U.S. policymakers have made securing and maintaining foreign contributions to the stabilization and reconstruction of Iraq a major priority since the preparation period for the launch of Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003. This report highlights and discusses important changes in financial and personnel contributions from foreign governments to Iraq since 2003.
To date, foreign donors have pledged an estimated $16.4 billion in grants and loans for Iraq reconstruction, with most major pledges originating at a major donors’ conference in Madrid, Spain, in October 2003. However, only a small part of the pledges have been committed or disbursed to the World Bank and United Nations Development Group Trust Funds for Iraq. The largest non-U.S. pledges of grants have come from Japan, the European Commission, the United Kingdom, Canada, South Korea, and the United Arab Emirates. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, Japan, and Saudi Arabia have pledged the most loans and export credits.
Currently, 33 countries including the United States have some level of troops on the ground in Iraq or supporting Iraq operations from nearby locations. Those forces are working under the rubric of one of several organizations—the Multi-National Force-Iraq (MNF-I), the NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I); or the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI). Currently, the largest troop contributors, in addition to the United States, are the United Kingdom, Georgia, Australia, South Korea, and Poland. Some of these key contributors have announced their intention to reduce or withdraw their forces from Iraq during 2008. The total number of non-U.S. coalition troop contributions has declined since the early stabilization efforts, as other countries have withdrawn their contingents or substantially reduced their size.
Since the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime in April 2003, a number of coalition, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and other countries have contributed personnel, equipment, and/or facilities to the training of Iraqi security forces. Supporting the establishment of effective Iraqi security forces is a core element of the Administration’s current strategy for Iraq, “the New Way Forward,” and several of the congressionally mandated benchmarks for Iraq refer to these efforts. Planned U.S.-Iraqi negotiation aimed at achieving a “strategic framework agreement” to replace the current United Nations mandate for U.S. military operations in Iraq may have implications for the future participation of coalition members in stabilization and training efforts.
This report will be updated to reflect important developments. For a broader review of foreign support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, see CRS Report RL31339, Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security, by Kenneth Katzman, and CRS Report RL31833, Iraq: Reconstruction Assistance, by Curt Tarnoff.
U.S. policymakers have made securing and maintaining foreign contributions to the stabilization and reconstruction of Iraq a major priority since the preparation period for the launch of Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003. This report highlights and discusses important changes in financial and personnel contributions from foreign governments to Iraq since 2003.
To date, foreign donors have pledged an estimated $16.4 billion in grants and loans for Iraq reconstruction, with most major pledges originating at a major donors' conference in Madrid, Spain, in October 2003. However, only a small part of the pledges have been committed or disbursed to the World Bank and United Nations Development Group Trust Funds for Iraq. The largest non-U.S. pledges of grants have come from Japan, the European Commission, the United Kingdom, Canada, South Korea, and the United Arab Emirates. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, Japan, and Saudi Arabia have pledged the most loans and export credits.
Currently, 33 countries including the United States have some level of troops on the ground in Iraq or supporting Iraq operations from nearby locations. Those forces are working under the rubric of one of several organizations—the Multi-National Force-Iraq (MNF-I), the NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I); or the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI). Currently, the largest troop contributors, in addition to the United States, are the United Kingdom, Georgia, Australia, South Korea, and Poland. Some of these key contributors have announced their intention to reduce or withdraw their forces from Iraq during 2008. The total number of non-U.S. coalition troop contributions has declined since the early stabilization efforts, as other countries have withdrawn their contingents or substantially reduced their size.
Since the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime in April 2003, a number of coalition, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and other countries have contributed personnel, equipment, and/or facilities to the training of Iraqi security forces. Supporting the establishment of effective Iraqi security forces is a core element of the Administration's current strategy for Iraq, "the New Way Forward," and several of the congressionally mandated benchmarks for Iraq refer to these efforts. Planned U.S.-Iraqi negotiation aimed at achieving a "strategic framework agreement" to replace the current United Nations mandate for U.S. military operations in Iraq may have implications for the future participation of coalition members in stabilization and training efforts.
This report will be updated to reflect important developments. For a broader review of foreign support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, see CRS Report RL31339, Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security, by [author name scrubbed], and CRS Report RL31833, Iraq: Reconstruction Assistance, by [author name scrubbed].
Securing foreign contributions to the military effort in Iraq, and the follow-on stabilization and reconstruction effort, has been a major priority for U.S. policymakers since before the launch of Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003. International participation has been sought to support the initial major combat operations, the follow-on stabilization operations, the training and equipping of Iraqi security forces, and the provision of financial support to reconstruction efforts.
For many countries, the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1511 on October 6, 2003, marked an important milestone in establishing the legitimacy of the post-war international presence in Iraq. Resolution 1511 authorized a multinational force under unified (interpreted as U.S.) command to assist Iraqis in securing their country and in training their security forces. Security Council Resolution 1546 of June 8, 2004 reaffirmed this authorization and established the current U.N. mandate under which the U.S.-led multinational force is responsible for "[contributing] to the maintenance of security and stability in Iraq." That mandate has since been extended for twelve month periods by Resolution 1637 (November 11, 2005), Resolution 1723 (November 28, 2006), and Resolution 1790 (December 18, 2007).
On November 26, 2007, Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki and President Bush signed a "Declaration of Principles," expressing the decisions of both governments to work, by July 2008, to codify a long-term bilateral "strategic framework agreement" intended to replace the current U.N. mandate.1 The roles of U.S. and coalition forces in combat operations and the training of Iraqi security forces are likely to be key topics in the strategic framework negotiations. In particular, most observers agree that training is one of the activities most likely to be continued under any continuing U.S. or coalition presence in Iraq. The outcome of the U.S.-Iraqi negotiations is likely to shape the size, structure, and focus of the U.S. military presence in Iraq. Any changes to the U.S. mission, and any new Iraqi government positions concerning the roles of coalition forces, could easily affect both the need for and the perceived legitimacy of, foreign contributions to stabilization operations and training efforts.
This report characterizes foreign contributions to Iraq in terms of personnel and resources, including trends over time, based on best-available information. The first section addresses financial contributions, including pledged grants and loans, and related debt relief. The second section describes troop contributions to the Multi-National Force-Iraq (MNF-I). The third section addresses contributions to the Iraqi security forces training effort. These sections are followed by a detailed chart that includes both financial and personnel contributions, and by a chronology of significant coalition-related events. The report will be updated as events warrant.
In October 2003, the World Bank and United Nations Development Group (UNDG), in conjunction with the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), estimated that the potential cost of Iraqi reconstruction needs would amount to $55 billion over a four year period from 2003 through 2007. This figure reflected the sum total of a joint World Bank/UNDG needs assessment of 14 sectors of the Iraqi government and economy—$36 billion—combined with a $19.4 billion Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) projection for security, oil, and other sectors not covered by the World Bank/UNDG assessment.3 These amounts, calculated in mid-2003, did not take into account the significant costs created by the instability and security disruptions that have occurred since that time.
Shortly after the passage of UN Security Council Resolution 1511 in October 2003, an international donors' conference for Iraq was held in Madrid, Spain. At that event, members of the international community, excluding the United States, pledged approximately $13.5 billion for reconstruction assistance to Iraq, including roughly $10 billion in loan pledges. As of October 2007, roughly $2.9 billion in additional pledges had been made, bringing the pledge total to approximately $16.4 billion. Loan pledges represent $10.8 billion of this total, and Iraq has accepted $2.2 billion in pledged loan assistance to date. Of the $5.6 billion pledged for grants, Iraq has received $4.8 billion.4
According to the International Reconstruction Fund Facility for Iraq, $1.766 billion of the pledged assistance has been channeled to the World Bank Iraq Trust Fund and UNDG Iraq Trust Fund. The UNDG Fund had committed close to $800 million for planned projects by the end of October 2007.5 To date, the United States Congress has appropriated nearly $43 billion for reconstruction programs in Iraq.
Many observers credit persistent security problems and Iraqi government capacity deficiencies for the slow rate at which pledged international assistance has been committed and disbursed. Iraq's Ministry of Planning has established a Donor Assistance Database "to record donor assistance, analyze donor activities, and monitor the implementation of donor-funded projects."6 Iraq also has pursued debt relief through negotiations with members of the Paris Club as well as in the context of the International Compact with Iraq (ICI), which was launched at a summit in Sharm al-Sheikh, Egypt, on May 3, 2007. As of December 2006, Iraq's government owed its international creditors $89 billion. During 2007, roughly $28.9 billion in further loan forgiveness has been pledged.7
Four countries participated directly and openly in the major combat phase of operations in Iraq: the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland. Dozens of other coalition partners sent troops to Iraq in the immediate aftermath of major combat operations, and total troop contribution numbers reached their zenith in the early stabilization phase. The U.S.-led military command in Iraq has been known since May 2004 as the Multinational Force-Iraq (MNF-I), and is headed by U.S. Gen. David Petraeus.8
More recently, coalition troop contribution numbers have experienced an overall decline. Some countries have withdrawn their contingents altogether, while others—in a common pattern—have withdrawn the bulk of their contingent, leaving a relatively small number of staff officers at headquarters within MNF-I.
The United States remains the largest overall contributor of forces to MNF-I, with 161, 783 pairs of "boots on the ground" as of December 1, 2007.9 That number reflects the beginning of the drawdown of "surge" forces, beginning with the December 2007 redeployment of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the 1st Cavalry Division from Diyala province. Overall U.S. troop levels in Iraqi have varied over time, based on operational requirements, and included a peak of about 250,000 during major combat operations, and a post-major combat peak of about 168,000 in October 2007, reflecting the full "surge" force.10
Currently, the largest non-U.S. troop contributors to MNF-I are the United Kingdom, Georgia, Australia, South Korea, and Poland. All of these countries' major deployments are currently in some state of flux:
Ultimately, foreign government decisions to send forces to Iraq, or to redeploy them, may rest on a number of factors including the overall security situation; the domestic political environment in a donor country; legal restrictions these countries face in deploying troops in Iraq; the potential for foreign companies to invest in Iraq's economy; and bilateral arrangements between the United States and possible donors.
Public discussions about the extent of the coalition force presence in Iraq have been marked by some confusion. There are several reasons for the apparent discrepancies.
The actual number of troops on the ground is constantly in flux, in several ways: a troop-contributing country may decide to change the size of its contingent and/or the kinds of units deployed; the size of a contingent may change slightly at regularly scheduled unit rotations; and contingent size may vary to some degree based on individual situations such as injury or illness.
Countries may deploy troops to Iraq to one of several different organizations: the Multi-National Force-Iraq (MNF-I); the NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I); or the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI). Further, some countries, such as Japan and Singapore, deploy troops that directly support MNF-I but are based outside Iraq (see below).
The U.S. Department of Defense, which maintains regularly updated records of troop levels in Iraq, maintains those records in classified format. This is so because some troop-contributing countries do not wish to be publicly identified, and other troop contributors do not wish the details of their contribution to be known.16 In the absence of authoritative, consolidated, detailed information from the Department of Defense, most public information about specific troop levels in Iraq seems to originate from the respective troop-contributing countries.
The Department of Defense does make available to the Department of State the total number of coalition troops, and an unclassified list of troop-contributing countries (without individual country troop levels), for inclusion in the State Department's publicly available Iraq Weekly Status Reports. According to the December 12, 2007, Status Report, 26 countries, excluding the United States, currently are contributing a total of about 11,586 troops to MNF-I.17
As of December 13, 2007, 307 coalition fatalities, other than the United States, had been reported: United Kingdom 174; Italy 33; Poland 23; Ukraine 18; Bulgaria 13; Spain 11; Denmark 7; El Salvador 5; Slovakia 4; Latvia 3; Romania 3; Thailand 2; Australia 2; Netherlands 2; Estonia 2; South Korea 1; Czech Republic 1; Kazakhstan 1; Hungary 1; Georgia 1.18
Since the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime, coalition forces in Iraq have made contributions to efforts to train and equip Iraqi security forces.
Most pre-war planning assumed that at the end of major combat, Iraqi police forces would be available to help provide security, and some Iraqi military forces would be available for recall. Instead, members of local police forces largely "went to ground" and disappeared. The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), the executive authority for Iraq at the time, dissolved all Iraqi military services.19 Initial development of new Iraqi police and military forces took place under CPA auspices.20 Meanwhile, in September 2003, as a stop-gap measure, coalition forces, by CPA direction, launched the formation of the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps, a "security and emergency service agency for Iraq."21
On May 11, 2004, National Security Presidential Directive 36 assigned the mission of organizing, training, mentoring and equipping all of Iraq's security forces to U.S. Central Command, which created the Multi-National Security Transition Command-Iraq (MNSTC-I) to bring together all Iraqi security forces training under a single lead.22 Today, MNSTC-I, under the leadership of U.S. Lieutenant General (LTG) James Dubik, maintains dedicated teams to train and mentor all of the Iraqi military services and police services, as well as the Ministries of Interior and Defense.23
A variety of training initiatives have been undertaken by MNSTC-I that have involved various coalition partners working in concert with U.S. forces, Iraqi officials, and trainees. The training initiatives with the largest international components are those designed to train Iraqi police at locations in Jordan, United Arab Emirates, and Iraq (see below). Police instructors from Jordan, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, Sweden, Poland, the United Arab Emirates, Denmark, Austria, Iraq, Finland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia, Singapore, and Belgium participate in various aspects of the police training programs. Initiatives by individual coalition members have included, for example, the Royal Australian Navy's efforts to train Iraq's Coastal Defense Force, and training programs for Iraqi security personnel directed by the Netherlands and the Czech Republic.
Since December 2004, the MNSTC-I Commander has been dual-hatted as the commander of the NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I, see below).
Efforts to enlist NATO support for the training of Iraqi security forces coalesced over the summer and fall of 2004. At the request of the Iraqi Interim Government, NATO member countries approved the creation of a security force training mission at the Istanbul summit in June 2004. The first personnel of the NATO Training Implementation Mission (NTIM, the mission's original name) arrived in Baghdad in early August 2004 and worked to identify training opportunities for Iraqi security officials, to train individuals and support staff at the headquarters of Iraq's security forces, and to develop an action plan for a full NATO-supported training program. Under the auspices of NTIM, a small number of Iraqi military officers underwent training at a NATO facility in Stavanger, Norway. Roughly 60 military personnel from Canada, Hungary, Norway, the Netherlands, and Italy participated in the initial NTIM.
Based on the recommendations of the initial NATO mission staff, plans to expand the training program were considered and approved by NATO leaders in the fall of 2004. The North Atlantic Council issued the activation order implementing the expansion and renaming the effort as the NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I) on December 16. Under the approved expansion, the size of the NATO training mission in Iraq grew from 60 to 300 personnel.
Over time, the Mission has shifted its primary focus from training to advising and mentoring Iraqi counterparts. A key current initiative is helping the Iraqi armed forces develop a Non-Commissioned Officer corps.
NTM-I's Training Equipment and Synchronization Cell (TESC) works with the Iraqi Ministry of Defense to evaluate equipment requirements, and out-of-country training requirements, and then coordinates these efforts with donor nations. To date, over 1,000 Iraqi personnel have received out-of-country training in NATO countries.25
NTM-I works closely with the Iraqi Training and Doctrine Command, which oversees both tactical training and classroom education through Iraq's new National Defense University and its various colleges and programs. Those include the National Defense College, similar to senior service schools in the United States; the Defense Language Institute, which trains both military personnel and English-language instructors who work with the military; the Joint Staff College at Ar Rustamiyah, which, like the U.S. Joint Forces Staff College, runs programs for junior and senior officers, and which was re-established with strong NTM-I support in 2005; and the Iraqi Military Academies.26
At a NATO meeting on February 22, 2005, all 26 NATO member agreed to contribute troops, financing, or equipment to support NTM-I. As of October 2007, 16 countries including the United States had personnel assigned to NTM-I: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.27 Some NATO members (France, Belgium, Greece, Spain, Luxembourg, Germany), reluctant to send troops to Iraq, are providing material support or training support outside Iraq. Some of this support is being provided outside of the NTM-I framework (see "Other Training Contributions," and Table 1, below.)
Other countries including Germany, Japan, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Jordan (see below) have committed funding, personnel, and facilities for the training of Iraqi security forces on a bilateral or multilateral basis.
|
Table Information Peak Deployment and Current Deployment figures include information from Embassies and some press sources, as cited. Financial Pledge figures reflect donor pledges made for Iraq reconstruction activities as reported by the Government Accountability Office and derived from World Bank, United Nations, and U.S. Department of State data.a The GAO reports that its data may not fully reflect exchange rate differences or all bilateral grants and loans, but was prepared "in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards," and is, "sufficiently reliable for the purposes of a broad comparison of overall totals for grants and loans in relation to the pledged amounts." In some instances, pledge figures below reflect a combination of both grants and loans. The figures do not include debt relief. For more detailed information on pledges, obligations, and disbursements of funds, see the U.S. Department of State Section 2207 Reports to Congress,b the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction's reports to Congress,c and the reports of the International Reconstruction Fund Facility for Iraq.d a GAO-08-365R, "Rebuilding Iraq: International Donor Pledges for Reconstruction Efforts in Iraq," December 18, 2007. b See Appendices II, available at http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rpt/2207/. c Available at http://www.sigir.mil/reports/Default.aspx. d Available at http://www.irffi.org/. |
Table 1. Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction and Stabilization in Postwar Iraq
|
Country |
Peak Deployment |
Current Deployment |
Financial Pledges |
|
Albania |
120, up from initial deployment of 71 in 2003a |
120 in MNF-Ib |
- |
|
Armenia |
46, originally deployed in February 2005d |
46 in MNF-Ie |
- |
|
Australia |
About 2,000 in 2003g |
"Up to 1575" in MNF-I, as of 24 September 2007h |
77.270 |
|
Austria |
- |
- |
5.480 |
|
Azerbaijan |
151k |
151 in MNF-Il |
- |
|
Belgium |
- |
- |
5.890 |
|
Bosnia |
36m |
36 in MNF-In |
- |
|
Bulgaria |
485o |
153 in MNF-I, though the full contingent is "supposed to include 155". |
0.640 |
|
Canada |
1 in MNF-I, in 2004q |
None |
187.470 |
|
China |
- |
- |
31.500 |
|
Croatia |
- |
- |
0.333 |
|
Cyprus |
- |
- |
0.120 |
|
Czech Republic |
400, from Mar to May 2003r |
99 with MNF-I, |
14.660 |
|
Denmark |
Over 600u |
60 in MNF-I, |
61.950 |
|
Dominican |
302, withdrew in May 2004 at time of Spanish forces withdrawal |
None |
- |
|
El Salvador |
380, from 2003 to 2007x |
300 in MNF-I |
- |
|
Estonia |
40z |
Between 34 to 38 in MNF-I (40 are authorized) |
0.800 |
|
European Union |
NA |
NA |
921.305 |
|
Fiji |
223 in UNAMI |
223 in UNAMIbb |
- |
|
Finland |
- |
- |
8.834 |
|
France |
- |
- |
10.700 |
|
Georgia |
2,000cc |
2,000dd |
- |
|
Germany |
- |
- |
4.150 |
|
Greece |
- |
- |
7.148 |
|
Honduras |
370, withdrew in May 2004 |
None |
- |
|
Hungary |
300 until early 2005ee |
20 in NTM-Iff |
1.670 |
|
Iceland |
Had 1 public affairs officer with NTM-I, withdrew September 2007gg |
None |
3 |
|
International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
NA |
NA |
2,550 |
|
India |
- |
- |
10 |
|
Iran |
- |
- |
1,005 |
|
Ireland |
- |
- |
3.530 |
|
Italy |
About 3,200 in 2005hh |
78, including carabinieri, in NTM-Iii |
835.620 |
|
Japan |
600 Japan Ground Self Defense Forces, withdrawn July 2006jj |
200 Japan Air Self Defense Forces, based in Kuwait, provide airlift between Kuwait and Iraqkk |
4,914 |
|
Kazakhstan |
29ll |
29 in MNF-Imm |
- |
|
Korea, Republic of |
3,600 in 2004 |
Under 1,000 in Dec 2007.nn Many observers expect that President-elect Lee Myung-bak will support the continued presence of Korean forces in Iraq.oo The outgoing President, Roh Moo Hyun, had announced a planned draw down by mid-2008 to 600.pp The mandate of the troops has been extended through December 2008, pending re-certification by the National Assembly. |
400 |
|
Kuwait |
- |
- |
500 |
|
Latvia |
125, most withdrew in June 2007qq |
3 in MNF-Irr |
- |
|
Lithuania |
121 from April 2003 to January 2006ss |
5 at MNF-I. |
0.030 |
|
Luxembourg |
2.559 |
||
|
Macedonia |
39 or 40uu |
39 in MNF-Ivv |
- |
|
Malta |
0.027 |
||
|
Moldova |
43 from September 2003 to March 2004ww |
20 in MNF-Ixx |
- |
|
Mongolia |
180yy |
100 in MNF-Izz |
- |
|
Netherlands |
1200aaa |
7 in NTM-Ibbb |
12.885 |
|
New Zealand |
About 60 in 2003-2004 |
1 in UNAMIccc |
6.110 |
|
Nicaragua |
230, withdrew in 2004 |
None |
- |
|
Norway |
About 150ddd |
None |
23.710 |
|
Oman |
- |
- |
3 |
|
Pakistan |
- |
- |
2.500 |
|
Philippines |
51, withdrew in 2004 |
None |
- |
|
Poland |
2,500 from September 2003 to December 2004. Reduced to 1700 in January 2005.eee |
897 in MNF-I, |
- |
|
Portugal |
128 until February 2005hhh |
9 in NTM-Iiii |
0.600 |
|
Qatar |
- |
- |
100 |
|
Romania |
865 in 2005, up from 738 in 2003jjj |
495 in MNF-I |
- |
|
Russian Federation |
- |
- |
8 |
|
Saudi Arabia |
- |
- |
500 |
|
Singapore |
About 180kkk |
About 180lll |
1.700 |
|
Slovakia |
About 110 until 2007, including 105 in MNF-I and 10 in NTM-I.mmm |
2 at MNF-I |
- |
|
Slovenia |
4 |
2 at NTM-Iooo |
0.420 |
|
Spainppp |
1,300, withdrew in April/ May 2004 |
None |
248 |
|
Sweden |
- |
- |
33 |
|
Switzerland |
- |
- |
11 |
|
Taiwan |
4.3 |
||
|
Thailand |
447, then 443, from 2003 to August 2004qqq |
None |
- |
|
Tonga |
55, August 2007 to presentrrr |
55 at MNF-I |
- |
|
Turkey |
3ttt |
3 at NTM-Iuuu |
60 |
|
Ukraine |
1657 until December 2005vvv |
31 at MNF-I |
- |
|
United Arab Emirates |
- |
- |
215 |
|
United |
46,000 in March/ April 2003 |
About 4,500 in MNF-I as of December 1, 2007xxx |
650.330 |
|
United States |
About 250,000 in 2003 |
161,783 as of December 1, 2007aaaa |
10 |
|
Vietnam |
- |
- |
0.700 |
|
World Bank |
NA |
NA |
3,000 (loans) |
a. See official website of the Multi-National Force-Iraq: http://www.mnf-iraq.com.
b. Ibid.
c. Fatmir Mediu, Albanian Minister of Defense, Address at EAPC Defence Ministerial Meeting, June 14, 2007.
d. Information from Embassy of Armenia, Washington DC, October 11, 2007.
e. Ibid.
f. Arka News Agency, "Sixth rotation of Armenian peacekeepers in Iraq," July 16, 2007.
g. William J. Kole, "US-Led Iraq Coalition Withering Fast," Chicago Tribune, October 9, 2007.
h. Australian Department of Defence website: http://www.defence.gov.au.
i. "UN Missions Summary by Country," September 2007., available at http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko.dpko/contributors/2007/sept07_3.pdf
j. Inside the Pentagon, "U.S. Mulling Impact of Australia's Planned Drawdown in Iraq," Vol. 23, No. 49, December 6, 2007; and, BBC News, "Iraq pledge by Australia PM-elect," November 30, 2007.
k. Information from Embassy of Azerbaijan, October 11, 2007.
l. Ibid.
m. Information from Embassy of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Washington DC, October 12, 2007. Contingent is designed to include equal representation from the three major ethnic groups.
n. Ibid.
o. Information from Embassy of Bulgaria, Washington DC, October 11, 2007.
p. Ibid.
q. Communication from Canadian officer, Baghdad, Iraq, 2004.
r. Information from the Embassy of the Czech Republic, Washington DC, October 10, 2007.
s. Ibid., and Czech Army website: http://www.army.cz.
t. Associated Press, "Czechs plan to gradually withdraw troops from Iraq, Foreign Minister says," October 7, 2007.
u. Information from the Embassy of Denmark, Washington DC, October 12, 2007.
v. Ibid.
w. Ibid., and Associated Press, "Denmark hands over responsibilities to British military in Iraq," August 1, 2007.
x. Reuters, "El Salvador cuts small troop presence in Iraq," August 7, 2007.
y. Ibid., and William J. Kole, "US-led Iraq Coalition Withering Fast," Chicago Tribune, October 9, 2007.
z. Information from Embassy of Estonia, Washington DC, October 10, 2007.
aa. Ibid.
bb. "UN Missions Summary by Country," September 2007, available at http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko.dpko/contributors/2007/sept07_3.pdf.
cc. Andrew Kramer, "US-Led Coalition Becoming Ever More All-American," New York Times, September 14, 2007.
dd. Andrew Kramer, "US-Led Coalition Becoming Ever More All-American," New York Times, September 14, 2007.
ee. Information from Embassy of Hungary, Washington DC, October 12, 2007.
ff. Ibid.
gg. Iceland Review, "Iceland withdraws from NATO project in Iraq," September 6, 2007. Iceland does not maintain a standing army.
hh. Information from Embassy of Italy, Washington DC, October 15, 2007.
ii. Ibid.
jj. Information from Embassy of Japan, Washington DC, October 10, 2007.
kk. Ibid.
ll. Information from Embassy of Kazakhstan, Washington DC, October 11, 2007.
mm. Ibid.
nn. Joshua Partlow, "List of 'Willing' U.S. Allies Shrinks Steadily in Iraq," Washington Post, December 8, 2007.
oo. Yonhap English News, "Fact sheet: S. Korean president-elect's policies on N. Korea, foreign affairs, domestic issues," December 19, 2007
pp. Kurt Achin, "S. Korea Extends, But Cuts in Half, Military Deployment to Iraq," Global Security, October 23, 2007,
qq. Information from Embassy of Latvia, Washington DC, October 10, 2007.
rr. Ibid., and Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Latvia website: http://www.mod.gov.lv.
ss. Information from Embassy of Lithuania, Washington DC, October 16, 2007.
tt. Ibid.
uu. Information from Embassy of Macedonia, Washington DC, October 11, 2007.
vv. Ibid.
ww. Information from Embassy of Moldova, Washington DC, October 12, 2007.
xx. Ibid. and International Herald Tribune, "Moldova increases number of troops in Iraq," December 12, 2007.
yy. Information from Embassy of Mongolia, Washington DC, October 10, 2007.
zz. Ibid.
aaa. Information from Embassy of the Netherlands, Washington DC, October 11, 2007.
bbb. Ibid.
ccc. "UN Missions Summary by Country," September 2007, available at http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko.dpko/contributors/2007/sept07_3.pdf.
ddd. Information from Embassy of Norway, Washington DC, October 16, 2007; and, Judy Dempsey, "Hungary joins others in pulling troops from Iraq," International Herald Tribune, November 4, 2004.
eee. Information from Embassy of Poland, Washington DC, October 11, 2007.
fff. Ibid.
ggg. Voice of America News, "Polish Parliament Confirms Government of New Prime Minister," November 24, 2007; and Zoltan Dujisin, "Poland: It's Hard Saying Even Goodbye to Iraq," Inter Press Service News Agency, November 14, 2007.
hhh. Information from Embassy of Portugal, Washington DC, October 10, 2007.
iii. Ibid.
jjj. Information from Embassy of Romania, Washington DC, October 12, 2007; and Reuters, "Romania set to reduce Iraq troops by 100," March 14, 2007.
kkk. Information from Embassy of Singapore, Washington DC, October 11, 2007.
lll. Ibid.
mmm. Information from Embassy of Slovakia, Washington DC, October 15, 2007.
nnn. Ibid., and Associated Press, "Slovakia to withdraw its last two soldiers in Iraq," October 4, 2007.
ooo. U.S. Department of State, "Slovenia to join NATO training mission to Iraq," January 24, 2006; and, Information from the Embassy of Slovenia, Washington DC, November 15, 2007.
ppp. "Spain Leads Troop Withdrawal from Iraq," USA Today, April 19, 2004.
qqq. "Thaksin backs Japan's noncombatant mission to Iraq," Asian Political News, December 4, 2003; and "Iraq violence worries Thai PM," CNN, April 10, 2004.
rrr. Donna Miles, "Pacific Command Chief Praises Little Tonga for Big Iraq Contribution," American Forces Press Service, September 17, 2007; and, Information from Representation of Tonga, New York, NY, October 11, 2007.
sss. Ibid.
ttt. Information from Embassy of Turkey, Washington DC, October 10, 2007.
uuu. Ibid.
vvv. Information from Embassy of Ukraine, Washington DC, October 12, 2007.
www. Ibid., and Ministry of Defence of Ukraine website: http://www.mil.gov.ua.
xxx. BBC News, "UK troops in Basra cut by 1,000," October 2, 2007; and Adrian Croft, "UK's Brown on unannounced visit to troops in Iraq," Reuters, December 9, 2007.
yyy. "UN Missions Summary by Country", September 2007, http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/contributors/2007/sept07_3.pdf
zzz. BBC News, "UK troops in Basra cut by 1,000," October 2, 2007; and Jane Perlez, "Brown to cut British troops in Iraq by half," International Herald Tribune, October 8, 2007.
aaaa. Information from U.S. Department of Defense Joint Staff, December 1, 2007.
|
December 2007 |
Acting on the Iraqi government's request, the UN Security Council extended the United Nations mandate for the coalition presence in Iraq through the end of 2008 (Resolution 1790). The United States and Iraq announced planned negotiations aimed at achieving a "strategic framework agreement" to replace the current United Nations mandate for U.S. military operations in Iraq. |
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December 2007 |
South Korea elected a new President, Lee Myung-bak, who is expected to support the continued presence of Korean forces in Iraq. The mandate of the troops has been extended through December 2008, pending re-certification by the Korean National Assembly. |
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November 2007 |
Australia elected a new Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, who had campaigned on plans to withdraw Australia's roughly 500-person "combat force" from Iraq by mid-2008. Ministerial consultations on the plans are ongoing. |
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October 2007 |
South Korean President Roh Moo Hyun announced an extension of the mandate for South Korean troops for one year, but a draw down by mid-2008 to 600. |
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October 2007 |
Under the leadership of new Prime Minister [author name scrubbed] the UK is drawing down from about 5,500 troops in summer 2007 to 2,500 troops by spring 2008. |
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November 2007 |
Poland's new Prime Minister Tusk stated his goal for a full troop withdrawal by the end of 2008. |
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October 2007 |
Czech Minister of Foreign Affairs Karel Schwarzenberg stated that work is underway on a plan for the gradual withdrawal of remaining Czech forces. |
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October 2007 |
El Salvador's President Tony Saca stated that his government would further reduce its forces as the situation in Iraq improves. |
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October 2007 |
The Slovakian Ministry of Defense announced that Slovakia would withdraw its last 2 soldiers by the end of 2007. |
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September 2007 |
Georgian Minister of Defense Davit Kezerashvili stated that Georgia would reduce its force in Iraq to 300 troops by July 2008. |
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September 2007 |
South Korean leaders stated they had not made a final decision regarding the potential withdrawal of 1,200 South Korean troops from Iraq and indicated they may consider seeking an extension for the deployment if requested by the United States. |
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September 2007 |
British forces withdrew from positions in the southern Iraqi city of Basra and transferred security control for the city to Iraqi security forces. |
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August 2007 |
Lithuania withdrew most of its 50 troops from Iraq, leaving some personnel in staff positions at MNF-I and NTM-I. |
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August 2007 |
Denmark withdrew most of its 470 strong contingent in southern Iraq, leaving a helicopter unit and four helicopters to work with British forces until the end of 2007, in addition to some personnel in staff positions at MNF-I and NTM-I. |
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June 2007 |
Lithuania withdrew the bulk of its 125 forces from Iraq. |
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June 10, 2007 |
U.S. Lieutenant General (LTG) James M. Dubik replaced LTG Martin Dempsey as the commanding officer of the MNSTC-I and NTM-I. |
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April 2007 |
South Korea reduced the number of its troops in Iraq from 2,300 to 1,200 in line with plans for a full withdrawal by year's end. |
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March 2007 |
Georgia announced plans to increase its forces in Iraq from 850 to 2,000. |
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Mar. 15, 2007 |
Romania announced it would withdraw 100 of its troops in line with British withdrawal plans during 2007. |
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Jan.-Mar. 2007 |
British Army Lt. Gen. Graeme Lamb, deputy commander of Multi-National Force-Iraq, announced that British troops would remain in Iraq at least until the end of 2007. Press reports indicated that the United Kingdom planned to reduce the size of its contingent, then at 7,100. However, accounts differed on the timing and size of the reductions. |
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Jan. 9, 2007 |
Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen reportedly told President Bush that he hoped Denmark would be able to reduce the number of Danish troops in Iraq during 2007 from the then-current number of 470. |
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Dec. 22, 2006 |
Polish President Lech Kaczynski extended the authorization of the Polish military presence in Iraq until the end of 2007. |
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Dec. 22, 2006 |
The South Korean National Assembly approved a bill extending the presence of South Korean troops in Iraq until the end of 2007. The bill required a reduction in the number of troops serving in the northern Iraqi city of Irbil from 2,300 to 1,200 by April. The bill also required the South Korean government to develop a plan for a full withdrawal. |
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December 2006 |
The final contingent of Italian troops was withdrawn from Iraq, fulfilling the campaign pledges of Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi and his political allies. |
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October 2006 |
Albanian Defense Minister Fatmir Mediu announced that Albania's contingent of approximately 120 troops in Iraq would remain until U.S. forces are withdrawn. |
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June 30, 2006 |
Romanian Prime Minister Calin Popescu Tariceanu reiterated his support for withdrawing Romania's troops from Iraq. Romanian President Traian Basescu criticized the proposal. The Romanian Supreme Council of National Defense postponed consideration of the Prime Minister's withdrawal resolution. |
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June 20, 2006 |
Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi announced plans to withdraw Japan's 600 personnel from Iraq following the handover of security control to Iraqi forces in the southern province of Al Muthannah. 200 Japanese air force personnel remain deployed in Kuwait, supporting the coalition operations in Iraq. —Australian Prime Minister John Howard announced that at the completion of the current rotation, the mission of 460 Australian soldiers in Iraq would shift to providing security for the Japanese personnel in Samawah. |
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June 16, 2006 |
Italy announced plans to reduce its forces in Iraq to 1,600 by the end of June 2006 and to completely withdraw all forces by the end of 2006 in line with campaign pledges of newly elected Prime Minister Romano Prodi. |
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Dec. 31, 2005 |
South Korea's parliament approved a government plan to bring home one-third of the country's troops in Iraq but extended the overall deployment for a year. |
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Dec. 29, 2005 |
Polish President Lech Kaczynski approved a request from the conservative government to keep troops in Iraq until the end of 2006. Extending the mandate reversed the stand of the previous left-wing government that had announced Polish troops would be pulled out by the end of 2005. |
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Oct. 14, 2005 |
Norway announced that it planned to withdraw its troops from Iraq and from Afghanistan by January 2006. |
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Sept. 8, 2005 |
U.S. LTG Martin E. Dempsey replaced U.S. LTG David H. Petraeus as the commanding officer of the coalition Multi-National Security Transition Command-Iraq (MNSTC-I) and the NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I). |
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Aug. 11, 2005 |
The UN Security Council renewed for one year the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI). |
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July 19, 2005 |
The Fourth meeting of the International Reconstruction Fund Facility for Iraq (IRFFI) was held at the Dead Sea in Jordan. Donors committed an additional $235 million in new contributions to the IRFFI. |
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May 10, 2005 |
Italy's Foreign Minister Gianfranco Fini said his country would withdraw its 3,300-strong contingent from Iraq by January or February 2006, at the latest. The withdrawal would be in conjunction with Iraq's anticipated general elections, scheduled to take place by December 31, 2005. Fini also stated that Italy "will not choose a unilateral disengagement." —Japan's Defense Minister Yoshinori Ono stated, "we hope to turn over what the Self Defense Forces are doing, to the Iraqi people as soon as possible," adding to comments by other officials that Japan could scale back or withdraw its current 550-strong non-combat humanitarian reconstruction mission in Samawah, Iraq by the end of 2005. |
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May 5, 2005 |
Bulgaria's outgoing parliament voted to pull all of its 462 troops out of Iraq by the end of 2005, with the first reduction down to 400 by June. The vote came just days after Bulgaria suffered its 10th military fatality in Iraq. |
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Apr. 27, 2005 |
Danish Foreign Minister Per Stig Moeller announced that the country would extend its troop mandate in Iraq for another eight months, beginning in June 2005 at the start of the next troop rotation. |
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Mar. 17, 2005 |
After initially announcing his intent to begin withdrawing Italian troops from Iraq in September 2005, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi stated that there was no fixed date for an Italian withdrawal. Berlusconi's revised statement came just hours after a phone conversation with President Bush. |
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Feb. 22, 2005 |
NATO members issued a joint statement pledging troops, funding, and equipment in support of the NATO Training Mission in Iraq (NTM-I). |
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Feb. 12, 2005 |
Portugal withdrew its 120-strong police force from Iraq as scheduled. |
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Jan. 10, 2005 |
Ukraine announced that it was accelerating the withdrawal of its entire contingent of troops from Iraq in early 2005. |
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Dec. 24, 2004 |
The parliament of Armenia approved the deployment of 46 non-combat troops to Iraq. The deployment was scheduled for some time in early 2005. |
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Nov. 15, 2004 |
The parliament of Hungary voted against extending the mandate of its troops in Iraq. Hungary withdrew its 300-man contingent from Iraq in December 2004. |
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Nov. 3-6, 2004 |
In a meeting in Brussels with Iraqi Prime Minister Ayad Allawi, the European Union pledged $38 million in new assistance for the upcoming Iraqi elections and vowed to open up trade talks with the Iraqi government. The EU also announced plans to train Iraqi police, judges, and prison directors. |
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Nov. 3, 2004 |
Hungary announced that it would withdraw its 300-man force from Iraq after the January 2005 Iraqi elections. |
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Oct. 15, 2004 |
Poland's Prime Minister announced that Poland would begin withdrawing its troops in January 2005 and would complete the entire withdrawal of its forces from Iraq by the end of 2005. |
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Oct.13-14, 2004 |
At a donors' meeting in Tokyo, Japan, the World Bank announced that it had only two projects underway in Iraq using funds from the international trust established over a year earlier. Officials blamed the ongoing Iraqi insurgency for slowing down the reconstruction process. Iraqi officials urged the international community to accelerate the transfer of aid. Iran donated $10 million to the World Bank trust fund. |
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Oct. 4, 2004 |
Poland's Defense Minister announced that Poland would withdraw all of its troops from Iraq by the end of 2005. Other Polish officials later remarked that a withdrawal was only being considered. |
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Oct. 2, 2004 |
Italy's Deputy Premier remarked that Italy could pull its troops out of Iraq after the January 2005 Iraqi elections. |
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Sept. 24, 2004 |
The Washington Post reported that the former Soviet republic of Georgia was planning to send 800 additional troops to Iraq by the end of the year. |
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Sept. 9, 2004 |
The New York Times reported that Costa Rica asked the United States to remove it from a list of Iraq coalition partners after the country's Constitutional Court ruled that inclusion on the list violated Costa Rica's Constitution. Costa Rica had provided no troops or assistance to the coalition effort in Iraq. |
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July 12, 2004 |
Philippine Deputy Foreign Minister Rafael Seguis told Al-Jazeera that Manila was offering to withdraw its forces as soon as possible from Iraq to save a Filipino truck driver taken hostage by Iraqi militants. |
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July 4, 2004 |
The Kingdom of Tonga announced that its 45-member Marine contingent had arrived in Iraq. |
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June 29, 2004 |
At its summit in Istanbul, Turkey, NATO agreed to train Iraqi security forces. |
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June 28, 2004 |
The Coalition Provisional Authority disbanded, and sovereignty was transferred to a new Iraqi government. |
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June 11, 2004 |
The Dutch government extended the stay of its 1,400-member contingent in Iraq through March 2005. |
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Apr. 19, 2004 |
The Albanian government said it was prepared to send more non-combat troops to Iraq in an expansion of its 71-member-strong contingent base din the northern city of Mosul under the command of U.S.-led Multi-National Brigade-North. —Honduras announced that it would withdraw its 370 troops, which had been operating in Iraq under the command of the Spanish-led brigade, under Multi-National Division Center South. Honduras had planned to withdraw its troops in July but accelerated the timetable for their withdrawal after Spain confirmed its immediate withdrawal of troops from Iraq. |
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Apr. 18, 2004 |
Spain's new Socialist prime minister, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, announced that he was ordering Spanish troops to leave Iraq "as soon as possible." Mr. Zapatero said he had made his decision because it was unlikely that the United Nations would be playing a leading role in Iraq any time soon, which had been his condition for keeping Spain's 1,300 troops in Iraq. |
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Mar. 18, 2004 |
According to South Korean defense officials, South Korea canceled plans to send troops to the northern Iraqi city of Kirkuk, citing U.S. pressure to participate in "offensive operations," but still planned to send 3,600 troops and personnel to help rebuild the country. |
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Mar. 15, 2004 |
In a news conference, Prime Minister-elect José Luis Rodriguez Zapatero promised to withdraw Spanish troops from Iraq. Spanish forces had been set to assume control from Poland of the 9,000-strong Multi-National Division Center-South, on July 1. |
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Mar. 14, 2004 |
Spain's opposition Socialist Party defeated the center-right party of Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar, as many Spanish voters were reportedly dissatisfied with the government's handling of the ongoing Madrid bombing investigation. |
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Mar. 11, 2004 |
Ten bombs exploded on commuter trains in Madrid, killing 200 people. Spanish authorities blamed the Basque terrorist group ETA, but other Spanish investigators found evidence linking the bombings to Islamist terrorists. |
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Feb. 13, 2004 |
South Korea's National Assembly approved the deployment of 3,000 troops to Iraq. The additional troops were to be responsible for security and reconstruction around the northern Iraqi city of Kirkuk. |
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Feb. 9, 2004 |
Nicaragua canceled its second deployment to Iraq after running short of funds to carry out the operation. |
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Feb. 4, 2004 |
Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar told a joint meeting of Congress that Spain would remain committed to providing security in Iraq and to assisting with reconstruction efforts. |
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Jan. 31, 2004 |
Japan's lower house of parliament gave final approval to the deployment of 1,000 Japanese troops to Iraq. Japanese soldiers arrived in Iraq a few days later. |
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Jan. 30, 2004 |
Iraqi attackers fired two rocket-propelled grenades at the Dutch Embassy in Baghdad, hitting the roof and setting it on fire. There were no reports of injuries. |
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Dec. 17, 2003 |
Acting as a special presidential envoy, Secretary of State James A. Baker III obtained assurances from France, Germany, and Italy to reschedule Iraq's debt through Paris Club mechanisms. |
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Dec. 16, 2003 |
South Korea's Cabinet formally approved the deployment of 3,000 combat and noncombat troops to Iraq. The measure still needed to be formally ratified by South Korea's Parliament. |
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Dec. 12, 2003 |
The Spanish government announced that it would extend its mission in Iraq for an additional six months. Approximately 1,300 Spanish troops were serving in Iraq. —The Dutch parliament approved a measure to extend its troop presence of about 1,100 Marines for an additional six months. |
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Dec. 10, 2003 |
A directive issued by Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitz announced a list of 63 countries eligible to bid for the 26 primary reconstruction contracts appropriated under P.L. 108-106. P.L. 108-106 allocated $18.6 billion in appropriations for these contracts. Countries eligible to bid were identified as either Coalition partners or troop-contributing nations. Canada threatened to withhold its aid pledges because it was barred from contracting. Russia indicated that it would be unwilling to reschedule Iraq's debt because of the contracting restrictions. —U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan announced that the United Nations would operate its mission for Iraq, UNAMI, in either Jordan or Cyprus for the time being because it was too dangerous to return to Iraq full-time. |
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Dec. 9, 2003 |
The Japanese Cabinet approved a deployment of up to 1,000 troops. Within the plan, 600 Ground Self-Defense Force troops would provide medical services and supply water in southeastern Iraq. Although no specific start date was set, the deployment was scheduled to occur anytime after December 15, 2003, and last from six months to one year. |
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Dec. 8, 2003 |
60 South Korean contract engineers and technicians left Iraq over security concerns. The incident represented the largest withdrawal by contractors because of security concerns and occurred a week after two of their colleagues were killed in an ambush. The contractors were fixing Iraq's electrical power grid as subcontractors for a U.S.-based construction firm. |
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Dec. 7, 2003 |
Although foreign donors pledged $3 billion in grants for short-term needs at the Madrid International Donors Conference on Iraq, the World Bank reported that only $685 million had been verified. Part of this shortfall resulted from a change in Japan's initial posture of providing immediate grant aid to providing medium-term grant assistance. Although some analysts suggested that pledges might not materialize, the Bush Administration stated that more grants would come forward once the joint U.N./World Bank administered trust fund was operational. |
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Dec. 6, 2003 |
Former Secretary of State James A. Baker III was appointed as a special presidential envoy to persuade other countries to reschedule or forgive Iraq's sovereign debt. |
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Nov. 30, 2003 |
Two South Korean engineers were killed on a road near Tikrit, north of Baghdad. Although South Korea's Foreign Minister Yoon Young-Kwan announced that the killings would not affect the government's proposal to send more troops to Iraq, any decision regarding the deployment of more troops would require approval by South Korea's parliament. For reasons unrelated to Iraq, the opposition party boycotted all proceedings from Nov. 26 - Dec. 3, 2003, delaying parliamentary approval. |
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Nov. 29, 2003 |
Two Japanese diplomats were killed on their way to an aid conference in northern Iraq. Although Prime Minister Koizumi pledged that Japan would continue to support efforts in Iraq, the opposition party signaled that it would step up pressure to delay deployment of Japanese noncombat troops. Seven Spanish intelligence officers were killed in an ambush 100 km south of Baghdad. Spanish Prime Minister Anzar later affirmed Spain's commitment to remain in Iraq despite widespread popular opposition. |
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Nov. 28, 2003 |
An official Japanese Self-Defense Force exploratory mission to Iraq concluded that the security situation in Samara, Iraq, was stable enough to send Japanese SDF troops there. |
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Nov. 21, 2003 |
The U.N. officially transferred administration of the multi-billion dollar Oil-For-Food Program (OFFP) over to the Coalition Provisional Authority. The remaining balance of funds held in the OFFP were to be transferred to the CPA-administered Development Fund for Iraq. Henceforth, U.N. humanitarian and reconstruction activities were to be financed by the March and June 2003 U.N. humanitarian appeals and bilateral donations to the World Bank/U.N. reconstruction trust fund. |
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Nov. 20, 2003 |
Taiwan pledged an additional $8.5 million in aid for reconstruction in Iraq. |
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Nov. 19, 2003 |
Guatemala's Defense Minister announced that Guatemala would be willing to supply troops to a U.N. peacekeeping force in Iraq. |
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Nov. 19, 2003 |
The Bush Administration indicated that it would seek an additional U.N. Security Council Resolution in mid-December to approve the time line and design for transferring sovereignty to an internationally recognized Iraqi government. |
|
Nov. 17, 2003 |
An Italian official serving as a special counselor to the Coalition Provisional Authority resigned, accusing the CPA of inefficiency and failing to understand Iraqis. |
|
Nov. 13, 2003 |
Japan and South Korea expressed hesitancy to send new troops in light of the recent suicide-bomb attack on the Italian headquarters in Nasiriya. Japan indicated that it would be unlikely to send troops until the following year, and South Korea rebuffed requests to send more than 3,000 troops to Iraq. |
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Nov. 12, 2003 |
A suicide-bomb attack on the Italian headquarters in Nasiriya killed 18 Italians, including 12 military police offices, 4 soldiers, and two civilians. Although the main Italian opposition party initially called for a withdrawal of troops, Italy sent 50 reinforcements two days later and pledged to remain in Iraq. |
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Nov. 8, 2003 |
The International Committee of the Red Cross announced that it would temporarily close offices in Baghdad and Basra under growing security concerns. Operations would still continue in northern Iraq. |
|
Nov. 7, 2003 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) announced that it would be willing to send troops to Iraq to support the Polish-led multi-division. At that point, BiH relied upon 12,000 NATO security forces to maintain its own internal security. |
|
Nov. 7, 2003 |
The Turkish government officially rescinded its offer to provide troops to the multi-national coalition force in Iraq. On November 5, 2003, the Iraqi Governing Council announced that it would reject Turkey's offer to supply troops for stabilization and security details. |
|
Nov. 4, 2003 |
Spain moved most of its Embassy's staff to Amman, Jordan under growing security concerns. Officials indicated that the Embassy would remain open with minimal staff. Spain was the third coalition partner to drastically reduce or close down Embassy operations in 30 days due to security concerns. |
|
Nov. 3, 2003 |
The Senate passed the FY2004 emergency supplemental appropriations request for Iraq and Afghanistan by a voice vote. |
|
Nov. 2, 2003 |
15 American soldiers died in a helicopter crash west of Baghdad that was believed to be caused by a missile attack. The soldiers were on their way home for a two week leave. The attack was the deadliest single strike against U.S. soldiers since the war began on March 20, 2003. |
|
Oct. 31, 2003 |
The House passed the FY2004 emergency supplemental request for Iraq and Afghanistan by a margin of 298-121. Within the $87.5 billion appropriations bill, approximately $18.7 billion in grants was designated for reconstruction in Iraq. |
|
Oct. 28, 2003 |
Ukrainian soldiers came under attack while on patrol 40 miles southeast of Baghdad. These attacks represent the first ambush on soldiers from countries that had recently sent personnel to participate in the coalition. |
|
Oct. 27, 2003 |
A suicide bombing at the International Red Cross Headquarters killed at least 12 individuals including two security guards. An explosives-laden ambulance carrying the Red Cross and Red Crescent insignia was used to detonate the explosion. Red Cross officials indicated that they would scale back their operations and remove remaining foreign staff from Iraq. |
|
Oct. 26, 2003 |
A rocket attack on the Al-Rashid Hotel in Baghdad, which housed coalition military and civilian officials, wounded at least 16 people and killed one American colonel. Deputy Defense Secretary Paul D. Wolfowitz was staying one floor above the blast, but was not injured in the explosion. |
|
Oct. 24, 2003 |
New international pledges of grants and loans were submitted at the Madrid International Conference on Reconstruction in Iraq. Some of the largest previously unannounced pledges included Saudi Arabia - $500 million in loans and $500 million in export credits; Kuwait - $500 million in aid; the United Arab Emirates - $215 million in aid. Other new pledges are reflected in Table 1. |
|
Oct. 23, 2003 |
The Madrid International Conference on Reconstruction in Iraq opened in Madrid, Spain, with over 70 countries participating. |
|
Oct. 22, 2003 |
The World Bank Board of Directors authorized the Bank's president to pledge between $3 and $5 billion in loans to Iraq over the course of the next several years. |
|
Oct. 18, 2003 |
South Korea announced it would commit an additional as-yet-unspecified number of troops to Iraq as well as contribute $200 million in aid over the following four years. That money was in addition to the $60 million already pledged and the exact details of the troop deployment were to be determined after consultations with Washington. |
|
Oct. 17, 2003 |
One week before the donor conference to be held in Madrid took place, Spain announced it would contribute $300 million in aid to help with the reconstruction of Iraq. |
|
Oct. 16, 2003 |
The day before President Bush's visit, Japan announced it would contribute $1.5 billion in grants to Iraq the following year, making it the second largest donor to Iraq after the United States. Japanese media also reported that the government was considering announcing at the international donors conference in Madrid contributions of up to $5 billion in loans over four years. —The U.N. Security Council adopted Resolution 1511 calling for increases in troops and financial contributions to help with the stabilization of Iraq. Immediately after, France and Germany stated that they would not be committing troops. —The United Nations and the World Bank announced plans to establish the Reconstruction Development Fund Facility as a vehicle for countries unwilling to donate to the U.S.-controlled program but that wished to contribute to Iraq's reconstruction. |
|
Oct. 15, 2003 |
Eight Senators proposed a compromise to President Bush's $87 billion supplemental request that would turn half of the $20 billion grant earmarked for reconstruction into a loan to be repaid by Iraq. That $10 billion loan would be forgiven if other countries forgave 90% of Iraq's outstanding debt, not including post-Gulf War reparations. |
|
Oct. 14, 2003 |
A suicide car bomber struck outside of Turkey's Embassy in Baghdad. The driver and at least two staff members were killed in the explosion, and thirteen bystanders were wounded. —The World Bank announced a plan to loan 3.4 billion to 4 billion dollars for Iraq over the next five years. The lending could start with $500 million for 2004 and another $500 million for 2005. |
|
Oct. 9, 2003 |
Turkey's Parliament approved the Oct. 6, 2003, Cabinet decision to commit Turkish troops to the coalition forces in Iraq. Turkey was the first predominantly Muslim nation to offer such a contribution, though the exact nature of the commitment remained undecided. Iraq's Interim Governing Council responded by saying that they did not want soldiers from neighboring countries meddling in their affairs. —Violently marking the six-month anniversary of the fall of Baghdad, a Spanish intelligence officer was murdered near his home near Baghdad, a suicide bomber killed three Iraqi police and five civilians, and an American soldier died in an ambush. |
|
Sept. 29, 2003 |
Jordan pledged to help train 30,000 Iraqi police and other security forces; one-third of the total indigenous force to be trained and deployed in post-war Iraq. |
|
Sept. 23, 2003 |
President Bush went before the U.N. General Assembly to ask for military and financial support for the reconstruction of Iraq. Delegates responded coolly and voiced concerns about Iraqi domestic security, the continued U.S. presence, and the transfer of sovereignty to the Iraqi Governing Council. |
|
Sept. 17, 2003 |
According to the Los Angeles Times, South Korea was considering committing upwards of 10,000 troops to the coalition in Iraq. Troops might include special forces and would be the largest Korean deployment abroad since the Korean War. |
|
Sept. 12, 2003 |
U.S. officials tempered expectations of obtaining large numbers of additional foreign troops for Iraq, saying that significant help will not come in the short term. According to Senator Richard Lugar, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, "those looking for a large number of personnel [from other countries] will probably be disappointed in the short run, but the need for a Security Council resolution to form the basis of cooperation remains very, very important." |
|
Sept. 11, 2003 |
Prior to a meeting of the five permanent U.N. Security Council members' Foreign Ministers regarding international support for the U.S.-led reconstruction of Iraq, a joint French-German draft amendment and a separate Russian draft amendment were each submitted to U.S. negotiators, offering the respective countries' support in exchange for limitations on U.S. control over multinational forces in Iraq. China said that it supported such proposals. |
|
Sept. 8, 2003 |
The United Kingdom sent an additional 1,000 troops to Iraq, bringing total British strength to about 11,600. Defense Secretary Geoff Hoon suggested that even more British troops could be deployed in the future. —The Arab League unanimously agreed to offer Iraq's seat, vacant since the demise of the Hussein regime, to the US-supported Governing Council at an Arab League Ministerial Meeting. It was not clear if this was a formal recognition or a one-time gesture. |
|
Sept. 7, 2003 |
President Bush delivered a national address asking Congress for an additional $87 billion to fund continuing military and reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq. The request included up to $2.2 billion for coalition partners in Iraq, Afghanistan, and the U.S. led war on terrorism, and some of these funds would be used to subsidize the deployment of foreign personnel in Iraq. |
|
Sept. 5, 2003 |
Australia announced that it would not send any additional troops to Iraq, even under the auspices of a U.N. mandate. Australia had contributed 2,000 troops to Operation Iraqi Freedom and maintained about 800 personnel in the region for reconstruction. |
|
Sept. 4, 2003 |
The United States unveiled its draft proposal for increased international cooperation in Iraq. Although initial reactions were positive, France and Germany stated that the draft resolution "fell short" of their expectations. |
|
Aug. 28, 2003 |
In a departure from previous policy, President Bush announced he would consider a U.N. peacekeeping mission in Iraq so long as any multinational force were led by the U.S. military. |
|
Aug. 25, 2003 |
The final contingent of Polish troops arrived in Iraq, rounding out their forces to 2,400 and paving the way for Poland to take command of the 9,500 man Multi-National Division Center-South, taking over that battlespace from the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force. |
|
Aug. 22, 2003 |
Concerned that it would be the only Muslim country to send troops to Iraq, Turkish officials reached out to Pakistani leaders in an effort to persuade Pakistan to commit its forces to the postwar effort. |
|
Aug. 21, 2003 |
Religious elements in Pakistan warned Pakistani President Perez Musharraf not to consider U.S. requests to send peacekeepers to Iraq. Some Islamic parties issued a religious edict, or fatwa, against support for U.S. efforts in Iraq. |
|
Aug. 20, 2003 |
Shortly after the bombing of the U.N. headquarters in Baghdad, Japan announced that it was delaying its deployment of 1,000 Japanese peacekeepers to the Iraqi theater. |
|
Aug. 19, 2003 |
A truck bomb exploded outside the Canal Hotel in Baghdad, the headquarters of the U.N. mission in Iraq, killing Special Representative of the U.N. Secretary General Chief Sergio Vieira de Mello and twenty-one others. |
|
Aug. 7, 2003 |
A truck bombed exploded outside of the Jordanian Embassy compound in Baghdad, killing at least 17 individuals. |
|
July 13, 2003 |
The CPA announced the creation of the twenty-five member Iraqi Governing Council drawn from exiles, current Iraqi residents, and members of different ethnic and religious groups. The council would have the authority to appoint interim ministers and review laws and budgets. |
|
July 7, 2003 |
The CPA chief administrator, Paul Bremer, announced a $6.1 billion budget for the rest of 2003 in Iraq. |
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May 22, 2003 |
The United Nations Security Council approved Resolution 1483 that called for a lifting of sanctions against Iraq and recognized the United States and the United Kingdom as occupying powers until an internationally recognized Iraqi government could be instituted in its place. |
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May 6, 2003 |
President Bush appointed L. Paul Bremer III to to lead the Coalition Provisional Authority, the temporary executive authority of Iraq. Bremer was ambassador at large for counter-terrorism during the Reagan Administration. |
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Apr. 12, 2003 |
Congress passed H.R. 1559 (P.L. 108-11), the FY2003 Iraq Emergency Wartime Supplemental Appropriations Bill that included $2.85 billion for humanitarian relief and reconstruction in Iraq. |
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Apr. 9, 2003 |
U.S. and coalition forces take control of Baghdad; Saddam Hussein's Baathist regime is forced to flee the capital. |
| 1. |
Declaration of Principles for a Long Term Relationship of Cooperation and Friendship Between the Republic of Iraq and the United States of America, November 26, 2007, available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/11/20071126-11.html. |
| 2. |
For more information see CRS Report RL31833, Iraq: Reconstruction Assistance, by [author name scrubbed]. |
| 3. |
United Nations/World Bank Joint Iraq Needs Assessment, October 2003, available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTIRAQ/Overview/20147568/Joint%20Needs%20Assessment.pdf. |
| 4. |
GAO-08-365R, "Rebuilding Iraq: International Donor Pledges for Reconstruction Efforts in Iraq," December 18, 2007. These figures reflect totals as reported by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) following an October 2007 review of United Nations, World Bank, and U.S. Department of State figures. The GAO notes that its data may not fully reflect exchange rate differences or all bilateral grants and loans, but is "sufficiently reliable for the purposes of a broad comparison of overall totals for grants and loans in relation to the pledged amounts." Other sources, such as the October 2007 Special Inspector General for Iraq report cite slightly higher pledged assistance totals, between $19 and $21 billion. |
| 5. |
UNDG Iraq Trust Fund Newsletter, Vol. 4, Issue 7, October 2007, available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/IRFFI/Resources/UNDGITFOCT2007Newsletter.pdf. |
| 6. |
Available at http://www.mop-iraq.org/dad/. Special Inspector General for Iraq (SIGIR), October 30, 2007 Quarterly Report to Congress, Section 2c - International Support for Iraq Reconstruction, p. 141. |
| 7. |
Government of Iraq and United Nations Joint Update on the International Compact with Iraq, High-Level Meeting on Iraq, September 22, 2007. |
| 8. |
From June 2003 to May 2004, the command was known as the Combined Joint Task Force-7 (CJTF-7). |
| 9. |
Information provided by the Department of Defense Joint Staff J-1, December 13, 2007. That number includes Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen and Marines - 143,580 from the active component, and 18,203 from the reserve component. |
| 10. |
See CRS Report RS22449, U.S. Forces in Iraq, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed]. |
| 11. |
BBC News, "UK troops in Basra cut by 1,000," October 2, 2007; and Adrian Croft, "UK's Brown on unannounced visit to troops in Iraq," Reuters, December 9, 2007. |
| 12. |
BBC News, "Iraq pledge by Australia PM-elect," November 30, 2007. |
| 13. |
Inside the Pentagon, "U.S. Mulling Impact of Australia's Planned Drawdown in Iraq," Vol. 23, No. 49, December 6, 2007. |
| 14. |
Joshua Partlow, "List of 'Willing' U.S. Allies Shrinks Steadily in Iraq," Washington Post, December 8, 2007. |
| 15. |
Voice of America News, "Polish Parliament Confirms Government of New Prime Minister," November 24, 2007; and, Zoltan Dujisin, "Poland: It's Hard Saying Even Goodbye to Iraq," Inter Press Service News Agency, November 14, 2007. |
| 16. |
U.S. Department of Defense communication to author, October 10, 2007. |
| 17. |
See Iraq Weekly Status Report, December 12, 2007, available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/97576.pdf. The figures include two countries, Japan and Singapore, which do not have "boots on the ground" in Iraq. The total does not include the 6 countries that do not contribute troops separately to MNF-I, but do contribute troops to NTM-I. The figures do not include Fiji and New Zealand, which contribute troops for force protection to UNAMI. |
| 18. |
Unofficial total compiled form open sources by Iraq Coalition Casualty Count, available at http://icasualties.org/oif/PieCountry.aspx. The site's authors note that they rely on UK Ministry of Defense reporting regarding UK casualties, and open-source press reporting for all other countries. |
| 19. |
CPA Order 2, "Dissolution of Entities," available at http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20030823_CPAORD_2_Dissolution_of_Entities_with_Annex_A.pdf. Note that the date of the Order is given incorrectly on the CPA website table of contents, but is correctly printed on the Order itself. |
| 20. |
CPA Order 22, "Creation of a New Iraqi Army," August 18, 2003, available at http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20030818_CPAORD_22_Creation_of_a_New_Iraqi_Army.pdf. |
| 21. |
CPA Order 28, "Establishment of the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps," September 3, 2003, available at http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20030903_CPAORD_28_Est_of_the_Iraqi_Civil_Defense_Corps.pdf. |
| 22. |
National Security Presidential Directive 36, "United States Government Operations in Iraq," May 11, 2004, available at http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd051104.pdf. |
| 23. |
MNSTC-I was given the mission to develop Iraq's Defense and Interior Ministries in October 2005. See the MNSTC-I website, available at http://www.mnstci.iraq.centcom.mil. |
| 24. |
Fact sheets describing the NATO Training Implementation Mission and Training Mission-Iraq are available online from the NATO Allied Joint Force Command website at http://www.afsouth.nato.int/. |
| 25. |
See http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Missions/NTM-I/NTMI_tesc.htm. |
| 26. |
See http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Missions/NTM-I/NTMI_doct.htm. |
| 27. |
See the NTM-I website at http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Missions/NTM-I/NTMI_part.htm. Ukraine is not a NATO member. |
| 28. |
Author visit to Jordan International Police Training Center, Muwaqqar, Jordan, July 2007. |