be subject to
 sequestration, and therefore a relatively small portion of the total budget authority may be sequesterable.

CRS-38

 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations

Appendix D. 
      
    
    
    
    Appendix D.

  Action on Agriculture Appropriations,
 FY1996-FY2020
Table D-1. Congressional Action on Agriculture Appropriations Since FY1996
House Action

Senate Action

Final Appropriation

Fiscal
Year

Subcmte.

Cmte.

Floor

Subcmte.

Cmte.

Floor

1996

6/14/1995

6/27/1995

7/21/1995

9/13/1995

9/14/1995

9/20/1995

10/21/1995

E

P.L. 104-37

95-624

1997

5/30/1996

6/6/1996

6/12/1996

7/10/1996

7/11/1996

7/24/1996

8/6/1996

E

P.L. 104-180

IB96015

1998

6/25/1997

7/14/1997

7/24/1997

7/15/1997

7/17/1997

7/24/1997

11/18/1997

E

P.L. 105-86

97-201

1999

6/10/1998

6/16/1998

6/24/1998

6/9/1998

6/11/1998

7/16/1998

10/21/1998

O

P.L. 105-277

98-201

2000

5/13/1999

5/24/1999

6/8/1999

6/15/1999

6/17/1999

8/4/1999

10/22/1999

E

P.L. 106-78

RL30201

2001

5/4/2000

5/16/2000

7/11/2000

5/4/2000

5/10/2000

7/20/2000

10/28/2000

E

P.L. 106-387

RL30501

2002

6/6/2001

6/27/2001

7/11/2001

Polled out

7/18/2001

10/25/2001

11/28/2001

E

P.L. 107-76

RL31001

2003

6/26/2002

7/26/2002

—

7/23/2002

7/25/2002

—

2/20/2003

O

P.L. 108-7

RL31301

2004

6/17/2003

7/9/2003

7/14/2003

7/17/2003

11/6/2003

11/6/2003

1/23/2004

O

P.L. 108-199

RL31801

2005

6/14/2004

7/7/2004

7/13/2004

9/8/2004

9/14/2004

—

12/8/2004

O

P.L. 108-447

RL32301

2006

5/16/2005

6/2/2005

6/8/2005

6/21/2005

6/27/2005

9/22/2005

11/10/2005

E

P.L. 109-97

RL32904

2007

5/3/2006

5/9/2006

5/23/2006

6/20/2006

6/22/2006

—

2/15/2007

Y

P.L. 110-5

RL33412

2008

7/12/2007

7/19/2007

8/2/2007

7/17/2007

7/19/2007

—

12/26/2007

O

P.L. 110-161

RL34132

2009

6/19/2008

—

—

Polled out

7/17/2008

—

3/11/2009

O

P.L. 111-8

R40000

2010

6/11/2009

6/18/2009

7/9/2009

Polled out

7/7/2009

8/4/2009

10/21/2009

E

P.L. 111-80

R40721

2011

6/30/2010

—

—

Polled out

7/15/2010

—

4/15/2011

Y

P.L. 112-10

R41475

2012

5/24/2011

5/31/2011

6/16/2011

Polled out

9/7/2011

11/1/2011

11/18/2011

O

P.L. 112-55

R41964

2013

6/6/2012

6/19/2012

—

Polled out

4/26/2012

—

3/26/2013

O

P.L. 113-6

R43110

2014

6/5/2013

6/13/2013

—

6/18/2013

6/20/2013

—

1/17/2014

O

P.L. 113-76

R43110

2015

5/20/2014

5/29/2014

—

5/20/2014

5/22/2014

—

12/16/2014

O

P.L. 113-235

R43669

2016

6/18/2015

7/8/2015

—

7/14/2015

7/16/2015

—

12/18/2015

O

P.L. 114-113

R44240

2017

4/13/2016

4/19/2016

—

5/17/2016

5/19/2016

—

5/5/2017

O

P.L. 115-31

R44588

2018

6/28/2017

7/12/2017

9/14/2017

7/18/2017

7/20/2017

—

3/23/2018

O

P.L. 115-141

R45128

2019

5/9/2018

5/16/2018

—

5/22/2018

5/24/2018

8/1/2018

2/15/2019

O

P.L. 116-6

R45230

2020

5/23/2019

6/4/2019

6/25/2019

9/17/2019

9/19/2019

10/31/2019

—

—

Enacted

Public Law

—

R45974

Source: CRS.
Notes: E = Enacted as standalone appropriation (eight times over 24 years); O = Omnibus appropriation (14
times); Y = Year-long CR (two times). “Polled out” refers to a procedure that permits a Senate subcommittee to

    
      
        Table D-1. Congressional Action on Agriculture Appropriations Since FY1996
      
      
        
           
          
          
            House Action
Senate Action
Final Appropriation
Fiscal Year
Subcmte.
Cmte.
Floor
Subcmte.
Cmte.
Floor
Enacted
Public Law
CRS Report
1996
6/14/1995
6/27/1995
7/21/1995
9/13/1995
9/14/1995
9/20/1995
10/21/1995
E
P.L. 104-37
95-624
1997
5/30/1996
6/6/1996
6/12/1996
7/10/1996
7/11/1996
7/24/1996
8/6/1996
E
P.L. 104-180
IB96015
1998
6/25/1997
7/14/1997
7/24/1997
7/15/1997
7/17/1997
7/24/1997
11/18/1997
E
P.L. 105-86
97-201
1999
6/10/1998
6/16/1998
6/24/1998
6/9/1998
6/11/1998
7/16/1998
10/21/1998
O
P.L. 105-277
98-201
2000
5/13/1999
5/24/1999
6/8/1999
6/15/1999
6/17/1999
8/4/1999
10/22/1999
E
P.L. 106-78
RL30201
2001
5/4/2000
5/16/2000
7/11/2000
5/4/2000
5/10/2000
7/20/2000
10/28/2000
E
P.L. 106-387
RL30501
2002
6/6/2001
6/27/2001
7/11/2001
Polled out
7/18/2001
10/25/2001
11/28/2001
E
P.L. 107-76
RL31001
2003
6/26/2002
7/26/2002
—
7/23/2002
7/25/2002
—
2/20/2003
O
P.L. 108-7
RL31301
2004
6/17/2003
7/9/2003
7/14/2003
7/17/2003
11/6/2003
11/6/2003
1/23/2004
O
P.L. 108-199
RL31801
2005
6/14/2004
7/7/2004
7/13/2004
9/8/2004
9/14/2004
—
12/8/2004
O
P.L. 108-447
RL32301
2006
5/16/2005
6/2/2005
6/8/2005
6/21/2005
6/27/2005
9/22/2005
11/10/2005
E
P.L. 109-97
RL32904
2007
5/3/2006
5/9/2006
5/23/2006
6/20/2006
6/22/2006
—
2/15/2007
Y
P.L. 110-5
RL33412
2008
7/12/2007
7/19/2007
8/2/2007
7/17/2007
7/19/2007
—
12/26/2007
O
P.L. 110-161
RL34132
2009
6/19/2008
—
—
Polled out
7/17/2008
—
3/11/2009
O
P.L. 111-8
R40000
2010
6/11/2009
6/18/2009
7/9/2009
Polled out
7/7/2009
8/4/2009
10/21/2009
E
P.L. 111-80
R40721
2011
6/30/2010
—
—
Polled out
7/15/2010
—
4/15/2011
Y
P.L. 112-10
R41475
2012
5/24/2011
5/31/2011
6/16/2011
Polled out
9/7/2011
11/1/2011
11/18/2011
O
P.L. 112-55
R41964
2013
6/6/2012
6/19/2012
—
Polled out
4/26/2012
—
3/26/2013
O
P.L. 113-6
R43110
2014
6/5/2013
6/13/2013
—
6/18/2013
6/20/2013
—
1/17/2014
O
P.L. 113-76
R43110
2015
5/20/2014
5/29/2014
—
5/20/2014
5/22/2014
—
12/16/2014
O
P.L. 113-235
R43669
2016
6/18/2015
7/8/2015
—
7/14/2015
7/16/2015
—
12/18/2015
O
P.L. 114-113
R44240
2017
4/13/2016
4/19/2016
—
5/17/2016
5/19/2016
—
5/5/2017
O
P.L. 115-31
R44588
2018
6/28/2017
7/12/2017
9/14/2017
7/18/2017
7/20/2017
—
3/23/2018
O
P.L. 115-141
R45128
2019
5/9/2018
5/16/2018
—
5/22/2018
5/24/2018
8/1/2018
2/15/2019
O
P.L. 116-6
R45230
2020
5/23/2019
6/4/2019
6/25/2019
9/17/2019
9/19/2019
10/31/2019
—
—
—
R45974
Source: CRS.
Notes: E = Enacted as standalone appropriation (eight times over 24 years); O = Omnibus appropriation (14 times); Y = Year-long CR (two times). "Polled out" refers to a procedure that permits a Senate subcommittee to transmit a bill to its full committee without a formal markup session. See CRS Report RS22952, Proxy Voting and
 Polling in Senate Committee.

Congressional Research Service

CRS
Report

39

 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2020 Appropriations

Author Information
Jim Monke
Specialist in Agricultural Policy

Key Policy Staff
Area of Expertise

Name

Agricultural appropriations, USDA budget

Jim Monke

Agricultural Marketing Service

Joel Greene

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Tadlock Cowan

Commodity Futures Trading Commission

Rena Miller

Conservation

Megan Stubbs

Crop insurance

Randy Schnepf

Disaster assistance

Megan Stubbs

Farm Service Agency

Jim Monke

Food and Drug Administration

Agata Dabrowska

Food safety, generally

Renée Johnson

Food safety, meat and poultry inspection

Joel Greene

International food assistance

Alyssa Casey

Nutrition and domestic food assistance

Randy Alison Aussenberg
Kara Clifford Billings

Research and extension

Genevieve Croft

Rural development

Alyssa Casey

Trade

Anita Regmi

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or
material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to
copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

Congressional Research Service

R45974 · VERSION 3 · UPDATED

40

 .
      
    
  
  
    Author Contact Information
Jim Monke, Specialist in Agricultural Policy
        ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])
      
Key Policy Staff

      
        
          Area of Expertise

          Name

        

          Agricultural appropriations, USDA budget

          Jim Monke

        

          Agricultural Marketing Service

          Joel Greene

        

          Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

          Tadlock Cowan

        

          Commodity Futures Trading Commission

          Rena Miller

        

          Conservation

          Megan Stubbs

        

          Crop insurance

          Randy Schnepf

        

          Disaster assistance

          Megan Stubbs

        

          Farm Service Agency

          Jim Monke 

        

          Food and Drug Administration

          Agata Dabrowska

        

          Food safety, generally

          Renée Johnson

        

          Food safety, meat and poultry inspection

          Joel Greene

        

          International food assistance

          Alyssa Casey

        

          Nutrition and domestic food assistance

          Randy Alison Aussenberg
Kara Clifford Billings

        

          Research and extension

          Genevieve Croft

        

          Rural development

          Alyssa Casey

        

          Trade

          Anita Regmi

        

    
Footnotes1.
            
        
           Jurisdiction for CFTC appropriations differs between the chambers. Since FY2008, CFTC is marked up in the Agriculture Subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee and in the Financial Services and General Government Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee. The enacted CFTC appropriation is carried in the Agriculture bill in even-numbered fiscal years and in the Financial Services bill in odd-numbered fiscal years.
2.
            
        
           Although the Forest Service is part of USDA, jurisdiction for its appropriations are in the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act.
3.
            
        
           See CRS In Focus IF11032, Budgetary Decisionmaking in Congress; and CRS Report R44582, Overview of Funding Mechanisms in the Federal Budget Process, and Selected Examples.
4.
            
        
           See CRS Report R42388, The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction.
5.
            
        
           Mandatory spending creates funding stability and consistency compared to annual discretionary appropriations. In agriculture, it originated with farm commodity programs that had uncertain outlays due to weather and markets.
6.
            
        
           See CRS Report 98-560, Baselines and Scorekeeping in the Federal Budget Process.
7.
            
        
           P.L. 115-334 (Agricultural Act of 2018). See CRS Report R45425, Budget Issues That Shaped the 2018 Farm Bill.
8.
            
        
           P.L. 111-296 (Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010). See CRS In Focus IF10266, An Introduction to Child Nutrition Reauthorization.
9.
            
        
           See CRS Report RS20129, Entitlements and Appropriated Entitlements in the Federal Budget Process.
10.
            
        
           See CRS Report R44606, The Commodity Credit Corporation: In Brief.
11.
            
        
           Office of Management and Budget (OMB), A Budget for a Better America: President's Budget FY 2020.
12.
            
        
           OMB, FY2020 Budget of the U.S. Government, Appendix.
13.
            
        
           USDA, FY2020 USDA Budget Summary; and USDA, FY2020 Budget Explanatory Notes.
14.
            
        
           FDA, FY2020 Justification of Estimates for Appropriations.
15.
            
        
           CFTC, FY2020 President's Budget Request. 
16.
            
        
           Farm Credit Administration, FY2020 Proposed Budget and Performance Plan.
17.
            
        
           OMB, FY2020 Budget of the U.S. Government, Major Savings and Reforms. 
18.
            
        
           CRS Report R42388, The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction.
19.
            
        
           References to 302(a) and 302(b) are to sections of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. 
20.
            
        
           CRS Report R44874, The Budget Control Act: Frequently Asked Questions.
21.
            
        
           CRS Report R42972, Sequestration as a Budget Enforcement Process: Frequently Asked Questions.
22.
            
        
           CRS Insight IN11090, Increasing the BCA Spending Limits: Characteristics of Previously Enacted Legislation.
23.
            
        
           CRS Insight IN11148, The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019: Changes to the BCA and Debt Limit.
24.
            
        
           See the House Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee website for the bill draft and report draft.
25.
            
        
           House Appropriations Committee, "FY2020 Full Committee Adopted Amendments," June 4, 2019.
26.
            
        
           H.R. 3055 was originally a Commerce-Justice-Science Appropriations bill. It became the vehicle for a House minibus and later a Senate minibus. It was also used to carry the second CR without the minibus text.
27.
            
        
           CRS Report R42933, Regular Appropriations Bills: Terms of Initial Consideration and Amendment in the House, FY1996-FY2015.
28.
            
        
           These 14 amendments added $109 million spread across rural broadband, distance learning and telemedicine, dairy innovation, 1890s institutions, geographically disadvantaged farmers, nutrition initiatives, farm-to-school, rural energy, and opioid abuse. They remained budget neutral by reducing (offsetting) seven mostly administrative accounts by $110 million, including the Chief Information Officer (-$52 million), Office of General Counsel (-$30 million), Departmental Administration (-$21 million), Office of Communications (-$3.6 million), Office of the Secretary (-$1 million), Agricultural Marketing Service (-$1 million), and Agriculture Buildings and Facilities (-$1 million). These reductions were about 98% of the committee-proposed amount for the Departmental Administration, 73% of the Office of General Counsel, and 52% of the Chief Information Officer. See Table A-1.
        
      
      
        29.
            
        
           See CRS Report R45310, Farm Policy: USDA's 2018 Trade Aid Package. Most of the trade aid announced in 2019 (see CRS Report R45865, Farm Policy: USDA's 2019 Trade Aid Package) is likely to be paid out (outlays) in FY2020 and reimbursed in the FY2021 appropriation after those payments are incorporated into CCC's net realized losses.
30.
            
        
           See CRS Report R45425, Budget Issues That Shaped the 2018 Farm Bill.
31.
            
        
           Senate Appropriations Committee, "FY2020 Agriculture Manager's Package," September 19, 2019.
32.
            
        
           H.R. 3055 was originally a Commerce-Justice-Science Appropriations bill. It became the vehicle for a House minibus and later a Senate minibus. It was also used to carry the second CR without the minibus text.
33.
            
        
           These eight amendments added $25 million spread across food insecurity, urban agriculture, equine encephalitis, pet shelter and housing, distance learning and telemedicine, tribal student scholarships, 1890s institutions, and the farm and ranch stress network. They remained budget neutral by reducing (offsetting) three administrative accounts by $26 million, including Agriculture Buildings and Facilities (-$14 million), Chief Financial Officer (-$6 million), and Departmental Administration (-$6 million). These reductions were about 44% of the committee-proposed amount for the Departmental Administration and 27% of the Chief Financial Officer (Table A-1).
        
      
      
        34.
            
        
           CRS Report R45982, Overview of Continuing Appropriations for FY2020 (P.L. 116-59).
35.
            
        
           The legislative vehicle for the second CR was H.R. 3055, which was originally a Commerce-Justice-Science Appropriations bill and later became, for agriculture, the vehicle to carry the minibus appropriation bills that were developed in each chamber. The second CR did not include any of the chamber-passed minibus appropriations text.
36.
            
        
           CRS Report R42647, Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices.
37.
            
        
           For example, if a CR lasts for three months, then three-twelfths of the previous fiscal year amount may be apportioned to limit agency spending. See OMB, "Apportionment of the Continuing Resolution(s) for Fiscal Year 2020," September 30, 2019, See also CRS Report RL34700, Interim Continuing Resolutions (CRs): Potential Impacts on Agency Operations.
38.
            
        
           The OMB bulletin about implementing CRs (footnote 37) identifies the scope of mandatory programs that are included in Section 111 by referencing the conference report for the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (H.Rept. 105-217). These include nearly all of the mandatory agriculture programs: SNAP, child nutrition, CCC, crop insurance, Section 32, and the dairy indemnity program.
39.
            
        
           For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11245, FY2019 Supplemental Appropriations for Agriculture.
40.
            
        
           For more information, see CRS Report R45486, Child Nutrition Programs: Current Issues.
41.
            
        
           For more information, see CRS Insight IN11168, The CCC Anomaly in an FY2020 Continuing Resolution. 
42.
            
        
           For more information, see CRS Report R45865, Farm Policy: USDA's 2019 Trade Aid Package.
43.
            
        
           For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11088, 2018 Farm Bill Primer: Hemp Cultivation and Processing.
44.
            
        
           H.Rept. 116-9, Conference Report for the FY2019 Consolidated Appropriations Act, Explanatory Statement for Division B.
45.
            
        
           CRS Report R43411, The Budget Control Act of 2011: Legislative Changes to the Law and Their Budgetary Effects.
46.
            
        
           CRS Report R42972, Sequestration as a Budget Enforcement Process: Frequently Asked Questions.
47.
            
        
           CRS Insight IN11148, The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019: Changes to the BCA and Debt Limit.
48.
            
        
           CBO, Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, December 11, 2013, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/44964.
49.
            
        
           CBO, Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, October 28, 2015, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/50938. In addition to extending sequestration and related to mandatory spending in agriculture, crop insurance was used as an additional budgetary offset in BBA 2015. The effect was temporary, however, and the crop insurance reduction was restored. For more background, see the section on crop insurance and the Standard Reinsurance Agreement in CRS Report R44240, Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2016 Appropriations.
50.
            
        
           CBO, Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, February 8, 2018, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/53556. 
51.
            
        
           CBO, Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019, July 23, 2019, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/55478. 
52.
            
        
           2 U.S.C. §905(h).
53.
            
        
           2 U.S.C. §905(g)(1)(A).
54.
            
        
           2 U.S.C. §905(g)(2). 
55.
            
        
           2 U.S.C. §906(j).
56.
            
        
           Some administrative expenses may be subject to sequestration, and therefore programs that are otherwise exempt may have a relatively small sequesterable amount compared to their total budget authority, as shown, for example, in Table C-2 for the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation, SNAP, child nutrition programs, and WIC.
        
      
      
        57.
            
        
           CRS Report R42050, Budget "Sequestration" and Selected Program Exemptions and Special Rules.
58.
            
        
           CRS In Focus IF11161, 2018 Farm Bill Primer: ARC and PLC Support Programs.
Area of Expertise	Name
Agricultural appropriations, USDA budget	Jim Monke
Agricultural Marketing Service	Joel Greene
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service	Tadlock Cowan
Commodity Futures Trading Commission	Rena Miller
Conservation	Megan Stubbs
Crop insurance	Randy Schnepf
Disaster assistance	Megan Stubbs
Farm Service Agency	Jim Monke
Food and Drug Administration	Agata Dabrowska
Food safety, generally	Renée Johnson
Food safety, meat and poultry inspection	Joel Greene
International food assistance	Alyssa Casey
Nutrition and domestic food assistance	Randy Alison Aussenberg Kara Clifford Billings
Research and extension	Genevieve Croft
Rural development	Alyssa Casey
Trade	Anita Regmi