Five-Year Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Program: Status and Issues in Brief

November 21, 2016 – January 8, 2024 R44692

Five-Year Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing
Program: Status and Issues in Brief
Updated January 8, 2024
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
R44692

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Five-Year Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Program: Status and Issues in Brief

nder the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA), as amended,1 the Bureau of Ocean
Energy Management (BOEM) within the Department of the Interior (DOI) must prepare
U and maintain forward-looking five-year plans—referred to by BOEM as national
programs or five-year programs—to schedule proposed oil and gas lease sales on the U.S. outer
continental shelf (OCS). On December 14, 2023, the Secretary of the Interior approved a five-
year program for the 2024-2029 period.2 The program schedules three offshore oil and gas lease
sales for this period, all in the Gulf of Mexico.
BOEM’s development of a new five-year program typically takes two to three years, although the
development period for the 2024-2029 program has been longer. During program preparation,
successive drafts of the program are published for review and comment. All available leasing
areas are initially examined, and the selection may then be narrowed based on economic and
environmental analysis, including environmental review under the National Environmental Policy
Act (NEPA),3 to arrive at a final leasing schedule. Under the OCSLA, the proposed final program
(PFP) is submitted to the President and to Congress for at least 60 days (although the President
and Congress do not have formal approval roles). The proposal may then receive final approval
from the Secretary of the Interior and may take effect.
Congress can influence the five-year program through oversight or by enacting legislation with
requirements for the program. For example, bills in the 118th Congress would mandate certain
lease sales, set new terms for program development under the OCSLA, impose leasing moratoria
in specified areas, or make other types of changes.
The following discussion summarizes developments related to the 2024-2029 leasing program,
analyzes selected issues for congressional consideration, and discusses pending legislation. The
broader history, legal framework, and process for developing the five-year programs are
discussed in CRS Report R44504, Five-Year Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Program: History and
Background.
Leasing Program Status
BOEM submitted the 2024-2029 PFP to Congress and the President on September 29, 2023, and
the Secretary of the Interior issued a record of decision (ROD) approving the program on
December 14, 2023.4 The issuance of the ROD allows the program to take effect.
The approved PFP represents the final stage of program development, following a proposed
program (PP) released by the Biden Administration in July 2022 and an earlier draft proposed
program (DPP) released by the Trump Administration in January 2018.5 The Trump

1 Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA), 43 U.S.C. §§1331-1356b; see especially §1344.
2 Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), 2024-2029 National Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing:
Proposed Final Program, September 2023, at https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/oil-gas-energy/
leasing/2024-2029_NationalOCSProgram_PFP_Sept_2023.pdf; hereinafter referred to as 2024-2029 PFP; and
Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland, “Record of Decision and Approval of the 2024-2029 National Outer Continental
Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing Program,” December 14, 2023, at https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/oil-
gas-energy/Decision-Memo-National-Program-SIGNED.pdf; hereinafter referred to as 2024-2029 ROD.
3 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 42 U.S.C. §4321. For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12417,
Environmental Reviews and the 118th Congress, by Kristen Hite.
4 2024-2029 PFP and 2024-2029 ROD.
5 BOEM, 2023-2028 National Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing: Proposed Program, July 2022, at
https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/national-program/2023-2028-proposed-program; hereinafter referred to as 2023-
2028 PP; and BOEM, 2019-2024 National Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing: Draft Proposed Program,
January 2018, at https://www.boem.gov/NP-Draft-Proposed-Program-2019-2024/; hereinafter referred to as the 2019-
2024 DPP. The DPP would have applied to the five-year period from late 2019 through mid-2024, replacing the final
years of the 2017-2022 program. Although previous five-year programs (since 1982) have not overlapped in this way,
(continued...)
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Five-Year Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Program: Status and Issues in Brief

Administration DPP had proposed a total of 47 OCS oil and gas lease sales over a five-year
period: 12 in the Gulf of Mexico region, 19 in the Alaska region, 9 in the Atlantic region, and 7 in
the Pacific region. The Biden Administration’s PP proposed a maximum of 11 OCS oil and gas
lease sales over five years (10 in the Gulf of Mexico region and one in the Cook Inlet planning
area of the Alaska region), while stating that fewer lease sales—and potentially no lease sales—
might be included in the final version of the program. The final program refines the PP’s range of
options by selecting three Gulf of Mexico oil and gas lease sales for the 2024-2029 period,
scheduled every two years starting in 2025 (Figure 1). No sales are scheduled for the Alaska,
Atlantic, or Pacific regions in the final program. Along with the PFP, BOEM published a final
programmatic environmental impact statement (PEIS).6
Figure 1. Lease Areas in the 2024-2029 Final Program

Source: BOEM, 2024-2029 National Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing: Proposed Program, September
2023, p. 4, at https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/oil-gas-energy/leasing/2024-
2029_NationalOCSProgram_PFP_Sept_2023.pdf.
Separately, the previous five-year program, covering the period from mid-2017 through mid-
2022, expired on June 30, 2022.7 That program, prepared under the Obama Administration,

the George W. Bush Administration issued a DPP for a 2010-2015 program that would have replaced the final years of
the 2007-2012 program (but, like the 2019-2024 DPP, was not finalized for that period).
6 BOEM, 2024-2029 National Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing Program: Final Programmatic
Environmental Impact Statement, September 2023, at https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/national-program/national-
ocs-oil-and-gas-leasing-program. A programmatic environmental impact statement typically evaluates the effects of
broad proposals or planning-level decisions.
7 BOEM, 2017-2022 Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing: Proposed Final Program, November 2016, at
https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/leasing/2017-2022-ocs-oil-and-gas-leasing-pfp; hereinafter referred to as 2017-
2022 PFP.
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scheduled a total of 11 sales, with 10 in the Gulf of Mexico and one in Alaska’s Cook Inlet.8
Toward the end of the program’s implementation, the final three scheduled sales—two for the
Gulf of Mexico and the Cook Inlet sale—were canceled.9 Further, another sale that BOEM had
conducted under the 2017-2022 program—Lease Sale 257 for the Gulf of Mexico, held on
November 17, 2021—was vacated by a judicial order.10
On August 16, 2022, the President signed into law P.L. 117-169, commonly known as the
Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). The law contained several provisions relevant to the five-year
program. First, Section 50264 reinstated the vacated Lease Sale 257, requiring BOEM to issue the
leases from that auction.11 It also required that BOEM hold the three other canceled lease sales
from the 2017-2022 program by specified dates. In accordance with this requirement, BOEM
conducted Lease Sale 258 for Alaska’s Cook Inlet on December 30, 2022,12 and Lease Sale 259
for the Gulf of Mexico on March 29, 2023.13 BOEM held the final sale required by the IRA,
Lease Sale 261 in the Gulf, on December 20, 2023.14
Additionally, Section 50265 of the IRA requires minimum amounts of offshore oil and gas leasing
as a precondition for BOEM’s authority to issue leases for offshore wind development.
Specifically, for the 10 years following enactment of the law, BOEM may not issue an offshore
wind lease unless the agency has held an oil and gas lease sale in the previous year and has
offered at least 60 million acres for oil and gas development on the OCS. Under the final program
for 2024-2029, each of the three scheduled lease sales could potentially satisfy the IRA condition
(based on the acreage of previous Gulf lease sales), thus allowing wind leases to be issued in the
one-year period following each of those sales. Because the program schedules the Gulf sales once
every two years rather than annually, it appears there would be periods during the five-year time
frame when wind lease issuance would not be permitted under the IRA provisions.

8 2017-2022 PFP, p. S-4.
9 The canceled sales included Lease Sales 259 and 261 for the Gulf of Mexico and Lease Sale 258 for Alaska’s Cook
Inlet. Reasons for the cancelations included timing issues (stemming partly from President Biden’s “pause” of oil and
gas leasing in Executive Order 14008), multiple court rulings related to the lease sales, and BOEM’s finding of a lack
of industry interest in the Cook Inlet sale. See, for example, BOEM, “Sale 258 Status Update,” at
https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/leasing/sale-258-status-update; and Anna Phillips, “Biden Pulls 3 Offshore Oil
Lease Sales, Curbing New Drilling This Year,” Washington Post, May 11, 2022, at https://www.washingtonpost.com/
climate-environment/2022/05/11/gulf-of-mexico-leasing-canceled/.
10 Friends of the Earth v. Haaland,—F. 3d.—, 2022 WL 254526 (D.D.C. 2022). For more information on Lease Sale
257, see BOEM, “Lease Sale 257,” at https://www.boem.gov/Sale-257.
11 In accordance with the law’s requirement, BOEM announced on September 14, 2022, that it had accepted the high
bids from Lease Sale 257 in preparation for issuing the leases. BOEM, “In Compliance with IRA, BOEM Reinstates
Lease Sale 257 Bids,” September 14, 2022, at https://www.boem.gov/newsroom/press-releases/compliance-ira-boem-
reinstates-lease-sale-257-bids.
12 BOEM, “Lease Sale 258,” at https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/leasing/lease-sale-258. At the auction, BOEM
received less than $100,000 in high bids on one tract.
13 BOEM, “Lease Sale 259,” at https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/leasing/lease-sale-259. At the auction, BOEM
received $263.8 million in high bids on 313 tracts covering 1.6 million acres.
14 BOEM, “Lease Sale 261,” at https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/leasing/lease-sale-261. At the auction, BOEM
received $382.2 million in high bids on 311 tracts covering 1.7 million acres. The IRA had directed that Lease Sale 261
be conducted by September 30, 2023, but BOEM twice postponed the sale in connection with litigation and judicial
rulings regarding BOEM’s exclusion of certain lease blocks and related lease stipulations. See, for example, BOEM
press release, November 2, 2023, at https://www.boem.gov/newsroom/press-releases/oil-and-gas-lease-sale-261-
postponed-pending-further-direction-fifth.
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Selected Issues for Congress
Number of Sales in the 2024-2029 Program
The total of three lease sales in the 2024-2029 program is the lowest for any offshore five-year
leasing program to date; previously, the lowest total had been 11 sales scheduled in the program
for 2017-2022 under the Obama Administration.15 Notably, all past programs (including the 2017-
2022 program) had scheduled lease sales at least annually for the Western and Central Gulf of
Mexico planning areas, the primary U.S. locations for offshore oil and gas production.16 By
contrast, the 2024-2029 program contains some years in which no Gulf lease sale would be held.
Oil and gas industry representatives, as well as some Members of Congress, have expressed
concern about the number of sales in the program.17 They contend that the reduction in leasing
from past programs creates uncertainty for industry, compromises U.S. energy security, and will
force reliance on oil and gas from other countries with fewer environmental safeguards on
development. Some 118th Congress bills would require BOEM to hold additional lease sales in
the upcoming five-year period, regardless of the Secretary of the Interior’s program decision.18
Other stakeholders favor a U.S. transition away from oil and gas toward renewables and see the
2024-2029 program as supporting that transition, with long-term climate benefits.19 Still others
feel the program does not go far enough in moving away from fossil fuel development and
contend that no future lease sales should be held on the U.S. OCS. The PP had considered a no-
lease-sale scenario,20 but BOEM stated that three sales were “the minimum number that will
enable the Interior Department to continue to expand its offshore wind leasing program through
2030,” given the IRA provision (discussed above) that prohibits BOEM from issuing offshore
wind leases unless oil and gas lease offerings of a certain acreage have taken place in the past
year.21
Timing Considerations for the Five-Year Program
Development of the 2024-2029 program proceeded more slowly than for previous programs. In
almost all previous program transitions, a new program had been finalized by the time the earlier

15 Five-year programs prior to 2017 all had higher numbers of sales, but the comparison is not straightforward because,
until 2017, BOEM and predecessor agencies had scheduled separate lease sales for the Western, Central, and Eastern
planning areas of the Gulf of Mexico. Since 2017 BOEM has combined all planning areas of the Gulf into a regionwide
lease sale, thus allowing similar acreage amounts to be offered in one sale rather than three.
16 Although all previous programs scheduled Gulf lease sales at least annually, two lease sales were canceled or
consolidated with other sales following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
17 For a discussion of competing views, see House Committee on Natural Resources, Subcommittee on Energy and
Mineral Resources, Examining the Biden Administration’s Unprecedented Obstruction of the BOEM Offshore Leasing
Program, oversight hearing, October 18, 2023, at https://naturalresources.house.gov/calendar/eventsingle.aspx?
EventID=414951; hereinafter referred to as House Natural Resources Committee October 2023 oversight hearing.
18 See the “Role of Congress” section for further discussion.
19 For a range of views, see House Natural Resources Committee October 2023 oversight hearing.
20 Stakeholders have disagreed about whether the OCSLA’s provisions at 43 U.S.C. §1344(a) would permit a zero-
lease program, and the question has not been tested in the courts, because no program has been finalized without any
scheduled sales.
21 BOEM press release, “Reflecting America’s Rapid and Accelerating Shift to Clean Energy, Interior Department
Announces Fewest Offshore Oil and Gas Lease Sales in History in Proposed Final Program for 2024–2029,”
September 29, 2023, at https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/reflecting-americas-rapid-and-accelerating-shift-clean-
energy-interior-department.
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one expired, allowing a new leasing schedule to take effect immediately.22 By contrast, after the
expiration of the 2017-2022 program, the federal government experienced a gap between leasing
programs. Despite the gap, some lease sales took place after the expiration of the 2017-2022
program, owing to the IRA provisions (discussed above) that required BOEM to conduct three
sales.
It is unclear how the gap experienced between the 2017-2022 program and the 2024-2029
program may interact with requirements of the OCSLA. The OCSLA states that the Secretary of
the Interior must “prepare and periodically revise, and maintain an oil and gas leasing program.”23
Stakeholders have differed in their interpretations of the extent to which this and other language
in the act would require that a program must continuously be in force.24 Some bills introduced in
the 117th and 118th Congresses would explicitly prohibit a future gap between five-year
programs.25 These bills would mandate required timing for the Secretary of the Interior to begin
preparation of a new program and to approve a final version.
In addition to questions about the timing for publication of the 2024-2029 program, some
Members of Congress have raised questions about BOEM’s timing with respect to preparing for
individual lease sales in the program, especially lease sales occurring toward the start of the
program period.26 Typically, BOEM initiates planning and environmental compliance for
proposed sales in a new program before the program is finalized,27 because the planning process
involves multiple steps that may take up to two years to complete.28 For the 2024-2029 program,
BOEM published initial planning notices for the program’s individual lease sales along with the
PFP, which is later than is typical.29 Some Members have expressed concern that the later-than-

22 An exception is the transition to the 2012-2017 program. The 2012-2017 PFP was published on June 28, 2012, two
days before the previous program expired, but because of the required 60-day waiting period before final secretarial
approval, the program did not officially take effect until August 27, 2012 (BOEM, “2012-2017 OCS Oil and Gas
Leasing Program,” at https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/leasing/2012-2017-ocs-oil-and-gas-leasing-program).
However, this timing still allowed for the program’s first scheduled sale to be held as planned in November 2012.
23 43 U.S.C. §1344(a).
24 For the view that the OCSLA prohibits a gap between programs, see DOI Solicitor’s Memorandum M-37062,
“Secretarial Discretion in Promulgating a National Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing Program,” January 13,
2021, at https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/m-37062.pdf; hereinafter cited as January 2021 DOI Solicitor’s
Memorandum. This memorandum, issued toward the end of the Trump Administration, was withdrawn during the
Biden Administration. For the view that the OCSLA does not clearly prohibit a gap between programs, see remarks of
Earthjustice attorney Brettny Hardy in “Biden faces legal fight over delayed offshore leasing plan,” EnergyWire, April
21, 2022, at https://www.eenews.net/articles/biden-faces-legal-fight-over-delayed-offshore-leasing-plan/.
25 See, for example, H.R. 1 and H.R. 2811 in the 118th Congress and H.R. 6858, H.R. 7012, S. 3214, and S. 3752 in the
117th Congress. Also see the “Role of Congress” section.
26 See remarks of Rep. Bruce Westerman and Rep. Garret Graves at House Committee on Natural Resources,
Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources, “Examining the President’s FY 2024 Budget Request for the Bureau
of Ocean Energy Management, the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, and the U.S. Geological
Survey,” oversight hearing, April 26, 2023, at https://naturalresources.house.gov/calendar/eventsingle.aspx?EventID=
413082, hereinafter referred to as House Natural Resources Committee April 2023 budget hearing.
27 For example, the 2017-2022 program was finalized on January 17, 2017, but BOEM issued a call for information and
nominations for some proposed sales in the program on September 4, 2015 (80 Federal Register 53565) and a notice of
availability of a draft environmental impact statement for these sales on April 22, 2016 (81 Federal Register 23700).
The 2012-2017 program was finalized on August 27, 2012, but BOEM issued a call for information and nominations
for proposed sales in the program on November 18, 2011 (76 Federal Register 71595) and a notice of availability of a
draft environmental impact statement for these sales on December 30, 2011 (76 Federal Register 82296).
28 For a diagram showing steps in the process, see BOEM, “OCS Oil and Gas Leasing, Exploration, and Development
Process,” at https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/oil-and-gas-energy-program/Leasing/Five-Year-Program/2017-
2022/Process-Diagram.pdf.
29 BOEM, “Call for Information and Nominations for Western, Central, and Eastern Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental
Shelf Oil and Gas Lease Sales for 2024-2029,” 88 Federal Register 67801, October 2, 2023; and BOEM, “Notice of
Intent To Prepare a Gulf of Mexico Regional Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Programmatic Environmental Impact
Statement,” 88 Federal Register 67803, October 2, 2023.
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usual initiation of planning steps for proposed sales could result in delays in executing the
scheduled sales.30 The BOEM Director stated in hearing testimony that BOEM feels “confident
we can complete [the NEPA process] before the scheduled lease sale in 2025.”31
Regional Leasing Decisions
Under the OCSLA, BOEM must take into account economic, social, and environmental values in
making its leasing decisions.32 The balancing of these factors could lead to various decisions
regarding leasing in each of the four OCS regions—the Atlantic, Pacific, Alaska, and Gulf of
Mexico regions—and their component planning areas. The regional leasing choices made by the
Biden Administration in the PP and final program differ from those made by the Trump
Administration in its DPP. Whereas the DPP proposed lease sales in all four regions and in every
available planning area (where leasing is not prohibited by executive or congressional action), the
final program schedules sales only in the Gulf of Mexico region (Figure 1).
Gulf of Mexico Region
Almost all U.S. offshore oil and gas production takes place in the Gulf of Mexico.33 The Gulf has
the most mature oil and gas development infrastructure of the four planning regions and some of
the highest concentrations of oil and gas resources, according to BOEM estimates.34
Based on the OCSLA’s required analysis of economic, environmental, and social factors,35
BOEM determined that three Gulf sales over the five-year period would “best … meet national
energy needs.”36 The final number was selected from options considered in the earlier PP for as
many as 10, or as few as zero, Gulf lease sales. BOEM determined that, compared with a zero-
sale program, the three-sale choice would bring higher “net benefits for the American public,”
because “substitute energy sources would be needed to meet projections for continued domestic
oil and natural gas demand” under a zero-sale program, and “reliance on these [substitute]
sources is estimated to result in less net economic value, greater environmental and social costs,
and reduced net consumer surplus.”37 BOEM further noted that the IRA requires continued oil
and gas leasing in order to enable offshore wind lease issuance (see discussion above). However,
BOEM determined that three sales rather than the earlier-proposed maximum of 10 would

30 See, for example, remarks of Rep. Pete Stauber, Rep. Garret Graves, and Rep. Bruce Westerman at House Natural
Resources Committee April 2023 budget hearing; and remarks of Rep. Pete Stauber at House Natural Resources
Committee October 2023 oversight hearing.
31 Testimony of BOEM Director Liz Klein at House Natural Resources Committee October 2023 oversight hearing.
32 43 U.S.C. §1344(a). Factors that the Secretary of the Interior must consider include the geographical, geological, and
ecological characteristics of the regions; the relative environmental and other natural resource considerations of the
regions; the relative interest of oil and natural gas producers in the regions; and the laws, goals, and policies of the
states that would be affected by offshore exploration and production in the regions, among others. Leasing also must be
conducted to ensure the federal government receives fair market value for leased tracts.
33 The Gulf accounts for more than 99% of U.S. offshore oil and gas production. BOEM, 2024-2029 PFP, p. 3.
34 BOEM, “Assessment of Undiscovered Technically Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources of the Nation’s Outer
Continental Shelf,” 2021, at https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/oil-gas-energy/resource-evaluation/
2021_National_Assessment_Map_BTU.pdf; hereinafter cited as BOEM, 2021 UTRR map. BOEM estimates the
undiscovered, technically recoverable resources (UTRR) for each region—resources that could be produced using
conventional techniques without any economic considerations. BOEM estimates the Gulf of Mexico to have the highest
UTRR of any OCS region with regard to oil; the Gulf is second to the Alaska region in terms of UTRR for natural gas.
35 43 U.S.C. §1344(a).
36 BOEM, 2024-2029 PFP, p. 5.
37 BOEM, 2024-2029 PFP, p. 6. BOEM defines “net economic value” as “the discounted gross revenues from the
produced oil and natural gas minus the private costs required to realize the economic value of the resources” (2024-
2029 PFP, chapter 5, p. 19), and “consumer surplus” as “the shift in consumer welfare that results from a change in
energy prices minus the loss to domestic energy producers from the same price change” (chapter 5, p. 26).
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“provide adequate access to the region’s oil and gas resources to meet national energy needs.”38
Some Members of Congress and other stakeholders contend that three Gulf sales in the 2024-
2029 period will be insufficient to meet U.S. energy needs and will compromise U.S. energy
security by forcing reliance on energy from foreign countries such as Russia, China, and Iran.39
By contrast, other Members and stakeholders argue that the three planned Gulf sales are too many
and represent a long-term investment in fossil fuels that compromises climate goals.40
BOEM further noted that, depending on future sale-specific analysis, the three planned lease sales
might include only “targeted” areas within the Gulf, rather than the entire Gulf program area.41
For example, a targeted approach could exclude “acreage that has not recently had extensive
bidding, exploration, or development activity”; “biologically sensitive areas”; and “areas of
potential conflict with other uses and users of the marine environment.”42 One type of acreage
exclusion that could potentially be considered relates to the Rice’s whale in the Gulf of Mexico.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) National Marine Fisheries
Service (NMFS) has issued a proposed rule to designate critical habitat for the Rice’s whale under
the Endangered Species Act.43 In planning for Lease Sale 261 under requirements of the IRA,
BOEM excluded certain lease blocks totaling approximately 6 million acres in the northern part
of the Gulf based on “recent limited evidence show[ing] that the Rice’s whale may be present in
this area.”44 In response to a September 2023 court order,45 BOEM revised the sale to include the
previously removed areas. Some legislation in the 118th Congress would limit or set conditions
for BOEM and NMFS actions related to the Rice’s whale.46
The Gulf program area scheduled for leasing in the 2024-2029 final program does not include the
Eastern Gulf near the state of Florida. The Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act of 2006

38 Ibid.
39 See, for example, Rep. Garret Graves, “Graves Statement on U.S. Department of the Interior’s Offshore Energy
Development Plan,” September 29, 2023, at https://garretgraves.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/graves-
statement-us-department-interiors-offshore-energy-development; Sen. Joe Manchin, “Manchin Statement on the New
Five-Year Oil and Gas Offshore Leasing Plan,” September 29, 2023, at https://www.manchin.senate.gov/newsroom/
press-releases/manchin-statement-on-the-new-five-year-oil-and-gas-offshore-leasing-plan; and National Ocean
Industries Association, “New Federal Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Program Utter Failure for the Country,” September
29, 2023, at https://www.noia.org/federal-offshore-oil-gas-leasing-program/.
40 See, for example, Rep. Jared Huffman, Rep. Raúl Grijalva, and Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, “Ranking Members
Huffman, Grijalva, Ocasio-Cortez React to New 5-Year Offshore Oil & Gas Leasing Plan,” September 29, 2023, at
https://huffman.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/ranking-members-huffman-grijalva-ocasio-cortez-react-to-new-
5-year-offshore-oil-and-gas-leasing-plan; and Center for Biological Diversity, “Biden Offshore Drilling Plan Exposes
U.S., Climate to More Harm,” September 29, 2023, at https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press-releases/biden-
offshore-drilling-plan-exposes-us-climate-to-more-harm-2023-09-29/.
41 BOEM, 2024-2029 PFP, p. 7.
42 Ibid. A potential issue in narrowing the lease sales to targeted areas is that, if fewer than 60 million offshore acres
were offered for oil and gas leasing in a given year, the IRA’s conditions for subsequent offshore wind leasing would
not be met.
43 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), “Endangered and Threatened Species; Designation of
Critical Habitat for the Rice’s Whale,” proposed rule, 88 Federal Register 47453. For information on the Endangered
Species Act (16 U.S.C. §§1531-1544), see CRS Report R46677, The Endangered Species Act: Overview and
Implementation, by Pervaze A. Sheikh and Erin H. Ward.
44 Department of the Interior, Record of Decision for Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Lease Sale
261, August 22, 2023, at https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/oil-gas-energy/leasing/
GOM%20LS%20261%20ROD_signed.pdf.
45 Louisiana v. Haaland, No. 2:23-CV-01157, 2023 WL 6450134 (W.D. La. Sept. 21, 2023).
46 See H.R. 6008 in the 118th Congress. Also, the Rules Committee Print for H.R. 5893, the Commerce, Justice,
Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024 (https://rules.house.gov/sites/republicans.rules118.house.gov/
files/CJS%20RCP%20FINAL_xml.pdf), contains Section 602 stating that no funds made available by the act may be
used by NOAA to enforce any vessel speed restriction for the North Atlantic right whale or the Rice’s whale that was
not in place prior to January 20, 2021.
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(GOMESA) prohibited oil and gas leasing in a defined area of the Gulf off the Florida coast.47
Although the GOMESA moratorium expired on June 30, 2022, President Trump effectively
extended this moratorium through June 2032 by withdrawing this area from leasing consideration
until that time, using his presidential authority under Section 12(a) of the OCSLA.48 Some
Members of Congress and other stakeholders wish to make the Eastern Gulf leasing moratorium
permanent. Among other concerns, they contend that oil and gas leasing in Gulf waters around
Florida could damage the state’s beaches and fisheries, which support strong tourism and fishing
industries, and could jeopardize mission-critical defense activities such as those at Pensacola’s
Eglin Air Force Base. By contrast, others have advocated for shrinking the area covered by the
ban, or eliminating the ban before its scheduled expiration date. They emphasize the economic
significance of oil and gas resources off the Florida coast and contend that development would
create jobs, strengthen the state and national economies, and contribute to U.S. energy security.
Alaska Region
Congress has debated offshore leasing in the Alaska region. Decreases in the areal extent of
summer polar ice, along with estimates of substantial undiscovered oil and gas resources in Arctic
waters, have contributed to increased interest by some in offshore oil and gas exploration in the
region.49 However, the region’s severe weather and perennial sea ice, and its relative lack of
infrastructure to extract and transport offshore oil and gas, continue to pose technical and
financial challenges to new exploration. Previous periods of low energy prices have diminished
short-term incentives for development in the Alaska region because Alaskan production is
relatively costly. Among Alaska’s 15 BOEM planning areas, the Beaufort Sea and Cook Inlet are
the only two areas with existing federal leases, and only the Beaufort Sea has producing wells in
federal waters. Some stakeholders, including the State of Alaska and some Members of Congress,
seek to expand offshore oil and gas activities in the region. Other Members of Congress and
many environmental groups oppose offshore oil and gas drilling in the region, due to concerns
about potential oil spills and the possible contributions of these activities to climate change.

47 P.L. 109-432. For more information on GOMESA, see CRS Report R46195, Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act
(GOMESA): Background and Current Issues, by Laura B. Comay. Specifically, GOMESA banned oil and gas leasing
in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico Planning Area within 125 miles of the coast of Florida, in all areas in the Gulf of Mexico
east of a prescribed “Military Mission Line,” and in the part of the Central Gulf of Mexico Planning Area that is within
100 miles of Florida, through June 30, 2022. This report refers to the GOMESA moratorium area as the “Eastern Gulf”
moratorium area for simplicity.
48 President Trump withdrawal memorandum, September 8, 2020. Section 12(a) of the OCSLA (43 U.S.C. §1341(a))
provides that “[t]he President of the United States may, from time to time, withdraw from disposition any of the
unleased lands of the outer Continental Shelf.”
49 For more information, see the section on “Oil, Gas, and Mineral Exploration” in CRS Report R41153, Changes in
the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress, coordinated by Ronald O'Rourke.
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Five-Year Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Program: Status and Issues in Brief

The Trump Administration had stated its interest in promoting offshore development in the
Alaska region, and the 2019-2024 DPP scheduled lease sales in all 15 Alaska planning areas.
Among others, the DPP included three sales in the Beaufort Sea and three in the Chukchi Sea, the
areas of the Alaska region estimated to have the highest concentrations of undiscovered oil and
gas resources.50 (Industry interest in some other Alaska region planning areas may be lower, as
many are thought to have relatively low or negligible petroleum potential.) However, the Beaufort
and Chukchi Sea planning areas are now withdrawn indefinitely from leasing disposition
following a March 2019 judicial ruling and executive actions by President Biden.51 The Biden
Administration’s PP included a potential sale in one Alaska planning area—Cook Inlet—which is
adjacent to existing areas of natural gas production in state waters. However, the final program
removed this lease sale, based on “limited expressed interest of potential oil and gas producers,
the lack of development on existing OCS leases, and the potential for higher environmental risks
associated with new leasing in relatively undeveloped areas.”52 As required by the IRA, on
December 30, 2022, BOEM held a Cook Inlet lease sale originally scheduled under the 2017-
2022 program, which received one bid.53
Supporters of increased leasing in the Alaska OCS region contend that growth in offshore oil and
gas development is critical for Alaska’s economic health as the state’s onshore oil fields mature.
They further assert that offshore energy development in the region could play a growing role
nationally by reducing U.S. dependence on oil and gas imports and supporting U.S. interests in
the Arctic economy as other nations, including Russia and China, invest in Arctic projects. These
stakeholders contend that oil and gas activities can be conducted safely in the region and point to
a history of successful well drilling in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas in the 1980s and 1990s.
Those who favor few or no Alaska offshore lease sales, by contrast, are concerned that it would
be challenging to respond to a major oil spill in the region, because of the icy conditions and lack
of spill-response infrastructure.54 Opponents of increased leasing in the region also express
concern that it would represent a long-term investment in oil and gas as an energy source, which
could slow national efforts to address climate change. They contend, too, that new leasing
opportunities are unnecessary, since industry has pulled back on investing in the Alaska region.55
Others assert, however, that tepid industry interest in the region has been due more to the overly
demanding federal regulatory environment than to market conditions.56
Among those favoring expanded leasing in the region are some Alaska Native communities, who
see offshore development as a source of jobs and investment in financially struggling localities.
Other Alaska Native communities have opposed offshore leasing, citing concerns about

50 BOEM, 2021 UTRR map.
51 League of Conservation Voters v. Trump, 363 F.Supp.3d 1013 (D.Alaska 2019); Executive Order 13990, “Protecting
Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis,” Section 4(b), January 20,
2021, 86 Federal Register 7037; and Presidential Memorandum, “Withdrawal of Certain Areas Off the United States
Arctic Coast of the Outer Continental Shelf from Oil or Gas Leasing,” March 13, 2023.
52 2024-2029 PFP, p. 7.
53 BOEM, “Lease Sale 258,” at https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/leasing/lease-sale-258.
54 For more information, see CRS Report R41153, Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress,
coordinated by Ronald O'Rourke, sections on “Oil, Gas, and Mineral Exploration” and “Oil Pollution and Response.”
The Obama Administration issued Arctic offshore drilling regulations that focused on ways in which companies would
need to compensate for the lack of spill-response infrastructure, such as by having a separate rig available at drill sites
to drill a relief well in case of a loss of well control. DOI, “Requirements for Exploratory Drilling on the Arctic Outer
Continental Shelf,” 81 Federal Register 46477, July 15, 2016.
55 For example, the 2017-2022 final program stated that active leases on the Arctic OCS had declined by more than
90% between February 2016 and November 2016, as companies relinquished leases in the face of low oil prices and
Shell Oil Company’s disappointing exploratory drilling effort in the Chukchi Sea in 2015 (2017-2022 PFP, p. S-7).
56 For more information, see CRS Report R41153, Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress,
coordinated by Ronald O'Rourke, section on “Oil, Gas, and Mineral Exploration.”
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Five-Year Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Program: Status and Issues in Brief

environmental threats to subsistence lifestyles. Alaska’s governor submitted comments on the PP
supporting additional sales in Cook Inlet and analysis of potential leasing in the Beaufort and
Chukchi Seas despite the leasing withdrawals.57
Atlantic Region
No offshore oil and gas lease sales have occurred in the Atlantic region since 1983, due in part to
congressional bans on Atlantic leasing in annual Interior appropriations acts from FY1983 to
FY2008, along with presidential leasing withdrawals for the region during those years. Starting
with FY2009, Congress no longer included an Atlantic leasing moratorium in appropriations acts.
In 2008, President George W. Bush also removed the long-standing administrative withdrawal for
the region.58 These changes meant that lease sales could potentially be conducted for the Atlantic.
However, no Atlantic lease sale has taken place in the intervening years.59
Political leaders in the Atlantic states, and stakeholders within each state, disagree about whether
oil and gas drilling should occur in the region.60 Supporters of leasing contend that oil and gas
development would lower energy costs for regional consumers, bring jobs and economic
investment, and strengthen U.S. energy security. Opponents express concerns that oil and gas
development would undermine national and state clean energy goals and that oil spills could
threaten coastal communities. Also of concern for leasing opponents is the potential for oil and
gas activities to damage the tourism and fishing industries in the Atlantic region and to conflict
with military and space-related activities of the Department of Defense and National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA). In recent years, the Atlantic region has been a focus for
BOEM’s offshore wind leasing; some see this as potentially compatible with oil and gas
development, some favor one or the other type of energy for the region, and some oppose both
wind and oil and gas development as conflicting with other uses of the Atlantic.61
The Trump Administration’s DPP proposed nine lease sales for the Atlantic region, including
sales in all Atlantic region planning areas. However, subsequent to publication of the DPP,
President Trump withdrew from leasing consideration, from July 2022 through June 2032, certain
waters off of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.62 Thus, these areas were no
longer eligible for consideration in the later program stages. The PP and final program, while
analyzing several options, included no Atlantic lease sales. The PP stated that “frontier areas”
such as the Atlantic, with no recent history of leasing, are less certain to yield production benefits
than the better-explored Gulf of Mexico, would require higher-impact infrastructure buildout, and
would likely be of lower interest to industry “under a scenario in which domestic fossil energy
needs fall in response to global decarbonization.”63

57 Letter from Alaska Governor Mike Dunleavy to BOEM, October 6, 2022, at https://www.regulations.gov/comment/
BOEM-2022-0031-6328.
58 President George W. Bush, “Memorandum on Modification of the Withdrawal of Certain Areas of the United States
Outer Continental Shelf from Leasing Disposition,” Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 44 (July 14, 2008).
59 An Atlantic lease sale (Sale #220) was scheduled in the five-year program for 2007-2012, but it was canceled by
then-Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar following the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. See BOEM, “Virginia
Lease Sale 220 Information,” at https://www.boem.gov/Oil-and-Gas-Energy-Program/Leasing/Regional-Leasing/Gulf-
of-Mexico-Region/Lease-Sales/220/Virginia-Lease-Sale-220-Information.aspx.
60 See, for example, summaries of state comments in the 2019-2024 DPP, pp. A-19 to A-23; and PP, pp. A-10 to A-16.
61 For more information on offshore wind leasing, see CRS Report R46970, U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Development:
Overview and Issues for the 118th Congress, by Laura B. Comay and Corrie E. Clark.
62 President Trump withdrawal memorandum, September 8, 2020; and President Donald Trump, “Presidential
Determination on the Withdrawal of Certain Areas of the United States Outer Continental Shelf from Leasing
Disposition,” September 25, 2020, at https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-
determination-withdrawal-certain-areas-united-states-outer-continental-shelf-leasing-disposition/.
63 2023-2028 PP, p. 4.
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link to page 13 link to page 13 Five-Year Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Program: Status and Issues in Brief

Pacific Region
The DPP proposed seven lease sales in the Pacific region, including sales in all of the region’s
planning areas, but the PP and final program contained no Pacific lease sales. No federal oil and
gas lease sales have been held for the Pacific since 1984, although active leases with production
remain in the Southern California planning area.64 As in the Atlantic region, the Pacific region
was subject to congressional and presidential leasing moratoria for much of the past 40 years.65
These restrictions were lifted in FY2009, but no lease sales have since taken place for the Pacific.
The governors of California, Oregon, and Washington have expressed their opposition to new
offshore oil and gas leasing in the region.66 (Administratively, the Pacific region also includes the
state of Hawaii, but Hawaii is not part of the oil and gas leasing program because no known
hydrocarbon resources are present offshore of the state.)
Congressional stakeholders have disagreed over whether oil and gas leasing should occur in the
Pacific. Members of Congress who favor broad oil and gas leasing across the entire OCS have
introduced legislation in previous Congresses that would have required BOEM to hold sales in
the Pacific region.67 Members concerned about environmental damage from oil and gas activities
in the region have introduced legislation that would permanently prohibit Pacific oil and gas
leasing.68
Role of Congress
Congress can influence the Administration’s development and implementation of a five-year
program by submitting public comments during formal comment periods, by evaluating programs
in committee oversight hearings, and, more directly, by enacting legislation with program
requirements.69 Some Members of Congress have pursued these types of influence with respect to
the 2024-2029 program. For example, Members submitted public comments on both the PP and
DPP, and committees in both chambers held oversight hearings to examine BOEM’s
recommendations in the PFP.70

64 A federal oil and natural gas lease is for a specific 5-10 year period, but if a discovery is made within the term of the
lease, the lease is extended for as long as oil and/or natural gas is produced in paying quantities or approved drilling
operations are conducted.
65 Different portions of the Pacific region were subject to different restrictions during this period.
66 See, for example, 2023-2028 PP, pp. A-6 to A-9.
67 See, for example, H.R. 1487 and S. 791 in the 114th Congress.
68 See, for example, H.R. 653, H.R. 3048, and S. 58 in the 117th Congress. For 118th Congress bills, see the “Role of
Congress” section.
69 Congress also has a role under the OCSLA of reviewing each five-year program once it is finalized, but the OCSLA
does not require that Congress directly approve the final program in order for it to be implemented. Congress could
make changes to the final program during or after the 60-day review period through legislation.
70 For Members’ comments on the DPP, see 2023-2028 PP, pp. A-125 to A-133. For Members’ comments on the PP,
see 2024-2029 PFP, pp. A-57 to A-58. For the oversight hearings, see House Natural Resources Committee October
2023 oversight hearing; and Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Full Committee Hearing to Examine
Federal Offshore Energy Strategy and Policies, October 26, 2023, at https://www.energy.senate.gov/hearings/2023/10/
full-committee-hearing-to-examine-federal-offshore-energy-strategy-and-policies.
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Five-Year Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Program: Status and Issues in Brief

Some Members also have proposed legislative modifications to the five-year program. One
measure, the IRA (P.L. 117-169), was enacted in the 117th Congress. As discussed above, the IRA
required that BOEM conduct remaining lease sales from the 2017-2022 program despite the
program’s expiration, and it conditioned future offshore wind leasing on minimum levels of oil
and gas lease sales under the five-year program. In the 118th Congress, House-passed H.R. 1 and
H.R. 2811 would mandate at least two annual oil and gas lease sales for both the Gulf of Mexico
and Alaska regions, and other 118th Congress bills also contain provisions for ongoing sales in
one or both of these regions (H.R. 356, H.R. 1335, H.R. 1559, H.R. 5616, S. 879, S. 1456, S.
2389). Many of these bills would additionally require that future five-year programs be prepared
and approved within a timeframe that would prevent gaps between programs. The House
Committee on Natural Resources ordered reported H.R. 5616, which (as amended in markup)
would require certain lease sales in the Gulf of Mexico and Alaska regions over the next five
years beyond those currently planned in the PFP, and would set lease terms and conditions for
judicial review of those sales. H.R. 1559 would allow state governors to nominate areas for
inclusion in a five-year program. H.R. 1067 and H.R. 2811 would limit judicial authority to
vacate lease sales under a program. H.R. 923 would facilitate wider options for leasing by
restricting the President’s authority to withdraw areas from leasing consideration. By contrast,
other bills in the 118th Congress—H.R. 470, H.R. 956, H.R. 970, H.R. 1172, H.R. 1320, H.R.
1327, H.R. 1443, H.R. 3978, H.R. 4030, H.R. 4031, H.R. 6212, S. 22, S. 279, S. 617, S. 3201—
would establish new moratoria or extend existing moratoria on oil and gas leasing, thus curtailing
leasing options in the current program and future five-year programs. Some of these bills would
permanently prohibit leasing in large areas, such as throughout the Pacific or Atlantic regions.
H.R. 4936 and S. 3026 would repeal the IRA provision that requires a minimum level of oil and
gas leasing to enable wind lease issuance.
Notwithstanding the final approval of the 2024-2029 program, Congress could affect the program
by pursuing bills such as these or other legislation. Alternatively, Congress could choose not to
intervene, allowing the new program to proceed as approved by the Secretary of the Interior.

Author Information
Laura B. Comay

Specialist in Natural Resources Policy

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
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