Contents

• Status of FY2019 Agriculture Appropriations
• Scope of Agriculture Appropriations
• Recent Trends in Agriculture Appropriations
• Action on FY2019 Appropriations
• Administration's Budget Request
• Discretionary Budget Caps and Subcommittee Allocations
• House Action
• 115^th Congress (2018)
• 116^th Congress (2019)
• Senate Action
• 115^th Congress (2018)
• Continuing Resolutions
• Government Shutdown
Senate Action
• Continuing Resolutions
• Government Shutdown
• Agency Exceptions to Maintain Operations
• Suspended Activities
• FY2019 Consolidated Appropriations Act
• Policy-Related Provisions

Summary

The Agriculture appropriations bill funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) except for the Forest Service. It also funds the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and—in even-numbered fiscal years—the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).

Agriculture appropriations include both mandatory and discretionary spending. Discretionary amounts, though, are the primary focus during the bill's development. The largest discretionary spending items are the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); agricultural research; FDA; rural development; FDA; foreign food aid and trade; farm assistance programsprogram salaries and loans; food safety inspection; conservation; and animal and plant health programs. The main mandatory spending items are the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), child nutrition, crop insurance, and the farm commodity and conservation programs.

For FY2019, both the House and Senate Appropriations Committees reported agriculture bills (H.R. 5961, S. 2976) in May 2018. The Senate amended and passed its version as Division C of a four-bill minibus on August 1, 2018 (H.R. 6147). In the absence of a final appropriation, Congress enacted two continuing resolutions, but these expired on December 21, 2018 (P.L. 115-245, Division C; and P.L. 115-298). Beginning December 22, 2018, a partial government shutdown (funding lapse) began limiting operations. Some "excepted" functions such as food safety and commodity grading can continue during the funding lapse. In the 116^th Congress, the House passed H.R. 21, a six-bill omnibus with Agriculture as Division C.

The Trump Administration requested $17 billion for discretionary-funded accounts within the jurisdiction of Agriculture appropriations, a reduction of $6.2 billion from FY2018 (-27%). Both the House-reported and Senate-passed bills generally reject most of the proposed reductions.

The discretionary total of the House-reported bill is $23.23 billion, which would be $14 million less than enacted in FY2018 (-0.1%). The discretionary total of the Senate-passed bill is also $23.23 billion. However, the Senate bill's total would be $229 million more than enacted in FY2018 (+1%) on a comparable basis that excludes the CFTC. The Senate-passed bill would provide about $250 million more than the House-passed bill on a comparable basis.

Among the primary differences between the bills and from FY2018: Both the House and Senate bills would increase FDA appropriations (+$308 million in the House bill; +$159 million in the Senate bill). Both bills increase appropriations for animal and plant health programs (+$16 million to +$19 million). The House bill would provide more base funding for rural water and waste disposal (+$81 million), but none of the extra that was provided separately in FY2018. The Senate bill would not change the base funding for rural water but continues $400 million of the extra funding. For rural broadband, both the House and Senate bills would continue a FY2018 pilot ($550 million in the House bill; $425 million in the Senate bill). The House bill would increase agricultural research (+$79 million), and the Senate bill would increase Agricultural Research Service programming (+98 million) but not fund any construction (-$141 million). Both bills provide less for WIC (-$175 million in the House bill, and -$25 million in the Senate bill), though the Senate bill has a larger rescission from prior-year WIC funds than does the House bill. The House bill would reduce base funding for the international Food for Peace program (-$100 million) and does not renew extra funding (-$116 million), while the Senate bill keeps it constant.

The appropriations also carry mandatory spending—largely determined in separate authorizing laws—that would total $122 billion. Thus, the overall total of both bills is about $145 billion.

Both bills contain policy provisions affecting disaster programs, rural definitions, industrial hemp, animal products, nutrition programs, dietary guidelines, CFTC, and tobacco products.

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Status of FY2019 Agriculture Appropriations

In the absence of a final appropriation, FY2019 began under two continuing resolutions that lasted until December 21, 2018 (Table 1). Beginning December 22, a partial government shutdown began limiting operations. Some "excepted" functions can continue during the funding lapse. On January 3, 2019, the House passed an omnibus bill (H.R. 21) to reopen the government, using the text of a Senate-passed bill from the 115^th Congress.

In 2018, both the House and Senate Appropriations Committees reported Agriculture appropriations bills for FY2019 (H.R. 5961 on May 16, 2018, and S. 2976 on May 24, 2018). The Senate amended and passed its version as Division C of a four-bill minibus (H.R. 6147 on August 1, 2018). See Figure 1 and Appendix B for a more complete picture of the timeline.

Higher discretionary budget caps in the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-123) have facilitated development of the appropriation. The discretionary total of the House-reported bill was $23.23 billion, $14 million less than enacted in FY2018 (-0.1%; Table 2). The discretionary total of the Senate-passed bill was also $23.23 billion, $229 million more than enacted in FY2018 (+1%) on a comparable basis that excludes the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).¹ The Senate-passed bill would have provided about $250 million more than the House-reported bill on a comparable basis.

The appropriations also carry mandatory spending—though that is largely determined in separate authorizing laws—that would total nearly $122 billion. Thus, the overall total of each of the bills is about $145 billion.

animal and plant health programs; and salaries and expenses for administering conservation programs.

On February 15, 2019, Congress passed and the President signed the FY2019 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 116-6, H.Rept. 116-9). This action, more than four months into the fiscal year, followed three continuing resolutions and a 34-day partial government shutdown.

The official discretionary total of the enacted FY2019 Agriculture appropriation is $23.03 billion, which is $35 million more than enacted in FY2018 (+0.2%) on a comparable basis that excludes the CFTC. The enacted total is $6.3 billion more than the Administration requested (+38%), $55 million more than was proposed in the House-reported bill (+0.2%), but $194 million less than in the Senate-passed bill (-0.8%).

Among the primary differences that account for the overall $35 million discretionary increase for FY2019 over FY2018 are an increase in agricultural research (mostly for construction) by $387 million (+13%) to $3.4 billion, an increase in FDA appropriations by $269 million (+10%) to $3.1 billion, an increase in WIC funding by a net $200 million (accounting for changes in the amount of carryover balances rescinded and in the base appropriation), an increase in five other program areas by a combined $78 million, and a decrease in rural development by reducing extra appropriations that were made in FY2018 for water and wastewater programs (-$425 million) and rural broadband (-$475 million).

The appropriation also carries $129 billion of mandatory spending that is largely determined in separate authorizing laws. The mandatory spending increased by $6 billion not because of congressional action this year but because of changing economic and program conditions. The annual change was mostly due to higher costs for crop insurance (+$6.5 billion), greater reimbursement for the Commodity Credit Corporation (+1.1 billion), and lower outlays for child nutrition (-$1.1 billion) and SNAP (-$0.5 billion). With mandatory and discretionary spending appropriations combined, the FY2019 agriculture total is nearly $152 billion.

The Consolidated Appropriations Act and its underlying bills also contain policy provisions that affect how the appropriation is delivered. These provisions affect disaster programs, rural definitions, industrial hemp, animal regulations, nutrition programs, dietary guidelines, CFTC, and tobacco products.

Sequestration on mandatory accounts—a process that reduces federal spending through automatic across-the-board reductions—also continues to affect agriculture spending.

Status of FY2019 Agriculture Appropriations

Congress passed and the President signed the FY2019 Consolidated Appropriations Act on February 15, 2019 (P.L. 116-6, H.Rept. 116-9). This action, more than four months into the fiscal year, followed three continuing resolutions (CRs) and a 34-day partial government shutdown (Table 1). In 2018, both the House and Senate Appropriations Committees reported FY2019 Agriculture appropriations bills (H.R. 5961 on May 16, 2018, and S. 2976 on May 24, 2018). The Senate amended and passed its version as Division C of a four-bill minibus (H.R. 6147 on August 1, 2018). In January 2019, during the partial government shutdown, the House passed various combinations of agriculture appropriations bills in an attempt to reopen the government (H.R. 21, H.R. 265, H.R. 648). The Senate did not consider the measures until the Consolidated Appropriations Act moved in February 2019. See Figure 1 and Appendix B for more timeline context.

Figure 1. Timeline of Action on Agriculture Appropriations, FY1999-FY2019

Source: CRS.

Scope of Agriculture Appropriations

The Agriculture appropriations bill—formally known as the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act—funds all of USDA, excluding the U.S. Forest Service. It also funds the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). In and, in even-numbered fiscal years, the act carries CFTC funding under a practice for handling House-Senate jurisdictional differencesCFTC.

Jurisdiction is with the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations and their respective Subcommittees on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies. The bill includes mandatory and discretionary spending, but the discretionary amounts are the primary focus during the bill's development. The scope of the bill is shown in Figure 2.

The federal budget process treats discretionary and mandatory spending differently:²

• Discretionary spending is controlled by annual appropriations acts and receives most of the attention during the appropriations process. The annual budget resolution³ process sets spending limits for discretionary appropriations. Agency operations (salaries and expenses) and many grant programs are discretionary.
• Mandatory spending⁴—though carried in the appropriation and usually advanced unchanged—is controlled by budget rules during the authorization process.⁵ Spending for so-called entitlement programs is set in laws such as the 20142018 farm bill⁶ and 2010 child nutrition reauthorizations.⁷

In the FY2018FY2019 Agriculture appropriations act, discretionary appropriations were 16are 15% ($23.3 billion) of the $146152 billion total. Mandatory spending carried in the act comprised $123129 billion, about 8485% of the total. About $99106 billion of the $123129 billion mandatory amount could be attributedis attributable to programs in the 20142018 farm bill (Figure 2). Some programs are not in the authorizing jurisdiction of the House or Senate Agriculture Committees, such as FDA, WIC, or child nutrition (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Scope of Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations (FY2018FY2019 budget authority in billions of dollars)

Source: CRS. Does not show some agencies under $0.5 billion. Includes General Provisions with agencies. Notes: SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; CCC = Commodity Credit Corporation; FCIC = Federal Crop Insurance Corporation; Section 32 = Funds for Strengthening Markets, Income and Supply; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; CSFP = Commodity Supplemental Food Program; FDA = Food and Drug Administration; FSA = Farm Service Agency, including Farm Production and Conservation Business Center; RMA = Risk Management Agency; FSIS = Food Safety and Inspection Service; APHIS = Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; NRCS = Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Within the discretionary total, the largest discretionary spending items are the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); rural development; agricultural researchagricultural research; rural development; FDA; foreign food aid and trade; farm assistance program salaries and loans; food safety inspection; conservation; and animal and plant healthanimal and plant health programs; and salaries and expenses for the conservation programs (Figure 2).

The main mandatory spending items are the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, and other food and nutrition act programs), child nutrition (school lunch and related programs), crop insurance, and farm commodity and conservation programs that are paidfunded through USDA's Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC). SNAP is referred to as an "appropriated entitlement" and requires an annual appropriation.⁸ Amounts for the nutrition program are based on projected spending needs. In contrast, the CCC operates on a line of credit. The annual appropriation provides funding to reimburse the Treasury for the use of this line of credit.

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Recent Trends in Agriculture Appropriations

Over time, changes by title of the Agriculture appropriations bill have generally been proportionate to changes in the bill's total discretionary limit, though some activities have sustained relative increases and decreases. Agriculture appropriations peaked in FY2010, declined through FY2013, and since then have increasedhave been higher since then (Figure 3). Comparisons to historical benchmarks, though, may be affected by adjustments for tempered by inflation adjustments (Figure 4). In FY2018, USDA reorganization affected the placement of some programs between Titles I and II of the bill.

The stacked bars in Figure 3 represent the discretionary authorization for each appropriations title. The total of the positive stacked bars is the budget authority in Titles I-VI. Prior to FY2018, it was higher than the official discretionary spending allocation (the blue line) because of the budgetary offset from negative amounts in Title VII (general provisions) and other scorekeeping adjustments that were negative, mostly due to limits on mandatory programs and rescissions.

Figure 3. Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations, by Title, FY2009-FY2019

Source: CRS. Note: For FY2019, Adm. is the Administration's request, H.R. is committee-reported H.R. 5961 and, Sen. is Senate-passed H.R. 6147. Includes, and Final is P.L. 116-6. For consistency, includes CFTC in Related Agencies in all yearscolumns.

Figure 4. Inflation-Adjusted Agriculture Appropriations, FY2009-FY2019

Source: CRS. Note: For FY2019, Adm. is the Administration's request, H.R. is committee-reported H.R. 5961 and, Sen. is Senate-passed H.R. 6147. Includes, and Final is P.L. 116-6. For consistency, includes CFTC in Related Agencies in all yearscolumns. Budget authority is millions of dollars adjusted to FY2019 using the gross domestic product price deflator.

Action on FY2019 Appropriations

Administration's Budget Request

The Trump Administration released its FY2019 budget request on February 12, 2018,⁹ one week later than the usual first Monday in February..¹⁰ USDA concurrently released its more detailed budget summary and justification,¹⁰11 as did the FDA,¹¹12 and the independent agencies of the CFTC¹²13 and the Farm Credit Administration (FCA).¹³14 The Administration also highlighted some of the proposed reductions and eliminations separately.¹⁴15

From these documents, the congressional appropriations committees evaluated the request and began to consider their own bills in the spring of 2018. For accounts in the jurisdiction of the Agriculture appropriations bill, the Administration's budget proposed $17.4 billion, a 25% reduction from FY2018 (Table 2, Figure 3).

The timing of the Administration's budget request for FY2019 preceded Congress enacting the final, omnibus FY2018 appropriation in March 2018. Therefore, amounts in the FY2018 column of the Administration's budget documents are based on FY2017 and the continuing resolution and are not reliable indicators ofCR and are different from the enacted FY2018 levels that came later and as shown in this report.

Discretionary Budget Caps and Subcommittee Allocations

Budget enforcement for appropriations has both procedural and statutory elements.

The procedural elements are associated with the budget resolution and are enforced through points of order. Typically, each chamber's full Appropriations Committee receives a top-line procedural limit on discretionary budget authority, referred to as a "302(a)" allocation, from the Budget Committee via an annual budget resolution passed by each chamber. The Appropriations Committees then each in turn subdivide theirthe allocation among their subcommittees, referred to as the "302(b)" allocations.¹⁵16

The statutory elements impose limits on discretionary spending in FY2012-FY2021 and are enforced through discretionary budget caps and sequestration (2 U.S.C. 901(c)).¹⁶17 The Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA, P.L. 112-25) set discretionary budget caps through FY2021 as a way of reducing federal spending.¹⁷18 Bipartisan Budget Acts (BBAs) in 2013, 2015, and 2018 (P.L. 113-67, P.L. 114-74, and P.L. 115-123, respectively) have avoided sequestration on discretionary spending—with the exception of FY2013—by raising those caps (Appendix A).¹⁸

.¹⁹

In February 2018, the BBA raised the FY2019 cap on nondefense discretionary spending by $68 billion and the cap on defense spending by $85 billion.¹⁹20 It also provided language to execute (or "deem") those higher caps for the appropriations process without following the usual procedures for an FY2019 budget resolution.²⁰21

Under these higher caps and authorities, the House and Senate Appropriations Committees proceeded to mark up the FY2019 appropriations bills. The Agriculture appropriations bills are receiving roughly the same subcommittee allocation ("302(b)" allocation) in each chamber that was used to complete the FY2018 appropriation under the BBA. For FY2019, the subcommittee allocations for agriculture appropriations are

• House: $23.273 billion (H.Rept. 115-710, May 23, 2018), including the CFTC.
• Senate: $23.235 billion (S.Rept. 115-260, May 24, 2018), excluding the CFTC.

House Action

115^th Congress (2018)

Appendix A discusses budget sequestration and its effects on agriculture accounts. Sequestration of discretionary accounts occurred in FY2013. Sequestration on mandatory accounts began in FY2013, continues to the present, and has been extended by the Bipartisan Budget Acts. House Action

The House Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee marked up its FY2019 bill on May 9, 2018, by voice vote.²¹22 On May 16, 2018, the full Appropriations Committee passed and reported an amended bill (H.R. 5961, H.Rept. 115-706) by a vote of 31-20 (Table 1, Figure 1).

The $23.23 billion discretionary total in the House-reported FY2019 Agriculture appropriation would behave been $14 million less than enacted in FY2018 (-0.1%; Table 2, Figure 3). Generally speaking, the House-reported bill doesdid not include most of the reductions proposed by the Administration and continuescontinued the trend of appropriations from prior years.

Table 3 provides details at the agency level. The primary changes from FY2018 at the agency level that comprisethat comprised the relatively flat $14 million overall decrease in the House-reported bill would do the following:

• Increase—recognizing that some amounts for certain program areas were in the General Provisions—would have done the following:Increased base FDA appropriations by $308 million (+11%). However, it doesdid not continue to separate FDA funding for the opioid crisis that was in the General Provisions title of the FY2018 appropriation (-$94 million).
• IncreaseIncreased agricultural research (+$79 million, +2.6%) by raising appropriations for the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and National Institute of Agriculture (NIFA).
• IncreaseIncreased the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) by $16 million (+1.7%).
• IncreaseIncreased the Rural Utility Service by $82 million (+13%), mostly in thedue to higher base funding for rural water and waste disposal programs. However, it doesthe bill did not continue separate funding for rural water that was in the General Provisions title last year (-$500 million) or for telemedicine for the opioid crisis (-$20 million). It reduceswould have reduced separate funding for a broadband pilot program while continuing to fund some of it through the General Provisions title (-$50 million).
• DecreaseDecreased discretionary appropriations for domestic nutrition assistance programs by reducing WIC by $175 million (-2.8%) and the commodity assistance programs by $15 million (-4.7%). However, the reduction scored in the General Provisions title by rescinding WIC carryover balances iswas smaller in FY2019, retaining more budget authority (+$500 million).
• DecreaseDecreased the base funding in international food assistance Food for Peace grants by $100 million (-6.2%) and would not have continuednot continue the extra funding that was in the General Provisions title of the FY2018 appropriations (-$116 million).

In addition to discretionary spending, the appropriations also carryHouse-reported bill also carried funding for mandatory spending—largely determined in separate authorizing laws—that would totalhave totaled $121.82 billion, about $936 million less than in FY2018 because of automatic changes in economic conditions and entitlement enrollment rather than any change from congressional action. Thus, the overall total of the House-reported bill iswas about $145 billion.

116^th Congress (2019)

As the 116^th Congress began in 2019 under a funding gap (see the heading "Government Shutdown"), the House passed a six-bill full-year omnibus appropriation on January 3, 2019 (H.R. 21). The Agriculture appropriations portion is Division C of H.R. 21.

With little exception for agriculture, it is essentially identical to the Senate-passed Agriculture appropriations bill from the 115^th Congress (Division C of H.R. 6147; see under the heading "Senate Action").

• One funding difference is that the rescission from WIC is $501 million in Section 724 of H.R. 21, compared to $400 million in the same section of H.R. 6147.
• H.R. 21 does not contemplate enactment of the 2018 farm bill (P.L. 115-334) in December 2018 in various provisions that prescribe how funding should be implemented in light of 2014 farm bill provisions. For example, H.R. 21 would fund the "Assistant to the Secretary for Rural Development" under the Office of the Secretary rather than recognizing Section 12407 of the 2018 farm bill that reestablishes the Senate-confirmed position "Under Secretary of Agriculture for Rural Development."
• H.R. 21 follows Senate jurisdiction for CFTC by placing its funding with the Financial Services appropriation rather than in the Agriculture appropriations, as would be the custom for appropriations in House bills.

While the House text of Division C of H.R. 21 is essentially the Senate-passed Agriculture appropriations bill from the 115^th Congress, the Senate would need to reintroduce and consider the bill for the 116^th Congress.

Senate Action

115^th Congress (2018)

The Senate Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee marked up a FY2019 bill on May 22, 2018, by voice vote. On May 24, 2018, the Appropriations Committee

As the 116^th Congress began in 2019 under a funding gap (see the heading "Government Shutdown"), the House passed various combinations of appropriations bills in an attempt to reopen the government. The Senate did not consider the measures and waited until a compromise for the Consolidated Appropriation Act moved in February 2019.

• On January 3, 2019, the House passed a six-bill full-year omnibus appropriation (H.R. 21), with agriculture appropriations in Division C. With few exceptions, the bill for agriculture was essentially identical to the Senate-passed Agriculture appropriations bill from the 115^th Congress (Division C of H.R. 6147; see under the heading "Senate Action").²³
• On January 10, 2019, the House passed H.R. 265, a stand-alone Agriculture appropriations bill.
• On January 23—two days before agreement for a third CR reopened the government—the House passed H.R. 648, another six-bill omnibus appropriation with Agriculture appropriations in Division A.

Senate Action The Senate Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee initially marked up a FY2019 bill on May 22, 2018, by voice vote. On May 24, the full committee passed and reported an amended bill (S. 2976, S.Rept. 115-259) by a vote of 31-0. On August 1, 2018, the Senate passed a four-bill minibus (H.R. 6147) by a vote of 92-6, with agriculture as Division C (Table 1, Figure 1).

The discretionary total of the Senate-passed bill iswas also $23.23 billion. However, the Senate bill's total would behave been $229 million more than enacted in FY2018 (+1%) on a comparable basis that excludes the CFTC, since the latter was part of the enacted FY2018 appropriation. The Senate-passed bill would providehave provided about $250 million more than the House-reported bill would on a comparable basis computed by subtractingthat subtracted CFTC from the House bill.

Table 3 provides details at the agency level. The primary changes from FY2018 at the agency level that comprisecomprised the Senate-passed bill's overall $228 million increase arewere the following:

• IncreaseIncreased base FDA appropriations by $159 million (+6%). Like the House bill, it does not continuewould not have continued separate FDA funding for the opioid crisis that was in the General Provisions title of the FY2018 appropriation (-$94 million).
• IncreaseIncreased APHIS by $19 million (+1.9%), slightly more than the House bill.
• DecreaseDecreased discretionary appropriations for domestic nutrition assistance programs by reducing WIC by $25 million (-0.4%). This iswas a smaller reduction than in the House bill. In the rescissions in the General Provisions title, the reduction iswas smaller than was rescinded in FY2019FY2018 (+$400 million). Nonetheless, the Senate bill's rescission iswas greater than in the House bill.
• IncreaseIncreased international nutrition assistance by raising the base funding for Food for Peace grants by $116 million (+7.2%). The extra funding that was in the General Provisions title of the FY2018 appropriations iswas not continued (-$116 million).
• DecreaseDecreased funding for the four agricultural research agencies by $44 million (-1.4%), mostly by providing no funding for ARS building and facilities (-$141 million), while increasing ARS salaries and expenses (+$98 million).
• DecreaseDecreased the extra funding for rural development compared to the amount provided in the FY2018 General Provisions (-$100 million for rural water, -$175 million for broadband). Base funding for rural development iswas unchanged overall.

The Senate-passed bill's mandatory spending iswas virtually identical to that of the House-reported bill ($121.82 billion). Its overall total of discretionary and mandatory appropriations iswas $145 billion.

Continuing Resolutions

In the absence of a final FY2019 Agriculture appropriation, Congress enacted two continuing resolutions (CRs) to continue government operations through December 21, 2018 (P.L. 115-245, Division C, from 10/1/2018 through 12/7/2018, and P.L. 115-298 through 12/21/2018).²² On December 19, 2018, the Senate passed another CR (H.R. 695) that would have continued temporary funding through February 8, 2019, but the House-passed amendment to that bill on December 20 added Homeland Security funding for construction of physical barriers at borders and supplemental appropriations for natural disasters that the Senate did not accept.

When the last CR (P.L. 115-298) expired without further enacted budget authority, a partial government shutdown began on December 22. Some "excepted" functions such as food safety and commodity grading can continue during the funding lapse, as explained in "Government Shutdown."

agriculture appropriation at the end of FY2018, Congress enacted three CRs to continue government operations.²⁴

• The first CR was from October 1, 2018, through December 7, 2018 (P.L. 115-245, Division C).
• The second CR continued temporary funding through December 21, 2018 (P.L. 115-298).
• A 34-day funding gap (partial government shutdown) occurred between the second and third CRs (see the heading "Government Shutdown" for more discussion of the funding lapse).
• To end the government shutdown, Congress passed and the President signed a third CR (P.L. 116-5) that covered the period from January 26, 2019, through February 15, 2019.
• At the end of the third CR, an omnibus appropriation was enacted to cover the rest of the fiscal year (see the heading "FY2019 Consolidated Appropriations Act").

In general, a CR continues the funding rates and conditions that were in the previous year's appropriation.²³25 The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) may prorate funding to the agencies on an annualized basis for the duration of the CR through a process known as apportionment.²⁴26 For the 81 days (22%) of FY2019 through December 21, 2018, and the 21 days of the third CR that preceded February 15, 2019, the CRs

• continued the terms of the FY2018 Agriculture appropriations act (Section 101 of P.L. 115-245) and excluded) and exclude the FY2018 change in mandatory program spending (CHIMP) on the Biomass Crop Assistance Program, which iswas not authorized for FY2019; and
• provided sufficient funding to maintain mandatory program levels, including for nutrition programs (Section 110)—this is the standard language forapproach taken in recent years' CRs, but isit was additionally important for SNAP, because some authorizations in the 2014 farm bill began expiring after FY2018.²⁵

27CRs may adjust prior-year amounts through anomalies or make specific administrative changes. Five anomalies specifically applied to the agriculture appropriation during boththe CRs:

• 1. Child Nutrition Programs: apportionment for a summer foods program sufficient to allowthat allowed it to be operational by May 2019 (Section 114 of P.L. 115-245). ).
• 2. Rural Utilities Service: allowsallowed a loan authorization level for the Rural Water and Waste Disposal program of $4.141 billion (Section 115).
• 3. Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC): allowsallowed CCC to receive its transferappropriation to reimburse the Treasury for a line of credit about a month earlier than usual, prior to a customary final report and audit. Many farm bill payments to farmers arewere due in October 2018 in addition to USDA's plan to make supplemental payments under a trade assistance program.²⁶28 Without the anomaly, CCC might exhausthave exhausted its $30 billion line of credit (Section 116).
• 4. Agricultural Research Service: provided an additional $42 million for operations and maintenance at the National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF) being built in Manhattan, Kansas, and being transferredits transfer to USDA from the Department of Homeland Security (Section 117).
• 5. Department of Homeland Security (DHS): allowed DHS toDHS may transfer up to $15 million to USDA to support NBAF operations (Section 125).

Government Shutdown

When an appropriation (or CR) expires and no further budget authority has been provided, a funding gap exists and, which may cause operations to cease at affected agencies. In general, the Antideficiency Act (31 U.S.C. 1341 et seq.) prohibits federal agencies from obligating funds before an appropriations measure has been enacted. Exceptions may allow for certain activities to continue, such as for law enforcement, protection of human life or property, and activities funded by other means such as carryover funds or user fees. Programs that are funded by other authorities—such as entitlements or the mandatory programs in the farm bill—may also be affected if the program is executed using personnel whose salaries are funded by discretionary appropriations that are affected by the funding gap.²⁷

29

For FY2019, a 34-day funding gap began onlasted from December 22, 2018, forthrough January 25, 2019. It affected agencies within the jurisdiction of 7seven of the 12 appropriations bills, including the Agriculture appropriations bill. The last time that the government experienced a multiweek shutdown was in October 2013. Prior to that, the next previous multiday shutdown was in FY1996, though Agriculture appropriations were not affected then because a stand-alone full-year Agriculture appropriation had been enacted.²⁸

In general, a shutdown implies the furlough of certainAgriculture appropriations. On December 19, 2018, the Senate had passed H.R. 695, a CR that would have continued temporary funding through February 8, 2019, but the House-passed amendment to that bill on December 20 added homeland security funding for construction of physical barriers at borders and supplemental appropriations for natural disasters that the Senate did not accept.

Prior to FY2019, the previous shutdown was a two-day, weekend shutdown in January 2018, and before that a 16-day shutdown in October 2013. Before that, the next previous multiday shutdown occurred in FY1996, though agriculture appropriations were not affected that year because a stand-alone full-year Agriculture appropriation had been enacted.³⁰

In general, a shutdown results in the furlough of many personnel and curtailment of affected agency activities and services. Agencies make their own determinations about activities and personnel that are "excepted" from furlough and publish their intentions in "contingency plans" that are supervised by OMB.²⁹31 For agencies in the Agriculture appropriations jurisdiction, shutdown or contingency plans were published for USDA,³⁰32 FDA,³¹33 and the CFTC.³²

USDA initially estimated on December 23 that 5634

Generally, government employees of affected agencies do not receive pay during a shutdown. Excepted employees may be required to report to work but do not receive their current pay. Exempt employees may receive paychecks during the shutdown from a separately authorized funding source that remains available.³⁵ On January 16, 2019, the President signed P.L. 116-1 to guarantee back pay to furloughed and excepted employees after the government shutdown ended.

Agency Exceptions to Maintain Operations USDA initially estimated on December 23, 2018, that 61% of its employees were excepted from furlough in the agencies that are funded by Agriculture appropriations (all of USDA except the Forest Service), which amounts to 35,004numbered 37,860 staff being excepted out of 62,288.³³ The number of36 In general, the number of excepted and furloughed personnel varies by agency, and it may change as a shutdown continues as funding availability changes and as new circumstances arise.

For example, nearly 90% of the FSIS and AMS staff (8,434 and 3,944 staff, respectively) A summary of how the shutdown affected the operation of different agencies between December 22, 2018, and January 25, 2019, follows: Nearly 90% of staff in the Food Safety and Inspection Service and Agricultural Marketing Service were initially retained to continue food safety inspections of meat and poultry at processing plants and to continue commodity grading and inspection services for commerce. About 60% of the APHIS was excepted (4,769(8,434 and 3,944 staff, respectively). About 69% of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service was excepted (5,456 staff) to continue preclearance inspection for transportation between Hawaii and Puerto Rico and the mainland and to carry out quarantine and certification for imports and exports. Resources in research laboratories and facilities that could be damaged by inattention waswere protected by excepting 18% (1,116 staff) of ARS. All of NRCS was initially excepted by using mandatory funding (9,342 staff).³⁴ the Agricultural Research Service. The Farm Service Agency (FSA) initially excepted 6,4277,589 staff (6172% out of 10,479) through December 28 but then closed county offices, thereby lowering the number of excepted employees to 27 (0.3%).³⁷ As the shutdown continued, FSA announced on January 16, 2019, that it would recall about 2,500 employees to reopen FSA county offices for three days (January 17-18 and January 22). On these days, FSA provided administrative services to farmers mostly related to past activities that were obligated, including issuing tax documents, but was not to process new program applications.³⁸ On January 22, USDA further announced that as the shutdown continued, FSA offices would remain open on a full-time basis (with excepted staff) from January 24 to February 8 and three days per week thereafter.³⁹ This latter plan was not implemented because the shutdown ended on January 25. All 9,342 staff of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) was exempted by using carryover funding and mandatory funding authorized in the 2014 farm bill.⁴⁰ Near the end of the shutdown, NRCS had begun preparations to furlough much of its agency beginning on February 3, 2019, after having retained 100% of the agency since the beginning of the shutdown.⁴¹ By beginning to furlough some employees, NRCS intended to conserve carryover balances and focus exempted staff on carrying out certain mandatory farm bill programs.⁴² This plan was not implemented because the shutdown ended on January 25.³⁵

While a number of selected USDA functions continue under the shutdown, many others have ceased operations. Examples of USDA functions that are not being performed by furloughed employees include data collection and analysis that inform the commodity markets, development of regulations to implement the new farm bill that was enacted in December 2018, completing the Administration's "trade aid" payments, processing and funding farm loans and guarantees, rural development loan and grant programs (rural housing, community facilities and rural water, rural business and broadband), agricultural research programs and grants, and many international assistance programs. The duration of the shutdown could expand the number of USDA activities affected.

Most of USDA's Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) programs, whether mandatory or discretionary, rely on funding provided in appropriations acts. FNS program operations during a government shutdown vary based on the different programs' available resources, determined by factors such as contingency or carryover funds and terms of the expired appropriations acts, as well as USDA's decisionmaking. Beginning in late December 2018, FNS released program-specific memoranda to states and program operators describing the status of different nutrition assistance programs during the current funding lapse.³⁶

43 SNAP benefits for January were issued as scheduled, and on January 8 USDA announced that the expired CR allowed for an early distribution of February benefits so long as benefits were issued on or before January 20.⁴⁴

Among the related agencies that are funded in Agriculture appropriations:

FDA initially retained 59% of its employees in dutyexcepted status (10,344 staff out of 17,397) based on a combination of factors including carryover funding, the need to safeguard human life, and the protection of property.³⁷ 45 For food safety inspection specifically, FDA excepted 135 employees for inspection of food facilities deemed to have the highest risk to public health. Inspections of other facilities were postponed.⁴⁶ CFTC excepted 9% of its employees (61 staff out of 673) to address risks that could pose a threat to the functioning of the stock market and commodity markets and that could affect the safety of human life or the protection of property.³⁸

47Suspended Activities

While a number of selected USDA functions may have continued during the shutdown, many others ceased operations. Examples of USDA functions that were not performed by furloughed employees included data collection and analysis that informs the commodity markets; development of regulations to implement the new farm bill that was enacted in December 2018; completing the Administration's "trade aid" payments; approving loan guarantees for commercial banks; processing and funding direct farm loans, rural development loans, and grant programs (rural housing, community facilities, rural water, rural business, and broadband); agricultural research programs and grants; and many international assistance programs.

FY2019 Consolidated Appropriations Act

On February 15, 2019, Congress passed and the President signed the FY2019 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 116-6, H.Rept. 116-9). The agriculture portion is Division B of the act.

The official discretionary total of the Agriculture appropriation is $23.03 billion, which is $35 million more (+0.2%) than was enacted for FY2018 on a comparable basis that excludes the CFTC from the FY2018 total (Table 2). On that same comparable basis, the enacted total is $6.3 billion more than the Administration requested (+38%), $55 million more than was proposed in the House-reported bill (+0.2%) but $194 million less than in the Senate-passed bill (-0.8%). The appropriation also carries mandatory spending that totals nearly $129 billion, which is determined in other authorizing laws. Thus, the overall total of the FY2019 Agriculture appropriation is about $152 billion (Figure 2). Table 3 summarizes appropriations amounts at the agency level. The primary changes that account for the overall $35 million discretionary increase in the FY2019 Consolidated Appropriations Act are the following:

• Increase in the four agricultural research agencies in Title I by $387 million (+13%) to $3.4 billion, mostly by increasing ARS building and facilities by $241 million, ARS salaries and expenses by $100 million, and NIFA by $64 million.
• Increase in base FDA appropriations in Title VI by $269 million (+10%) to $3.1 billion (excluding user fees) while not renewing extra funding in general provisions (Title VII) that was in the FY2018 appropriation for opioid enforcement and surveillance (-$94 million reduction to the budget score).
• Increase in WIC funding by a net $200 million, accounting for changes in rescissions of carryover balances and in the base appropriation. In FY2019 $500 million is rescinded from carryover balances, smaller than the rescission of $800 million in FY2018, for a comparative $300 million increase. The base WIC appropriation in Title IV is reduced by $100 million to $6.075 billion. Also, appropriations for nutrition program administration is increased by $11 million.
• Increase in APHIS by $29 million (+3%) to $1.014 billion.
• Maintain Food for Peace appropriations effectively at $1.716 billion by decreasing the base appropriation in Title V by $100 million and increasing extra funding in Title VII by $100 million. Also, salaries and expenses for the Foreign Agricultural Service are increased (+14 million).
• Maintain overall discretionary farm production and conservation funding in Title II (+0.5%, +$13 million) while shifting some administrative funding from program agencies into a new administrative business center.
• Decrease in the effective amount for rural development by essentially maintaining its base appropriation in Title III (+0.4%, +$11 million) and reducing extra appropriations that were made in the FY2018 general provisions (Title VII) for water and wastewater programs (-$425 million) and rural broadband (-$475 million).
• Decrease in the budgetary offset provided by other scorekeeping adjustments, mostly from smaller negative subsidies that are provided by farm and rural development loan programs. In FY2018, $481 million was offset. In FY2019, $404 million is offset (+$77 million increase in the budget score). Also, mandatory spending (+$16 million) is increased by further reducing the effect of appropriations act CHIMPS.

Mandatory spending carried in the Consolidated Appropriations Act increased by $6 billion over FY2018 to $129 billion and was higher than estimated for the House and Senate bills. The annual change was mostly due to higher costs for crop insurance (+$6.5 billion), greater reimbursement for the CCC (+1.1 billion), and lower outlays for child nutrition (-$1.1 billion) and SNAP (-$0.5 billion).

Policy-Related Provisions

In addition to setting budgetary amounts, the Agriculture appropriations bill has also been a vehicle for policy-related provisions that direct how the executive branch should carry out the appropriation. These provisions may have the force of law if they are included in the text of the appropriation, usually in the General Provisions, but their effect is generally limited to the current fiscal year. SometimesIn some instances, the provisions may amend the U.S. Code and have long-standing effects.

The explanatory statement in the conference report that accompanies the final appropriation (H.Rept. 116-9), and the House and Senate report language that accompanies the committee-reported bills (H.Rept. 115-706, S.Rept. 115-259), may also provide additional policy instructions. These documents do not have the force of law but often explain congressional intent, which the agencies are expected to follow.

Indeed, the committee and conference reports may need to be read together to capture all of the congressional intent for the fiscal year:

Congressional Directives. The explanatory statement is silent on provisions that were in both the House Report (H.Rept. 115-706) and Senate Report (S.Rept. 115-259) that remain unchanged by this conference agreement, except as noted in this explanatory statement. The conference agreement restates that executive branch wishes cannot substitute for Congress's own statements as to the best evidence of congressional intentions, which are the official reports of the Congress.... The House and Senate report language that is not changed by the explanatory statement is approved and indicates congressional intentions. The explanatory statement, while repeating some report language for emphasis, does not intend to negate the language referred to above unless expressly provided herein.⁴⁸

Table 4 compares some of the major policy provisions that have been identified in the General Provisions (Title VII) of the FY2019 Agriculture appropriations bills and act. It excludes policies that may have been addressed in the report language or explanatory statement. Many of these provisions have been included in past years' appropriations laws.

Appendix A. Budget Sequestration

Sequestration is a process to reduce federal spending through automatic, largely across-the-board reductions that permanently cancel mandatory and/or discretionary budget authority.³⁹49 Sequestration is triggered as a budget enforcement mechanism when federal spending would exceed statutory budget goals.⁴⁰50 Sequestration is currently authorized by the Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA; P.L. 112-25).

Table A-1 shows the rates of sequestration that have been announced and the total amounts of budget authority that have been cancelled from accounts in Agriculture appropriations. Table A-2 provides additional detail at the account level for mandatory accounts.

Discretionary Spending

For discretionary spending, sequestration is authorized through FY2021 if discretionary defense and nondefense spending exceed caps that are specified in statute (2 U.S.C. 901(c)).

In FY2013, the timing of the appropriations acts and the first year of sequestration resulted in triggering sequestration on discretionary spending.

In FY2014-FY2018, Bipartisan Budget Acts in 2013, 2015, and 2018 (BBAs; P.L. 113-67, P.L. 114-74, and P.L. 115-123, respectively) have avoided sequestration on discretionary spending. These BBAs raised the discretionary budget caps that were placed in statute by the BCA and allowed Congress to enact larger appropriations than would have been allowed.

For FY2019, the BBA in 2018 similarly provides a higher discretionary cap that may avoid sequestration (see "Discretionary Budget Caps and Subcommittee Allocations").

Mandatory Spending

Authorization of Sequestration

For mandatory spending, sequestration is presently authorized through FY2027, having been amended and extended by acts that were subsequent to the BCA (2 U.S.C. 901a(6)). That is, sequestration continues to apply annually to certain accounts of mandatory spending and is not avoided by the BBAs (Table A-1).

The original FY2021 sunset on the sequestration of mandatory accounts has been extended four times as an offset to pay for avoiding sequestration on discretionary spending in the near term or as a general budgetary offset for other authorization acts:

• 1. Congress extended the duration of mandatory sequestration by two years (until FY2023) as an offset in BBA 2013.⁴¹51
• 2. Congress extended it by another year (until FY2024) to maintain retirement benefits for certain military personnel (P.L. 113-82).
• 3. Congress extended sequestration on nonexempt mandatory accounts another year (until FY2025) as an offset in BBA 2015.⁴²
52
• 4. Congress extended sequestration on nonexempt mandatory accounts by another two years (until FY2027) as an offset in BBA 2018 (P.L. 115-123 Division C, §30101(c)).⁴³53

Exemptions from Sequestration

Some farm bill mandatory programs are exempt from sequestration. Those expressly exempt by statute are the nutrition programs (SNAP, the child nutrition programs, and the Commodity Supplemental Food Program)⁴⁴54 and the Conservation Reserve Program.⁴⁵55 Some prior legal obligations in the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation⁴⁶56 and the farm commodity programs may be exempt⁴⁷57 as determined by OMB.⁴⁸58

Generally speaking, the experience since FY2013 is that OMB has ruled that most of crop insurance is exempt from sequestration, while the farm commodity programs, disaster assistance, and most conservation programs have been subject to it.⁴⁹

59

Implementation of Sequestration

Sequestration on nonexempt mandatory accounts continues in FY2019. Nonexempt mandatory spending is to be reduced by a 6.2% sequestration rate and thus paid at 93.8% of what would otherwise have been provided. This results in a reduction of about $1.5 billion from mandatory agriculture accounts in FY2019.

Appendix B. Action on Agriculture Appropriations, FY1996-FY2019