Order Code RL32105
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Post-War Iraq:
A Table and Chronology
of Foreign Contributions
Updated November 5, 2004
Jeremy M. Sharp
Middle East Policy Analyst
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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Post-War Iraq:
A Table and Chronology of Foreign Contributions
Summary
Securing foreign contributions to the reconstruction and stabilization of Iraq has
been a major issue for U.S. policymakers since the launch of Operation Iraqi
Freedom in March 2003. This report tracks important changes in financial and
personnel pledges from foreign governments since the August 19, 2003 bombing of
the U.N. Headquarters in Baghdad and major events since the fall of Baghdad on
April 9, 2003. According to the latest estimates, foreign donors have pledged $13
billion in grants and loans for Iraq reconstruction, but have only disbursed around $1
billion to the United Nations and World Bank trust funds for Iraq. The largest non-
American pledges of grants have come from Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada,
South Korea, and the United Arab Emirates. The World Bank, International
Monetary Fund, Japan, and Saudi Arabia have pledged the most loans and export
credits.
The March 11, 2004, Madrid bombings and the subsequent pledge by Spanish
Prime Minister-elect José Luis Rodriguez Zapatero to withdraw Spanish troops from
Iraq has raised some concern over foreign support for Iraqi reconstruction and
stabilization. Although other coalition members have reaffirmed their commitment
to providing security in Iraq since the Madrid bombings, continued violence and
terrorist attacks both inside and outside Iraq may affect political will in troop-
contributing countries to sustain their force presence.
Prior to the transfer of sovereignty to Iraq on June 28, 2004, Iraqi resistance
fighters and international terrorist groups continued to kidnap U.S. and foreign
personnel in Iraq, demanding that countries remove their forces from Iraq. In July
2004, Iraqi militants held one Filipino and two Bulgarian workers captive and
threatened to kill the hostages unless their respective countries removed their troops
from Iraq. The Philippine government has subsequently announced its intentions to
withdraw its 50-man military contingent from Iraq in order to gain the release of the
Filipino hostage.
This report will be updated as needed to reflect the latest international
developments.
For a broader review of foreign support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, see CRS
Report RL31339, Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts and Post War Governance; CRS
Report RL31843, Iraq: International Attitudes to Operation Iraqi Freedom and
Reconstruction; CRS Report RL32068, An Enhanced European Role In Iraq?; CRS
Report RS21323, The United Nations Security Council — Its Role in the Iraq
Security Crisis: A Brief Overview; and CRS Report RL31833, Iraq: Recent
Developments in Humanitarian and Reconstruction Assistance.

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Contents
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Primary Events Since April 9, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction and Stabilization in Postwar Iraq . . . . 14
Table Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
List of Tables
Table 1. Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction and Stabilization in
Postwar Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Table 2. Countries Eligible to Bid on Primary Iraq Relief and
Reconstruction Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

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Post-War Iraq: A Table and Chronology
of Foreign Contributions
Overview
With the cost of rebuilding Iraq growing, in terms of manpower and financial
resources, the United States has sought foreign support to help ease the U.S. burden.
With the passage of the $87.5 billion Iraq FY2004 supplemental appropriation (P.L.
108-106), many believe that the Administration is seeking to demonstrate that, while
the United States will ultimately bear most of the burden for rebuilding Iraq, the
international community can, in some areas, help defray the cost of reconstruction
and peacekeeping. To obtain greater international financial support, an international
donors’ conference on aid to Iraq took place in Madrid, Spain from October 23-24,
2003. Prior to the conference, the passage of U.N. Security Council Resolution 1511
on October 6, 2003, was perceived by many as an important step in establishing the
international legitimacy that many foreign governments felt was necessary to secure
their participation in Iraq. In May 2004, a second donors’ conference was convened
in Doha, Qatar. A third conference is scheduled to take place in Tokyo, Japan, in
October 2004.
As of October 2004, over 28,000 foreign personnel from 29 countries are
supporting post-war stabilization efforts in Iraq and in theater. The United Kingdom
has the largest contingent of foreign forces (11,000) followed by Italy (3,120), Poland
(2,400), and Ukraine (1,600). The international community, excluding the United
States, has pledged an estimated $13 billion in humanitarian and reconstruction
assistance through the coalition, United Nations, and a new World Bank/United
Nations administered trust fund, although estimates for the total cost needed to
rebuild Iraq vary widely.1 The FY2004 Iraq Reconstruction Relief Funds
Supplemental (P.L. 108-106), provided $18.6 billion in grants for Iraq reconstruction
and also supports coalition troops present and future involvement in Iraq. In the event
that additional foreign troops are not recruited, the FY2004 supplemental assumes
the cost of using U.S. troops to perform these tasks.
There have been few additional pledges of foreign troops beyond the increased
commitments of existing contributors such as the United Kingdom. In June 2004,
the Iraqi interim government requested that NATO help assist in training Iraq’s
1 Senior U.S. officials roughly estimated immediate and medium term costs of reconstruction
to total between $50-75 billion dollars. “Reconstruction Will Cost $55bn over Four Years,
Draft Shows,” Financial Times, Oct. 2, 2003. The American Academy for Arts and
Sciences have estimated that it may cost $106 billion to $615 billion to reconstruct Iraq over
the next decade “Rebuilding Iraq likely to Top Wars Cost,” Associated Press, Aug. 12,
2003.

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CRS-2
security forces. NATO subsequently agreed to provide such training, but has not
indicated whether its training will be in Iraq or elsewhere. Ultimately, a foreign
government’s decision to send peacekeeping forces to Iraq may rest on a number of
factors including the overall security situation; the domestic political environment in
a donor country; legal restrictions these countries face in deploying troops in Iraq; the
potential for foreign companies to invest in Iraq’s economy; and specific bilateral
arrangements between the United States and possible donors. The United States is
currently subsidizing the military deployments of some coalition partners, most
notably Poland.
Many of the same factors that influence a foreign government’s decision to send
and sustain peacekeepers also will affect its decision to pledge additional financial
resources to reconstruction and stabilization in Iraq. In addition to the above
mentioned concerns, the financial burden of other international commitments to
humanitarian or security operations, such as Afghanistan or Liberia, may influence
the individual country’s donations to Iraq. According to the latest estimates, foreign
donors have pledged $13 billion in grants and loans for Iraq reconstruction, but have
only disbursed around $1 billion to the United Nations and World Bank trust funds
for Iraq. The largest non-American pledges of grants have come from Japan, the
United Kingdom, Canada, South Korea, and the United Arab Emirates. The World
Bank, International Monetary Fund, Japan, and Saudi Arabia have pledged the most
loans and export credits. Total foreign support for Iraq may be higher when including
some nations’ direct financial contributions to U.N. agencies working in Iraq.
This report provides both the latest estimates for existing foreign contributions
to peacekeeping operations and reconstruction efforts in Iraq and the latest diplomatic
developments regarding potential future donations from foreign governments. This
report is divided into two sections. The first section tracks important diplomatic
developments in financial and personnel pledges from foreign governments since the
August 19, 2003 bombing of the U.N. Headquarters in Baghdad and major events
since the fall of Baghdad on April 9, 2003. The second section presents estimated
pledges of personnel, monetary donations, and material resources in chart form. This
information represents rough estimates as specific pledges remain in flux. Both
sections will be updated as needed to reflect international developments.

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CRS-3
Chronology
Primary Events Since April 9, 2003
Nov. 3-6, 2004
In a meeting in Brussels with Iraqi Prime Minister Ayad Allawi,
the European Union pledged $38 million in new assistance for
the upcoming Iraqi elections and vowed to open up trade talks
with the Iraqi government. The EU also plans to train Iraqi
police, judges, and prison directors.
Nov. 3, 2004
Hungary announced that it would withdraw its 300-man force
from Iraq after the January 2005 Iraqi elections.
Oct. 15, 2004
Poland’s Prime Minister announced that Poland will begin
withdrawing its troops in January 2005 and will complete the
entire withdrawal of its forces from Iraq by the end of 2005.
Oct.13-14, 2004 At a donor’s meeting in Tokyo, Japan, the World Bank
announced that it had only two projects underway in Iraq using
funds from the international trust established over a year ago.
Officials blamed the ongoing Iraqi insurgency for slowing down
the reconstruction process. Iraqi officials urged the international
community to accelerate the transfer of aid. Iran donated $10
million to the World Bank trust fund.
Oct. 4, 2004
Poland’s Defense Minister announced that Poland would
withdraw all of its troops from Iraq by the end of 2005. Other
Polish officials later remarked that a withdrawal was only being
considered.
Oct. 2, 2004
Italy’s Deputy Premier remarked that Italy could pull its troops
out of Iraq after the January 2005 Iraqi elections.
Sept. 24, 2004
The Washington Post reported that the former Soviet republic of
Georgia is planning to send 800 additional troops to Iraq by the
end of the year.
Sept. 9, 2004
The New York Times reported that Costa Rica asked the United
States to remove it from a list of Iraq coalition partners after the
country’s Constitutional Court ruled that inclusion on the list
violated Costa Rica’s Constitution. Costa Rica had provided no
assistance for Iraq’s reconstruction.
July 12, 2004
Philippine Deputy Foreign Minister Rafael Seguis told Al-
Jazeera that Manila was offering to withdraw its forces as soon
as possible from Iraq to save a Filipino truck driver taken hostage
by Iraqi militants.
July 4, 2004
The Kingdom of Tonga announced that its 45-member Marine
contingent had arrived in Iraq.

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CRS-4
June 29, 2004
At its summit in Istanbul, Turkey, NATO agreed to train Iraqi
security forces.
June 28, 2004
The Coalition Provisional Authority disbanded, and sovereignty
was transferred to a new Iraqi government.
June 11, 2004
The Dutch government extended the stay of its 1,400-member
troop contingent in Iraq through March 2005.
Apr. 19, 2004
The Albanian government said it was prepared to send more non-
combat troops to Iraq in a possible expansion of the 71-member-
strong contingent patrolling the northern city of Mosul under
U.S. command.
— Honduras announced that it would withdraw its 370 troops,
which have been operating in Iraq as part of the Spanish
contingent. Honduras had planned to withdraw its troops in July
but accelerated the timetable for their withdrawal after Spain
confirmed its immediate removal of troops from Iraq.
Apr. 18, 2004
Spain’s new Socialist prime minister, José Luis Rodríguez
Zapatero, announced that he was ordering Spanish troops to leave
Iraq “as soon as possible.” Mr. Zapatero said he had made his
decision because it was unlikely that the United Nations would
be playing a leading role in Iraq any time soon, which had been
his condition for keeping Spain’s 1,300 troops in Iraq.
Mar. 18, 2004
According to South Korean defense officials, South Korea
canceled plans to send troops to the northern Iraqi city of Kirkuk,
citing U.S. pressure to participate in “offensive operations,” but
still plans to send ,3600 troops and personnel to help rebuild the
country.
Mar. 15, 2004
In a news conference, Prime Minister-elect José Luis Rodriguez
Zapatero promised to withdraw Spanish troops from Iraq.
Spanish forces had been set to take control July 1 of the 9,000-
strong multinational force patrolling central and southern Iraq
currently under Polish command.
Mar. 14, 2004
Spain’s opposition Socialist Party defeated the center-right party
of Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar, as many Spanish voters
were reportedly dissatisfied with the government’s handling of
the ongoing Madrid bombing investigation.
Mar. 11, 2004
Ten bombs exploded on commuter trains in Madrid, killing 200
people. Spanish authorities blamed the Basque terrorist group
ETA, but other Spanish investigators found evidence linking the
bombings to Islamist terrorists.

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CRS-5
Feb. 13, 2004
South Korea’s National Assembly approved the deployment of
3,000 troops to Iraq. The additional troops will be responsible for
security and reconstruction around the northern Iraqi city of
Kirkuk.
Feb. 9, 2004
Nicaragua canceled its second mission to Iraq after running short
of funds to carry out the operation.
Feb. 4, 2004
Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar told a joint meeting of
Congress that Spain would remain committed to providing
security in Iraq and to assisting with reconstruction efforts.
Jan. 31, 2004
Japan’s lower house of parliament gave final approval to the
deployment of 1,000 Japanese peacekeepers to Iraq. Japanese
soldiers arrived in Iraq a few days later.
Jan. 30, 2004
Iraqi attackers fired two rocket-propelled grenades at the Dutch
Embassy in Baghdad, hitting the roof and setting it on fire. There
were no reports of injuries.
Dec. 17, 2003
Acting as a special presidential envoy, Secretary of State James
A. Baker III obtained assurances from France, Germany, and Italy
to reschedule Iraq’s debt through Paris Club mechanisms.
France, Germany, and the United States issued a joint statement
on the agreement the day earlier.
Dec. 16, 2003
South Korea’s Cabinet formally approved the dispatch of 3,000
combat and noncombat troops to Iraq. The meausure must be
formally ratified by South Korea’s Parliament.
Dec. 12, 2003
The Spanish government announced that it would extend its
mission in Iraq for an additional six months. Approximately
1,300 Spanish troops are serving in Iraq.
— The Dutch parliament approved a measure to prolong its
troop presence of about 1,100 marines for an additional six
months.
Dec. 10, 2003
A directive issued by Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitz
announced a list of 63 countries eligible to bid for the 26 primary
reconstruction contracts appropriated under Public Law 108-106.
P.L. 108-106 allocated $18.6 billion in appropriations for these
contracts. Countries eligible to bid were identified as either
Coalition partners or force contributing nations. Canada has
threatened to withhold its aid pledges because it is barred from
contracting. Russia indicated that it would be unwilling to
reschedule Iraq’s debt because of the contracting restrictions. To
view the directive’s list of countries eligible for contracts, refer
to Table 2.

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CRS-6
— U.N. Secretary General Koffi Annan announced that the
United Nations would operate its mission for Iraq, UNAMI, in
either Jordan or Cyprus for the time being because it is too
dangerous to return to Iraq full-time.
Dec. 9, 2003
The Japanese Cabinet approved a dispatch of up to 1,000 troops.
Within the plan, 600 Ground Self-Defense Force troops would
provide medical services and supply water in southeastern Iraq.
Although no specific start date was set, the dispatch could occur
anytime after December 15, 2003, and last from six months to
one year.
Dec. 8, 2003
60 South Korean contract engineers and technicians left Iraq over
security concerns. The incident represents the largest withdrawal
by contractors because of security concerns and occurred a week
after two of their colleagues were killed in an ambush. The
contractors were fixing Iraq’s electrical power grid as
subcontractors for a U.S.-based construction firm.
Dec. 7, 2003
Although foreign donors pledged $3 billion in grants for short-
term needs at the Madrid International Donors Conference on
Iraq, the World Bank reported that only $685 million has been
verified. Part of this shortfall results from a change in Japan’s
initial posture for providing immediate grant aid to providing
medium-term grant assistance. Although some analysts have
suggested that pledges may not materialize, the Bush
Administration has stated that more grants will come forward
once the joint U.N./World Bank administered trust fund is
operational. (New York Times, December 7, 2003)
Dec. 6, 2003
Former Secretary of State James A. Baker III was appointed as a
special presidential envoy to persuade other countries to
reschedule or forgive Iraq’s sovereign debt.
Nov. 30, 2003
Two South Korean engineers were killed on a road near Tikrit,
north of Baghdad. Although South Korea’s Foreign Minister
Yoon Young-Kwan announced that the killings would not affect
the government’s proposal to send more troops to Iraq, any
decision regarding the deployment of more troops requires
approval by South Korea’s parliament. The opposition party’s
boycott of proceedings from Nov. 26 - Dec. 3, 2003, has delayed
parliamentary approval. This boycott stems from a matter
unrelated to Iraq.
Nov. 29, 2003
Two Japanese diplomats were killed on their way to an aid
conference in northern Iraq. Although Prime Minister Koizumi
pledged that Japan would continue to support efforts in Iraq, the
opposition party signaled that it would step up pressure to delay
deployment of Japanese noncombat troops.

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CRS-7
Seven Spanish intelligence officers were killed in an ambush 100
km south of Baghdad. Spanish Prime Minister Anzar later
affirmed Spain’s commitment to remain in Iraq despite
widespread popular opposition.
Nov. 28, 2003
An official Japanese SDF exploratory mission to Iraq concluded
that the security situation in Samara, Iraq, was stable enough to
send Japanese SDF troops there.
Nov. 21, 2003
The U.N. officially transferred administration of the multi-billion
dollar Oil-For-Food Program (OFFP) over to the Coalition
Provisional Authority. The remaining balance of funds held in
the OFFP will be transferred to the CPA administered
Development Fund for Iraq. Hence forth, U.N. humanitarian and
reconstruction activities will be financed by the March and June
2003 U.N. humanitarian appeals and bilateral donations to the
World Bank/U.N. reconstruction trust fund.
Nov.
20,
2003
Taiwan pledged an additional $8.5 million in
aid
for
reconstruction in Iraq.
Nov. 19, 2003
Guatemala’s Defense Minister announced that Guatemala would
be willing to supply troops to a U.N. peacekeeping force in Iraq.
Nov. 19, 2003
The Bush Administration indicated that it will seek an additional
U.N. security resolution in mid-December to approve the time
line and design for transferring sovereignty to an internationally
recognized Iraqi government.
Nov. 17, 2003
An Italian official serving as a special counselor to the Coalition
Provisional Authority resigned, accusing the CPA of inefficiency
and failing to understand Iraqis. (AP, Nov. 17, 2003)
Nov. 13, 2003
Japan and South Korea expressed hesitancy to send new troops
in light of the recent suicide-bomb attack on the Italian
headquarters in Nasiriya. Japan indicated that it would be
unlikely to send troops until next year, and South Korea rebuffed
requests to send more than 3,000 troops of unknown combat
status to Iraq. (Washington Post Foreign Service, Nov. 14, 2003)
Nov. 12, 2003
A suicide-bomb attack on the Italian headquarters in Nasiriya
killed 18 Italians, including 12 military police offices, 4 soldiers,
and two civilians. Although the main Italian opposition party
initially called for a withdrawal of troops, Italy sent 50
reinforcements two days later and pledged to remain in Iraq.
Nov. 8, 2003
The International Red Cross announced that it would temporarily
close offices in Baghdad and Basra under growing security
concerns. Operations will still continue in northern Iraq.

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CRS-8
Nov. 7, 2003
Bosnia announced that it would be willing to send troops to Iraq
to support the Polish-led multi-division forces and coalition. The
country currently relies upon 12,000 NATO security forces to
maintain its own internal security. (Agence France Press, Nov.
7, 2003)
Nov. 7, 2003
The Turkish government officially rescinded its offer to provide
troops to a multi-national coalition force in Iraq. On November
5, 2003, the Iraqi Governing Council announced that it would
reject Turkey’s offer to supply troops for stabilization and
security details.
Nov. 4, 2003
Spain moved most of its Embassy’s staff to Amman, Jordan
under growing security concerns. Officials indicated that the
Embassy would remain open with minimal staff. Spain is the
third coalition partner to drastically reduce or close down
Embassy operations in the past month due to security concerns.
Nov.
3,
2003
The Senate passed the FY2004 emergency supplemental
appropriations request for Iraq and Afghanistan by a voice vote.
Nov. 2, 2003
15 American soldiers died in a helicopter crash west of Baghdad
that was believed to be caused by a missile attack. The soldiers
were on their way home for a two week leave. The attack was
the deadliest single strike against U.S. soldiers since the war
began on March 20, 2003.
Oct. 31, 2003
The House passed the FY2004 emergency supplemental request
for Iraq and Afghanistan by a margin of 298-121. Within the
$87.5 billion appropriations bill, approximately $18.7 billion in
grants was designated for reconstruction in Iraq.
Oct. 28, 2003
Ukranian soldiers came under attack while on patrol 40 miles
southeast of Baghdad. These attacks represent the first ambush
on soldiers from countries that recently sent personnel to
participate in the U.S. led coalition in Iraq.
Oct. 27, 2003
A suicide bombing at the International Red Cross Headquarters
killed at least 12 individuals including two security guards. An
explosive laden ambulance carrying the Red Cross and Red
Crescent insignia was used to detonate the explosion. Red Cross
officials indicated that they would scale back their operations and
remove remaining foreign staff.
Oct. 26, 2003
A rocket attack on the Al-Rashid Hotel, which houses coalition
military and civilian officials, wounded at least 16 people and
killed one American colonel. Deputy Defense Secretary Paul D.
Wolfowitz was staying one floor above the blast, but was not
injured in the explosion.

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CRS-9
Oct. 24, 2003
New international pledges of grants and loans were submitted at
the Madrid International Conference on Reconstruction in Iraq.
Some of the largest previously unannounced pledges included
Saudi Arabia - $500 million in loans and $500 million in export
credits; Kuwait - $500 million in aid; the United Arab Emirates -
$215 million in aid. Other new pledges are reflected in Table 1.
Oct. 23, 2003
The Madrid International Conference on Reconstruction in Iraq
opened in Madrid, Spain, with over 70 countries participating.
Oct. 22, 2003
The World Bank Board of Directors authorized the Bank’s
president to pledge between $3- 5 billion in loans to Iraq over the
course of the next several years.
Oct. 18, 2003
South Korea announced it would commit an additional as yet
unspecified number of troops to Iraq as well as contribute $200
million in aid over the next four years. That money is in addition
to the $60 million already pledged and the exact details of the
troop deployment will be determined after consultations with
Washington.2
Oct. 17, 2003
One week before the donor conference to be held in Madrid took
place, Spain announced it would contribute $300 million in aid
to help with the reconstruction of Iraq.
Oct. 16, 2003
The day before President Bush’s visit, Japan announced it will
contribute $1.5 billion in grants to Iraq next year, making it the
second largest donor to Iraq after the United States. Japanese
media is also reporting that the government is considering
announcing at the international donors conference in Madrid
contributions of up to $5 billion in loans over four years.
— The U.N. Security Council adopted Resolution 1511 that calls
for increases in troops and financial contributions to help with the
stabilization of Iraq. Immediately after, France and Germany
added that they would not be committing troops.
— The United Nations and the World Bank announced plans to
establish the Reconstruction Development Fund Facility as a
vehicle for countries unwilling to donate to the U.S.-controlled
program but that wish to contribute to Iraq’s reconstruction
(Agence France Presse, Oct. 16, 2003).
2 “South Korea to Send More Troops to Iraq - Official,” Channel News Asia, MediaCorp
News Pte Ltd, Oct. 18, 2003.

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CRS-10
Oct. 15, 2003
Eight Senators proposed a compromise to President Bush’s $87
billion supplemental request that would turn half of the $20
billion grant earmarked for reconstruction into a loan to be
repaid. That $10 billion loan would be forgiven if other countries
forgave 90% of Iraq’s outstanding debt, not including post-Gulf
War reparations.
Oct. 14, 2003
A suicide car bomber struck outside of Turkey’s Embassy in
Baghdad. The driver and at least two staff members were killed
in the explosion in addition to wounding thirteen bystanders.
— The World Bank announced a plan to loan 3.4 billion to 4
billion dollars for Iraq over the next five years. The lending could
start with $500 million for 2004 and another $500 million for
2005 (Agence France Presse, Oct. 14, 2003).
Oct. 9, 2003
Turkey’s Parliament approved the Oct. 6, 2003, Cabinet decision
to commit Turkish troops to the coalition’s security forces in
Iraq. Turkey is the first predominantly Muslim nation to offer
such a contribution, though the exact nature of the commitment
remains undecided. Iraq’s Interim Governing Council responded
by saying, “they do not want soldiers from neighboring countries
meddling in their affairs” (New York Times, Oct. 9, 2003).
— Violently marking the six-month anniversary of the fall of
Baghdad, a Spanish intelligence officer was murdered near his
home near Baghdad, a suicide bomber killed three Iraqi police
and five civilians, and an American soldier died in an ambush.
Sept. 29, 2003
Jordan pledged to help train 30,000 Iraqi police and troops; one-
third of the total indigenous force to be trained and deployed in
post-war Iraq. It is also the first pledge of personnel support to
the reconstruction effort from an Arab nation.
Sept. 23, 2003
President Bush went before the U.N. General Assembly to ask for
military and financial support for the reconstruction of Iraq.
Delegates responded cooly and voiced concerns about Iraqi
domestic security, the continued U.S. presence, and the transfer
of sovereignty to the Iraqi Governing Council.
Sept. 17, 2003
According to the Los Angeles Times, South Korea is considering
committing upwards of 10,000 troops to the U.S. mission in Iraq.
Troops may include special forces and would be the largest
Korean deployment on behalf of the United States since the
Korean War.

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CRS-11
Sept. 12, 2003
U.S. officials tempered expectations of obtaining large numbers
of additional foreign peacekeeping forces for Iraq, saying that
significant help will not come in the short term. According to
Senator Richard Lugar, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee, “those looking for a large number of personnel [from
other countries] will probably be disappointed in the short run,
but the need for a Security Council resolution to form the basis
of cooperation remains very, very important.” (Los Angeles
Times)
Sept. 11, 2003
Prior to a meeting of the five permanent U.N. Security Council
members’ Foreign Ministers regarding international support for
the U.S.-led reconstruction of Iraq, a joint French-German and a
separate Russian amendment were each submitted to U.S.
negotiators, offering the respective countries’ support in
exchange for limitations on U.S. control over multinational
peacekeeping forces in Iraq. China said that it supports such
proposals. (Agence France Presse, Sept. 11, 2003)
Sept. 8, 2003
Britain sent an additional 1,000 troops to Iraq, bringing total
British strength to about 11,600. Defense Secretary Geoff Hoon
suggested that even more British troops could be deployed in the
future.
— The Arab League unanimously agreed to offer Iraq’s seat,
vacant since the demise of the Hussein regime, to the US-
supported Governing Council at an Arab League Ministerial
Meeting. It is not clear if this is a formal recognition or a one-
time gesture.
Sept. 7, 2003
President Bush delivered a national address asking Congress for
an additional $87 billion to fund continuing military and
reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq. The request
included up to $2.2 billion for coalition partners in Iraq,
Afghanistan, and the U.S. led war on terrorism, and some of
these funds would be used to subsidize the deployment of foreign
personnel in Iraq.
Sept. 5, 2003
Australia announced that it will not send any additional
peacekeepers to Iraq, even under the auspices of a U.N. mandate.
Australia had contributed 2,000 troops to Operation Iraqi
Freedom and maintains about 800 personnel in the region for
reconstruction.
Sept. 4, 2003
The United States unveiled its draft proposal for increased
international cooperation in Iraq. Although initial reactions were
positive, France and Germany stated that the draft resolution “fell
short” of their expectations. (Associated Press)

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CRS-12
Aug. 28, 2003
In a departure from previous policy, President Bush announced
he would consider a U.N. peacekeeping mission in Iraq so long
as any multinational force was led by the U.S. military.
Aug. 25, 2003
The final contingent of Polish peacekeepers arrived in Iraq,
rounding out their forces to 2,400 and paving the way for Poland
to take command of the 9,500 man international peacekeeping
force. (Associated Press)
Aug. 22, 2003
Concerned that it would be the only Muslim country to send
troops to Iraq, Turkish officials reached out to Pakistani leaders
in an effort to persuade Pakistan to commit its forces to the
postwar effort.
Aug. 21, 2003
Religious elements in Pakistan warned Pakistani President Perez
Musharraf not to consider U.S. requests to send peacekeepers to
Iraq. Some Islamic parties have issued a religious edict, or fatwa,
against support for U.S. efforts in Iraq.
Aug. 20, 2003
Shortly after the bombing of the U.N. headquarters in Baghdad,
Japan announced that it was delaying its deployment of 1,000
Japanese peacekeepers to the Iraqi theater.
Aug. 19, 2003
A truck bomb exploded outside the Canal Hotel in Baghdad, the
headquarters of the U.N. mission in Iraq, killing Chief U.N.
Representative Sergio Vieira de Mello and twenty-one others.
Aug. 7, 2003
A truck bombed exploded outside of the Jordanian Embassy
compound in Baghdad, killing at least 17 individuals.
July 13, 2003
The CPA announced the creation of the twenty-five member
Governing Iraqi Council drawn from exiles, current Iraqi
residents, and members of different ethnic and religious groups.
The council would have the authority to appoint interim ministers
and review laws and budgets.
July 7, 2003
The CPA chief administrator, Paul Bremer, announced a $6.1
billion budget for the rest of 2003 in Iraq.
May 22, 2003
The United Nations Security Council approved Resolution 1483
that called for a lifting of sanctions against Iraq and recognized
the United States and the United Kingdom as occupying powers
until an internationally recognized Iraqi government could be
instituted in its place.
May 6, 2003
President Bush appointed L. Paul Bremer III to be the new top
civilian administrator of reconstruction in Iraq. Bremer was
ambassador at large for counter-terrorism during the Reagan
Administration.

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CRS-13
Apr. 12, 2003
Congress passed H.R. 1559 (P.L.108-11), the FY2003 Iraq
Emergency Wartime Supplemental Appropriations Bill that
included $2.85 billion for humanitarian relief and reconstruction
in Iraq.
Apr. 9, 2003
U.S. and coalition forces take control of Baghdad; Saddam
Hussein’s Baathist regime is forced to flee the capital.

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CRS-14
Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction and
Stabilization in Postwar Iraq
Table Information
Personnel includes individuals performing both stabilization and reconstruction roles in Iraq
and in theater. Examples of these roles include but are not limited to peacekeepers, aid workers,
soldiers, police and health workers, engineers, field and freight specialists. On the ground,
individuals may be playing multiple, or non-traditional roles in the fields of stabilization,
reconstruction, and humanitarian assistance. Source: Estimates obtained from major media sources
and foreign embassies.
Monetary Donations to the Coalition and U.N./World Bank Reconstruction Trust
includes a total figure for future pledges and actual funds already disbursed. Donations are a
combination of both grants and loans to fund humanitarian and reconstruction efforts in post-war
Iraq. Some pledges are for multiple years, while others may be just for 2004. Funds pledged
includes money committed by governments bilaterally to U.N. agencies. These figures do not
include contributions to the Oil for Food Program or for Iraqi debt relief. Some countries with
donations below $1 million are not included. Individual EU members’ donations do not include
their contributions to the general EU pledge for Iraq. The figures do not reflect a financial estimate
of in-kind assistance such as food aid and medical equipment. Source: Estimates obtained from
major media sources, embassies, and the Department of Defense (DOD).

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CRS-15
Table 1. Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction and
Stabilization in Postwar Iraq
Monetary Donations to the
Coalition and U.N./World Bank
Personnel
Trust Fund
Donor
(est.)
(Millions U.S. $)
Albania
70
-
increasing its forces
Australia
850
$120.0
Austria
-
$1.0
Azerbaijan
150
-
increasing its forces
Belgium
-
$20.7
Bulgaria
485
-
Canada
-
$234.0
China
-
$25.0
Czech Republic
113
$69.0
Denmark
520
$201.2
($158.2 credits)
Dominican Republic
withdrew its forces
-
El Salvador
380
-
Estonia
43
$1.1
European Union
-
$370.0
$38.0 for Iraqi elections
Finland
-
$5.9
France
-
$10.7
Georgia
160
-
increasing its forces
Germany
-
$155.0
Greece
-
$9.6
Honduras
withdrew its forces
-
Hungary
300
-
withdrawing its forces
Iceland
-
$3.9
IMF
-
$2,500-$4,250
(in loans)
India
-
$30.0

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CRS-16
Monetary Donations to the
Coalition and U.N./World Bank
Personnel
Trust Fund
Donor
(est.)
(Millions U.S. $)
Iran
-
$10.0
Ireland
-
$8.0
Italy
3,120
$270.0
Japan
750
$5,000
($3,500 in loans)
Kazakhstan
27
-
Kuwait
-
$1,500
Latvia
120
-
Lithuania
105
$.560
Macedonia
28
-
Moldova
12
-
withdrew most of its forces
Mongolia
140
-
NATO
300 (trainers)
Netherlands
1,400
$21
New Zealand
-
$10.0
withdrew its forces
Nicaragua
-
-
withdrew its forces
Norway
10
$30
withdrew most of its forces
Pakistan
-
$3.3
Philippines
-
-
withdrew its forces
Poland
2,400
-
Portugal
110
$17.4
Qatar
-
$100.0
Romania
700
$.200
Russia
-
$8.0
Saudi Arabia
-
$1,000
($500 in loans & $500 in credits)
Singapore
33
$1.7
withdrew most of its forces
Slovakia
105
$.290

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CRS-17
Monetary Donations to the
Coalition and U.N./World Bank
Personnel
Trust Fund
Donor
(est.)
(Millions U.S. $)
South Korea
2,800
$260.0
Spain
withdrew its forces
$300.0
Sweden
-
$54.0
Switzerland
-
$11.0
Taiwan
-
$4.3
Thailand
-
$.283
withdrew its forces
Tonga
45
-
Turkey
-
$50.0
Ukraine 1,650
-
United Arab Emirates
-
$215.0
United Kingdom
12,000
$1,000.0
World Bank
-
$3,000-$5,000
(in loans)
Grand Total
28,926* in theater
$20.86 billion** (est.) In grants,
and in Iraq
loans, and credits
* Estimates vary between media and embassy sources.
** This estimate does not include the monetary value of donated good such as food aid or relief supplies. The
U.N. estimates that international food aid donations for Iraq, excluding U.S. donations and funds
generated through the Oil for Food program, total about $600 million dollars. Monetary estimates of the
Oil for Food program total over 1 billion. Information obtained at [http://www.reliefweb.int/fts/reports/
reportlist.asp?section=CE&record_ID=605], accessed Oct. 2, 2003.

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CRS-18
Table 2. Countries Eligible to Bid on Primary Iraq Relief and
Reconstruction Contract
Afghanistan
Moldova
Albania
Mongolia
Angola
Morocco
Australia
Netherlands
Azerbaijan
New Zealand
Bahrain
Nicaragua
Bulgaria
Norway
Colombia
Oman
Costa Rica
Palau
Denmark
Panama
Dominican Republic
Philippines
Egypt
Poland
El Salvador
Portugal
Eritrea
Qatar
Estonia
Romania
Ethiopia
Rwanda
Georgia
Saudi Arabia
Honduras
Singapore
Hungary
Slovakia
Iceland
Solomon Islands
Iraq
South Korea
Italy
Spain
Japan
Thailand
Jordan
Tonga
Kazakhstan
Turkey
Kuwait
United Arab Emirates
Latvia
Uganda
Lithuania
Ukraine
Macedonia
United Kingdom
Marshall Islands
United States
Micronesia
Uzbekistan
Sources: As of November 25, NSA, per Defense Policy. Information cited from memo written by
Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitz, Department of Defense, dated December 5, 2003.
Excerpt of the memo was posted on the State Department’s Information on International
Programs website [http://usinfo.state.gov/].

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