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This report summarizes selected congressional
Updated January 23, 2019
(RL31693)
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Contents
Summary
This report summarizes selected congressional roll call votes related to instances in which U.S. Armed Forces have been sent abroad in potentially hostile situations. These votes reflect the type of congressional actions that observers maintain bear directly on issues affecting policy and the funding of troops abroad, often in the context of the War Powers Resolution, continued presence or withdrawal of troops, and the "use of force." The cases of Lebanon (1982-1983), Grenada (1983), Panama (1989), the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991), Somalia (1992-1995), Haiti (1993-1996), Bosnia (1992-1998), Kosovo (1999), the terrorist attack against Americathe United States (2001) (including the use of U.S. Armed Forces in Afghanistan), and the use of U.S. Armed Forces against Iraq (2002-present) are examined. The roll call votes that are available online (since 1990 in the House and 1989 in the Senate) are linked. This report will be updated as events or legislation warrant.
2003) and Iraq and Afghanistan (2001-Present) are examined, as are the revolution in Libya and its aftermath, the uprising and war in Syria, and military action against the self-proclaimed Islamic State (IS a.k.a, ISIS/ISIL). The roll call votes that are available online (since 1990 in the House and 1989 in the Senate) are hyperlinked in the text.
Introduction
The President and Congress have historically played different roles when sending U.S. troops into hostile situations. The President has the power under Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution to use the armed forcesArmed Forces to repel attacks. Congress under Article I, Section 8, has the power to declare war and raise and support the armed forcesArmed Forces. The War Powers Resolution1 was enacted to ensure that the President and Congress share decisions where U.S. troops may become involved in hostilities.
This sharing of power has often resulted in controversy, particularly when troops are sent into situations where there has not been a formal declaration of war. In most instances, Congress has used its legislative prerogatives through funding mechanisms or declarations of policy either to affirm or to place limits on presidential action. In three instances, Congress has authorized the use of military force in advance of hostilities: the Persian Gulf War (1991), military operations in Afghanistan (2001), and the "use of force against Iraq" resolution (2002). In each case, however, the President has maintained that while he may have sought congressional consultation and support, the President has the constitutional authority as Commander in Chief to use force, including the Related CRS products CRS Report RL31133, Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications, by Jennifer K. Elsea and Matthew C. Weed. CRS Report R42699, The War Powers Resolution: Concepts and Practice, by Matthew C. Weed. CRS Report R42738, Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2018, by Barbara Salazar Torreon and Sofia Plagakis.armed forcesArmed Forces of the United States, to protect U.S. national security interests. Additionally, the executive branch has long viewed congressional enactment of defense appropriations bills as de facto authorization for operations funded under those measures, although Congress has often included provisions stating that no separate authorization for the use of force is implied by the appropriation of funds.2
of the United States, to protect U.S. national security interests.
This report describes the congressional debate that often surrounds the issue of employing the U.S. military abroad. Initially written in response to a congressional request for a list of votes on this topic from 1982-1992, this report has been updated as needed since that time. The floor votes included are those directly related to the use and funding of U.S. troops abroad, often in the context of the War Powers Resolution, or to their continued presence or withdrawal.
The laws, bills, and resolutions below are listed in the chronological order of the votes that were held. Links to the actual roll call votes are provided, when available (since 1990 in the House and 1989 in the Senate). These links include each Member's yea or nay vote.
In some cases, House or Senate votes are voice votes, and, thus, no roll call vote exists. Moreover, the ultimate disposition of amendments listed in the report (i.e., whether such amendments were incorporated into any final law) may not be self-evident. Some amendments may appear as considered; some may have been further amended during subsequent proceedings or in conference; some may have been deleted in conference when one chamber receded from that amendment. In other instances, only one chamber of Congress may have voted on a particular measure; for example, a House or Senate simple resolution is a nonlegislative measure that expresses nonbinding opinions on policies or issues and is effective only in the chamber in which it is proposed. It does not require concurrence by the other chamber or approval by the President.
On September 29, 1982, President Reagan deployed 1,200 marines to serve as part of a multinational observer force to restore the sovereignty of the Lebanese government. By March 30, 1984, the mission had ended.
Related CRS products
CRS Report R44759, Lebanon, by Carla E. Humud.
Congress |
Bill and Title |
Bill and Title
Description and Comments Votes |
Votes |
||
98th |
98th
S. 639 | Required the President to seek statutory authority for any substantial expansion of U.S. participation in the multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon. |
Measure passed Senate
Measure passed House |
||
H.J.Res. 364 | To provide statutory authority under the War Powers Resolution for continued U.S. participation in the multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon for up to 18 months after enactment. |
Measure passed House |
|||
Long substitute amendment requires the President to invoke the War Powers Resolution by the end of November, or at the end of any month thereafter, unless President certifies to Congress that a cease-fire was in effect and being observed by all parties, and that significant progress was being made in negotiations to broaden the base of Lebanese government. |
Rejected in House | ||||
S.J.Res. 159 |
Authorizes the President to maintain U.S. Armed Forces in Lebanon as part of a multinational peacekeeping force for 18 months; determines that the requirements of Section 4(a)(1) of the War Powers Resolution became operational on August 29, 1983. |
Measure passed House
Measure passed Senate |
|||
Baker motion to kill the Byrd amendment stating that U.S. Marines in Lebanon became engaged in hostilities on August 29, 1983, requiring the President to submit report to Congress under Section 4(a)(1) of the War Powers Resolution concerning hostilities, and extending for 60 days from enactment of the resolution the President's authority to keep U.S. forces in Lebanon. |
Agreed to in Senate |
||||
Baker motion to kill the Pell amendment to authorize the U.S. Marines to remain in Lebanon for an additional six months instead of 18. |
Agreed to in Senate | ||||
Baker motion to kill the Tsongas amendment stating that a purpose of the deployment of U.S. Marines in Lebanon was to help the Lebanese government "maintain a secure area from which to restore full control over its own territory." |
Agreed to in Senate |
||||
Baker motion to kill the Levin amendment stating that "actual or imminent hostilities involving U.S. armed forces" began on August 29, 1983. |
Agreed to in Senate | ||||
Baker motion to kill Eagleton amendment to allow the U.S. to take such "defensive measures as may be appropriate" to protect the multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon rather than "protective" measures; would require the President to report to Congress periodically on the results of efforts to secure removal of all foreign forces from Lebanon. |
Agreed to in Senate |
||||
H.Amdt. 494 to | Long amendment to prohibit funds for deployment of U.S. Armed Forces participating in the multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon after March 1, 1984. |
Rejected in House |
On October 25, 1983, President Reagan sent U.S. Marines and Army troops to Grenada in order to protect American lives and restore law and order at the request of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States. All U.S. troops were removed from Grenada by December 15, 1983.
Congress |
Bill and Title |
Congress
Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes |
Votes |
|||
98th | S.Amdt. 2462 to H.J.Res. 308 |
Hart amendment to invoke the War Powers Resolution with respect to American military involvement in Grenada. |
Agreed to in Senate | |||
Declared that the requirements of Section 4(a)(1) of the War Powers Resolution became operative on October 25, 1983, when U.S. |
Measure passed House |
On December 20, 1989, President George H.W. Bush deployed 14,000 U.S. military forces to Panama in order to protect American lives, restore Panamanian democracy, and apprehend General Manuel Noriega. Congress did not immediately react to the situation, as the 101st Congress, first session had ended on November 22, 1989; the second session of the 101st Congress did not begin until January 23, 1990. The 14,000 U.S. troops were removed from Panama by February 13, 1990.
Related CRS products
CRS In Focus IF10430, Panama, by Mark P. Sullivan.
CRS Report RL30981, Panama: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations Through 2012, by Mark P. Sullivan.
Congress |
Bill and Title |
Congress
Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes |
Votes |
|||
101st | H.Con.Res. 262 Expresses sadness over the loss of U.S. soldiers' lives as a result of Operation Just Cause and commends the President for his efforts to provide for the early return of the remaining U.S. troops from Panama. |
Measure agreed to in House |
On August 2, 1990, Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait, seized its oil fields, ousted the Kuwaiti leadership, installed a new government in Kuwait City, and massed troops on the Saudi Arabian border. On August 9, President Bush reported that he had deployed U.S. troops to the region. Legislation in late 1990 (101st Congress, second session) focused on imposing sanctions against Iraq, in seeking the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from the area, and in supporting the President in carrying out the provisions of the relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions. On January 12, 1991 (102nd Congress, first session), the Congress authorized the "use of force" against Iraq in advance of the outbreak of hostilities with Iraq on January 16.
Related CRS products
CRS Report RS21513, Kuwait: Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy, by Kenneth Katzman.
Congress |
Bill and Title |
Congress
Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes |
Votes |
|||
101st |
101st
S.Res. 318 |
"Commends the President for his initial actions with respect to Iraq. Urges the President to seek ... additional multilateral actions involving air, sea, or land forces as necessary to maintain or restore international peace or security. | "
Measure agreed to in Senate | |||
H.J.Res. 658 |
Supports the deployment of U.S. |
Measure passed House | ||||
101st |
Supports continued action by the President to deter Iraqi aggression and to protect American lives and interests in the region. |
Measure agreed to in Senate |
||||
102nd |
102nd
H.J.Res. 77 |
Joint resolution to authorize the use of United States |
Measure passed House | |||
|
Measure agreed to in House |
|||||
Authorizes the continued use of American military force to enforce the United Nations economic embargo against Iraq, to defend Saudi Arabia from direct Iraqi attack, and to protect American forces in the region. Declares that (1) the Constitution requires the President to obtain authorization from the Congress before initiating new offensive military action or waging war against Iraq or Iraqi forces and (2) the Congress does not rule out the enactment at a later time of a declaration of war or other congressional authorization for the use of force. |
Measure rejected in House |
|||||
S.J.Res. 1 Authorizes the use of American military force to enforce the United Nations economic embargo against Iraq, defend Saudi Arabia from direct Iraqi attack, and protect American forces in the region. Declares that (1) the Constitution vests all power to declare war in the Congress and (2) the Congress will expeditiously consider any presidential request for a declaration of war or for authority to use military force against Iraq. |
Measure rejected by Senate |
|||||
S.J.Res. 2 |
Authorizes the President to use U.S. |
Measure passed Senate |
On December 10, 1992, President George H.W. Bush reported that he had deployed U.S. troops into Somalia on December 8, in response to United Nations Security Council Resolution 794, which authorized the Secretary General to "use all necessary means to establish as soon as possible a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations in Somalia" and to provide military forces for accomplishing this mission. U.S. troops were deployed to assist United Nations Forces in Somalia (UNOSOM) throughout 1993 and 1994, ending on March 3, 1995.
Related CRS products
CRS In Focus IF10155, Somalia, by Lauren Ploch Blanchard and Katherine Z. Terrell.
CRS Report R45428, Sub-Saharan Africa: Key Issues and U.S. Engagement, coordinated by Tomas F. Husted.
Congress |
Bill and Title |
Bill and Title
Description and Comments Votes |
Votes |
||
103rd | Joint resolution authorizing the use of United States Armed Forces in Somalia pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 794 providing for a secure environment to deliver relief supplies into Somalia. The House reported version authorized U.S. troops under the War Powers Resolution, but terminated such authorization at the earlier of (1) end of one year from date of enactment of the act unless extended by Congress; or (2) expiration of the United Nations-led force in Somalia. |
Measure passed Senate
Measure passed House | |||
Gilman substitute amendment to reduce from one year to six months authorization for U.S. participation and to delete the section of the bill complying with the War Powers Resolution. |
Rejected in House | ||||
Roth amendment to end the U.S. troop authorization and financial aid in Somalia on June 30, 1993. |
Rejected in House | ||||
Solomon amendment to commend U.S. Armed Forces for establishing a secure environment for humanitarian relief in Somalia. |
Agreed to in House | ||||
Separate vote at request of Walker on amendment adopted by Solomon in Committee of the Whole to commend U.S. forces for establishing a secure environment for humanitarian relief in Somalia. |
Agreed to in House |
||||
S.Amdt. 790 to | Byrd amendment to the Byrd amendment expressing sense of Senate that the President should outline goals, objectives, and duration of deployment of U.S. troops in Somalia and report to Congress by October 15, 1993; President should ask for and receive congressional authorization for continued deployment in Somalia by November 15, 1993; U.S. participation would terminate if Congress failed to authorize such continued involvement. |
Agreed to in Senate | |||
H.R. 2401 |
Adoption of National Defense Authorization Act for FY1994 including text of Byrd Amendment (S.Amdt. 790 to S. 1298) as Section 1512.
Measure passed Senate |
||||
Gephardt amendment requiring the President to report to Congress by October 15, 1993, on goals, objectives, and duration of U.S. Armed Forces in Somalia and expressing sense of Congress that the President should seek congressional authorization by November 15, 1993, for continued deployment in Somalia. |
Agreed to in House |
||||
Separate vote at request of Walker on Gephardt amendment adopted in the Committee of the Whole (described above). |
Agreed to in House |
||||
Spence motion to recommit bill to House Armed Services with instructions to report back with amendment requiring the President to certify that it is vital and necessary to protect U.S. national interests before placing U.S. troops under control of a foreign national on behalf of the United Nations. |
Rejected in House | ||||
H.R. 3116 |
| ||||
Section 8151 states the purposes for which Congress approves of the use of U.S. forces in Somalia Conference report agreed to in House by voice vote on November 10, 1993; agreed to in Senate on same date 88-9 |
Agreed to in Senate | ||||
Byrd amendment to prohibit funding of U.S. military operations in Somalia after March 31, 1994, except for limited purposes if the President requests and Congress authorizes an extension; requires U.S. forces to be under command of U.S. commanders. |
Agreed to in Senate |
||||
Concurrent resolution directing the President pursuant to Section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution to remove United States Armed Forces from Somalia by January 31, 1994. |
Measure agreed to in House |
||||
Gilman amendment to change deadline for removal of U.S. troops in Somalia from March 31, 1994, to January 31, 1994. |
Agreed to in House |
||||
Hamilton substitute amendment to change deadline for removal of U.S. troops back to March 31, 1994, from January 31, 1994; substituted by Gilman. |
Agreed to in House |
||||
H.R. 3759 |
Chapter 3 of the Act appropriates funds for Department of Defense operations in Somalia, Bosnia, Iraq, and Haiti.
Measure passed Senate |
||||
Frank amendment to delete $1.2 billion for peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance in Somalia, Bosnia, Iraq, and Haiti. |
Rejected in House | ||||
Feingold amendment to eliminate $1.2 billion for peacekeeping operations in Somalia, Bosnia, Iraq, and Haiti. |
Rejected in Senate |
||||
H.R. 4650 |
Section 8135 states that none of the funds appropriated by this Act may be used for the continuous presence in Somalia of U.S. military personnel, except for the protection of U.S. personnel, after September 30, 1994. | ||||
Kempthorne amendment prohibiting funds from supporting the continued presence of U.S. troops in Somalia after September 30, 1994. |
Agreed to in Senate |
On October 20, 1993, President Bill Clinton reported that U.S. ships had begun enforcing a United Nations embargo against Haiti. On September 19, 1994, President Clinton had deployed 1,500 troops to Haiti to restore democracy; that level was ultimately increased to over 20,000. By March 21, 1995, U.S. troops were reduced to under 5,300 and incorporated into the United Nations Multinational Force in Haiti. By September 21, 1995, they were reduced to under 2,500 personnel. U.S. troops ended their deployment to Haiti by April 17, 1996.
Related CRS products
CRS Report R45034, Haiti's Political and Economic Conditions: In Brief, by Maureen Taft-Morales.
Archived CRS Report RL32294, Haiti: Developments and U.S. Policy Since 1991 and Current Congressional Concerns, by Maureen Taft-Morales and Clare Ribando Seelke.
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
103rd
Congress |
Bill and Title |
Description and Comments |
Votes |
||
103rd |
H.R. 3116 |
| |||
Section 8147 states sense of Congress that funds appropriated by the Act should not be obligated or expended for U.S. military operations in Haiti unless Congress has authorized such operations in advance or under certain conditions, including the President submitting a required report to Congress. Conference report (including Mitchell amendment, see below) agreed to in House by voice vote on November 10, 1993; agreed to in Senate on same date 88-9 |
Rejected in Senate |
||||
Mitchell amendment expressing sense of Congress that Congress should authorize all U.S. military operations in Haiti unless U.S. citizens are in imminent need of protection and evacuation or that |
Agreed to in Senate | ||||
H.R. 3759 |
Chapter 3 of the Act appropriates funds for Department of Defense operations in Somalia, Bosnia, Iraq, and Haiti.
Measure passed Senate | ||||
Frank amendment deleting $1.2 billion for peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance in Haiti, Bosnia, Somalia, and Iraq. |
Rejected in House | ||||
Feingold amendment eliminating $1.2 billion for peacekeeping operations in Haiti, Bosnia, Somalia, and Iraq. |
Rejected in Senate |
||||
H.R. 4301 |
House engrossed measure did not include the Goss amendment. | ||||
Substitute amendment to the Goss amendment (see below) sought to express the sense of Congress that the U.S. should not attack Haiti except in a case of a clear and present danger. |
Rejected in House |
||||
Goss amendment expressing sense of Congress that the United States with the Organization of American States (OAS) and the United Nations should establish a safe haven for Haitian refugees on Ile de la |
Agreed to in House |
||||
Separate vote at request of Dellums on the amendment offered by Goss, previously voted on at roll call vote #197 above. |
Rejected in House | ||||
H.R. 4426 |
Mitchell amendment (S.Amdt. 2118) was included in the Senate engrossed version of the bill. The conference agreement on the Act removed the Senate language (H. Rept. 103-633). | ||||
Gregg amendment to prohibit military action in Haiti unless the operations are authorized in advance by Congress or necessary to protect U.S. citizens for national security interests. |
Rejected in Senate | ||||
Mitchell amendment expressing sense of Congress that Congress should authorize all U.S. military operations in Haiti unless U.S. citizens are in immediate need of protection or the President reports that such deployment is |
Agreed to in Senate | ||||
H.R. 4624 |
Measure passed Senate |
||||
Dole amendment expressing sense of Senate that United Nations Security Council Resolution 940 did not constitute authorization for deployment of U.S. forces in Haiti under the Constitution or the War Powers Resolution. |
Agreed to in Senate |
||||
H.R. 4606 |
McCain motion to kill Specter amendment (S.Amdt. 2460) barring the President from deploying U.S. troops to restore legitimately elected Haitian government unless authorized by Congress, unless vital to national security interests, or to protect lives of U.S. citizens. |
Agreed to in Senate |
|||
Concurrent resolution commending the President and the special delegation to Haiti; supporting U.S. Armed Forces in Haiti; supporting an orderly withdrawal of U.S. forces as soon as possible. |
Measure agreed to in House | ||||
|
Measure agreed to in Senate |
||||
S.J.Res. 229 |
Joint resolution expressing sense of Congress for a prompt and orderly withdrawal of all U.S. forces from Haiti as soon as possible; requires President to submit reports to Congress on the scope and duration of U.S. mission in Haiti. |
Measure passed Senate
Measure passed House |
|||
H.J.Res. 416 | Joint resolution expressing sense of Congress that all U.S. troops should be promptly and orderly withdrawn from Haiti as soon as possible; President should have sought congressional approval before deployment of troops; requires the President to submit statement of national security objectives of Operation Uphold Democracy within seven days of enactment. |
Measure passed House | |||
Gilman amendment expressing sense of Congress that President should not have ordered U.S. troops to occupy Haiti and should immediately begin the "safe and orderly withdrawal" of all U.S. forces; provides for consideration of joint resolution to be introduced January 3, 1995, which if enacted, would prohibit continued use of U.S. troops in Haiti within 30 days. |
Rejected in House |
||||
Dellums amendment expressing sense of Congress that all U.S. troops should be promptly and orderly withdrawn from Haiti; President should have sought congressional approval before deploying troops; requires President to submit to Congress within seven days of enactment a statement on national security objectives of Operation Uphold Democracy and other reports on situation there. |
Agreed to in House | ||||
|
Rejected in House |
The civil war in the former Yugoslav Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina resulted in U.S. military participation in various efforts over several years to halt the fighting. The United States participated in both United Nations and NATO actions without explicit congressional authorization. Beginning in 1992, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 770, which called on all nations to take "all measures necessary" to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance to Sarajevo. On August 11, 1992, the Senate passed S.Res. 330, which urged the President to work for such a resolution and pledged funds for participation, but also said that no U.S. military personnel should be introduced into hostilities without clearly defined objectives.
On the same day, the House passed H.Res. 554, which urged the Security Council to authorize measures, including the use of force, to ensure humanitarian relief. As the conflict in Bosnia continued and escalated over the next several years, U.S. troops were sent to participate in NATO and United Nations peacekeeping missions. Consequently, leaders in Congress began calling for greater congressional involvement in decisions.
In 1994, for example, the Senate passed S. 2042, which called for the United States to end unilaterally its arms embargo with Bosnia; the Senate also passed an amendment to S. 2042 which stated that no ground combat troops should be deployed to Bosnia unless previously authorized by Congress. The House did not act on the measure. With the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement for Bosnia on December 14, 1995, NATO took over the ground operation from UNPROFOR (United Nations Protection Force). Consequently, in late 1995, over 20,000 U.S. combat troops were sent to Bosnia as part of the NATO-led peacekeeping force. In December 1995, Congress considered and voted on a number of bills and resolutions, but the House and Senate could not come to consensus on any single measure. In 1996, President Clinton agreed to provide up to 8,500 ground troops to participate in the NATO-led follow-on force in Bosnia termed the Stabilization Force (SFOR).
Subsequent efforts by both the House and Senate to require the President to either limit funding for the Bosnia operations or to bring the troops home did not succeed. On March 18, 1998, for example, the House defeated by a vote of 193-225 H.Con.Res. 227, which would have directed the President to remove U.S. Armed Forces from the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, pursuant to Section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution.
On July 22, 2002, President Bush reported to Congress that U.S. Armed Forces contributions to SFOR in Bosnia-Herzegovina were approximately 2,400 personnel.
Congress |
Bill and Title |
Description and Comments |
Votes |
||||||
102nd |
U.S. troops ended their mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina when SFOR was replaced by the European Union Force (EUFOR Althea) in 2004. The following table includes legislation of what was introduced and voted on during the 102nd Congress-105th Congresses (1992-1998).
Related CRS products CRS Insight IN10980, Postelection Issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Sarah E. Garding. CRS Report RS21774, Bosnia and the European Union Military Force (EUFOR): Post-NATO Peacekeeping, by Julie Kim. CRS Report 96-723, Bosnia Implementation Force (IFOR) and Stabilization Force (SFOR): Activities of the 104th Congress, by Julie Kim. Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes 102nd |
Measure agreed to in Senate | |||||||
Warner amendment to express the Senate's support for the six measures that President Bush said on August 6 that the Administration was taking to help resolve the Balkan Crisis. |
Agreed to in Senate |
||||||||
Stevens amendment to express the sense of the Senate that the United States will provide necessary funds for U.S. participation in humanitarian and multilateral military action in Bosnia-Herzegovina as mandated by the United Nations. |
Agreed to in Senate |
||||||||
103rd | H.R. 3116 | Making appropriations for the Department of Defense for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994. | Includes Mitchell amendment as Section 8146.
Measure passed House
Senate agreed to conference report |
||||||
Mitchell amendment to express the sense of Congress that none of the funds in the bill should be used to deploy U.S. troops in Bosnia-Herzegovina unless authorized by Congress, except for humanitarian missions started before October 20, 1993. |
Agreed to in Senate |
||||||||
A bill to remove the United States arms embargo of the government of Bosnia-Herzegovina. |
Measure passed Senate |
||||||||
Mitchell amendment "to direct the President to seek the immediate agreement of NATO allies to terminate the arms embargo against Bosnia-Herzegovina, direct the President to seek a U.N. Security Council resolution to terminate the arms embargo and ... authorize U.S. air power to implement NATO exclusion zones and to protect U.N. forces, but prohibit the deployment of U.S. ground combat forces without congressional authorization. | "
Agreed to in Senate | ||||||||
103rd | S.Amdt. 1695
to S. 2042 | Dole amendment to require the President to terminate the U.S. arms embargo of Bosnia-Herzegovina upon receipt of a request from that government for assistance in its right of self-defense and to prohibit interference with the transfer of conventional arms by the executive branch. The amendment also states that nothing in the amendment shall be interpreted as an authorization for the deployment of U.S. forces. |
Agreed to in Senate | ||||||
104th | H.R. 2076 | Making appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and related agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1996, and for other purposes. | Gregg amendment included in enrolled bill as Section 409.
Measure passed House
Measure passed Senate
House adopted conference report
Senate adopted conference report
Vetoed by President
House failed to override veto | ||||||
104th | Gregg amendment to express the sense of the Senate that U.S. troops should not be deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina unless Congress approves the deployment or the temporary deployment as necessary to evacuate U.N. peacekeeping forces from imminent danger, to undertake air rescue operations, or to provide humanitarian supplies. |
Agreed to in Senate |
|||||||
"Expresses the sense of the House of Representatives to the deployment of the United States armed forces on the ground in the territory of the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina to enforce a peace agreement. Gilman motion to suspend the rules and adopt the resolution ... that a successful outcome for the Bosnia peace talks should not assume the deployment of U.S. troops, and that any deployment should be authorized by Congress. | "
Measure agreed to in House |
||||||||
To prohibit the use of funds appropriated to the Department of Defense from being used for the deployment on the ground of U.S. Armed Forces in the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina as part of any peacekeeping operations, or as part of any implementation force, unless funds for such deployment are specifically appropriated by law. |
Measure passed House
Measure rejected in Senate | ||||||||
|
Measure rejected in House | ||||||||
104th |
| "
Measure agreed to in House | |||||||
|
Measure rejected in Senate |
||||||||
H.Res. 306 Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that while some Members of Congress have questions and concerns about the deployment of U.S. Armed Forces to Bosnia, the House unequivocally supports the men and women of the U.S. Armed Forces who are serving there. |
Measure rejected in House | ||||||||
104th |
104th
|
Measure passed Senate | |||||||
105th |
105th
H.R. 1119 |
"An act to authorize appropriations for FY1998 for military activities of the Department of Defense ... and for other purposes. " | Conferees included agreed provisions on Bosnia-Herzegovina as Subtitle A of Title XII. Text of Buyer amendment was not included as adopted by the House.
Measure passed House,
Measure passed Senate
House adopted conference report
Senate adopted conference report | ||||||
105th | Hilleary substitute amendment to the Buyer amendment to prohibit the obligation of funds for ground deployment of U.S. troops in Bosnia after December 31, 1997, unless the President submits a report to Congress requesting an extension of funding. The Hilleary amendment would require the extension to be approved by a joint resolution of Congress and would permit deployment for an additional 180 days or until June 30, 1998. | [Appears as Amendment No. 9, printed in Part 1 of H.Rept. 105-137]
Rejected in House |
|||||||
Buyer amendment to prohibit funding for U.S. ground troops in Bosnia after June 30, 1998. | [Appears as Amendment No. 8, printed in Part 1 of H.Rept. 105-137]
Agreed to in House | ||||||||
S. 936 |
Expresses the sense of Congress that U.S. troops "should not participate in a follow-on force in Bosnia and Herzegovina after June 1998."
| Measure passed Senate | |||||||
105th | H.R. 2266 |
Making appropriations for the Department of Defense for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1998, and for other purposes. | Provision was not affected by line item veto.
Measure passed House
Measure passed Senate
House agreed to conference report
Senate agreed to conference report
Became P.L. 105-56
Line item veto by the President |
||||||
H.Con.Res. 227 | Directed the President, pursuant to Section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution, to remove U.S. Armed Forces from the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina. |
Measure rejected in House |
|||||||
S.Amdt. 2316 to Treaty 105-36 |
Craig amendment to add language to the resolution of ratification that would require Congress and the President to enact legislation specifically authorizing the continued deployment of U.S. troops in Bosnia before the United States ratifies the NATO expansion treaty. |
Rejected in Senate | |||||||
105th |
105th
S.Amdt. 2328 to Treaty 105-36 | B. Smith amendment to add language to the resolution of ratification that would require both houses of Congress to vote on legislation, prior to ratification of NATO expansion, that would authorize continued U.S. troop deployments to Bosnia. |
Rejected in Senate |
||||||
H.R. 3616 |
Frank motion to recommit the bill to the National Security Committee with instructions to report it back with an amendment that no funds appropriated for the Department of Defense for FY1999 may be used for the deployment of U.S. Armed Forces in the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina after December 31, 1998, unless a law has been enacted that explicitly authorizes the deployment of such | Armed Forces.
Rejected in House |
|||||||
S. 2057 |
"An original bill to authorize appropriations for FY1999 for military activities of the Department of Defense ... and for other purposes. " | Includes amended version of Thurmond amendment.
Measure passed Senate | |||||||
Thurmond amendment to express the sense of Congress that U.S. ground forces should not remain in Bosnia indefinitely, and that the President should work with NATO to withdraw U.S. forces "within a reasonable period of time." |
Agreed to in Senate June 24, 1998 90-5 (vote #170)
105th | ||||||||
McCain motion to table (kill) the Smith amendment that would prohibit funding for U.S. ground troop deployment in Bosnia if both houses of Congress do not vote by March 31, 1999, on legislation that would authorize continued deployment in Bosnia. |
| ||||||||
105th |
| An original bill making appropriations for the Department of Defense for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999 ... and for other purposes. | "
Indefinitely postponed in the Senate |
||||||
McCain motion to table (kill) the Hutchison amendment (S.Amdt. 3413) that would require the President to reduce U.S. combat forces in Bosnia to 6,500 by February 2, 1999, and by 5,000 by October 1, 1999. |
Agreed to in Senate |
On March 24, 1999, President Clinton ordered U.S. military forces to begin air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in cooperation with the NATO-led operation. The strike was ordered in response to Yugoslavia's campaign of violence against ethnic Albanians in the province of Kosovo. On June 3, 1999, Yugoslavia agreed to a peace plan calling for withdrawal of Yugoslav forces from Kosovo to include an international peacekeeping force. On June 10, 1999, NATO air strikes were halted, and Yugoslav forces withdrew their military forces from Kosovo by June 20, 1999.
Congress, while not authorizing directly, and in advance, this military action, introduced and voted on several legislative measures related to deployment of U.S. military forces for combat or peacekeeping in the Balkan region. The House adopted H.Con.Res. 42 on March 11, 1999, which authorized the President to send troops as peacekeepers; the Senate passed a non-binding resolution (S.Con.Res. 21) on March 23, 1999, that expressed the sense of Congress that the President was authorized to conduct military air operations in cooperation with NATO allies against Yugoslavia. However, the House later defeated the Senate resolution, on April 28, 1999. Other House or Senate votes sent conflicting signals in addressing funding related to troop deployments in the region, declaration of war issues, and executive and congressional roles in sending U.S. military forces abroad.
Related CRS products CRS Report R44979, Kosovo: Background and U.S. Relations, by Vincent L. Morelli. CRS Report R44955, Serbia: Background and U.S. Relations, by Vincent L. Morelli and Sarah E. Garding.For more detailed contextual and legislative history, see CRS Report RL33532, War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance, by [author name scrubbed], and The following legislation is representative of what was introduced and voted on in the 106th Congress.
to Independence, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed]. The following legislation is representative of what was introduced and voted on in the 106th Congress.
CRS Report RL30127, Kosovo Conflict Chronology: September 1998 - March 1999, by Julie Kim.
Congress | Bill and Title |
Description and Comments |
Votes |
Votes |
106th | H.Res. 103 Provides for consideration of the concurrent resolution, H.Con.Res. 42, regarding the use of U.S. Armed Forces as part of a NATO peacekeeping operation implementing a Kosovo peace agreement. Motion to order the previous question (thus ending debate and the possibility of amendment) on adoption of H.Res. 103. |
Measure agreed to in House | ||
H.Con.Res. 42 | A concurrent resolution authorizing the President to deploy U.S. Armed Forces personnel to Kosovo as part of a NATO peacekeeping operation implementing a Kosovo peace agreement, subject to certain limitations | .
Measure agreed to in House |
||
Fowler amendment to limit the deployment of U.S. Armed Forces to Kosovo and to not authorize the President to deploy ground forces as part of a NATO peacekeeping operation. |
Rejected in House | |||
S. 544 |
An original bill making emergency supplemental appropriations and rescissions for recovery from natural disasters, and foreign assistance, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999, and for other purposes. March 23, 1999: Cloture motion (thus limiting debate) on the Lott amendment (S.Amdt. 124) to the Hutchison amendment (S.Amdt. 81) to prohibit the use of funds for military operations in Yugoslavia unless Congress enacts specific authorizations in law for the conduct of those operations. |
Cloture motion rejected in Senate
Measure passed Senate | ||
106th |
106th
|
Measure agreed to in Senate
Measure rejected in House |
||
H.Res. 130 Expresses the support of the House of Representatives for the members of the U.S. Armed Forces who are engaged in military operations against Yugoslavia. |
Measure agreed to in House |
|||
H.R. 1141 | A bill making emergency supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999, and for other purposes—provides $15 billion for Central American humanitarian relief, aid to Jordan, U.S. farmer assistance, and U.S. military and humanitarian operations in the Balkans. |
Measure passed House
Measure passed Senate, as amended, in lieu of S. 544
House adopted conference report
Senate adopted conference report | ||
106th |
106th
|
Measure agreed to in House |
||
H.R. 1569 | A bill to prohibit the use of funds appropriated to the Department of Defense from being used for the deployment of ground elements of the U.S. Armed Forces in Yugoslavia unless that deployment is specifically authorized by law. |
Measure passed House | ||
|
Measure rejected in House | |||
106th |
| .
Measure rejected in House | ||
|
Motion to table agreed to in Senate |
|||
"Provides for consideration of the bill (H.R. 1664) making emergency supplemental appropriations for military operations, refugee relief, and humanitarian assistance relating to the conflict in Kosovo ... for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999, and for other purposes. | "
Measure agreed to in House | |||
H.R. 1664 |
"A bill (as introduced) making emergency supplemental appropriations for military operations, refugee relief, and humanitarian assistance relating to the conflict in Kosovo ... for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999, and for other purposes—provided $13.1 billion relating to Kosovo operations and other purposes (Kosovo-related supplemental funding was ultimately removed from this legislation and included in H.R. 1141). | "
Measure passed House as amended | ||
Obey amendment to provide the President's funding request for military operations in Kosovo, etc. |
Rejected in House | |||
Istook amendment to prohibit funding for the implementation of any plan to invade Yugoslavia with ground forces, except in time of war. |
Rejected in House |
|||
106th | S. 1059 |
"An original bill to authorize appropriations for FY2000 for military activities of the Department of Defense ... and for other purposes. | "
Measure passed Senate as amended
Measure passed House, in lieu of H.R. 1401
House adopted conference report
Senate adopted conference report | |
S.Amdt. 383 to |
Motion to table agreed to in Senate | |||
S.Amdt. 406 to |
Motion to table agreed to in Senate | |||
H.R. 1401 | "A bill to authorize appropriations for fiscal years 2000 and 2001 for military activities of the Department of Defense ... and for other purposes. | "
Measure passed House | ||
106th |
106th H.Amdt. 160 to H.R. 1401 |
Souder amendment to prohibit any FY2000 funding for military operations in Yugoslavia. |
Rejected in House |
|
Skelton amendment to delete language which prohibits any funding for combat or peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia after September 30, 1999; retains language which requires the President to request supplemental appropriations in order to conduct combat or peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia. |
Agreed to in House |
Terrorist Attack against the United States Legislation (2001-Present)
On September 11, 2001, terrorists attacked the United States with a coordinated series of aircraft hijackings and suicide crashes into populated buildings. Two airplanes crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing their complete destruction. Another airplane crashed into the Pentagon near Washington, DC, and a fourth airplane crashed in southwestern Pennsylvania (near Shanksville) after passengers attempted to take control of the aircraft in order to prevent it from crashing into an important symbol of democracy and freedom, perhaps in the Washington, D.C.DC, area. Over 3,000 people lost their lives in these terrorist attacks.
Consequently, on September 14, 2001, Congress passed a joint resolution, which "authorizes the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations, or persons." It further states that the act is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution. President George W. Bush signed the joint resolution into law on September 18, 2001. On October 9, 2001, President Bush reported in a letter to Congress that U.S. Armed Forces had begun combat action in Afghanistan against the Al Qaeda terrorists and their Taliban supporters starting at 12:30 p.m. (EDT) on October 7, 2001.
Related CRS products
CRS Report R43983, 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force: Issues Concerning Its Continued Application, by Matthew C. Weed.
a. For a legislative history of P.L. 107-40, see CRS Report RS22357, Authorization For Use Of Military Force in Response to the 9/11 Attacks (P.L. 107-40): Legislative History, by [author name scrubbed].
, House passed without objection, September 14, 2001
115th S.Amdt. 871 to S.Amdt. 1003 to H.R. 2810 National Defense Authorization Act, FY 2018 Paul amendment would repeal the Authorization for the Use of Military Force (AUMF) of 2001, P.L. 107-40. Motion to table S.Amdt. 871 agreed to by yea-nay vote 61-36
Use of Force against Iraq (2002-2003)
On October 10, 2002, after several days of debate, the House passed H.J.Res. 114, which authorized the use of military force against Iraq. The Senate had considered its own measure, S.J.Res. 45, beginning on October 3, but indefinitely postponed it, and instead passed H.J.Res. 114
instead on October 11, 2002. As enacted into law, the joint resolution provides authorization for the use of military force against Iraq and expresses support for the President's efforts to
(1) strictly enforce through the United Nations Security Council all relevant Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq; and
(2) obtain prompt and decisive action by the Security Council to ensure that Iraq abandons its strategy of delay, evasion, and noncompliance and promptly and strictly complies with all relevant Security Council resolutions.
In addition, it authorizes the President to use the U.S. Armed Forces to (1) defend U.S. national security against the continuing threat posed by Iraq; and (2) enforce all relevant Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq. It directs the President, prior to or as soon as possible (but no later than 48 hours) after exercising such authority, to make available to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate his determination that
(1) reliance on further diplomatic or peaceful means alone will not achieve the above purposes; and
(2) acting pursuant to this joint resolution is consistent with the United States and other countries continuing to take necessary actions against international terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those who planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
It declares that this section is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization for use of the armed forcesArmed Forces, consistent with the requirements of the War Powers Resolution. Finally, it requires the President to report to Congress at least every 60 days on matters relevant to this resolution.
The war with Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom) began on March 19, 2003, with an aerial attack against a location where Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was suspected to be meeting with top Iraqi officials. U.S. and British troops entered Iraq on March 20, 2003, and while the invasion encountered resistance, particularly in its early stages, U.S. forces had largely gained control of Baghdad by April 9, 2003. The northern cities of Kirkuk and Mosul fell shortly afterward, and on April 14, 2003, U.S. troops entered Tikrit, Saddam's birthplace and the last major population center outside coalition control. On April 15, 2003, President George W. Bush declared that "the regime of Saddam Hussein is no more."
Congress |
Bill and Title |
Bill and Title
Description and Comments Votes |
Votes |
||
107th |
107th H.J.Res. 114 (P.L. 107-243) | Joint resolution to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq. |
Measure passed House
Measure passed Senate |
||
B. Lee amendment that would urge the President to work through the United Nations to ensure that Iraq is not developing weapons of mass destruction, and to urge the use of peaceful means to resolve the issue, including the resumption of weapons inspections. |
Rejected in House | ||||
107th | Spratt amendment to authorize the U.S. military to support any new U.N. Security Council resolution that orders the elimination, by force if required, of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction, long-range missiles, and the means of producing such weapons. The President would be required to seek congressional authority before using military force against Iraq without such a U.N. resolution. |
Rejected in House |
|||
Kucinich motion to recommit the bill to the House International Relations Committee with instructions that it be reported back with language that would require the President, prior to the use of force, to report to Congress on the effect of war with Iraq, including estimates of its impact on the U.S. economy, Iraqi citizens, and international stability. |
Rejected in House |
||||
S.J.Res. 45 Joint resolution to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq. |
Indefinitely postponed by Senate | ||||
McCain motion to table the Graham amendment (S.Amdt. 4857) to the Lieberman substitute amendment (S.Amdt. 4856). The Graham amendment would authorize the use of force against Iraq and five terrorist organizations. It would require the Administration to report to Congress that diplomatic options have been exhausted no later than 48 hours after action has begun. The President would be required to report to Congress at least every 60 days. |
Agreed to in Senate | ||||
107th | Byrd amendment to the Lieberman substitute amendment (S.Amdt. 4856). The Byrd amendment would provide for the termination of congressional authorization of the use of force 12 months after the resolution's enactment, unless the President certifies that an extension is necessary and Congress does not pass a joint resolution disapproving of the extension. |
Rejected in Senate |
|||
Motion to invoke cloture (thus limiting debate) on the Lieberman substitute amendment (S.Amdt. 4856) that would authorize the use of force against Iraq and require the Administration to report to Congress that diplomatic options have been exhausted no later than 48 hours after military action has begun. The President also would be required to submit a progress report to Congress at least every 60 days. |
Agreed to in Senate |
||||
Byrd amendment to the Lieberman substitute amendment (S.Amdt. 4856). The Byrd amendment would clarify that any authorization of the use of force against Iraq would not alter the constitutional authority of Congress to declare war. It also would clarify that no additional authority not directly related to a clear threat of imminent, sudden, and direct attack on the United States be granted to the President unless Congress authorizes it. |
Rejected in Senate | ||||
107th | Levin amendment to the Lieberman substitute amendment (S.Amdt. 4856). The Levin amendment would authorize the use of force against Iraq if it failed to comply with a new U.N. resolution that demanded unrestricted access for U.N. weapons inspectors in Iraq and authorized the use of military force by U.N. members to enforce the resolution. Congress could return to session at any time to promptly consider proposals related to Iraq if the U.N. failed to adopt such a resolution. |
Rejected in Senate | |||
Durbin amendment to the Lieberman substitute amendment (S.Amdt. 4856). The Durbin amendment would authorize the use of military force to cover an "imminent threat" by Iraq's weapons of mass destruction, rather than a "continuing threat" by Iraq. |
Rejected in Senate | ||||
108th |
108th
|
Measure agreed to in Senate | |||
|
Measure agreed to in House |
115th S.Amdt. 871 to S.Amdt. 1003 to H.R. 2810 National Defense Authorization Act, FY 2018 Paul amendment would repeal the Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) against Iraq, P.L. 107-243. Motion to table S.Amdt. 871 agreed to by yea-nay vote 61-36On March 25, 2003, President
War in Iraq and Afghanistan (2001-present)
U.S. military operations against Al Qaeda and Taliban forces in Afghanistan proceeded pursuant to the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force from October 2001 onward. U.S. military operations in Iraq proceeded pursuant to the 2002 Authorization for Use of Military Force in Iraq from March 2003 onward. On March 25, 2003, President George W. Bush requested $74.8 billion in the FY2003 Emergency Supplemental for the ongoing military operations in Iraq, postwar occupation, reconstruction and relief in Iraq, and international assistance to countries contributing to the war in Iraq or the global war on terrorism. The cost of the continued U.S. presence in Afghanistan and additional funds for homeland security were also included. H.R. 1559, enacted into law as P.L. 108-11 on April 16, 2003, provided $78.49 billion in funding for these purposes. The Senate passed H.R. 1559 in lieu of its version, S. 762, by unanimous consent.
On September 17, 2003, President Bush formally requested an additional $87 billion for the ongoing military operations and for reconstruction assistance in Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. H.R. 3289 (FY2004 supplemental appropriations for Iraq, Afghanistan, and the global war on terrorism) was enacted into law as P.L. 108-106 on November 6, 2003, providing $87.5 billion in funding. The House approved the conference agreement by a roll call vote on October 31, 2003, and the Senate approved the conference agreement by voice vote on November 3, 2003. Earlier, on October 17, 2003, the Senate had approved its own version of the measure, S. 1689, but vitiated its passage and returned the bill to the Senate Calendar.
Related CRS products
CRS Report R45025, Iraq: Background and U.S. Policy, by Christopher M. Blanchard.
CRS Report RL30588, Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy, by Kenneth Katzman and Clayton Thomas.
CRS Report R41070, Al Qaeda and Affiliates: Historical Perspective, Global Presence, and Implications for U.S. Policy, coordinated by John W. Rollins.
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
108th
Congress |
Bill and Title |
Description and Comments |
Votes |
|||||||||||
108th |
H.R. 1559 |
A bill making emergency wartime supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2003, and for other purposes. |
Measure passed House
Measure passed Senate in lieu of S. 762
House adopted conference report April 12, 2003
Senate adopted conference report April 12, 2003 |
|||||||||||
S. 762 |
An original bill making supplemental appropriations to support Department of Defense operations in Iraq, Department of Homeland Security, and related efforts for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2003, and for other purposes. |
Measure passed Senate | ||||||||||||
108th |
Cochran motion to table the Hollings amendment (S.Amdt. 479) that would express the sense of the Senate that the President should submit a report to the Senate Finance Committee on a plan to raise revenues to offset the funds in the bill spent on the war with Iraq. |
Motion agreed to in Senate | ||||||||||||
Kohl amendment to appropriate $600 million for food assistance to the people of Iraq. | Note: H.R. 1559 (P.L. 108-11) appropriated $369 million for this purpose.
Agreed to in Senate |
|||||||||||||
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense and for the Reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan, 2004 | A bill making emergency supplemental appropriations for defense and for the reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2004, and for other purposes. |
Measure passed House
Measure passed Senate with an amendment
House adopted conference report
Senate adopted conference report |
||||||||||||
Obey amendment to require that half of all reconstruction aid to Iraq be in the form of loans. |
| |||||||||||||
108th |
108th H.Amdt. 407 to H.R. 3289 |
Obey amendment to transfer $3.6 billion in Iraq reconstruction funds for quality of life enhancements for U.S. service members. |
| |||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
Kirk amendment to strike the provision of the bill that would allow noncompetitive contracts to be reported to Congress seven days after the contract has been awarded in certain circumstances; executive agencies would be required to inform Congress of "no-bid" contracts before they are offered. |
Agreed to in |
|||||||||||||
Holt amendment to strike $900 million from the bill for importing petroleum products into Iraq. |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||
Kind amendment to reduce reconstruction funds for Iraq in the bill by 50%. |
Rejected in | |||||||||||||
Stupak amendment to increase military pay in the bill by $265 million to cover $1,500 bonuses for each service member in Iraq and Afghanistan in FY2004. |
Rejected in |
|||||||||||||
Sherman amendment to require normal competitive bidding procedures for all government contracts relating to Iraq's oil infrastructure. |
Agreed to in | |||||||||||||
108th | Obey motion to instruct House conferees to insist on provisions in the Senate bill that would structure $10 billion of the $20.3 billion in reconstruction aid to Iraq in the form of loans subject to certain conditions (and for other purposes). |
Motion agreed to in House |
||||||||||||
Obey motion to recommit the conference report to the conference committee with instructions that it be reported back to the House with provisions that would put half the reconstruction aid to Iraq in the form of loans (and for other purposes). |
Motion rejected in the House |
|||||||||||||
S. 1689 |
An original bill making emergency supplemental appropriations for Iraq and Afghanistan security and reconstruction for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2004, and for other purposes. |
Measure passed Senate | ||||||||||||
S.Amdt. 1794 to |
Rejected in Senate | |||||||||||||
S.Amdt. 1795 to |
Agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
108th |
|
Motion agreed to in Senate | ||||||||||||
Stevens motion to table the Leahy amendment (S.Amdt. 1803) that would remove the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq from Defense Department control and place it under the jurisdiction of the State Department within 60 days after the bill's enactment. |
Motion agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
|
Motion agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
108th |
Rejected in Senate | |||||||||||||
Stevens motion to table the Stabenow amendment (S.Amdt. 1823) that would reduce the amount provided for Iraqi reconstruction by $5.03 billion and redirect that funding for domestic programs. Also would express the sense of the Senate that Congress should consider an additional $5.03 billion in funding for Iraqi reconstruction during the fiscal 2005 budget and appropriations process. |
Motion agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
Stevens motion to table the Dorgan amendment (S.Amdt. 1826) that would strike $20.3 billion in appropriations for Iraqi reconstruction funds and require the President to direct the head of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq to establish an Iraq Reconstruction Finance Authority. |
Motion agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
Stevens motion to table the Reed amendment (S.Amdt. 1834) that would authorize an additional 10,000 in Army personnel. Additional personnel would be required to be trained, incorporated into an appropriate force structure, and used for constabulary duty such as military police and light infantry. It would also require that $409 million be made available from the Iraqi Freedom Fund to fund the additional personnel. |
Motion rejected in Senate | |||||||||||||
S.Amdt. 1846 to | (Title II of H.R. 3289 [P.L. 108-106] established the CPA Office of Inspector General).
Agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
108th S.Amdt. 1806 to | It was not included in the final measure, H.R. 3289.
Agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
|
Motion agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
Stevens motion to table the Lautenberg amendment (S.Amdt. 1868) that would prohibit the use of Iraqi reconstruction funds for any contact or financial agreement with an entity that pays deferred compensation to the President, Vice President, or a Cabinet-level official, or any entity in which the President, Vice President, or Cabinet-level official holds options to purchase more than 1,000 shares of stock. |
Motion agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
S.Amdt. 1874 to |
Agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
S.Amdt. 1876 to | (Section 2215(b) of H.R. 3289 [P.L. 108-106] includes reporting requirements on Iraqi debt).
Agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
108th S.Amdt. 1871 to | Conferees did not include the measure in the conference report on H.R. 3289 [P.L. 108-106].
Agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
S.Amdt. 1837 to |
Agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
|
Motion agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
108th |
Stevens motion to table the Landrieu amendment (S.Amdt. 1859) that would require the President to direct the head of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq to establish an Iraq Reconstruction Finance Authority. The Authority would be required to obtain financing for the reconstruction of Iraq's infrastructure through the issuance of securities and loans and by collateralizing future revenue from its oil reserves. |
Motion agreed to in Senate | ||||||||||||
Boxer amendment to reimburse service members who paid for meals while hospitalized as a result of injuries or illness while in combat or training since September 11, 2001. |
Agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
|
Motion agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
108th |
Motion agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
|
Motion agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
Stevens motion to table the Byrd amendment (S.Amdt. 1888) that would strike a provision in the bill that allows the President to reallocate funds for the reconstruction of Iraq and insert a provision that would require the President to seek additional funding in subsequent appropriations bills. |
Motion agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
Stevens motion to table the Brownback amendment (S.Amdt. 1885) that would decrease the amount in the bill for Iraqi reconstruction by $600 million and increase the amount available to the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps by $50 million (and for other purposes). |
Motion agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
|
Agreed to in House | |||||||||||||
|
Agreed to in House | |||||||||||||
S. 2400 |
Authorizes the Secretary, during FY2005 through 2009, to increase as necessary by up to 30,000 the end strength authorized for the Army to support the Army's operational mission in Iraq and Afghanistan and to achieve Army transformational reorganization objectives. Requires a fiscal year's budget to be amended to reflect any such increase. Authorizes supplemental appropriations of $25 billion for |
Measure passed Senate | ||||||||||||
Warner amendment to authorize to be appropriated for the |
Agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
to S. 2400 Biden amendment to provide funds for the security and stabilization of Iraq by suspending a portion of the reduction in the highest income tax rate for individual taxpayers. |
Rejected by Senate | |||||||||||||
|
Measure agreed to in House | |||||||||||||
H.R. 4613 |
Appropriates additional funds, to be designated for overseas contingency operations, to | Byrd amendment (S.Amdt. 3502) included as Section 8135.
Measure passed House
Measure passed Senate | ||||||||||||
Byrd amendment to express the sense of the Senate that any request for funds for a fiscal year for an ongoing military operation overseas, including operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, should be included in the annual budget of the President; and that any funds provided for such a military operation should be provided in appropriations Acts for such fiscal year through appropriations to specific accounts set forth in such acts. |
Agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
H.R. 4200 |
Authorizes the Secretary of Defense, during FY2005 through 2009, to increase, by up to 30,000 for the Army and 9,000 for the Marine Corps, the end strength authorized to support operational missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Authorizes, during FY2005, the use of up to $300 million from |
Measure passed House | ||||||||||||
109th | H.R. 1268 | Provides funds for ongoing military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Expresses the sense of the Senate that (1) any request for funds for a fiscal year after 2006 for an ongoing military operation overseas, including those in Afghanistan and Iraq, should be included in the annual budget of the President submitted to Congress; (2) the President should submit to Congress an amendment to the 2006 budget setting forth detailed cost estimates for such operations; and (3) any funds for such purposes should be provided in appropriations Acts through appropriations to specific accounts. Requires additional information concerning such operations, including Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom, to be included in reports required under both the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense and for the Reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan, 2004, and the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2005. | Includes Byrd amendment (S.Amdt. 464) as Section 1024, expressing sense of the Senate.
Conference report adopted by House
Conference report adopted by Senate | |||||||||||
Byrd amendment that states that it is the sense of the Senate that any request for funds for a fiscal year after FY2006 for an ongoing military operation overseas, including operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, should be included in the President's annual budget. |
Agreed to in the Senate | |||||||||||||
109th National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006 |
Woolsey amendment to express the sense of Congress that the President should develop a plan for the withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Iraq and submit this plan to the congressional defense committees. |
Rejected in House | ||||||||||||
|
Measure agreed to in House | |||||||||||||
S. 1042 |
Authorizes emergency supplemental appropriations to |
Measure passed Senate | ||||||||||||
Warner amendment to clarify and recommend changes to the policy of the United States on Iraq. States that calendar year 2006 should be a period of significant transition to full Iraqi sovereignty, with Iraqi security forces taking the lead for the security of a free and sovereign Iraq, thereby creating the conditions for the phased redeployment of United States forces from Iraq, and that United States military forces should not stay in Iraq any longer than required. | Amendment was amended in conference (see H.Rept. 109-360) and included as Section 1227 of H.R. 1815 (P.L. 109-163).
Agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
109th |
Levin amendment to clarify and recommend changes to the policy of the United States on Iraq. States that calendar year 2006 should be a period of significant transition to full Iraqi sovereignty, with Iraqi security forces taking the lead for the security of a free and sovereign Iraq, thereby creating the conditions for the phased redeployment of United States forces from Iraq, and that United States military forces should not stay in Iraq indefinitely. |
Rejected in Senate | ||||||||||||
|
Measure rejected in House | |||||||||||||
|
Measure agreed to in House | |||||||||||||
109th | Appropriates additional funds, to be designated for contingency operations related to the global war on terrorism. Authorizes amounts for operations in Iraq and Afghanistan to be used for the purchase of heavy and light armored vehicles. Allows O&M funds appropriated in this title to be used to provide supplies, services, transportation, and other logistical support to coalition forces supporting military and stability operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. |
Measure agreed to in House
Measure agreed to in Senate | ||||||||||||
109th |
H.R. 4939 |
Prohibits the use of funds under this title to establish permanent U.S. military bases in Iraq, or to exercise U.S. control over Iraqi oil infrastructure or resources. ( §1204) Makes emergency supplemental appropriations to the Department of Defense for: military personnel; operation and maintenance; the Afghanistan Security Forces Fund; the Iraq Security Forces Fund; the Iraq Freedom Fund; the Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Fund; procurement; research, development, test and evaluation.
Expresses the sense of the Senate that (1) any request for funds for a fiscal year after 2007 for ongoing military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq should be included in the annual budget of the President submitted to Congress; (2) such request should include a detailed justification of anticipated uses of the funds; and (3) any funds provided in a fiscal year for ongoing military operations overseas should be provided in appropriations Acts through appropriations to specific accounts. ( |
Measure passed House
Measure passed Senate
House adopted conference report
Senate adopted conference report | |||||||||||
H.R. 5122 | Title XV authorizes estimated future emergency supplemental appropriations for the Department of Defense for FY2007 to provide funds for additional costs due to Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. |
Measure passed House
Measure passed Senate (with amendment)
Conference report adopted by House
Conference report adopted by Senate |
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109th |
109th
H.R. 5631 |
Title IX authorizes the Secretary of Defense to use specified Operations & Maintenance funds to support U.S. military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. |
Measure passed House
Measure passed Senate (amended)
Conference report adopted by House
Conference report adopted by Senate | |||||||||||
|
Measure agreed to in House | |||||||||||||
| Levin amendment expressing the sense of Congress that the President should begin phased redeployment of United States forces from Iraq in 2006. |
Rejected in Senate | ||||||||||||
|
Kerry amendment to require the redeployment of United States Armed Forces from Iraq by July 1, 2007. |
Rejected in Senate | ||||||||||||
110th | H.R. 1 |
|
Measure agreed to in House | |||||||||||
|
Failure to invoke cloture in Senate | |||||||||||||
110th |
Failure to invoke cloture in Senate February 5, 2007 | |||||||||||||
|
Measure agreed to in House | |||||||||||||
|
Failure to invoke cloture in Senate | |||||||||||||
|
Measure rejected in Senate | |||||||||||||
110th |
|
Measure agreed to in Senate | ||||||||||||
|
Agreed to in Senate | |||||||||||||
|
Makes emergency supplemental appropriations for the Department of Defense for FY2007 for contingency operations directly related to the global war on terror. Prohibits any funds from being obligated or expended by the U.S. government to establish any military installation or base for the permanent stationing of U.S. Armed Forces in Iraq. Prohibits funds from being used to deploy any unit of the Armed Forces to Iraq unless the chief of the military department concerned has certified that such unit is fully mission capable. Prohibits funds from being used to initiate, execute, or continue any order that has the effect of extending the deployment for Operation Iraqi Freedom of any unit of the Army, Army Reserve, or Army National Guard beyond 365 days; or Marine Corps or Marine Corps Reserve beyond 210 days.
Outlines specified determinations, relating to actions of the government of Iraq, Makes funds immediately available to plan and execute a safe and orderly redeployment. |
Measure passed House
Measure passed Senate
Conference report adopted by House
Conference report adopted by Senate
House failed to override veto | ||||||||||||
110th |
To strike language that would tie the hands of the Commander-in-Chief by imposing an arbitrary timetable for the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq. |
Rejected in Senate | ||||||||||||
Motion to Instruct House Conferees on H.R. 1591 Motion to instruct House conferees to include language insisting on House-passed provisions concerning redeployment of U.S. troops in Iraq and restrictions on their use in Iraq after redeployment. Motion agreed to April 19, 2007 215-199 (vote #235) |
Measure failed of passage in House | |||||||||||||
H.R. 2206 | Makes emergency supplemental appropriations for the Department of Defense for FY2007. Requires the President to direct the orderly redeployment of U.S. forces from Iraq if the components of the Iraqi government reach a consensus directing a redeployment of U.S. Forces. Makes findings regarding progress in Iraq, establishes benchmarks to measure progress, and requires related reports. Prohibits any funds from being obligated or expended by the U.S. government to establish any military installation or base for the permanent stationing of U.S. Armed Forces in Iraq. |
Measure passed House
Measure passed Senate by voice vote | ||||||||||||
110th |
May 17, 2007
Motion to concur in House amendments agreed to in Senate May 24, 2007 80-14 (vote #181) 110th |
"The President shall commence the ... redeployment of United States forces from Iraq ... not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act. No funds ... may be obligated or expended to continue the deployment in Iraq of members of the United States Armed Forces after March 31, 2008. | "
Failure to invoke cloture in Senate | |||||||||||
|
Water Resources Development Act of 2007 Requires the President to withhold funding for military operations in Iraq if the Iraqi government fails to meet certain benchmarks. The President could waive the requirement by submitting a written justification to Congress. Failure to invoke cloture in Senate May 16, 2007 52-44 (vote #168) |
Measure passed House | ||||||||||||
Andrews amendment to forbid funds authorized in the bill for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars from being used to plan a contingency operation in Iran. Rejected in Committee of the Whole May 16, 2007 202-216 (vote #364) DeFazio amendment stating that no prior law authorizes the use of military force against Iran, and prohibiting the use of funds authorized in the Act or any other law from being used to carry out military action against Iran unless specifically authorized by Congress or in the case of a national emergency caused by an attack by Iran on the United States, its territories or possessions, or its Armed Forces. Rejected in Committee of the Whole May 16, 2007 136-288 (vote #365) |
Failure to invoke cloture in Senate | |||||||||||||
110th |
To limit the length of deployment of members of the Armed Forced for Operation Iraqi Freedom. |
Rejected in Senate | ||||||||||||
To express the sense of Congress that the dwell time between extended operational deployments of members of the Armed Forces should be no less than 12 months for regular forces and no less than 5 years for reserve forces. |
Rejected in Senate July 11, 2007 41-55 (vote #244)
Amendment would mandate a drawdown and redeployment of U.S. forces in Iraq, with certain exceptions, by the end of April 2008, with redeployment beginning within 120 days of enactment. Failure to invoke cloture in Senate July 18, 2007 52-47 (vote #252) S.Amdt. 2924 to substitute amendment S.Amdt. 2011 to H.R. 1585 Requires redeployment of most U.S. troops from Iraq beginning within 90 days of enactment, and bars use of funds for deployment of U.S. service members to Iraq after June 30, 2008, with certain exceptions. Rejected in Senate September 20, 2007 28-70 (vote #345) S.Amdt. 2898 to substitute amendment S.Amdt. 2011 to H.R. 1585 Requires reduction of U.S. forces in Iraq within 90 days of enactment and within nine months of enactment, the transition of U.S. forces in Iraq to a limited presence for certain specified types of missions. Rejected in Senate September 21, 2007 47-47 (vote #346) | |||||||||||||
The Secretary of Defense shall commence the reduction of the number of United States forces in Iraq not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act ... and shall complete the transition of United States forces to a limited presence and missions ... by April 30, 2008. |
| |||||||||||||
110th |
Directs the Secretary of Defense to commence the reduction of the number of Armed Forces in Iraq beginning no later than 120 days after the enactment of this Act and complete the reduction and transition to a limited presence in Iraq by no later than April 1, 2008. |
Measure passed House | ||||||||||||
| Measure passed House | |||||||||||||
|
Measure passed House | |||||||||||||
110th |
|
|
Congressional Quarterly at http://www.cq.com.
Legislative Information System (LIS) of the U.S. Congress at http://www.congress.gov/.
Congressional Quarterly Almanac. Washington, CQ Press. Annual.
CQ Weekly. Washington, CQ Press. Various issues.
CRS Report RL33532, War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance, by [author name scrubbed].
CRS Report RL32170, Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2007, by [author name scrubbed].
CRS Report RL32267, The War Powers Resolution: After Thirty-Four Years, by [author name scrubbed].
CRS Report RL31829, Supplemental Appropriations FY2003: Iraq Conflict, Afghanistan, Global War on Terrorism, and Homeland Security, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed].
CRS Report RL32090, FY2004 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Global War on Terrorism: Military Operations & Reconstruction Assistance, by [author name scrubbed] et al.
CRS Report RL32783, FY2005 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq and Afghanistan, Tsunami Relief, and Other Activities, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed].
1. |
P.L. 93-148, November 7, 1973. For more detailed contextual and legislative history information, see CRS Report RL32267, The War Powers Resolution: After Thirty-Four Years, by [author name scrubbed]. |
A bill to require the Secretary of Defense to submit to the congressional defense committees a report describing the status of planning for redeployment of U.S. forces from Iraq. Report to be due within 60 days of enactment and every 90 days thereafter.
Motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill agreed to in House October 2, 2007
377-46 (vote #927)
Iraq War Supplemental Appropriations
A provision would require U.S. troops to begin withdrawing from Iraq within 30 days of enactment and most troops to be withdrawn by December 15, 2008.
Motion to recommit the bill to committee with instructions it be reported back immediately after striking troop withdrawal provisions rejected in House November 14, 2007 192-231 (vote #1107)
Measure passed House November 14, 2007 218-203, 1 present (vote #1108)
Failure to invoke cloture in Senate November 16, 2007 53-45 (vote #411)
S.Amdt 3875 to S.Amdt. 3874 to H.R. 2764
Omnibus Appropriations for FY2008
Amendment 3875 would require phased redeployment of U.S. troops from Iraq within 90 days after enactment and bar use of funds for deployment nine months after enactment, with certain specified exceptions. Amendment 3874 would replace the $31 billion in funding for the Afghanistan war included in the bill with $70 billion available for unrestricted use in conducting the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
By unanimous consent, it was agreed to raise the majority requirement for adoption of the amendment to 60 votes. Amendment 3875 was subsequently withdrawn.
S.Amdt. 3874 agreed to in Senate
December 18, 2007
70-25
S.Amdt. 3875 subsequently rejected in Senate
December 18, 2007, 24-71 (vote #437)
110th
S.Amdt. 3876 to S.Amdt. 3874 to H.R. 2764
Omnibus Appropriations for FY2008
Amendment 3876 expressed the sense of Congress that the missions of U.S. Armed Forces in Iraq should be of a more limited nature, with the goal of transition to full Iraqi control by the end of 2008. Amendment 3874 would replace the $31 billion in funding for the Afghanistan war included in the bill with $70 billion available for unrestricted use in conducting the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
By unanimous consent, it was agreed to raise the majority requirement for adoption of the amendment to 60 votes. Amendment 3876 was subsequently withdrawn.
Rejected in Senate December 18, 2007 50-45 (vote #438)
Troop Redeployment from Iraq
Motion to invoke cloture on S. 2633, a bill forbidding the use of funds for deployment of U.S. troops in Iraq, with specified exceptions, 120 days after enactment.
Motion agreed to February 26, 2008 70-24
(vote #33)
Motion to proceed to consideration subsequently withdrawn
Supplemental Appropriations
Motion to concur in the Senate amendments with House amendment no. 2. Would require withdrawal of troops from Iraq within 30 days of enactment, with a goal of full withdrawal of combat troops by December 2009. Would require Congress to authorize any U.S.-Iraqi agreement committing U.S. forces. Would prohibit deployment of any units not rated as fully mission-capable, subject to Presidential waiver. Would prohibit interrogation techniques not authorized in the Army Field Manual, and would prohibit establishment of a permanent base in Iraq.
Motion agreed to in House May 15, 2008 227-196
(vote #329)
Supplemental Appropriations
Motion to concur in the House amendments to the Senate amendment to the House amendments to the Senate amendment to the bill making supplemental appropriations for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, which included a provision barring the establishment of permanent U.S. bases in Iraq.
Motion agreed to in Senate, clearing the bill for the President June 26, 2008 92-6 (vote #162)
111th
Note: From the 111th Congress forward, votes on simple funding or authorization for overseas contingency operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have not been included.
National Defense Authorization Act for FY2010
McGovern amendment to require the Defense Department to submit a report to Congress no later than December 31, 2009, presenting an exit strategy for U.S. Armed Forces conducting the war in Afghanistan.
Amendment rejected in the Committee of the Whole June 25, 2009 138-278 (vote #453)
111th
Afghanistan Troop Withdrawal
Concurrent resolution would direct the President to withdraw U.S. forces from Afghanistan within 30 days of adoption, or by December 31, 2010, if the President determines that withdrawal within 30 days cannot be safely accomplished.
Rejected in the House March 10, 2010 65-356 (vote #98)
Motion to concur in Senate amendments to H.R. 4899 with House amendments
Supplemental Appropriations
Fourth portion of a divided question, consisting of a House amendment that would limit military funding for Afghanistan to activities related to the protection and safe withdrawal of U.S. troops and civilian and military personnel.
Motion rejected in the House July 1, 2010 100-321 (vote #432)
Motion to concur in Senate amendments to H.R. 4899 with House amendments
Supplemental Appropriations
Fifth portion of a divided question, consisting of a House amendment to require the President to present a new National Intelligence Estimate on Afghanistan to Congress by January 31, 2011, and also a plan for the redeployment of U.S. forces from Afghanistan by April 4, 2011.
Motion rejected in the House July 1, 2010 162-260 (vote #433)
Pakistan Troop Withdrawal
Concurrent resolution would direct the President to remove U.S. Armed Forces from Pakistan within 30 days of adoption, or by December 31st, 2010, if the President determines that this could not be accomplished safely within 30 days.
Rejected in the House July 27, 2010 38-372 vote #473)
112th
H.Amdt. 93 to
Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013
Nadler amendment would require that no more than $10 billion of funds made available in the bill be used for U.S. military operations in Afghanistan.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole February 18, 2011 98-331 (vote #91)
H.Amdt. 257 to
FY2012 Budget Resolution- Congressional Progressive Caucus substitute
Grijalva substitute amendment assumes the end of emergency supplemental appropriations for overseas contingency operations beginning in 2013, consistent with U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and Iraq.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole April 15, 2011 77-347 (vote #274)
National Defense Authorization Act for FY2012
Amash amendment would strike that section of the bill that would "affirm" that the U.S. is engaged in armed conflict with al Qaeda, the Taliban, and their associates, and that those forces threated the U.S. and its citizens. Would also affirm the authorization for use of military force in Afghanistan and the authority to detain "belligerents" until hostilities end.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole May 26, 2011 187-234 (vote #361)
112th
National Defense Authorization Act for FY2012
Chaffetz amendment would require the Secretary of Defense to begin a phased withdrawal of U.S. forces operating in Afghanistan, except for those involved in small, targeted counterterrorism missions. Would require a withdrawal plan to be submitted to Congress by the Secretary within 60 days of enactment.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole May 26, 2011 123-294 (vote #364)
Homeland Security Appropriations for FY2012
Sherman amendment would bar the use of funds in the bill to contravene the War Powers Resolution.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole June 2, 2011 208-213 (vote #394)
Military Construction-VA Appropriations for FY2012
Sherman amendment would bar the use of funds in the bill to contravene the War Powers Resolution
Included as Section 8129 in engrossed version of H.R. 2055 (P.L. 112-74)
Adopted in Committee of the Whole June 13, 2011 248-163 (vote #415)
Defense Appropriations for FY2012
Lee amendment would reduce funding of overseas contingency operations and aid to Afghanistan and Pakistan by $33 billion, with the aim of reducing funding for the war in Afghanistan.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole July 7, 2011 97-322 (vote #502)
Defense Appropriations for FY2012
Garamendi amendment would reduce funding of overseas contingency operations and aid to Afghanistan and Pakistan by $20.9 billion, with the aim of reducing funding for the war in Afghanistan.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole July 7, 2011 133-295 (vote #503)
Defense Appropriations for FY2012
Nadler amendment would reduce funding for the Army's maintenance and operations account for overseas contingency operations by $15 million, and increase it by the same amount, with the aim of requiring that at least $15 million be used for insulating forward operating bases in Afghanistan.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole July 7, 2011 174-251 (vote #504)
Defense Appropriations for FY2012
Poe amendment would direct a $1 billion reduction from a fund to reimburse allies for support in the Afghanistan war. Funds would be transferred to the bill's spending reduction account.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole July 7, 2011 131-297 (vote #505)
112th
Defense Appropriations for FY2012
Lee amendment to eliminate the $5 billion in funding for the Overseas Contingency Operation Transfer Fund and move those funds to the bill's spending reduction account.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole July 7, 2011 114-314 (vote #506)
Defense Appropriations for FY2012
Sherman amendment would prohibit the use of funds in the bill to contravene the War Powers Resolution.
Included as Section 8129 in engrossed version of H.R. 2055 (P.L. 112-74)
Adopted in Committee of the Whole July 7, 2011 316-111 (vote #518)
Defense Appropriations for FY2012
Flake amendment to reduce funding for the Overseas Contingency Operations Transfer Fund by $3.6 billion.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole July 8, 2011 118-295 (vote #526)
National Defense Authorization Act for FY2012
Paul amendment would repeal the 2002 authorization for use of military force against Iraq.
Rejected in Senate November 29, 2011 30-67 (vote #211)
National Defense Authorization Act for FY2012
Sessions amendment would clarify that the President retains the option to detain persons captured under authority of the 2001 authorization for use of military force in Afghanistan until the end of the conflict.
Rejected in Senate December 1, 2011 41-59 (vote #217)
National Defense Authorization Act for FY2013
Lee amendment would limit the use of funds provided for operations in Afghanistan to the purpose of facilitating a safe and orderly withdrawal.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole May 17, 2012 113-303 (vote #264)
Defense Appropriations for FY2013
Lee amendment would reduce funding for overseas contingency operations by $20.8 billion and would limit the use of funds provided for operations in Afghanistan to the purpose of facilitating a safe and orderly withdrawal. The reductions not apply to Defense Health Program, Drug Interdiction and Counter-Drug Activities, Defense, Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Fund, Office of the Inspector General.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole July 18, 2012 107-312 (vote #485)
Defense Appropriations for FY2013
Garamendi amendment would reduce funding in the Overseas Contingency Operations account by $12.7 billion, the reductions not to apply to the Afghanistan Security Forces fund, the Defense Health Program, Drug Interdiction and Counter-Drug Activities-Defense, Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Fund, or the Office of the Inspector General.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole July 19, 2012 137-278 (vote #494)
112th
National Defense Authorization Act for FY2013
Merkley amendment would express the sense of Congress that security operations in Afghanistan should be transferred to the Afghan government by mid-summer 2013 and that combat operations by U.S. forces should end no later than December 31, 2014.
Amendment was amended in conference (see H. Rept. 112-705) and included as Section 1226 of H.R. 4310 (P.L. 112-239)
Adopted in Senate November 29, 2012 62-33 (vote #210)
113th
FY2014 Budget Resolution- Congressional Progressive Caucus Substitute
Grijalva substitute amendment would assume, among other assumptions, the elimination of funding for overseas contingency operations after FY2015.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole March 20, 2013 84-327 (vote #85)
FY2014 Budget Resolution-
House Democratic substitute
Van Hollen substitute amendment would assume, among other assumptions, no funding for overseas contingency operations after FY2014.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole March 20, 2013 165-253 (vote #87)
National Defense Authorization Act for FY2014
McGovern amendment would require that the accelerated transition of combat operations from U.S. forces to the Afghan government be completed no later than the end of 2013, and the accelerate transition of military and security operations by the end of 2014. Also would express the sense of Congress that if the President determines the presence of U.S. troops is necessary in Afghanistan beyond the end of 2014, Congress should vote to authorize such deployment no later than June 2014.
Included with clarifying amendment as Section 1222 of H.R. 3304, P.L. 113-66.
Adopted in the Committee of the Whole June 13, 2013 305-121 (vote #226)
National Defense Authorization Act for FY2014
Van Hollen amendment would reduce the amount authorized for the Overseas Contingency Operations account by $5.04 billion and specify that the savings be used for deficit reduction.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole June 14, 2013 191-232 (vote #240)
National Defense Authorization Act for FY2014
As amended, contains a provision stating that it is U.S. policy that the President shall transfer combat operations from U.S. forces to Afghanistan by the end of 2013 and complete an accelerated transition of military and security operations by the end of 2014.
Passed the House June 14, 2013 315-108 (vote #244)
Defense Appropriations for FY2014
Mulvaney amendment would reduce the Overseas Contingency Operations account by $3.5 billion. National Guard and Reserve funding would not be affected.
Adopted in Committee of the Whole July 24, 2013 215-206 (vote #403)
113th
Defense Appropriations for FY2014
Schiff amendment would bar funding from the bill for the use of military force after December 31, 2014, pursuant to the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force (P.L. 107-40).
Rejected in Committee of the Whole July 24, 2013 185-236 (vote #410)
FY 2015 Budget Resolution- Congressional Black Caucus Substitute
Moore substitute amendment setting budget priorities, including ending spending from the Defense Department Overseas Contingency Operations account.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole April 9, 2014 116-300 (vote #172)
H.Amdt. 614 to H. Con. Res. 96
FY 2015 Budget Resolution- Congressional Progressive Caucus Substitute
Grijalva substitute amendment setting budget priorities, including the elimination of funding for Overseas Contingency Operations after FY 2015.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole April 9, 2014 89-327 (vote #173)
National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2015
Schiff amendment to suspend the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) effective 12 months from the bill's date of enactment
Rejected in Committee of the Whole May 22, 2014 191-233 (vote #237)
National Defense Appropriations Act for FY 2015
Lee amendment to bar the use of any funds for combat operations in Iraq.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole June 19, 2014 165-250 (vote #325)
National Defense Appropriations Act for FY 2015
Lee amendment would prohibit the obligation or expenditure of any funds under the bill pursuant to the 2002 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution (P.L. 107-243).
Rejected in Committee of the Whole June 19, 2014 182-231 (vote # 326)
National Defense Appropriations Act for FY 2015
Lee (CA) amendment would bar the use of funds for any military operations under the 2001 AUMF after December 31, 2014.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole June 19, 2014 157-260 (vote # 330)
National Defense Appropriations Act for FY 2015
Lee amendment to prohibit use of funds in the bill for combat operations in Afghanistan.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole June 20, 2014 153-260 (vote #332)
Iraq Combat Prohibition
Vote on resolution to prohibit the President from deploying or maintaining U.S. Armed Forces in a sustained combat mission in Iraq without specific statutory authorization.
Adopted July 25, 2014 370-40 (vote #452)
114th
National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2017
Ellison amendment would strike provisions in the bill urging the President to expand the mission in Afghanistan.
Failed on passage
May 18, 2016
131-292
The 2011 uprising against Libyan dictator Muammar Qadhafi prompted calls for Western military assistance to the rebels, initially in the form of a no-fly zone to prevent regime aircraft from attacking rebel forces and civilians. As the revolt progressed, air strikes were conducted by U.S. and NATO forces against regime targets under Operation Odyssey Dawn and Operation Unified Protector. The Qadhafi government was overthrown and Qadhafi himself was killed, leading to the lifting of strict regime political control in Libya but also to an uncertain security environment in which rival militias competed in the absence of any strong central authority. U.S. military operations began in March 2011 and ended in October 2011. A September 11, 2012, armed attack on a U.S. diplomatic compound in Benghazi, Libya resulted in the deaths of four Americans, including the U.S. ambassador.
Related CRS products
CRS Report RL33142, Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy, by Christopher M. Blanchard.
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
112th
National Defense Authorization Act for FY2012
Conyers amendment would bar the use of funds authorized in the bill from being used to deploy, establish, or maintain U.S. Armed Forces or contractors in Libya unless their purpose is to rescue a servicemember from imminent danger.
Adopted in Committee of the Whole May 26, 2011 416-5 (vote #366)
Use of Ground Forces in Libya
Resolution would direct the transmission of certain documents to the House and direct the President to submit a report on military activities in Libya within 14 days. It states that no "compelling rationale" for U.S. action in Libya has been provided, that Armed Forces should be used only to defend and advance U.S. national security interests, and that ground forces should not be deployed in Libya unless to rescue servicemembers in imminent danger.
Adopted June 3, 2011 268-145 (vote #411)
Libya Troop Withdrawal
Would direct the President, pursuant to the War Powers Resolution, to withdraw U.S. forces from Libya within 15 days of adoption.
Rejected June 3, 2011 148-265 (vote #412)
Libya Use of Force Authorization
Provides a one-year authorization for the limited use of military force in support of NATO's mission in Libya. States the opposition of Congress to the presence of U.S. forces on the ground in Libya, except to protect U.S. officials or rescue troops. Directs the President to provide regular briefings and consultation to Congress.
Rejected June 24, 2011 123-295 (vote #493)
112th
Defense Appropriations for FY2012
Cole amendment would prohibit the use of funds in the bill for training, equipping, advising, or otherwise supporting groups or individuals engaged in military activities in Libya unless they are part of a nation's official armed forces.
Adopted in Committee of the Whole July 7, 2011 225-201 (vote #513)
Defense Appropriations for FY2012
Amash amendment to bar use of funds in the bill to fund the use of military force in Libya.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole July 7, 2011 199-229 (vote #514)
Defense Appropriations for FY2012
Rigell amendment would bar funds from being used for Operation Odyssey Dawn and Operation Unified Protector.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole July 7, 2011 176-249 (vote #515)
Defense Appropriations for FY2012
Gohmert amendment would bar the use of funds in the bill to support military operations, including those of NATO and the United Nations, in Libya and Libyan airspace.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole July 7, 2011 162-265 (vote # 520)
Defense Appropriations for FY2012
Kucinich amendment would bar the use of funds in the bill for military actions in Libya unless they take place under a declaration of war against Libya pursuant to Article I of the Constitution.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole July 8, 2011 169-251 (vote #530)
What began as protests, then an internal armed uprising in Syria in 2011 became a broader conflict, with various factions of Syrian rebels and foreign fighters joined in combat with each other as well as with the forces of the Asad regime, itself aided by fighters from outside Syria. In summer 2013 the Obama Administration announced that the U.S. intelligence community had determined "with high confidence" that the Asad regime had used chemical weapons attacks against its own people, resulting in mass casualties. The United States has been providing nonlethal materiel support to selected opposition groups, and a congressionally authorized U.S. train-and-equip program continues. See section below, "Military Action against the Islamic State (IS, ISIS, ISIL)."
Related CRS products
CRS Report RL33487, Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response, coordinated by Carla E. Humud.
Congress |
Bill and Title |
Description and Comments |
Votes |
113th |
National Defense Authorization Act for FY2014 |
Gibson amendment to strike a provision in the bill that would express the sense of Congress that the Syrian conflict poses a threat to the national security interests of Israel and that the President should consider options leading to the removal of President Assad and plan for rendering assistance to forces fighting the Assad regime. |
Rejected in Committee of the Whole June 14, 2013 123-301 (vote #234) |
One group rose to prominence in the fighting against the Assad regime: the self-proclaimed "Islamic State" (IS), also known as ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and Syria) and ISIL (Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant). A lineal descendant or continuation of the insurgent group al-Qaeda in Iraq, some of its senior operatives gained experience fighting American forces in Iraq. Particularly noted for sophisticated online media releases and extremely brutal tactics, IS in its self-released videos showed numerous massacres and beheadings, including those of a number of captured Westerners. It made significant territorial gains in Syria and also in Iraq, where its forces captured refineries and banks, thereby acquiring a self-financing capacity. The Iraqi military suffered high personnel losses through casualties and desertions, as well as enormous losses of materiel.
After a series of online releases depicting the beheadings of American captives of IS, and in the wake of the success of the IS campaign in Iraq and Syria, President Obama authorized a program of aid to anti-IS forces, particularly the Iraqi military and the Kurds. In cooperation with a coalition of allies, he ordered air strikes designed to assist Iraqi and Kurdish forces battling IS and degrade IS military capabilities.
IS has suffered extensive territorial losses in the combined campaign and today controls far less territory in Syria and Iraq than at the height of its power, but the potential for terrorist acts committed by IS foreign fighters returning to their countries of origin is a matter of concern for antiterrorism and police authorities.
Related CRS products
CRS Report R43612, The Islamic State and U.S. Policy, by Christopher M. Blanchard and Carla E. Humud.
CRS Report R43760, A New Authorization for Use of Military Force Against the Islamic State: Issues and Current Proposals, by Matthew C. Weed.
CRS Report R44135, Coalition Contributions to Countering the Islamic State, by Kathleen J. McInnis.
CRS In Focus IF10604, Al Qaeda and Islamic State Affiliates in Afghanistan, by Clayton Thomas.
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
113th
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015
McKeon amendment to authorize the training and equipping of "appropriately vetted" Syrian rebel groups to defend against Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) attacks. Amendment would bar use of the amendment to justify sending U.S. Armed Forces into hostile situations and would require the President to report to Congress under the War Powers Resolution any use of U.S. Armed Forces abroad. Authority for the training and equipping provisions would expire December 11, 2014, or earlier if replacement defense authorization legislation is enacted.
Adopted September 17, 2014 273-156 (vote #507)
National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2015
Motion to concur in the Senate amendment to the House amendment to the bill, which includes authorization for the appropriation of an additional $5.1 billion in funding for opposition to the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria.3
Motion agreed to December 4, 2014 300-119 (vote #551)
Fiscal Year 2015 Omnibus Appropriations
Motion to concur in the Senate amendment to the bill with a House amendment that includes funding for operations against the Islamic State as well as other counterterrorism operations.
Motion agreed to December 11, 2014 219-206 (vote #563)
National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2015
Motion to concur in House amendment to Senate amendment to the bill, which authorizes the appropriation of $5.1 billion in funding for opposition to the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria.
Motion agreed to December 12, 2014 89-11 (vote #325)
Fiscal Year 2015 Omnibus Appropriations
Motion to concur to the House amendment to the Senate amendment to the bill, which includes funding for operations against the Islamic State, as well as other counterterrorism operations.
Motion agreed to December 13, 2014 56-40 (vote #354)
114th
National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2016
Among its provisions, bill authorizes $715 million for aid to Iraqi forces fighting ISIL, but requires that 25 percent of those funds be provided directly to Kurdish peshmerga and quasi-independent Sunni forces. Also authorizes $600 million for training and equipping Syrian opposition forces.
Not included in final version.
Passed House May 15, 2015 269-151 (vote #239)
Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2016
Schiff amendment would prohibit use of funds for Operation Inherent Resolve against the Islamic State in absence of a law authorizing use of military force against the Islamic State after March 31, 2016.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole
June 11, 2015
196-231
114th
Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2016
Lee (CA) amendment would prohibit expenditure or obligation of funds under the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) after December 31, 2015.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole
June 11, 2015
157-270
Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2016
Lee (CA) amendment would bar use of funds pursuant to the Iraq AUMF of 2002.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole
June 11, 2015
165-264
National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2017
Lee amendment to repeal the 2001 AUMF 90 days after enactment of this Act.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole
May 18, 2016
138-285
Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2017
McGovern amendment would bar funds for operations of U.S. Armed Forces in Iraq or Syria until enactment of an authorization for the use of military force for such operations.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole
June 16, 2016
135-285
Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2017
Lee amendment to require a specific AUMF for anti-ISIL operations by April 30, 2017.
Rejected in Committee of the Whole
June 16, 2016
146-274
Department of Defense Appropriations Act for FY 2017
Gabbard amendment to prohibit use of funds for the Syria Train and Equip Program.
Failed to pass
June 16, 2016
135-283
Beginning in March 2015, Saudi Arabia and a coalition of partner countries (including the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Senegal, and Sudan) engaged in conflict in Yemen against the Ansar Allah/Houthi movement and followers of the late president of Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh. The United States has been providing logistical and intelligence support, for a time including air-to-air refueling. Refueling operations ended in early November 2018.4 Civilian casualties in the conflict have been a matter of concern and congressional debate, along with humanitarian conditions in general in Yemen.
Related CRS Products
CRS Report R43960, Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention, by Jeremy M. Sharp.
CRS Report R45046, The War in Yemen: A Compilation of Legislation in the 115th Congress, by Jeremy M. Sharp and Christopher M. Blanchard.
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
115th
Removal of U.S. forces from hostilities in Yemen not authorized by Congress
Motion to table a motion to discharge Senate Foreign Relations Committee from further consideration of the resolution
Motion to discharge Senate Foreign Relations Committee from further consideration of the resolution
Motion to table agreed to March 20, 2018
55-44
(vote #58)
Motion to discharge agreed to November 28, 2018
63-37
Motion to proceed to consideration of S.J.Res.54.
Agreed to
December 12, 2018
60-39
Point of order that amendments offered under 50 U.S.C. 1546a be germane to the underlying joint resolution to which they are offered.
Well taken
December 12, 2018
96-3
Young amendment to clarify that this resolution prohibits United States Armed Forces from refueling non-United States aircraft conducting missions as part of the ongoing civil war in Yemen.
Agreed to
December 13, 2018
58-41
Cornyn amendment to provide that nothing in the joint resolution shall be construed to influence or disrupt any military operations and cooperation with Israel.
Agreed to December 13, 2018
99-0
Cotton amendment to clarify that the requirement to remove United States Armed Forces does not apply to forces engaged in operations to support efforts to disrupt Houthi attacks against locations outside of Yemen, such as ballistic missile attacks, unmanned aerial vehicle attacks, maritime attacks against United States or international vessels, or terrorist attacks against civilian targets.
Not agreed to
December 13, 2018
45-54
Cornyn amendment to require a report assessing risks posed by ceasing support operations with respect to the conflict between the Saudi-led coalition and the Houthis in Yemen.
Agreed to by voice vote
December 13, 2018
Cornyn amendment to require a report assessing the increased risk of terrorist attacks in the United States if the Government of Saudi Arabia were to cease Yemen-related intelligence sharing with the United States.
Agreed to by voice vote
December 13, 2018
Cotton amendment to clarify that the requirement to remove United States Armed Forces does not apply to the provision of materials and advice intended to reduce civilian casualties or further enable adherence to the Law of Armed Conflict.
Request for unanimous consent not agreed to by voice vote
December 13, 2018
Passed Senate with amendments December 13, 2018
56-41
(vote #266)
Representative Collins asked unanimous consent that the provisions of section 7 of the War Powers Resolution (50 U.S.C. 1546) shall apply to H.Con.Res. 81 not earlier than November 2, 2017, but on the same terms that would have adhered on October 13, 2017. Agreed to without objection.
House agreed without objection November 11, 2017
Denounces the conduct of activities in Yemen and areas affected by the conflict that are inconsistent with the laws of armed conflict, including the deliberate targeting of civilian populations or the use of civilian human shields, inter alia.
Agreed to
November 13, 2017
366 - 30, 1 Present
(vote #623)
Section 4 states: "The provisions of section 7 of the War Powers Resolution (50 U.S.C. 1546) shall not apply to House Concurrent Resolution 138."
H.Con.Res. 138 would have directed the President pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution to remove United States Armed Forces from hostilities in the Republic of Yemen that have not been authorized by Congress.
Agreed to
November 14, 2018
201-187
(vote #418)
Providing for consideration of the conference report to accompany the bill (H.R. 2) to provide for the reform and continuation of agricultural and other programs of the Department of Agriculture through fiscal year 2023, and for other purposes.
House considered this rule with provision in Section 2 stating "The provisions of section 7 of the War Powers Resolution (50 U.S.C. 1546) shall not apply during the remainder of the One Hundred Fifteenth Congress to a concurrent resolution introduced pursuant to section 5 of the War Powers Resolution (50 U.S.C. 1544) with respect to the Republic of Yemen."
Agreed to
December 12, 2018
206 - 203
(vote #432)
On ordering the previous question Agreed to
December 12, 2018
220 - 191
(vote #431)
Sources ConsultedCRS Report R42738, Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2018, by Barbara Salazar Torreon and Sofia Plagakis.
CRS Report RL32492, American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics, by Nese F. DeBruyne.
CRS Report RL31133, Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications, by Jennifer K. Elsea and Matthew C. Weed.
CRS Report R42699, The War Powers Resolution: Concepts and Practice, by Matthew C. Weed.
Legislative Information System (LIS) of the U.S. Congress at http://www.congress.gov/.
Congressional Quarterly searchable online floor vote database at http://www.cq.com.
Congressional Quarterly Almanac. Washington, CQ Press. Annual.
CQ Weekly. Washington, CQ Press. Various issues.
Author Contact Information
Acknowledgments
The original author of this report was Lisa Mages, Information Research Specialist. All questions from congressional clients should be directed to the current authors. Christopher M. Blanchard, CRS Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs, contributed to this report.
1. |
P.L. 93-148, November 7, 1973. For more detailed contextual and legislative history information, see CRS Report R42699, The War Powers Resolution: Concepts and Practice, by Matthew C. Weed. |
2. |
See Authorization for Continuing Hostilities in Kosovo, 24 Op. O.L.C. 327, 332. |
3. |
CRS Report R43788, Defense: FY2015 Authorization and Appropriations, by Pat Towell. See Figure 1. OCO Funding for Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan in the Notes: "The FY2015 column does not reflect the November 10, 2014, request for an additional $5 billion to combat the Islamic State." |
4. |
"Trump Administration to end refueling of Saudi-coalition aircraft in Yemen conflict," Washington Post, November 10, 2018. |