Order Code RL32105
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Post-War Iraq:
Foreign Contributions to Training,
Peacekeeping, and Reconstruction
Updated June 6, 2005
Jeremy M. Sharp and Christopher M. Blanchard
Analysts in Middle Eastern Affairs
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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Post-War Iraq:
Foreign Contributions to Training,
Peacekeeping, and Reconstruction
Summary
Securing foreign contributions to the reconstruction and stabilization of Iraq has
been a major priority for U.S. policymakers since the launch of Operation Iraqi
Freedom in March 2003. This report tracks important changes in financial and
personnel pledges from foreign governments since the August 19, 2003 bombing of
the U.N. Headquarters in Baghdad and major events since the fall of Baghdad on
April 9, 2003.
Currently, there are twenty-six countries with military forces participating in the
coalition’s stabilization effort. An additional eleven countries have withdrawn their
troops from Iraq due to either the successful completion of their missions, domestic
political pressure to withdraw their troops, or, in the case of the Philippines, the
demands of terrorist kidnappers who threatened to kill foreign hostages unless their
respective countries removed their troops from Iraq.
Most foreign pledges for reconstructing Iraq were made at a donors’ conference
in Madrid, Spain in October 2003. Foreign donors pledged an estimated $13 billion
in grants and loans for Iraq reconstruction, but have only disbursed about $2.7 billion
to the United Nations and World Bank trust funds for Iraq. The largest non-American
pledges of grants have come from Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada, South Korea,
and the United Arab Emirates. The World Bank, International Monetary Fund,
Japan, and Saudi Arabia have pledged the most loans and export credits.
This report also discusses international efforts to train and equip the new Iraqi
security forces. Since the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime in April 2003, several
coalition, non-coalition, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries
have contributed personnel, equipment, and facilities to the training of Iraqi security
and police forces. Some have expressed their willingness to contribute to future
training operations within or outside of Iraq. Others have declined to participate in
ongoing or planned training operations. Bush Administration officials have
announced their intent to continue seeking international support for training and
stability operations in Iraq in the coming months.
This report will be updated as needed to reflect the latest international
developments.
For a broader review of foreign support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, see CRS
Report RL31339, Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts and Post War Governance; CRS
Report RL31843, Iraq: International Attitudes to Operation Iraqi Freedom and
Reconstruction; CRS Report RL32068, An Enhanced European Role In Iraq?; CRS
Report RS21323, The United Nations Security Council — Its Role in the Iraq
Security Crisis: A Brief Overview; and CRS Report RL31833, Iraq: Recent
Developments in Humanitarian and Reconstruction Assistance.

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Contents
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Coalition Member Support for Training Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Other Training Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Germany/Japan/United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Significant Coalition Support Events Since April 9, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction and Stabilization in Postwar Iraq . . . . 19
List of Tables
Table 1. NATO Member Contributions to NTM-I Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Table 2. Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction and Stabilization in
Postwar Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

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Post-War Iraq: Foreign Contributions to Training,
Peacekeeping, and Reconstruction
Overview
Securing foreign contributions to the reconstruction and stabilization of Iraq has
been a major priority for U.S. policymakers since the launch of Operation Iraqi
Freedom in March 2003. International participation has been sought to support
peacekeeping operations, assist in efforts to train and equip Iraq’s new security
forces, and provide financial support to reconstruction efforts. For many countries,
U.S. Security Council passage of Resolution 1511 on October 6, 2003, marked an
important milestone in establishing the legitimacy of the post-war international
presence in Iraq. Nevertheless, some countries remain wary of deploying or
sustaining troops in Iraq.
Shortly after the passage of Resolution 1511, an international donors’
conference for Iraq was held on October 23-24, 2003, in Madrid. The international
community, excluding the United States, has pledged an estimated $16 billion to $20
billion in humanitarian and reconstruction assistance through the coalition, United
Nations, and a new World Bank/United Nations administered trust fund, although
estimates for the total cost needed to rebuild Iraq vary widely.
There have been few additional pledges of foreign troops beyond the increased
commitments of existing contributors such as the United Kingdom. Ultimately, a
foreign government’s decision to send peacekeeping forces to Iraq may rest on a
number of factors including the overall security situation; the domestic political
environment in a donor country; legal restrictions these countries face in deploying
troops in Iraq; the potential for foreign companies to invest in Iraq’s economy; and
specific bilateral arrangements between the United States and possible donors. The
United States is currently subsidizing the military deployments of some coalition
partners, most notably Poland. As of June 2005, over 23,000 foreign personnel from
26 countries are supporting post-war stabilization efforts in Iraq and in theater. The
United Kingdom has the largest contingent of foreign forces (12,000) followed by
South Korea (3,600), Italy (3,120), and Poland (1,700).
This report provides the latest estimates for existing foreign contributions to
peacekeeping operations and reconstruction efforts in Iraq, international contributions
to training and equipping the new Iraqi security forces, and the latest diplomatic
developments regarding potential future donations from foreign governments. This
report is divided into three sections. The first section discusses the international
training effort. The second section tracks major diplomatic developments in
financial and personnel pledges from foreign governments since the August 19, 2003
bombing of the U.N. Headquarters in Baghdad and major events since the fall of

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CRS-2
Baghdad on April 9, 2003. The third section presents estimated pledges of personnel,
monetary donations, and material resources in chart form. This information
represents rough estimates as specific pledges remain in flux. Both sections will be
updated as needed to reflect international developments.
Coalition Member Support for Training Efforts
Since the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime, members of the U.S.-led
Multinational Force (MNF)1 in Iraq have made contributions to efforts to train and
equip Iraqi security and police forces under the auspices of the Multinational Security
Transition Command (MNSTC).2 The MNSTC is divided into two sections: the
Civilian Police Assistance Training Team (CPATT), which has primary
responsibility for training Iraq’s police, border, and non-military security services,
and the Coalition Military Assistance Training Team (CMATT), which has primary
responsibility for training members of Iraq’s military.3 U.S. Lieutenant General
David Petraeus is the commanding officer for the MNSTC. His deputy is British
Brigadier General David Clements.
A variety of training initiatives have been undertaken by the MNSTC that have
involved various coalition partners working in concert with U.S. forces, Iraqi
officials, and trainees. The training initiatives with the largest international
components are those designed to train Iraqi police at locations in Jordan, United
Arab Emirates, and Iraq (see below). Police instructors from Jordan, the United
States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, Sweden, Poland, the United Arab
Emirates, Denmark, Austria, Iraq, Finland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary,
Slovenia, Slovakia, Singapore, and Belgium participate in various aspects of the
police training programs. Other initiatives have been undertaken between individual
coalition members and Iraqi personnel, such as the Royal Australian Navy’s recently
completed efforts to train Iraq’s Coastal Defense Force. The Netherlands and the
Czech Republic have also directed training programs for Iraqi security personnel.
Poland signed a bilateral agreement with the Interim Iraqi Government in October
2004 to provide training services and equipment for the Iraqi military.
1 As of June 1, 2004, the following countries had forces deployed in Iraq as part of the U.S.
led coalition/Multinational Force-Iraq (MNF-I): Albania, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan,
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, El Salvador, Estonia, Georgia, Italy, Japan,
Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mongolia, The Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.
(Department of State, Iraq Weekly Status Report, June 1, 2005.) Some of these countries
have announced that they will withdraw from the multinational force in the near term but
will remain involved in training operations.
2 Background information on the MNSTC is available on the Command’s website at
[http://www.mnstci.iraq.centcom.mil/].
3 Background information on the CPATT and CMATT is available on the Teams’ websites
a t [ h t t p : / / www.mnst c i . i r a q . c e n t c o m. mi l / s e c t i o n s / c p a t t / i n d e x . h t m] a n d
[http://www.mnstci.iraq.centcom.mil/sections/cmatt/index.htm].

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CRS-3
NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I)4
Efforts to enlist NATO support for the training of Iraqi security forces coalesced
over the summer and fall of 2004. At the request of the Iraqi Interim Government,
NATO member countries approved the creation of a security force training mission
at the Istanbul summit in June 2004. The first personnel of the NATO Training
Implementation Mission (NTIM) arrived in Baghdad in early August 2004 and have
worked since then to identify training opportunities for Iraqi security officials, to train
individuals and support staff at the headquarters of Iraq’s security forces, and to
develop an action plan for a full NATO supported training program within and
outside of Iraq to be implemented in 2005. Under the auspices of the NTIM
program, a small number of Iraqi military officers have undergone training at a
NATO facility in Stavanger, Norway. Roughly 60 military personnel from Canada,
Hungary, Norway, the Netherlands, and Italy participated in the initial NATO
Training Implementation Mission and remain in Iraq under NATO command.
Based on the recommendations of the initial NATO mission staff, plans to
expand the training program were considered and approved by NATO leaders in the
fall of 2004. Although some NATO members declined to participate in the expanded
initiative, the North Atlantic Council approved the expansion of NATO’s Training
Implementation Mission in Iraq on November 17, 2004, and issued a directive
authorizing the expansion on December 9. The activation order implementing the
expansion and renaming the effort as the NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I) was
issued on December 16. U.S. Lt. Gen. David Petraeus was named commander of the
new NTM-I effort and now serves as the commander of both the NTM-I program and
the coalition MNSTC training programs (Figure 1).
Under the approved expansion, the size of the NATO training mission in Iraq
will grow from 60 to 300 personnel. They will train mid- and senior-level Iraqi
security officers at a planned Training Education and Doctrine Center (TEDC), which
is being built at Ar Rustamiya, southeast of Baghdad. The TEDC originally was
scheduled to be complete by June 2005, and officials estimate that the TEDC will be
operational by September 2005.5 Coalition and NATO representatives recently
approved the use of a private security firm to protect the TEDC upon its completion.6
As of May 2005, approximately 500 Iraqi officers have been trained under the NTM-I
initiative in a fortified Green Zone facility in Baghdad. Trainers at the TEDC will
continue to provide management and leadership training for Iraqi security officials
with the support and protection of a sizeable staff and member nation security
contingent. According to NATO officials, new NATO support staff and trainers for
4 Fact sheets describing the NATO Training Implementation Mission and Training Mission-
Iraq are available from the NATO Allied Joint Force Command website at
[http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Factsheets/NTIMI/FactSheet_on_NTIMI_en.htm], and
[http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Missions/NTM-I/Factsheets/NTM-I.htm].
5 Associated Press, “Opening of NATO Training Facility in Iraq Delayed until Autumn, Top
Official Says,” May 19, 2005.
6 Agence France Presse, “Private Firm to Protect NATO in Iraq,” May 4, 2005.

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CRS-4
the mission are being recruited and prepared. The NTM-I program target annual
training goal is 1500 junior Iraqi officers, both within and outside of Iraq.
At a NATO meeting on February 22, 2005, all 26 NATO members agreed to
contribute troops, financing, or equipment to support the NTM-I initiative. However,
some NATO members (France, Belgium, Greece, Spain, Luxembourg, and Germany)
remain reluctant to send troops into Iraq. Instead, they have agreed to provide
financing or equipment in support of the NTM-I mission and to provide training and
support to Iraqi forces outside of Iraq and outside of the NATO/NTM-I framework
(see below). The following NATO member contributions have been announced in
relation to the planned expansion:
Table 1. NATO Member Contributions to NTM-I Mission
NATO
Contribution
Member
(Trainers, Funding, Force Protection)
Offered five to 10 military driving instructors for a
German-led training mission for Iraqis in the United Arab
Belgium
Emirates. Will contribute $261,000 to a trust fund to help
cover costs of the NATO mission.
Bulgaria
Pledged to send five instructors to Iraq, $40,000 in funding.
Offered up to 30 instructors to train outside Iraq, probably in
Canada
Jordan, $810,000.
Pledged to send five instructors and train up to 100 Iraqi
Czech
military police in the Czech Republic during 2005. Announced
Republic
donation of approximately $180,000 in April 2005.
Offered 10 trainers and seven soldiers for force protection.
Denmark
Sent pistols, radios, binoculars and other equipment for Iraqi
forces.
One officer serving on NTM-I and has pledged $65,000 in
Estonia
support funds.
Will send one officer to help mission coordination at NATO
France
headquarters in Belgium. Has offered to train 1,500 Iraqi
military police in Qatar outside of the NATO NTM-I mission.
Offered to train Iraqi military personnel in United Arab
Emirates and to contribute $652,000 to support program
Germany
funding and airlift for Iraqi personnel. Iraqi security officers
have received training under the auspices of NTM-I at a
NATO military training facility in Oberammergau, Germany.
Greece
Has contributed approximately $376,000 in support funding.

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CRS-5
Sixteen officers currently in Iraq in support of NTM-I mission.
Plans to supply 150 force protection troops for training
facilities once the training facility at Ar Rustamiya is
Hungary
complete. Original nominal deployment period for the
Hungarian troops was set for June 1, 2005 to September 30,
2006. Donating 77 refurbished Russian-made T72 tanks to
Iraq in September 2005.
Public information officer will serve with NATO mission in
Iceland
Baghdad. Offered $196,000 to fund training outside the
country and help transport equipment to Iraq.
Eight officers currently serving in support of NTM-I mission
Italy
in Baghdad. Considering sending up to 16 more.
Plans to host Iraqi soldiers for bomb disposal training.
Latvia
Contributing $65,000 to NTM-I trust fund. Sending equipment
to Iraqi forces.
Two trainers serving in Iraq, two more expected. Also
Lithuania
considering training Iraqi personnel in Lithuania.
Luxembourg
Offered $196,000 in support funds.
10 military police and 15 trainers currently serving on NTM-I
Netherlands
mission. Considering sending more.
Sending 10 trainers to Iraq. Hosted training of 19 Iraqi officers
Norway
at NATO Joint Warfare Center. $196,000 in funding.
Plans to send up to 10 trainers and a transport platoon of about
30. Considering sending force protection unit. Decision
Poland
pending expiration of United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1546 and elections scheduled for September 2005.
Portugal
Sending up to 10 soldiers to Iraq to support NTM-I mission.
Two instructors in Iraq, five more planned. Will take 25 Iraqi
Romania
officers on training course in Romania in July, 25 additional
expected later in 2005.
Slovakia
Sending two instructors to Iraq, $53,000 in support funding.
Offered to support training outside Iraq, probably in Jordan.
Slovenia
Offered $132,000 in support funding.
Plans to train groups of 25 Iraqis in mine clearance at a center
Spain
outside Madrid. Pledged $530,000 in support funding.
Two officers serving in Baghdad; offered to train Iraqis in
Turkey
Turkey. Pledged $125,000 in April 2005.
United
Eleven soldiers now serving with NTM-I mission. Pledged
Kingdom
$330,000 in support funding.

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CRS-6
Commands the operation under Lt. Gen. David Petraeus. 60
instructors and a force protection company with NTM-I
United States
mission in Baghdad. Providing logistics and airlift support.
Pledged $500,000.
Source: Associated Press, “Contributions to NATO’s Training Mission for Iraqi Forces,” February
22, 2005.
Other Training Contributions
Other NATO and non-coalition countries such as Germany, Japan, the United
Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Jordan (see below) have committed funding, personnel,
and facilities for the training of Iraqi forces on a bilateral or multilateral basis.
Germany/Japan/United Arab Emirates. Although Germany has declined
to send training personnel to Iraq in support of the NTM-I program, the German
government has trained 420 Iraqi police officers in crime scene exploitation and
police methodology in cooperation with Japan and the United Arab Emirates since
late 2003. Officials from Japan, the Emirates’ police forces, and Germany’s
Bundeskriminalamt, or federal criminal investigation office, have jointly
administered the training program, which aims to train 2,000 Iraqi police by the end
of 2005. In December 2004, German officials announced that they would expand
another UAE-based program that has trained 122 Iraqi military drivers and mechanics
to use and service surplus German military trucks. Germany also reportedly plans to
host, train, and equip new Iraqi engineering and explosive disposal personnel, as well
as provide the Iraqi security services with ambulances and military hospital
equipment in 2005.
Egypt. In late 2004 an Iraqi infantry company was invited to Egypt to
participate in a joint training program with the Egyptian army. According to the
Egyptian government, 134 soldiers from Iraq’s 5th Infantry Division trained alongside
Egypt’s 3rd Infantry Division at the Mubarak Military City in northern Egypt. No
plans for future joint Iraqi-Egyptian training exercises have been publicly announced,
although Egyptian officials have expressed their willingness to expand their training
program for Iraqi military officers.
Jordan.7 Jordan has hosted the largest effort to train Iraqi police officers at its
International Police Training Center in Muwaqqar, east of Amman. The U.S.-funded
and Jordanian-hosted program has produced 11 classes of Iraqi police officers since
training began in November 2003. Over 30,000 troops will be trained by the end of
2005 under the terms of an agreement reached by Jordan and the former Coalition
Provisional Authority. As of mid-December 2004, over 8,000 Iraqi police officers
had graduated from the firearms, self defense, and crowd control training programs
offered at the center. The Jordanian military has also trained over 1,500 Iraqi army
officers forces at its Zarqa Military College, along with a small group of Iraqi air
force pilots and engineers.
7 Associated Press, “Group of Iraqi Police Recruits Ends Training in Jordan,” Dec. 16, 2004.

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CRS-7
Figure 1. Coalition and NATO Training Operations in Iraq
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CRS-8
Chronology8
Significant Coalition Support Events Since April 9, 2003
May 10, 2005
Italy’s Foreign Minister Gianfranco Fini said his country would
withdraw its 3,300-strong contingent of troops from Iraq by
January or February 2006, at the latest. The withdrawal would be
in conjunction with Iraq’s anticipated general elections, now
scheduled to take place by December 31, 2005. Fini also stated
that Italy “will not choose a unilateral disengagement.”
— Japan’s Defense Minister Yoshinori Ono stated, “we hope to
turn over what the Self Defense Forces are doing, to the Iraqi
people as soon as possible,” adding to comments by other
officials that Japan could scale back or withdraw its current 550-
strong non-combat humanitarian reconstruction mission in
Samawah, Iraq by the end of 2005.
May 5, 2005
Bulgaria’s outgoing parliament voted to pull all of its 462 troops
out of Iraq by the end of 2005, with the first reduction down to
400 by June. The vote came just days after Bulgaria suffered its
10th military fatality in Iraq.
Apr. 27, 2005
Danish Foreign Minister Per Stig Moeller announced that the
country would extend its troop mandate in Iraq for another eight
months after its soldiers complete their current tour of duty at the
beginning of June 2005.
Mar. 17, 2005
After initially announcing his intent to begin withdrawing Italian
troops from Iraq in September 2005, Italian Prime Minister Silvio
Berlusconi stated that there was no fixed date for an Italian
withdrawal. Berlusconi’s revised statement came just hours after
a phone conversation with President Bush.
Feb. 22, 2005
NATO members issued a joint statement pledging troops,
funding, and equipment in support of NATO Training Mission in
Iraq (NTM-I).
Feb. 12, 2005
Portugal withdrew its contingent of 120-strong police forces from
Iraq as scheduled.
Jan. 10, 2005
Ukraine announced that it was accelerating the withdrawal of its
entire contingent of troops from Iraq in early 2005.
Dec. 24, 2004
The parliament of Armenia approved the deployment of 46 non-
combat troops to Iraq. The deployment was scheduled for some
time in early 2005.
8 Information Research Specialist Michael Waterhouse contributed to this section.

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CRS-9
Nov. 15, 2004
The parliament of Hungary voted against extending the mandate
of keeping its troops in Iraq. Hungary withdrew its 300-man
contingent from Iraq in December 2004.
Nov. 3-6, 2004
In a meeting in Brussels with Iraqi Prime Minister Ayad Allawi,
the European Union pledged $38 million in new assistance for
the upcoming Iraqi elections and vowed to open up trade talks
with the Iraqi government. The EU also plans to train Iraqi
police, judges, and prison directors.
Nov. 3, 2004
Hungary announced that it would withdraw its 300-man force
from Iraq after the January 2005 Iraqi elections.
Oct. 15, 2004
Poland’s Prime Minister announced that Poland will begin
withdrawing its troops in January 2005 and will complete the
entire withdrawal of its forces from Iraq by the end of 2005.
Oct.13-14, 2004 At a donor’s meeting in Tokyo, Japan, the World Bank
announced that it had only two projects underway in Iraq using
funds from the international trust established over a year ago.
Officials blamed the ongoing Iraqi insurgency for slowing down
the reconstruction process. Iraqi officials urged the international
community to accelerate the transfer of aid. Iran donated $10
million to the World Bank trust fund.
Oct. 4, 2004
Poland’s Defense Minister announced that Poland would
withdraw all of its troops from Iraq by the end of 2005. Other
Polish officials later remarked that a withdrawal was only being
considered.
Oct. 2, 2004
Italy’s Deputy Premier remarked that Italy could pull its troops
out of Iraq after the January 2005 Iraqi elections.
Sept. 24, 2004
The Washington Post reported that the former Soviet republic of
Georgia is planning to send 800 additional troops to Iraq by the
end of the year.
Sept. 9, 2004
The New York Times reported that Costa Rica asked the United
States to remove it from a list of Iraq coalition partners after the
country’s Constitutional Court ruled that inclusion on the list
violated Costa Rica’s Constitution. Costa Rica had provided no
assistance for Iraq’s reconstruction.
July 12, 2004
Philippine Deputy Foreign Minister Rafael Seguis told Al-
Jazeera that Manila was offering to withdraw its forces as soon
as possible from Iraq to save a Filipino truck driver taken hostage
by Iraqi militants.
July 4, 2004
The Kingdom of Tonga announced that its 45-member Marine
contingent had arrived in Iraq.
June 29, 2004
At its summit in Istanbul, Turkey, NATO agreed to train Iraqi
security forces.

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CRS-10
June 28, 2004
The Coalition Provisional Authority disbanded, and sovereignty
was transferred to a new Iraqi government.
June 11, 2004
The Dutch government extended the stay of its 1,400-member
troop contingent in Iraq through March 2005.
Apr. 19, 2004
The Albanian government said it was prepared to send more non-
combat troops to Iraq in a possible expansion of the 71-member-
strong contingent patrolling the northern city of Mosul under
U.S. command.
— Honduras announced that it would withdraw its 370 troops,
which have been operating in Iraq as part of the Spanish
contingent. Honduras had planned to withdraw its troops in July
but accelerated the timetable for their withdrawal after Spain
confirmed its immediate removal of troops from Iraq.
Apr. 18, 2004
Spain’s new Socialist prime minister, José Luis Rodríguez
Zapatero, announced that he was ordering Spanish troops to leave
Iraq “as soon as possible.” Mr. Zapatero said he had made his
decision because it was unlikely that the United Nations would
be playing a leading role in Iraq any time soon, which had been
his condition for keeping Spain’s 1,300 troops in Iraq.
Mar. 18, 2004
According to South Korean defense officials, South Korea
canceled plans to send troops to the northern Iraqi city of Kirkuk,
citing U.S. pressure to participate in “offensive operations,” but
still plans to send ,3600 troops and personnel to help rebuild the
country.
Mar. 15, 2004
In a news conference, Prime Minister-elect José Luis Rodriguez
Zapatero promised to withdraw Spanish troops from Iraq.
Spanish forces had been set to take control July 1 of the 9,000-
strong multinational force patrolling central and southern Iraq
currently under Polish command.
Mar. 14, 2004
Spain’s opposition Socialist Party defeated the center-right party
of Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar, as many Spanish voters
were reportedly dissatisfied with the government’s handling of
the ongoing Madrid bombing investigation.
Mar. 11, 2004
Ten bombs exploded on commuter trains in Madrid, killing 200
people. Spanish authorities blamed the Basque terrorist group
ETA, but other Spanish investigators found evidence linking the
bombings to Islamist terrorists.
Feb. 13, 2004
South Korea’s National Assembly approved the deployment of
3,000 troops to Iraq. The additional troops will be responsible for
security and reconstruction around the northern Iraqi city of
Kirkuk.
Feb. 9, 2004
Nicaragua canceled its second mission to Iraq after running short
of funds to carry out the operation.

---

CRS-11
Feb. 4, 2004
Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar told a joint meeting of
Congress that Spain would remain committed to providing
security in Iraq and to assisting with reconstruction efforts.
Jan. 31, 2004
Japan’s lower house of parliament gave final approval to the
deployment of 1,000 Japanese peacekeepers to Iraq. Japanese
soldiers arrived in Iraq a few days later.
Jan. 30, 2004
Iraqi attackers fired two rocket-propelled grenades at the Dutch
Embassy in Baghdad, hitting the roof and setting it on fire. There
were no reports of injuries.
Dec. 17, 2003
Acting as a special presidential envoy, Secretary of State James
A. Baker III obtained assurances from France, Germany, and Italy
to reschedule Iraq’s debt through Paris Club mechanisms.
France, Germany, and the United States issued a joint statement
on the agreement the day earlier.
Dec. 16, 2003
South Korea’s Cabinet formally approved the dispatch of 3,000
combat and noncombat troops to Iraq. The measure must be
formally ratified by South Korea’s Parliament.
Dec. 12, 2003
The Spanish government announced that it would extend its
mission in Iraq for an additional six months. Approximately
1,300 Spanish troops are serving in Iraq.
— The Dutch parliament approved a measure to prolong its
troop presence of about 1,100 marines for an additional six
months.
Dec. 10, 2003
A directive issued by Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitz
announced a list of 63 countries eligible to bid for the 26 primary
reconstruction contracts appropriated under Public Law 108-106.
P.L. 108-106 allocated $18.6 billion in appropriations for these
contracts. Countries eligible to bid were identified as either
Coalition partners or force contributing nations. Canada has
threatened to withhold its aid pledges because it is barred from
contracting. Russia indicated that it would be unwilling to
reschedule Iraq’s debt because of the contracting restrictions. To
view the directive’s list of countries eligible for contracts, refer
to Table 2.
— U.N. Secretary General Koffi Annan announced that the
United Nations would operate its mission for Iraq, UNAMI, in
either Jordan or Cyprus for the time being because it is too
dangerous to return to Iraq full-time.
Dec. 9, 2003
The Japanese Cabinet approved a dispatch of up to 1,000 troops.
Within the plan, 600 Ground Self-Defense Force troops would
provide medical services and supply water in southeastern Iraq.
Although no specific start date was set, the dispatch could occur
anytime after December 15, 2003, and last from six months to
one year.

---

CRS-12
Dec. 8, 2003
60 South Korean contract engineers and technicians left Iraq over
security concerns. The incident represents the largest withdrawal
by contractors because of security concerns and occurred a week
after two of their colleagues were killed in an ambush. The
contractors were fixing Iraq’s electrical power grid as
subcontractors for a U.S.-based construction firm.
Dec. 7, 2003
Although foreign donors pledged $3 billion in grants for short-
term needs at the Madrid International Donors Conference on
Iraq, the World Bank reported that only $685 million has been
verified. Part of this shortfall results from a change in Japan’s
initial posture for providing immediate grant aid to providing
medium-term grant assistance. Although some analysts have
suggested that pledges may not materialize, the Bush
Administration has stated that more grants will come forward
once the joint U.N./World Bank administered trust fund is
operational.
Dec. 6, 2003
Former Secretary of State James A. Baker III was appointed as a
special presidential envoy to persuade other countries to
reschedule or forgive Iraq’s sovereign debt.
Nov. 30, 2003
Two South Korean engineers were killed on a road near Tikrit,
north of Baghdad. Although South Korea’s Foreign Minister
Yoon Young-Kwan announced that the killings would not affect
the government’s proposal to send more troops to Iraq, any
decision regarding the deployment of more troops requires
approval by South Korea’s parliament. The opposition party’s
boycott of proceedings from Nov. 26 - Dec. 3, 2003, has delayed
parliamentary approval. This boycott stems from a matter
unrelated to Iraq.
Nov. 29, 2003
Two Japanese diplomats were killed on their way to an aid
conference in northern Iraq. Although Prime Minister Koizumi
pledged that Japan would continue to support efforts in Iraq, the
opposition party signaled that it would step up pressure to delay
deployment of Japanese noncombat troops.
Seven Spanish intelligence officers were killed in an ambush 100
km south of Baghdad. Spanish Prime Minister Anzar later
affirmed Spain’s commitment to remain in Iraq despite
widespread popular opposition.
Nov. 28, 2003
An official Japanese SDF exploratory mission to Iraq concluded
that the security situation in Samara, Iraq, was stable enough to
send Japanese SDF troops there.

---

CRS-13
Nov. 21, 2003
The U.N. officially transferred administration of the multi-billion
dollar Oil-For-Food Program (OFFP) over to the Coalition
Provisional Authority. The remaining balance of funds held in
the OFFP will be transferred to the CPA administered
Development Fund for Iraq. Hence forth, U.N. humanitarian and
reconstruction activities will be financed by the March and June
2003 U.N. humanitarian appeals and bilateral donations to the
World Bank/U.N. reconstruction trust fund.
Nov.
20,
2003
Taiwan pledged an additional $8.5 million in
aid
for
reconstruction in Iraq.
Nov. 19, 2003
Guatemala’s Defense Minister announced that Guatemala would
be willing to supply troops to a U.N. peacekeeping force in Iraq.
Nov. 19, 2003
The Bush Administration indicated that it will seek an additional
U.N. security resolution in mid-December to approve the time
line and design for transferring sovereignty to an internationally
recognized Iraqi government.
Nov. 17, 2003
An Italian official serving as a special counselor to the Coalition
Provisional Authority resigned, accusing the CPA of inefficiency
and failing to understand Iraqis.
Nov. 13, 2003
Japan and South Korea expressed hesitancy to send new troops
in light of the recent suicide-bomb attack on the Italian
headquarters in Nasiriya. Japan indicated that it would be
unlikely to send troops until next year, and South Korea rebuffed
requests to send more than 3,000 troops of unknown combat
status to Iraq.
Nov. 12, 2003
A suicide-bomb attack on the Italian headquarters in Nasiriya
killed 18 Italians, including 12 military police offices, 4 soldiers,
and two civilians. Although the main Italian opposition party
initially called for a withdrawal of troops, Italy sent 50
reinforcements two days later and pledged to remain in Iraq.
Nov. 8, 2003
The International Red Cross announced that it would temporarily
close offices in Baghdad and Basra under growing security
concerns. Operations will still continue in northern Iraq.
Nov. 7, 2003
Bosnia announced that it would be willing to send troops to Iraq
to support the Polish-led multi-division forces and coalition. The
country currently relies upon 12,000 NATO security forces to
maintain its own internal security.
Nov. 7, 2003
The Turkish government officially rescinded its offer to provide
troops to a multi-national coalition force in Iraq. On November
5, 2003, the Iraqi Governing Council announced that it would
reject Turkey’s offer to supply troops for stabilization and
security details.

---

CRS-14
Nov. 4, 2003
Spain moved most of its Embassy’s staff to Amman, Jordan
under growing security concerns. Officials indicated that the
Embassy would remain open with minimal staff. Spain is the
third coalition partner to drastically reduce or close down
Embassy operations in the past month due to security concerns.
Nov.
3,
2003
The Senate passed the FY2004 emergency supplemental
appropriations request for Iraq and Afghanistan by a voice vote.
Nov. 2, 2003
15 American soldiers died in a helicopter crash west of Baghdad
that was believed to be caused by a missile attack. The soldiers
were on their way home for a two week leave. The attack was
the deadliest single strike against U.S. soldiers since the war
began on March 20, 2003.
Oct. 31, 2003
The House passed the FY2004 emergency supplemental request
for Iraq and Afghanistan by a margin of 298-121. Within the
$87.5 billion appropriations bill, approximately $18.7 billion in
grants was designated for reconstruction in Iraq.
Oct. 28, 2003
Ukranian soldiers came under attack while on patrol 40 miles
southeast of Baghdad. These attacks represent the first ambush
on soldiers from countries that recently sent personnel to
participate in the U.S. led coalition in Iraq.
Oct. 27, 2003
A suicide bombing at the International Red Cross Headquarters
killed at least 12 individuals including two security guards. An
explosive laden ambulance carrying the Red Cross and Red
Crescent insignia was used to detonate the explosion. Red Cross
officials indicated that they would scale back their operations and
remove remaining foreign staff.
Oct. 26, 2003
A rocket attack on the Al-Rashid Hotel, which houses coalition
military and civilian officials, wounded at least 16 people and
killed one American colonel. Deputy Defense Secretary Paul D.
Wolfowitz was staying one floor above the blast, but was not
injured in the explosion.
Oct. 24, 2003
New international pledges of grants and loans were submitted at
the Madrid International Conference on Reconstruction in Iraq.
Some of the largest previously unannounced pledges included
Saudi Arabia - $500 million in loans and $500 million in export
credits; Kuwait - $500 million in aid; the United Arab Emirates -
$215 million in aid. Other new pledges are reflected in Table 1.
Oct. 23, 2003
The Madrid International Conference on Reconstruction in Iraq
opened in Madrid, Spain, with over 70 countries participating.
Oct. 22, 2003
The World Bank Board of Directors authorized the Bank’s
president to pledge between $3- 5 billion in loans to Iraq over the
course of the next several years.

---

CRS-15
Oct. 18, 2003
South Korea announced it would commit an additional as yet
unspecified number of troops to Iraq as well as contribute $200
million in aid over the next four years. That money is in addition
to the $60 million already pledged and the exact details of the
troop deployment will be determined after consultations with
Washington.
Oct. 17, 2003
One week before the donor conference to be held in Madrid took
place, Spain announced it would contribute $300 million in aid
to help with the reconstruction of Iraq.
Oct. 16, 2003
The day before President Bush’s visit, Japan announced it will
contribute $1.5 billion in grants to Iraq next year, making it the
second largest donor to Iraq after the United States. Japanese
media is also reporting that the government is considering
announcing at the international donors conference in Madrid
contributions of up to $5 billion in loans over four years.
— The U.N. Security Council adopted Resolution 1511 that calls
for increases in troops and financial contributions to help with the
stabilization of Iraq. Immediately after, France and Germany
added that they would not be committing troops.
— The United Nations and the World Bank announced plans to
establish the Reconstruction Development Fund Facility as a
vehicle for countries unwilling to donate to the U.S.-controlled
program but that wish to contribute to Iraq’s reconstruction.
Oct. 15, 2003
Eight Senators proposed a compromise to President Bush’s $87
billion supplemental request that would turn half of the $20
billion grant earmarked for reconstruction into a loan to be
repaid. That $10 billion loan would be forgiven if other countries
forgave 90% of Iraq’s outstanding debt, not including post-Gulf
War reparations.
Oct. 14, 2003
A suicide car bomber struck outside of Turkey’s Embassy in
Baghdad. The driver and at least two staff members were killed
in the explosion in addition to wounding thirteen bystanders.
— The World Bank announced a plan to loan 3.4 billion to 4
billion dollars for Iraq over the next five years. The lending could
start with $500 million for 2004 and another $500 million for
2005.
Oct. 9, 2003
Turkey’s Parliament approved the Oct. 6, 2003, Cabinet decision
to commit Turkish troops to the coalition’s security forces in
Iraq. Turkey is the first predominantly Muslim nation to offer
such a contribution, though the exact nature of the commitment
remains undecided. Iraq’s Interim Governing Council responded
by saying, “they do not want soldiers from neighboring countries
meddling in their affairs.”

---

CRS-16
— Violently marking the six-month anniversary of the fall of
Baghdad, a Spanish intelligence officer was murdered near his
home near Baghdad, a suicide bomber killed three Iraqi police
and five civilians, and an American soldier died in an ambush.
Sept. 29, 2003
Jordan pledged to help train 30,000 Iraqi police and troops; one-
third of the total indigenous force to be trained and deployed in
post-war Iraq. It is also the first pledge of personnel support to
the reconstruction effort from an Arab nation.
Sept. 23, 2003
President Bush went before the U.N. General Assembly to ask for
military and financial support for the reconstruction of Iraq.
Delegates responded cooly and voiced concerns about Iraqi
domestic security, the continued U.S. presence, and the transfer
of sovereignty to the Iraqi Governing Council.
Sept. 17, 2003
According to the Los Angeles Times, South Korea is considering
committing upwards of 10,000 troops to the U.S. mission in Iraq.
Troops may include special forces and would be the largest
Korean deployment on behalf of the United States since the
Korean War.
Sept. 12, 2003
U.S. officials tempered expectations of obtaining large numbers
of additional foreign peacekeeping forces for Iraq, saying that
significant help will not come in the short term. According to
Senator Richard Lugar, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee, “those looking for a large number of personnel [from
other countries] will probably be disappointed in the short run,
but the need for a Security Council resolution to form the basis
of cooperation remains very, very important.”
Sept. 11, 2003
Prior to a meeting of the five permanent U.N. Security Council
members’ Foreign Ministers regarding international support for
the U.S.-led reconstruction of Iraq, a joint French-German and a
separate Russian amendment were each submitted to U.S.
negotiators, offering the respective countries’ support in
exchange for limitations on U.S. control over multinational
peacekeeping forces in Iraq. China said that it supports such
proposals.
Sept. 8, 2003
Britain sent an additional 1,000 troops to Iraq, bringing total
British strength to about 11,600. Defense Secretary Geoff Hoon
suggested that even more British troops could be deployed in the
future.
— The Arab League unanimously agreed to offer Iraq’s seat,
vacant since the demise of the Hussein regime, to the US-
supported Governing Council at an Arab League Ministerial
Meeting. It is not clear if this is a formal recognition or a one-
time gesture.

---

CRS-17
Sept. 7, 2003
President Bush delivered a national address asking Congress for
an additional $87 billion to fund continuing military and
reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq. The request
included up to $2.2 billion for coalition partners in Iraq,
Afghanistan, and the U.S. led war on terrorism, and some of
these funds would be used to subsidize the deployment of foreign
personnel in Iraq.
Sept. 5, 2003
Australia announced that it will not send any additional
peacekeepers to Iraq, even under the auspices of a U.N. mandate.
Australia had contributed 2,000 troops to Operation Iraqi
Freedom and maintains about 800 personnel in the region for
reconstruction.
Sept. 4, 2003
The United States unveiled its draft proposal for increased
international cooperation in Iraq. Although initial reactions were
positive, France and Germany stated that the draft resolution “fell
short” of their expectations.
Aug. 28, 2003
In a departure from previous policy, President Bush announced
he would consider a U.N. peacekeeping mission in Iraq so long
as any multinational force was led by the U.S. military.
Aug. 25, 2003
The final contingent of Polish peacekeepers arrived in Iraq,
rounding out their forces to 2,400 and paving the way for Poland
to take command of the 9,500 man international peacekeeping
force.
Aug. 22, 2003
Concerned that it would be the only Muslim country to send
troops to Iraq, Turkish officials reached out to Pakistani leaders
in an effort to persuade Pakistan to commit its forces to the
postwar effort.
Aug. 21, 2003
Religious elements in Pakistan warned Pakistani President Perez
Musharraf not to consider U.S. requests to send peacekeepers to
Iraq. Some Islamic parties have issued a religious edict, or fatwa,
against support for U.S. efforts in Iraq.
Aug. 20, 2003
Shortly after the bombing of the U.N. headquarters in Baghdad,
Japan announced that it was delaying its deployment of 1,000
Japanese peacekeepers to the Iraqi theater.
Aug. 19, 2003
A truck bomb exploded outside the Canal Hotel in Baghdad, the
headquarters of the U.N. mission in Iraq, killing Chief U.N.
Representative Sergio Vieira de Mello and twenty-one others.
Aug. 7, 2003
A truck bombed exploded outside of the Jordanian Embassy
compound in Baghdad, killing at least 17 individuals.

---

CRS-18
July 13, 2003
The CPA announced the creation of the twenty-five member
Governing Iraqi Council drawn from exiles, current Iraqi
residents, and members of different ethnic and religious groups.
The council would have the authority to appoint interim ministers
and review laws and budgets.
July 7, 2003
The CPA chief administrator, Paul Bremer, announced a $6.1
billion budget for the rest of 2003 in Iraq.
May 22, 2003
The United Nations Security Council approved Resolution 1483
that called for a lifting of sanctions against Iraq and recognized
the United States and the United Kingdom as occupying powers
until an internationally recognized Iraqi government could be
instituted in its place.
May 6, 2003
President Bush appointed L. Paul Bremer III to be the new top
civilian administrator of reconstruction in Iraq. Bremer was
ambassador at large for counter-terrorism during the Reagan
Administration.
Apr. 12, 2003
Congress passed H.R. 1559 (P.L.108-11), the FY2003 Iraq
Emergency Wartime Supplemental Appropriations Bill that
included $2.85 billion for humanitarian relief and reconstruction
in Iraq.
Apr. 9, 2003
U.S. and coalition forces take control of Baghdad; Saddam
Hussein’s Baathist regime is forced to flee the capital.

---

CRS-19
Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction and
Stabilization in Postwar Iraq9
Table Information
Personnel includes individuals performing both stabilization and reconstruction roles in Iraq
and in theater. Examples of these roles include but are not limited to peacekeepers, aid workers,
soldiers, police and health workers, engineers, field and freight specialists. On the ground,
individuals may be playing multiple, or non-traditional roles in the fields of stabilization,
reconstruction, and humanitarian assistance. Source: Estimates obtained from major media
sources, foreign embassies, and [http://www.globalsecurity.org].
Monetary Donations to the Coalition and U.N./World Bank Reconstruction Trust
includes a total figure for future pledges and actual funds already disbursed. Donations are a
combination of both grants and loans to fund humanitarian and reconstruction efforts in post-war
Iraq. Some pledges are for multiple years, while others may be just for 2004. Funds pledged
includes money committed by governments bilaterally to U.N. agencies. These figures do not
include contributions to the Oil for Food Program or for Iraqi debt relief. Some countries with
donations below $1 million are not included. Individual EU members’ donations do not include
their contributions to the general EU pledge for Iraq. The figures do not reflect a financial estimate
of in-kind assistance such as food aid and medical equipment. Source: Estimates obtained from
major media sources, embassies, the Department of State’s Section 2207 Report to Congress
(Appendix II), and the Department of Defense (DOD).
Table 2. Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction and
Stabilization in Postwar Iraq
Monetary Donations to the
Personnel
Coalition and U.N./World Bank
Donor
(est.)
Trust Fund
(Millions U.S. $)
71
Albania
-
increasing its forces
Armenia
46
-
Australia
920
$120.0
Austria
-
$1.0
151
Azerbaijan
-
increasing its forces
Belgium
-
$20.7
Bosnia
36
Bulgaria
450
-
Canada
-
$229.0
China
-
$25.0
Czech Republic
110
$69.0
9 Information Research Specialists Linwood Carter and Thomas Coipuram contributed to
this section.

---

CRS-20
Monetary Donations to the
Personnel
Coalition and U.N./World Bank
Donor
(est.)
Trust Fund
(Millions U.S. $)
529
$201.2
Denmark
increasing its forces
($158.2 credits)
Dominican Republic
withdrew its forces
-
El Salvador
380
-
Estonia
55
$1.1
$452.0-$487.0
European Union
-
$38.0 for Iraqi elections
Finland
-
$5.9
France
-
$10.7
898
Georgia
-
increasing its forces
$155.0
Germany
-
$8 for Iraqi elections
Greece
-
$9.6
Honduras
withdrew its forces
-
Hungary
withdrew its forces
-
Iceland
-
$3.9
$2,500-$4,350
IMF
-
(in loans)
India
-
$30.0
Iran
-
$10.0
Ireland
-
$8.0
Italy
3,300
$270.0
$5,000
($3,500 in loans)
Japan
750
($1,500 in grants pledged of which
$1,320 disbursed)
Kazakhstan
29
-
Kuwait
-
$1,500
Latvia
122
-
Lithuania
120
-
Macedonia
33
-
Moldova
withdrew its forces
-
Mongolia
180
-
NATO
360 (trainers)
800
Netherlands
$21.0
withdrawing its forces
-
New Zealand
$10.0
withdrew its forces
-
Nicaragua
-
withdrew its forces
10
Norway
$30.0
withdrew most of its forces
Pakistan
-
$3.3
-
Philippines
-
withdrew its forces

---

CRS-21
Monetary Donations to the
Personnel
Coalition and U.N./World Bank
Donor
(est.)
Trust Fund
(Millions U.S. $)
Poland
1,700
-
-
Portugal
$17.4
withdrew its forces
Qatar
-
$100.0
Romania
730
-
Russia
-
$8.0
$1,000
Saudi Arabia
-
($500 in loans & $500 in credits)
Singapore
-
$1.7
Slovakia
105
-
South Korea
3,600
$260.0
$300.0
Spain
withdrew its forces
$20.0 for Iraqi elections
Sweden
-
$54.0
Switzerland
-
$11.0
Taiwan
-
$4.3
Thailand
withdrew its forces
-
Tonga
withdrew its forces
-
Turkey
-
$50.0
1,450
Ukraine
-
withdrawing its forces
United Arab Emirates
-
$215.0
United Kingdom
12,400
$634.6
$3,000-$5,000
World Bank
-
(in loans)
29,335 * in theater
$16 - $20 billion** (est.) In grants,
Grand Total
and in Iraq
loans, and credits
* Estimates vary between media and embassy sources.
** This estimate does not include the monetary value of donated good such as food aid or relief supplies.
The U.N. estimates that international food aid donations for Iraq, excluding U.S. donations and funds
generated through the Oil for Food program, total about $600 million dollars. Monetary estimates of
the Oil for Food program total over 1 billion. Information obtained at
[http://www.reliefweb.int/fts/reports/reportlist.asp?section=CE&record_ID=605], accessed Oct. 2,
2003.

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