Order Code RL32105
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Post-War Iraq:
A Table and Chronology
of Foreign Contributions
Updated March 18, 2005
Jeremy M. Sharp and Christopher M. Blanchard
Analysts in Middle Eastern Affairs
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress
Post-War Iraq:
A Table and Chronology of Foreign Contributions
Summary
Securing foreign contributions to the reconstruction and stabilization of Iraq has
been a major issue for U.S. policymakers since the launch of Operation Iraqi
Freedom in March 2003. This report tracks important changes in financial and
personnel pledges from foreign governments since the August 19, 2003 bombing of
the U.N. Headquarters in Baghdad and major events since the fall of Baghdad on
April 9, 2003.
Currently, there are twenty-eight countries with military forces participating in
the coalition’s stabilization effort. An additional ten countries have withdrawn their
troops from Iraq due to either the successful completion of their missions, domestic
political pressure to withdraw their troops, or, in the case of the Philippines, the
demands of terrorist kidnappers who threatened to kill foreign hostages unless their
respective countries removed their troops from Iraq.
Most foreign pledges for reconstructing Iraq were made at a donor’s conference
in Madrid, Spain in October 2003. Foreign donors pledged $13 billion in grants and
loans for Iraq reconstruction, but have only disbursed about $1 billion to the United
Nations and World Bank trust funds for Iraq. The largest non-American pledges of
grants have come from Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada, South Korea, and the
United Arab Emirates. The World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Japan, and
Saudi Arabia have pledged the most loans and export credits.
This report also discusses international efforts to train and equip the new Iraqi
security forces. Since the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime in April 2003, several
coalition, non-coalition, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries
have contributed personnel, equipment, and facilities to the training of Iraqi security
and police forces. Some have expressed their willingness to contribute to future
training operations within or outside of Iraq. Others have declined to participate in
ongoing or planned training operations. Bush Administration officials have
announced their intent to continue seeking international support for training and
stability operations in Iraq in the coming months.
This report will be updated as needed to reflect the latest international
developments.
For a broader review of foreign support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, see CRS
Report RL31339, Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts and Post War Governance; CRS
Report RL31843, Iraq: International Attitudes to Operation Iraqi Freedom and
Reconstruction; CRS Report RL32068, An Enhanced European Role In Iraq?; CRS
Report RS21323, The United Nations Security Council — Its Role in the Iraq
Security Crisis: A Brief Overview; and CRS Report RL31833, Iraq: Recent
Developments in Humanitarian and Reconstruction Assistance.
Contents
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Coalition Member Support for Training Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Other Training Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Germany/Japan/United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Figure 1. Coalition and NATO Training Operations in Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Primary Events Since April 9, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction and Stabilization in Postwar Iraq . . . . 20
Table Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
List of Tables
Table 1. NATO Member Contributions to NTM-I Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Table 2. Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction and Stabilization in
Postwar Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Post-War Iraq: A Table and Chronology
of Foreign Contributions
Overview
With the cost of rebuilding Iraq growing, in terms of manpower and financial
resources, the United States has sought foreign support to help ease the U.S. burden.
With the passage of the $87.5 billion Iraq FY2004 supplemental appropriation (P.L.
108-106), many believe that the Administration is seeking to demonstrate that, while
the United States will ultimately bear most of the burden for rebuilding Iraq, the
international community can, in some areas, help defray the cost of reconstruction
and peacekeeping. To obtain greater international financial support, an international
donors’ conference on aid to Iraq took place in Madrid, Spain from October 23-24,
2003. Prior to the conference, the passage of U.N. Security Council Resolution 1511
on October 6, 2003, was perceived by many as an important step in establishing the
international legitimacy that many foreign governments felt was necessary to secure
their participation in Iraq. In May 2004, a second donors’ conference was convened
in Doha, Qatar.
As of March 2005, over 30,000 foreign personnel from 28 countries are
supporting post-war stabilization efforts in Iraq and in theater. The United Kingdom
has the largest contingent of foreign forces (12,000) followed by South Korea
(3,600), Italy (3,120), and Poland (1,700). The international community, excluding
the United States, has pledged an estimated $13 billion in humanitarian and
reconstruction assistance through the coalition, United Nations, and a new World
Bank/United Nations administered trust fund, although estimates for the total cost
needed to rebuild Iraq vary widely.1 The FY2004 Iraq Reconstruction Relief Funds
Supplemental (P.L. 108-106), provided $18.6 billion in grants for Iraq reconstruction
and also supports coalition troops present and future involvement in Iraq. In the event
that additional foreign troops are not recruited, the FY2004 supplemental assumes
the cost of using U.S. troops to perform these tasks.
There have been few additional pledges of foreign troops beyond the increased
commitments of existing contributors such as the United Kingdom. Ultimately, a
foreign government’s decision to send peacekeeping forces to Iraq may rest on a
number of factors including the overall security situation; the domestic political
1 Senior U.S. officials roughly estimated immediate and medium term costs of reconstruction
to total between $50-75 billion dollars. “Reconstruction Will Cost $55bn over Four Years,
Draft Shows,” Financial Times, Oct. 2, 2003. The American Academy for Arts and
Sciences have estimated that it may cost $106 billion to $615 billion to reconstruct Iraq over
the next decade “Rebuilding Iraq likely to Top Wars Cost,” Associated Press, Aug. 12,
2003.
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environment in a donor country; legal restrictions these countries face in deploying
troops in Iraq; the potential for foreign companies to invest in Iraq’s economy; and
specific bilateral arrangements between the United States and possible donors. The
United States is currently subsidizing the military deployments of some coalition
partners, most notably Poland.
This report provides the latest estimates for existing foreign contributions to
peacekeeping operations and reconstruction efforts in Iraq, international contributions
to training and equipping the new Iraqi security forces, and the latest diplomatic
developments regarding potential future donations from foreign governments. This
report is divided into three sections. The first section discusses the international
training effort. The second section tracks important diplomatic developments in
financial and personnel pledges from foreign governments since the August 19, 2003
bombing of the U.N. Headquarters in Baghdad and major events since the fall of
Baghdad on April 9, 2003. The third section presents estimated pledges of personnel,
monetary donations, and material resources in chart form. This information
represents rough estimates as specific pledges remain in flux. Both sections will be
updated as needed to reflect international developments.
Coalition Member Support for Training Efforts
Since the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime, members of the U.S.-led
Multinational Force (MNF)2 in Iraq have made contributions to efforts to train and
equip Iraqi security and police forces under the auspices of the Multinational Security
Transition Command (MNSTC).3 The MNSTC is divided into two sections: the
Civilian Police Assistance Training Team (CPATT), which has primary
responsibility for training Iraq’s police, border, and non-military security services,
and the Coalition Military Assistance Training Team (CMATT), which has primary
responsibility for training members of Iraq’s military.4 U.S. Lieutenant General
David Petraeus is the commanding officer for the MNSTC. His deputy is British
Brigadier General David Clements.
A variety of training initiatives have been undertaken by the MNSTC that have
involved various coalition partners working in concert with U.S. forces, Iraqi
2 As of December 22, 2004, the following countries had forces deployed in Iraq as part of
the U.S. led coalition/Multinational Force: Albania, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Czech
Republic, Denmark, El Salvador, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan,
Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, South Korea, Tonga, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.
(Department of State, Iraq Weekly Status Report, December 22, 2004.) Some of these
countries have announced that they will withdraw from the multinational force in the near
term, but will remain involved in training operations.
3 Background information on the MNSTC is available on the Command’s website at
[http://www.mnstci.iraq.centcom.mil/].
4 Background information on the CPATT and CMATT is available on the Teams’ websites
a t [ h t t p : / / w w w .mnst ci .i r aq.cent com.mi l / sect i ons/ cpat t / i n d e x . h t m] , a n d
[http://www.mnstci.iraq.centcom.mil/sections/cmatt/index.htm].
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officials, and trainees. The training initiatives with the largest international
components are those designed to train Iraqi police at locations in Jordan, United
Arab Emirates, and Iraq (see below). Police instructors from Jordan, the United
States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, Sweden, Poland, the United Arab
Emirates, Denmark, Austria, Iraq, Finland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary,
Slovenia, Slovakia, Singapore, and Belgium participate in various aspects of the
police training programs. Other initiatives have been undertaken between individual
coalition members and Iraqi personnel, such as the Royal Australian Navy’s recently
completed efforts to train Iraq’s Coastal Defense Force. The Netherlands and the
Czech Republic have also directed training programs for Iraqi security personnel.
Poland signed a bilateral agreement with the Interim Iraqi Government in October
2004 to provide training services and equipment for the Iraqi military.
NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I)5
Efforts to enlist NATO support for the training of Iraqi security forces coalesced
over the summer and fall of 2004. At the request of the Iraqi Interim Government,
NATO member countries approved the creation of a security force training mission
at the Istanbul summit in June 2004. The first personnel of the NATO Training
Implementation Mission (NTIM) arrived in Baghdad in early August 2004 and have
worked since then to identify training opportunities for Iraqi security officials, to train
individuals and support staff at the headquarters of Iraq’s security forces, and to
develop an action plan for a full NATO supported training program within and
outside of Iraq to be implemented in 2005. Under the auspices of the NTIM
program, a small number of Iraqi military officers have undergone training at a
NATO facility in Stavanger, Norway. Roughly 60 military personnel from Canada,
Hungary, Norway, the Netherlands, and Italy participated in the initial NATO
Training Implementation Mission and remain in Iraq under NATO command.
Based on the recommendations of the initial NATO mission staff, plans to
expand the training program were considered and approved by NATO leaders in the
fall of 2004. Although some NATO members declined to participate in the expanded
initiative, the North Atlantic Council approved the expansion of NATO’s Training
Implementation Mission in Iraq on November 17, 2004, and issued a directive
authorizing the expansion on December 9. The activation order implementing the
expansion and renaming the effort as the NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I) was
issued on December 16. U.S. Lt. Gen. David Petraeus was named commander of the
new NTM-I effort and now serves as the commander of both the NTM-I program and
the coalition MNSTC training programs.
Under the approved expansion, the size of the NATO training mission in Iraq
will grow from 60 to 300 personnel that will train mid- and senior-level Iraqi security
officers at a planned Training Education and Doctrine Center (TEDC), which is
scheduled to be constructed east of Baghdad by mid-2005. The trainers will provide
5 Fact sheets describing the NATO Training Implementation Mission and Training Mission-
Iraq are available from the NATO Allied Joint Force Command website at
[http://www.afsouth.nato.int/] JFCN_Factsheets/NTIMI/FactSheet_on_NTIMI_en.htm, and
[http://www.afsouth.nato.int/] JFCN_Missions/NTM-I/Factsheets/NTM-I.htm
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specific management and leadership training for the Iraqi security officials at the
facility with the support and protection of a sizeable staff and security contingent.
According to NATO officials, new NATO support staff and trainers for the mission
are currently being recruited and prepared. Defense Department officials report that
as of early March 2005, 117 NATO personnel were on the ground in Iraq,
establishing NTM-I institutions. The NTM-I program target annual training goal is
1500 junior Iraqi officers, both within and outside of Iraq.
At a NATO meeting on February 22, 2005, all 26 NATO members agreed to
contribute troops, financing, or equipment to support the NTM-I initiative. France,
Belgium, Greece, Spain, Luxembourg, and Germany have declined to send troops or
personnel into Iraq to participate in the NTM-I effort and, until February 2005, did
not allow their military officers serving under NATO command to be deployed in
support of the program. However, these countries and others have agreed to provide
financing or equipment in support of the NTM-I mission and to provide training and
support to Iraqi forces outside of Iraq and outside of the NATO/NTM-I framework
(see below). The following NATO member contributions have been announced in
relation to the planned expansion:
Table 1. NATO Member Contributions to NTM-I Mission
NATO
Contribution
Member
(Trainers, Funding, Force Protection)
Offered five to 10 military driving instructors for a
German-led training mission for Iraqis in the United Arab
Belgium
Emirates. Will contribute $261,000 to a trust fund to help
cover costs of the NATO mission.
Bulgaria
Pledged to send five instructors to Iraq, $40,000 in funding.
Offered up to 30 instructors to train outside Iraq, probably in
Canada
Jordan, $810,000.
Pledged to send five instructors. The Czech government also
Czech
announced plans recently to train up to 100 Iraqi military
Republic
policemen in the Czech Republic during 2005.
Offered 10 trainers and seven soldiers for force protection.
Denmark
Sent pistols, radios, binoculars and other equipment for Iraqi
forces.
Plans to send one officer to Iraq and pledged $65,000 in
Estonia
support funds.
Will send one officer to help mission coordination at NATO
France
headquarters in Belgium. Has offered to train 1,500 Iraqi
military police in Qatar outside of the NATO NTM-I mission.
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Offered to train Iraqi military personnel in United Arab
Emirates and to contribute $652,000 to support program
Germany
funding and airlift for Iraqi personnel. Iraqi security officers
have received training under the auspices of NTM-I at a
NATO military training facility in Oberammergau, Germany.
Greece
Will contribute $400,000 in support funding.
Sixteen officers currently in Iraq in support of NTM-I mission.
Plans to supply 150 force protection troops once training
facility is established in mid-2005. The nominal deployment
Hungary
period for the Hungarian troops has been tentatively set for
June 1, 2005 to September 30, 2006. Donated 77
Russian-made T72 tanks to Iraq.
Public information officer will serve with NATO mission in
Iceland
Baghdad. Offered $196,000 to fund training outside the
country and help transport equipment to Iraq.
Eight officers currently serving in support of NTM-I mission
Italy
in Baghdad. Considering sending up to 16 more.
Plans to host Iraqi soldiers for bomb disposal training.
Latvia
Contributing $65,000 to NTM-I trust fund. Sending equipment
to Iraqi forces.
Two trainers serving in Iraq, two more expected. Also
Lithuania
considering training Iraqi personnel in Lithuania.
Luxembourg
Offered $196,000 in support funds.
10 military police and 15 trainers currently serving on NTM-I
Netherlands
mission. Considering sending more.
Sending 10 trainers to Iraq. Hosted training of 19 Iraqi officers
Norway
at NATO Joint Warfare Center. $196,000 in funding.
Plans to send up to 10 trainers and a transport platoon of about
Poland
30. Considering sending force protection unit.
Portugal
Sending up to 10 soldiers to Iraq to support NTM-I mission.
Two instructors in Iraq, five more planned. Will take 25 Iraqi
Romania
officers on training course in Romania in July, 25 additional
expected later in 2005.
Slovakia
Sending two instructors to Iraq, $53,000 in support funding.
Offered to support training outside Iraq, probably in Jordan.
Slovenia
Offered $132,000 in support funding.
Plans to train groups of 25 Iraqis in mine clearance at a center
Spain
outside Madrid. Pledged $530,000 in support funding.
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Two officers serving in Baghdad; offered to train Iraqis
Turkey
outside Iraq.
United
Eleven soldiers now serving with NTM-I mission. Pledged
Kingdom
$330,000 in support funding.
Commands the operation under Lt. Gen. David Petraeus. 60
instructors and a force protection company with NTM-I
United States
mission in Baghdad. Providing logistics and airlift support.
Pledged $500,000.
Source: Associated Press, “Contributions to NATO’s Training Mission for Iraqi Forces,” February
22, 2005.
Other Training Contributions
Other NATO and non-coalition countries such as Germany, Japan, the United
Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Jordan (see below) have committed funding, personnel,
and facilities for the training of Iraqi police and security forces on a bilateral or
multilateral basis.
Germany/Japan/United Arab Emirates. Although Germany has declined
to send training personnel to Iraq in support of the NTM-I program, the German
government has trained 420 Iraqi police officers in crime scene exploitation and
police methodology in cooperation with Japan and the United Arab Emirates since
late 2003. Officials from Japan, the Emirates’ police forces, and Germany’s
Bundeskriminalamt, or federal criminal investigation office, have jointly
administered the training program, which aims to train 2,000 Iraqi police by the end
of 2005. In December 2004, German officials announced that they would expand
another UAE-based program that has trained 122 Iraqi military drivers and mechanics
to use and service surplus German military trucks. Germany also reportedly plans to
host, train, and equip new Iraqi engineering and explosive disposal personnel, as well
as provide the Iraqi security services with ambulances and military hospital
equipment in 2005.
Egypt. In late 2004 an Iraqi infantry company was invited to Egypt to
participate in a joint training program with the Egyptian army. According to the
Egyptian government, 134 soldiers from Iraq’s 5th Infantry Division trained alongside
Egypt’s 3rd Infantry Division at the Mubarak Military City in northern Egypt. No
plans for future joint Iraqi-Egyptian training exercises have been publicly announced,
although Egyptian officials have expressed their willingness to expand their training
program for Iraqi military officers.
Jordan.6 Jordan has hosted the largest effort to train Iraqi police officers at its
International Police Training Center in Muwaqqar, east of Amman. The U.S.-funded
6 Associated Press, “Group of Iraqi Police Recruits Ends Training in Jordan,” December 16,
2004.
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and Jordanian-hosted program has produced 11 classes of Iraqi police officers since
training began in November 2003. Over 30,000 troops will be trained by the end of
2005 under the terms of an agreement reached by Jordan and the former Coalition
Provisional Authority. As of mid-December 2004, over 8,000 Iraqi police officers
had graduated from the firearms, self defense, and crowd control training programs
offered at the center. The Jordanian military has also trained over 1,500 Iraqi army
officers forces at its Zarqa Military College, along with a small group of Iraqi air
force pilots and engineers.
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Figure 1. Coalition and NATO Training Operations in Iraq
Multinational Forces Iraq (MNF)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
U.S.-Led Coalition
Multinational Security Training Command (MNSTC)
NATO Training Mission - Iraq (NTM-I)
Commanding Officer U.S. Lt. Gen. David Petraeus
Commanding Officer U.S. Lt. Gen. David Petraeus
Civilian Police Assistance Training Team
Coalition Military Assistance Training Team
NATO Training Operations
Training Education and Doctrine Center
(CPATT)
(CMATT)
(NATO Schools - Germany and Norway)
(Baghdad, Iraq - Planned Mid-2005)
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Chronology
Primary Events Since April 9, 2003
Mar. 17, 2005
After initially announcing his intent to begin withdrawing
Italian troops from Iraq in September 2005, Italian Prime
Minister Silvio Berlusconi stated that there was no fixed date
for an Italian withdrawal. Berlusconi’s revised statement came
just hours after a phone conversation with President Bush.
Feb. 22, 2005
NATO members issued a joint-statement pledging troops,
funding, and equipment in support of NATO Training Mission
in Iraq (NTM-I).
Feb. 12, 2005
Portugal withdrew its contingent of police forces from Iraq as
scheduled.
Jan. 10, 2005
Ukraine announced that it was accelerating the withdrawal of
its entire contingent of troops from Iraq in early 2005.
Dec. 24, 2004
The parliament of Armenia approved the deployment of 46
non-combat troops to Iraq. The deployment was scheduled for
some time in early 2005.
Nov. 15, 2004
The parliament of Hungary voted against extending the
mandate of keeping its troops in Iraq. Hungary withdrew its
300-man contingent from Iraq in December 2004.
Nov. 3-6, 2004
In a meeting in Brussels with Iraqi Prime Minister Ayad
Allawi, the European Union pledged $38 million in new
assistance for the upcoming Iraqi elections and vowed to open
up trade talks with the Iraqi government. The EU also plans to
train Iraqi police, judges, and prison directors.
Nov. 3, 2004
Hungary announced that it would withdraw its 300-man force
from Iraq after the January 2005 Iraqi elections.
Oct. 15, 2004
Poland’s Prime Minister announced that Poland will begin
withdrawing its troops in January 2005 and will complete the
entire withdrawal of its forces from Iraq by the end of 2005.
Oct.13-14, 2004 At a donor’s meeting in Tokyo, Japan, the World Bank
announced that it had only two projects underway in Iraq using
funds from the international trust established over a year ago.
Officials blamed the ongoing Iraqi insurgency for slowing
down the reconstruction process. Iraqi officials urged the
international community to accelerate the transfer of aid. Iran
donated $10 million to the World Bank trust fund.
CRS-10
Oct. 4, 2004
Poland’s Defense Minister announced that Poland would
withdraw all of its troops from Iraq by the end of 2005. Other
Polish officials later remarked that a withdrawal was only
being considered.
Oct. 2, 2004
Italy’s Deputy Premier remarked that Italy could pull its troops
out of Iraq after the January 2005 Iraqi elections.
Sept. 24, 2004
The Washington Post reported that the former Soviet republic
of Georgia is planning to send 800 additional troops to Iraq by
the end of the year.
Sept. 9, 2004
The New York Times reported that Costa Rica asked the United
States to remove it from a list of Iraq coalition partners after
the country’s Constitutional Court ruled that inclusion on the
list violated Costa Rica’s Constitution. Costa Rica had
provided no assistance for Iraq’s reconstruction.
July 12, 2004
Philippine Deputy Foreign Minister Rafael Seguis told Al-
Jazeera that Manila was offering to withdraw its forces as soon
as possible from Iraq to save a Filipino truck driver taken
hostage by Iraqi militants.
July 4, 2004
The Kingdom of Tonga announced that its 45-member Marine
contingent had arrived in Iraq.
June 29, 2004
At its summit in Istanbul, Turkey, NATO agreed to train Iraqi
security forces.
June 28, 2004
The Coalition Provisional Authority disbanded, and
sovereignty was transferred to a new Iraqi government.
June 11, 2004
The Dutch government extended the stay of its 1,400-member
troop contingent in Iraq through March 2005.
Apr. 19, 2004
The Albanian government said it was prepared to send more
non-combat troops to Iraq in a possible expansion of the 71-
member-strong contingent patrolling the northern city of
Mosul under U.S. command.
— Honduras announced that it would withdraw its 370 troops,
which have been operating in Iraq as part of the Spanish
contingent. Honduras had planned to withdraw its troops in
July but accelerated the timetable for their withdrawal after
Spain confirmed its immediate removal of troops from Iraq.
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Apr. 18, 2004
Spain’s new Socialist prime minister, José Luis Rodríguez
Zapatero, announced that he was ordering Spanish troops to
leave Iraq “as soon as possible.” Mr. Zapatero said he had
made his decision because it was unlikely that the United
Nations would be playing a leading role in Iraq any time soon,
which had been his condition for keeping Spain’s 1,300 troops
in Iraq.
Mar. 18, 2004
According to South Korean defense officials, South Korea
canceled plans to send troops to the northern Iraqi city of
Kirkuk, citing U.S. pressure to participate in “offensive
operations,” but still plans to send ,3600 troops and personnel
to help rebuild the country.
Mar. 15, 2004
In a news conference, Prime Minister-elect José Luis
Rodriguez Zapatero promised to withdraw Spanish troops from
Iraq. Spanish forces had been set to take control July 1 of the
9,000-strong multinational force patrolling central and
southern Iraq currently under Polish command.
Mar. 14, 2004
Spain’s opposition Socialist Party defeated the center-right
party of Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar, as many Spanish
voters were reportedly dissatisfied with the government’s
handling of the ongoing Madrid bombing investigation.
Mar. 11, 2004
Ten bombs exploded on commuter trains in Madrid, killing
200 people. Spanish authorities blamed the Basque terrorist
group ETA, but other Spanish investigators found evidence
linking the bombings to Islamist terrorists.
Feb. 13, 2004
South Korea’s National Assembly approved the deployment of
3,000 troops to Iraq. The additional troops will be responsible
for security and reconstruction around the northern Iraqi city of
Kirkuk.
Feb. 9, 2004
Nicaragua canceled its second mission to Iraq after running
short of funds to carry out the operation.
Feb. 4, 2004
Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar told a joint meeting
of Congress that Spain would remain committed to providing
security in Iraq and to assisting with reconstruction efforts.
Jan. 31, 2004
Japan’s lower house of parliament gave final approval to the
deployment of 1,000 Japanese peacekeepers to Iraq. Japanese
soldiers arrived in Iraq a few days later.
Jan. 30, 2004
Iraqi attackers fired two rocket-propelled grenades at the Dutch
Embassy in Baghdad, hitting the roof and setting it on fire.
There were no reports of injuries.
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Dec. 17, 2003
Acting as a special presidential envoy, Secretary of State James
A. Baker III obtained assurances from France, Germany, and
Italy to reschedule Iraq’s debt through Paris Club mechanisms.
France, Germany, and the United States issued a joint
statement on the agreement the day earlier.
Dec. 16, 2003
South Korea’s Cabinet formally approved the dispatch of
3,000 combat and noncombat troops to Iraq. The meausure
must be formally ratified by South Korea’s Parliament.
Dec. 12, 2003
The Spanish government announced that it would extend its
mission in Iraq for an additional six months. Approximately
1,300 Spanish troops are serving in Iraq.
— The Dutch parliament approved a measure to prolong its
troop presence of about 1,100 marines for an additional six
months.
Dec. 10, 2003
A directive issued by Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitz
announced a list of 63 countries eligible to bid for the 26
primary reconstruction contracts appropriated under Public
Law 108-106. P.L. 108-106 allocated $18.6 billion in
appropriations for these contracts. Countries eligible to bid
were identified as either Coalition partners or force
contributing nations. Canada has threatened to withhold its aid
pledges because it is barred from contracting. Russia indicated
that it would be unwilling to reschedule Iraq’s debt because of
the contracting restrictions. To view the directive’s list of
countries eligible for contracts, refer to Table 2.
— U.N. Secretary General Koffi Annan announced that the
United Nations would operate its mission for Iraq, UNAMI, in
either Jordan or Cyprus for the time being because it is too
dangerous to return to Iraq full-time.
Dec. 9, 2003
The Japanese Cabinet approved a dispatch of up to 1,000
troops. Within the plan, 600 Ground Self-Defense Force
troops would provide medical services and supply water in
southeastern Iraq. Although no specific start date was set, the
dispatch could occur anytime after December 15, 2003, and
last from six months to one year.
Dec. 8, 2003
60 South Korean contract engineers and technicians left Iraq
over security concerns. The incident represents the largest
withdrawal by contractors because of security concerns and
occurred a week after two of their colleagues were killed in an
ambush. The contractors were fixing Iraq’s electrical power
grid as subcontractors for a U.S.-based construction firm.
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Dec. 7, 2003
Although foreign donors pledged $3 billion in grants for short-
term needs at the Madrid International Donors Conference on
Iraq, the World Bank reported that only $685 million has been
verified. Part of this shortfall results from a change in Japan’s
initial posture for providing immediate grant aid to providing
medium-term grant assistance. Although some analysts have
suggested that pledges may not materialize, the Bush
Administration has stated that more grants will come forward
once the joint U.N./World Bank administered trust fund is
operational. (New York Times, December 7, 2003)
Dec. 6, 2003
Former Secretary of State James A. Baker III was appointed as
a special presidential envoy to persuade other countries to
reschedule or forgive Iraq’s sovereign debt.
Nov. 30, 2003
Two South Korean engineers were killed on a road near Tikrit,
north of Baghdad. Although South Korea’s Foreign Minister
Yoon Young-Kwan announced that the killings would not
affect the government’s proposal to send more troops to Iraq,
any decision regarding the deployment of more troops requires
approval by South Korea’s parliament. The opposition party’s
boycott of proceedings from Nov. 26 - Dec. 3, 2003, has
delayed parliamentary approval. This boycott stems from a
matter unrelated to Iraq.
Nov. 29, 2003
Two Japanese diplomats were killed on their way to an aid
conference in northern Iraq. Although Prime Minister
Koizumi pledged that Japan would continue to support efforts
in Iraq, the opposition party signaled that it would step up
pressure to delay deployment of Japanese noncombat troops.
Seven Spanish intelligence officers were killed in an ambush
100 km south of Baghdad. Spanish Prime Minister Anzar later
affirmed Spain’s commitment to remain in Iraq despite
widespread popular opposition.
Nov. 28, 2003
An official Japanese SDF exploratory mission to Iraq
concluded that the security situation in Samara, Iraq, was
stable enough to send Japanese SDF troops there.
Nov. 21, 2003
The U.N. officially transferred administration of the multi-
billion dollar Oil-For-Food Program (OFFP) over to the
Coalition Provisional Authority. The remaining balance of
funds held in the OFFP will be transferred to the CPA
administered Development Fund for Iraq. Hence forth, U.N.
humanitarian and reconstruction activities will be financed by
the March and June 2003 U.N. humanitarian appeals and
bilateral donations to the World Bank/U.N. reconstruction trust
fund.
CRS-14
Nov. 20, 2003
Taiwan pledged an additional $8.5 million in aid for
reconstruction in Iraq.
Nov. 19, 2003
Guatemala’s Defense Minister announced that Guatemala
would be willing to supply troops to a U.N. peacekeeping force
in Iraq.
Nov. 19, 2003
The Bush Administration indicated that it will seek an
additional U.N. security resolution in mid-December to
approve the time line and design for transferring sovereignty to
an internationally recognized Iraqi government.
Nov. 17, 2003
An Italian official serving as a special counselor to the
Coalition Provisional Authority resigned, accusing the CPA of
inefficiency and failing to understand Iraqis. (AP, Nov. 17,
2003)
Nov. 13, 2003
Japan and South Korea expressed hesitancy to send new troops
in light of the recent suicide-bomb attack on the Italian
headquarters in Nasiriya. Japan indicated that it would be
unlikely to send troops until next year, and South Korea
rebuffed requests to send more than 3,000 troops of unknown
combat status to Iraq. (Washington Post Foreign Service, Nov.
14, 2003)
Nov. 12, 2003
A suicide-bomb attack on the Italian headquarters in Nasiriya
killed 18 Italians, including 12 military police offices, 4
soldiers, and two civilians. Although the main Italian
opposition party initially called for a withdrawal of troops,
Italy sent 50 reinforcements two days later and pledged to
remain in Iraq.
Nov. 8, 2003
The International Red Cross announced that it would
temporarily close offices in Baghdad and Basra under growing
security concerns. Operations will still continue in northern
Iraq.
Nov. 7, 2003
Bosnia announced that it would be willing to send troops to
Iraq to support the Polish-led multi-division forces and
coalition. The country currently relies upon 12,000 NATO
security forces to maintain its own internal security. (Agence
France Press, Nov. 7, 2003)
Nov. 7, 2003
The Turkish government officially rescinded its offer to
provide troops to a multi-national coalition force in Iraq. On
November 5, 2003, the Iraqi Governing Council announced
that it would reject Turkey’s offer to supply troops for
stabilization and security details.
CRS-15
Nov. 4, 2003
Spain moved most of its Embassy’s staff to Amman, Jordan
under growing security concerns. Officials indicated that the
Embassy would remain open with minimal staff. Spain is the
third coalition partner to drastically reduce or close down
Embassy operations in the past month due to security concerns.
Nov. 3, 2003
The Senate passed the FY2004 emergency supplemental
appropriations request for Iraq and Afghanistan by a voice
vote.
Nov. 2, 2003
15 American soldiers died in a helicopter crash west of
Baghdad that was believed to be caused by a missile attack.
The soldiers were on their way home for a two week leave.
The attack was the deadliest single strike against U.S. soldiers
since the war began on March 20, 2003.
Oct. 31, 2003
The House passed the FY2004 emergency supplemental
request for Iraq and Afghanistan by a margin of 298-121.
Within the $87.5 billion appropriations bill, approximately
$18.7 billion in grants was designated for reconstruction in
Iraq.
Oct. 28, 2003
Ukranian soldiers came under attack while on patrol 40 miles
southeast of Baghdad. These attacks represent the first ambush
on soldiers from countries that recently sent personnel to
participate in the U.S. led coalition in Iraq.
Oct. 27, 2003
A suicide bombing at the International Red Cross Headquarters
killed at least 12 individuals including two security guards.
An explosive laden ambulance carrying the Red Cross and Red
Crescent insignia was used to detonate the explosion. Red
Cross officials indicated that they would scale back their
operations and remove remaining foreign staff.
Oct. 26, 2003
A rocket attack on the Al-Rashid Hotel, which houses coalition
military and civilian officials, wounded at least 16 people and
killed one American colonel. Deputy Defense Secretary Paul
D. Wolfowitz was staying one floor above the blast, but was
not injured in the explosion.
Oct. 24, 2003
New international pledges of grants and loans were submitted
at the Madrid International Conference on Reconstruction in
Iraq. Some of the largest previously unannounced pledges
included Saudi Arabia - $500 million in loans and $500
million in export credits; Kuwait - $500 million in aid; the
United Arab Emirates - $215 million in aid. Other new pledges
are reflected in Table 1.
Oct. 23, 2003
The Madrid International Conference on Reconstruction in Iraq
opened in Madrid, Spain, with over 70 countries participating.
CRS-16
Oct. 22, 2003
The World Bank Board of Directors authorized the Bank’s
president to pledge between $3- 5 billion in loans to Iraq over
the course of the next several years.
Oct. 18, 2003
South Korea announced it would commit an additional as yet
unspecified number of troops to Iraq as well as contribute $200
million in aid over the next four years. That money is in
addition to the $60 million already pledged and the exact
details of the troop deployment will be determined after
consultations with Washington.7
Oct. 17, 2003
One week before the donor conference to be held in Madrid
took place, Spain announced it would contribute $300 million
in aid to help with the reconstruction of Iraq.
Oct. 16, 2003
The day before President Bush’s visit, Japan announced it will
contribute $1.5 billion in grants to Iraq next year, making it the
second largest donor to Iraq after the United States. Japanese
media is also reporting that the government is considering
announcing at the international donors conference in Madrid
contributions of up to $5 billion in loans over four years.
— The U.N. Security Council adopted Resolution 1511 that
calls for increases in troops and financial contributions to help
with the stabilization of Iraq. Immediately after, France and
Germany added that they would not be committing troops.
— The United Nations and the World Bank announced plans
to establish the Reconstruction Development Fund Facility as a
vehicle for countries unwilling to donate to the U.S.-controlled
program but that wish to contribute to Iraq’s reconstruction
(Agence France Presse, Oct. 16, 2003).
Oct. 15, 2003
Eight Senators proposed a compromise to President Bush’s
$87 billion supplemental request that would turn half of the
$20 billion grant earmarked for reconstruction into a loan to be
repaid. That $10 billion loan would be forgiven if other
countries forgave 90% of Iraq’s outstanding debt, not including
post-Gulf War reparations.
Oct. 14, 2003
A suicide car bomber struck outside of Turkey’s Embassy in
Baghdad. The driver and at least two staff members were
killed in the explosion in addition to wounding thirteen
bystanders.
7 “South Korea to Send More Troops to Iraq - Official,” Channel News Asia, MediaCorp
News Pte Ltd, Oct. 18, 2003.
CRS-17
— The World Bank announced a plan to loan 3.4 billion to 4
billion dollars for Iraq over the next five years. The lending
could start with $500 million for 2004 and another $500
million for 2005 (Agence France Presse, Oct. 14, 2003).
Oct. 9, 2003
Turkey’s Parliament approved the Oct. 6, 2003, Cabinet
decision to commit Turkish troops to the coalition’s security
forces in Iraq. Turkey is the first predominantly Muslim nation
to offer such a contribution, though the exact nature of the
commitment remains undecided. Iraq’s Interim Governing
Council responded by saying, “they do not want soldiers from
neighboring countries meddling in their affairs” (New York
Times, Oct. 9, 2003).
— Violently marking the six-month anniversary of the fall of
Baghdad, a Spanish intelligence officer was murdered near his
home near Baghdad, a suicide bomber killed three Iraqi police
and five civilians, and an American soldier died in an ambush.
Sept. 29, 2003
Jordan pledged to help train 30,000 Iraqi police and troops;
one-third of the total indigenous force to be trained and
deployed in post-war Iraq. It is also the first pledge of
personnel support to the reconstruction effort from an Arab
nation.
Sept. 23, 2003
President Bush went before the U.N. General Assembly to ask
for military and financial support for the reconstruction of Iraq.
Delegates responded cooly and voiced concerns about Iraqi
domestic security, the continued U.S. presence, and the
transfer of sovereignty to the Iraqi Governing Council.
Sept. 17, 2003
According to the Los Angeles Times, South Korea is
considering committing upwards of 10,000 troops to the U.S.
mission in Iraq. Troops may include special forces and would
be the largest Korean deployment on behalf of the United
States since the Korean War.
Sept. 12, 2003
U.S. officials tempered expectations of obtaining large
numbers of additional foreign peacekeeping forces for Iraq,
saying that significant help will not come in the short term.
According to Senator Richard Lugar, chairman of the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee, “those looking for a large
number of personnel [from other countries] will probably be
disappointed in the short run, but the need for a Security
Council resolution to form the basis of cooperation remains
very, very important.” (Los Angeles Times)
CRS-18
Sept. 11, 2003
Prior to a meeting of the five permanent U.N. Security Council
members’ Foreign Ministers regarding international support
for the U.S.-led reconstruction of Iraq, a joint French-German
and a separate Russian amendment were each submitted to
U.S. negotiators, offering the respective countries’ support in
exchange for limitations on U.S. control over multinational
peacekeeping forces in Iraq. China said that it supports such
proposals. (Agence France Presse, Sept. 11, 2003)
Sept. 8, 2003
Britain sent an additional 1,000 troops to Iraq, bringing total
British strength to about 11,600. Defense Secretary Geoff
Hoon suggested that even more British troops could be
deployed in the future.
— The Arab League unanimously agreed to offer Iraq’s seat,
vacant since the demise of the Hussein regime, to the US-
supported Governing Council at an Arab League Ministerial
Meeting. It is not clear if this is a formal recognition or a one-
time gesture.
Sept. 7, 2003
President Bush delivered a national address asking Congress
for an additional $87 billion to fund continuing military and
reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq. The request
included up to $2.2 billion for coalition partners in Iraq,
Afghanistan, and the U.S. led war on terrorism, and some of
these funds would be used to subsidize the deployment of
foreign personnel in Iraq.
Sept. 5, 2003
Australia announced that it will not send any additional
peacekeepers to Iraq, even under the auspices of a U.N.
mandate. Australia had contributed 2,000 troops to Operation
Iraqi Freedom and maintains about 800 personnel in the region
for reconstruction.
Sept. 4, 2003
The United States unveiled its draft proposal for increased
international cooperation in Iraq. Although initial reactions
were positive, France and Germany stated that the draft
resolution “fell short” of their expectations. (Associated Press)
Aug. 28, 2003
In a departure from previous policy, President Bush announced
he would consider a U.N. peacekeeping mission in Iraq so long
as any multinational force was led by the U.S. military.
Aug. 25, 2003
The final contingent of Polish peacekeepers arrived in Iraq,
rounding out their forces to 2,400 and paving the way for
Poland to take command of the 9,500 man international
peacekeeping force. (Associated Press)
CRS-19
Aug. 22, 2003
Concerned that it would be the only Muslim country to send
troops to Iraq, Turkish officials reached out to Pakistani
leaders in an effort to persuade Pakistan to commit its forces to
the postwar effort.
Aug. 21, 2003
Religious elements in Pakistan warned Pakistani President
Perez Musharraf not to consider U.S. requests to send
peacekeepers to Iraq. Some Islamic parties have issued a
religious edict, or fatwa, against support for U.S. efforts in
Iraq.
Aug. 20, 2003
Shortly after the bombing of the U.N. headquarters in
Baghdad, Japan announced that it was delaying its deployment
of 1,000 Japanese peacekeepers to the Iraqi theater.
Aug. 19, 2003
A truck bomb exploded outside the Canal Hotel in Baghdad,
the headquarters of the U.N. mission in Iraq, killing Chief U.N.
Representative Sergio Vieira de Mello and twenty-one others.
Aug. 7, 2003
A truck bombed exploded outside of the Jordanian Embassy
compound in Baghdad, killing at least 17 individuals.
July 13, 2003
The CPA announced the creation of the twenty-five member
Governing Iraqi Council drawn from exiles, current Iraqi
residents, and members of different ethnic and religious
groups. The council would have the authority to appoint
interim ministers and review laws and budgets.
July 7, 2003
The CPA chief administrator, Paul Bremer, announced a $6.1
billion budget for the rest of 2003 in Iraq.
May 22, 2003
The United Nations Security Council approved Resolution
1483 that called for a lifting of sanctions against Iraq and
recognized the United States and the United Kingdom as
occupying powers until an internationally recognized Iraqi
government could be instituted in its place.
May 6, 2003
President Bush appointed L. Paul Bremer III to be the new top
civilian administrator of reconstruction in Iraq. Bremer was
ambassador at large for counter-terrorism during the Reagan
Administration.
Apr. 12, 2003
Congress passed H.R. 1559 (P.L.108-11), the FY2003 Iraq
Emergency Wartime Supplemental Appropriations Bill that
included $2.85 billion for humanitarian relief and
reconstruction in Iraq.
Apr. 9, 2003
U.S. and coalition forces take control of Baghdad; Saddam
Hussein’s Baathist regime is forced to flee the capital.
CRS-20
Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction and
Stabilization in Postwar Iraq
Table Information
Personnel includes individuals performing both stabilization and reconstruction roles in Iraq
and in theater. Examples of these roles include but are not limited to peacekeepers, aid workers,
soldiers, police and health workers, engineers, field and freight specialists. On the ground,
individuals may be playing multiple, or non-traditional roles in the fields of stabilization,
reconstruction, and humanitarian assistance. Source: Estimates obtained from major media
sources, foreign embassies, and [http://www.globalsecurity.org].
Monetary Donations to the Coalition and U.N./World Bank Reconstruction Trust
includes a total figure for future pledges and actual funds already disbursed. Donations are a
combination of both grants and loans to fund humanitarian and reconstruction efforts in post-war
Iraq. Some pledges are for multiple years, while others may be just for 2004. Funds pledged
includes money committed by governments bilaterally to U.N. agencies. These figures do not
include contributions to the Oil for Food Program or for Iraqi debt relief. Some countries with
donations below $1 million are not included. Individual EU members’ donations do not include
their contributions to the general EU pledge for Iraq. The figures do not reflect a financial estimate
of in-kind assistance such as food aid and medical equipment. Source: Estimates obtained from
major media sources, embassies, and the Department of Defense (DOD).
CRS-21
Table 2. Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction and
Stabilization in Postwar Iraq
Monetary Donations to the
Coalition and U.N./World Bank
Personnel
Trust Fund
Donor
(est.)
(Millions U.S. $)
Albania
70
-
increasing its forces
Armenia
46
-
Australia
920
$120.0
Austria
-
$1.0
Azerbaijan
150
-
increasing its forces
Belgium
-
$20.7
Bulgaria
485
-
Canada
-
$234.0
China
-
$25.0
Czech Republic
110
$69.0
Denmark
496
$201.2
($158.2 credits)
Dominican Republic
withdrew its forces
-
El Salvador
380
-
Estonia
55
$1.1
European Union
-
$370.0
$38.0 for Iraqi elections
Finland
-
$5.9
France
-
$10.7
Georgia
898
-
increasing its forces
Germany
-
$155.0
$8 for Iraqi elections
Greece
-
$9.6
Honduras
withdrew its forces
-
Hungary
withdrew its forces
-
Iceland
-
$3.9
IMF
-
$2,500-$4,250
(in loans)
CRS-22
Monetary Donations to the
Coalition and U.N./World Bank
Personnel
Trust Fund
Donor
(est.)
(Millions U.S. $)
India
-
$30.0
Iran
-
$10.0
Ireland
-
$8.0
Italy
3,169
$270.0
Japan
750
$5,000
($3,500 in loans)
Kazakhstan
29
-
Kuwait
-
$1,500
Latvia
120
-
Lithuania
105
$.560
Macedonia
33
-
Moldova
12
-
withdrew most of its forces
Mongolia
180
-
NATO
300 (trainers)
Netherlands
1,345
$21
withdrawing its forces
New Zealand
-
$10.0
withdrew its forces
Nicaragua
-
-
withdrew its forces
Norway
10
$30
withdrew most of its forces
Pakistan
-
$3.3
Philippines
-
-
withdrew its forces
Poland
1,700
-
Portugal
-
$17.4
withdrew its forces
Qatar
-
$100.0
Romania
730
$.200
Russia
-
$8.0
Saudi Arabia
-
$1,000
($500 in loans & $500 in credits)
CRS-23
Monetary Donations to the
Coalition and U.N./World Bank
Personnel
Trust Fund
Donor
(est.)
(Millions U.S. $)
Singapore
180
$1.7
Slovakia
105
$.290
South Korea
3,600
$260.0
Spain
withdrew its forces
$300.0
$26 for Iraqi elections
Sweden
-
$54.0
Switzerland
-
$11.0
Taiwan
-
$4.3
Thailand
withdrew its forces
$.283
Tonga
45
-
Turkey
-
$50.0
Ukraine 1,589
-
withdrawing its forces
United Arab Emirates
-
$215.0
United Kingdom
12,400
$1,000.0
World Bank
-
$3,000-$5,000
(in loans)
Grand Total
30,012* in theater
$20.894 billion** (est.) In grants,
and in Iraq
loans, and credits
* Estimates vary between media and embassy sources.
** This estimate does not include the monetary value of donated good such as food aid or relief supplies. The
U.N. estimates that international food aid donations for Iraq, excluding U.S. donations and funds
generated through the Oil for Food program, total about $600 million dollars. Monetary estimates of the
Oil for Food program total over 1 billion. Information obtained at [http://www.reliefweb.int/fts/reports/
reportlist.asp?section=CE&record_ID=605], accessed Oct. 2, 2003.