Since the beginning of his second term on January 20, 2025, President Donald J. Trump has increased tariffs on U.S. imports from all global partners. To implement these tariffs, the President has cited authorities in the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA, 50 U.S.C. §§1701 et seq.) and Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (Section 232, 19 U.S.C. §1862, as amended). The Trump Administration has also initiated investigations under Section 232 which may result in additional sectoral tariffs. The Administration may also consider tariffs as a remedy for unfair trade practices under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (Section 301, 19 U.S.C. §§2411-20).
Since announcing these tariff actions, the Administration has been in negotiations with some partners on tariff and nontariff matters, and some trade partners have announced retaliatory tariffs on U.S. exports. Between April and August 2025, the Administration reached framework agreements with the United Kingdom and the European Union, and a temporary tariff truce with China. In July 2025, the Administration also announced initial details of preliminary agreements with Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, South Korea, and Japan. Some negotiations appear to have stalled (e.g., with Canada and India); other negotiations are ongoing (e.g., with Mexico and China). The conclusion of ongoing talks and the implementation of agreed terms may further alter the details of the tariff actions summarized in the following tables.
This report begins with a one-page summary of U.S. actions (Table 1). The report then outlines in more detail the tariff actions initiated by the President (Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5) and retaliatory tariff actions initiated by foreign governments (Table 6) from January 20, 2025 through August 21, 2025. These tables are based on official government documents; they include the status of each action and a brief timeline.
Source: CRS, compiled from official U.S. government documents. See report and tables for additional details. Notes: TBD=to be determined. EU=European Union. Many 2025 tariff actions, with exceptions, are cumulative. Details may change due to bilateral trade deals not yet implemented or other policy changes. *For UK, includes most-favored nation tariffs (10% tariff-rate quota for vehicles; 10% for parts).
Since the beginning of his second term on January 20, 2025, President Donald J. Trump has invoked multiple legal authorities to increase tariffs on U.S. imports. Some trading partners have announced retaliatory tariffs on U.S. exports. This report outlines the tariff actions initiated by the President (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5) and by foreign governments in response to these actions (Table 6) from January 20, 2025 through August 21, 2025. These tables are based on official government documents; they include the status of each action and a brief timeline.
Since January 20, 2025, the President cited authorities in two laws to impose tariffs.
The President also directed Executive Branch agencies to review various aspects of U.S. trade and economic security policy, and address any "unfair" trade practices by foreign partners.6 As these reviews continue, the Administration may invoke other authorities, such as Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (Section 301, 19 U.S.C. §§2411-20), to impose tariffs (Table 5). Section 301 authorizes the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) to impose trade sanctions—such as tariffs—on foreign partners found to violate U.S. trade agreements or engage in acts that are "unjustifiable" or are "unreasonable or discriminatory" and burden or restrict U.S. commerce. During the first Trump Administration, USTR initiated six new Section 301 investigations, and announced tariffs in four of those cases.7
The U.S. tariff actions outlined in the following tables are for the most part cumulative—with some exceptions—meaning that tariff rates are added on top of each other and on top of other existing tariffs.8 Rates can vary by product and by country of origin.
For additional context and CRS analysis on recent U.S. tariff actions, see the list of "CRS Products on Tariffs and Trade Relations" in the Appendix.
Since announcing these tariff actions, the Administration has been in negotiations with some partners on tariff and nontariff matters. Between April and August, the Administration reached framework agreements with the United Kingdom (UK) and the European Union (EU), and a temporary tariff truce agreement with China. On May 8, 2025, the United States and the UK announced terms to provide UK exports some relief from the U.S. Section 232 tariffs on steel, aluminum, and automobiles; to exempt certain UK aircraft and parts from tariff actions; and to impose a 10% tariff on most goods as part of the President's IEEPA trade deficit-related tariff action.9 In July 2025, the United States and the EU announced initial details of a framework agreement, and on August 21, the two parties released a joint statement. The U.S.-EU joint statement outlines, among other issues, U.S. tariff commitments to provide a 15% tariff ceiling for EU goods; to exempt certain EU goods from U.S. tariff actions (aircraft, pharmaceuticals, and unavailable natural resources (including cork)); and to provide some conditional relief for EU goods from Section 232 automobile tariffs and prospective Section 232 tariffs on semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, and lumber.10 On May 12, the United States and China announced a 90-day reduction in bilateral tariffs—after a months-long, tit-for-tat escalation in tariff rates.11 Under the agreement, the United States and China will reduce the tariffs imposed in April 2025 from 125% to 10% on each other's goods (other U.S.-China tariffs remain in place).12 In August, the two parties extended the tariff reduction through November 10, 2025.13
In addition, in July, the Administration announced preliminary details of framework agreements it reached with select partners, which included adjusted U.S. tariff rates under the IEEPA trade deficit action: Vietnam (20%), the Philippines (19%), Indonesia (19%), Japan (15%), and South Korea (15%).14 Some U.S. negotiations with trading partners appear to have stalled (for example with Canada and India),15 and other negotiations are ongoing. For example, after agreeing in May to a temporary tariff truce, the United States continues to engage with China ahead of an extended November 10 deadline. President Trump also announced on July 31, a 90-day pause on implementing higher tariffs on Mexico to allow for negotiation.16 In addition, Switzerland announced that it will continue talks with the United States, aiming to lower the 39% IEEPA tariffs applied to its U.S.-bound goods.17 The potential conclusion of ongoing talks and the implementation of the announced framework agreements may alter the details in the following tables.
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Fentanyl-related action on goods from Canada (Executive Order [E.O.] 14193, as amended) |
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Countries Affected |
Canada |
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Products Affected |
All goods Exception: imports that claim and qualify for duty-free preference under the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). (In 2024, about 38% of Canadian goods entered under the United States under USMCA, according to U.S. Census Bureau data.) |
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Current Tariff Rates |
35% for Canadian goods that do not claim or qualify for USMCA duty-free preference; 10% for energy and potash imports that do not claim or qualify for USMCA duty-free preference; 40% for goods "transshipped to evade applicable duties." |
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Current Status |
35% on most goods and 40% on transshipped goods, effective as of August 1. (Initial rate (of 25%) was effective as of March 4, before it was increased to 35% on August 1.) 10% on energy imports effective as of March 4, 2025; USMCA exception and 10% on potash imports effective as of March 7, 2025. |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 1: President issues E.O. 14193 to impose a 25% tariff on most imports from Canada and 10% tariff on Canadian energy products, to go into effect February 4. • Feb. 3: President pauses the tariff increase until March 4. • Mar. 6: President proclaims exceptions for imports that claim and qualify for USMCA duty-free preference, and reduces the rate on potash imports from 25% to 10%. • Jul. 31: President issues E.O. 14325 to increase rate on goods from Canada from 25% to 35%, effective Aug. 1, and a rate of 40% for goods "transshipped to evade applicable duties." |
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Fentanyl and migration-related action on goods from Mexico (E.O. 14194, as amended) |
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Countries Affected |
Mexico |
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Products Affected |
All goods Exceptions: Imports that claim and qualify for duty-free preference under USMCA. (According to U.S. Census Bureau data, about 50% of Mexican goods, by value, entered the United States under USMCA in 2024.) |
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Current Tariff Rates |
25% for goods that do not claim or qualify for USMCA duty-free preference; 10% for potash imports that do not claim or qualify for USMCA duty-free preference. |
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Current Status |
25% on most goods effective as of March 4, 2025; USMCA exception and 10% on potash imports effective as of March 7, 2025. (The initial action was scheduled for February 4, but was paused for a month.) |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 1: President issues E.O. 14194 to impose a 25% tariff on imports from Mexico, to go into effect February 4. • Feb. 3: President pauses the tariff increase until March 4. • Mar. 6: President proclaims exceptions for imports that claim and qualify for USMCA duty-free preference, and reduces the rate on potash imports from 25% to 10%. • Jul. 12: President posts a letter to the President of Mexico on social media, announcing a 30% tariff to go into effect Aug. 1, pending negotiations.a • Jul. 31: President announces on social media a 90-day delay of plans to impose higher tariffs on goods from Mexico.a |
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Fentanyl-related action on goods from China (E.O. 14195, as amended) |
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Countries Affected |
China |
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Products Affected |
All goods from China |
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Current Tariff Rate |
20% |
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Current Status |
Effective as of February 4. Tariff rate increased from 10% to 20% on March 3. |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 1: President issues E.O. 14195 to impose a 10% tariff on all goods from China, effective February 4. • Mar. 3: President increases tariff rate from 10% to 20%. • May 12: White House announces an agreement with China for a temporary reduction of other tariffs (i.e., those imposed in April under E.O. 14257 [see below]); however the agreement keeps the 20% tariffs under E.O. 14195 in place. |
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Venezuelan oil action on designated countries (E.O. 14245) |
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Countries Affected |
Select countries as designated by the U.S. Secretary of State. |
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Products Affected |
All goods from designated countries |
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Current Tariff Rate |
25% |
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Current Status |
Effective as of April 2, 2025. |
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Key Dates |
• Mar. 24: President issues E.O. 14245 to impose 25% tariffs on all goods from countries that import Venezuelan oil, "whether directly from Venezuela or indirectly through third parties." |
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Trade deficit-related tariff action on global partners (E.O. 14257, as amended) |
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Countries Affected |
Global Exceptions: Canada and Mexico |
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Products Affected |
Most products Exceptions: Goods subject to Section 232 actions (e.g., steel, aluminum, automobiles and parts, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, certain consumer electronics, copper, lumber, critical minerals, aircraft, trucks, drones, polysilicon) and others listed in Annex II of E.O. 14257. |
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Current Tariff Rate |
10% - 41%, depending on the country of origin. 40% for goods "transshipped to evade applicable duties." |
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Current Status |
10% global rate, effective April 5. 10% - 41% country-specific rates (listed in Annex 1 of E.O 14326), effective August 7 (or October 5 for goods in transit). (Paused: 125% rate on imports from China is paused to Nov. 10, 2025.) |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 13: President issues "Reciprocal Trade and Tariffs" memorandum outlining a policy to reduce the trade deficit. • Apr. 2: President issues E.O. 14257 to impose a minimum global tariff of 10% (to be effective April 5) and higher tariffs on specific countries listed in Annex I (to be effective April 9; later paused). • Apr. 5: 10% global tariff goes into effect. • Apr. 8: President increases the rate on goods from China from 34% to 84%, effective April 9. • Apr. 9: Country-specific tariffs (listed in Annex I of E.O. 14257) go into effect. • Apr. 9: President announces a 90-day suspension of country-specific tariffs from April 10 (except for China), keeping rates at 10% for most countries. • Apr. 9: President increases the rate on goods from China from 84% to 125%, effective April 10. • Apr. 11: President excludes certain semiconductors and consumer electronics from the tariffs. • May 12: White House announces an agreement with China for a 90-day reduction in tariffs. • May 14: President reduces rate on China from 125% to 10%, for a 90-day period. • Jul. 7: President extends pause on country-specific tariffs to August 1. • Jul. 7-28: President posts on social media revised country-specific tariffs, to go into effect Aug. 1, pending negotiations.b • Jul. 2-30: President announces preliminary, nonbinding framework agreements with select countries, with adjusted tariff rates.c • Jul. 31: President proclaims new country-specific tariff rates (Annex 1 of E.O. 14326), to go into effect Aug. 7 or Oct. 5 for goods in transit. • Aug. 11: President extends a temporary tariff reduction (from 125% to 10%) for goods from China to Nov. 10. • Aug. 21: United States and the EU issue a joint statement. The terms include a 15% tariff ceiling for EU goods and exemptions for certain EU products (unavailable natural resources (e.g., cork), aircraft and parts, and certain pharmaceuticals) on Sept. 1. |
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"De Minimis" action on low-value imports from Chinad (E.O. 14256, as amended) |
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Countries Affected |
China, including Hong Kong |
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Products Affected |
Shipments that would have qualified for duty-free de minimis treatment (valued at or under $800) under 19 U.S.C. §1321(a)(2)(C). |
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Tariff Rate |
• "All applicable duties" apply. (Tariff rates vary by product, as outlined in the U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule); or • 54% for postal shipments or $150 per postal item. |
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Current Status |
Effective as of May 2. |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 1: President announces the removal of de minimis duty-free treatment on low-value imports from China. • Feb. 5: President temporarily reinstates de minimis duty-free treatment, until "adequate systems are in place to fully and expediently process and collect tariff revenue." • Apr. 2: President issues E.O. 14256 to remove de minimis treatment for low-value imports from China, effective May 2. • Apr. 8-9: President increases the de minimis rate for postal items from China from 30% to 90% to 120%. • May 12: White House announces an agreement with China for a 90-day reduction in some tariffs. • May 14: President reduces the postal rate on de minimis imports from China from 120% to 54%, for a 90-day period. |
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"De Minimis" action on low-value imports (Global)d (E.O. 14324) |
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Countries Affected |
Global |
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Products Affected |
Shipments that would have qualified for duty-free de minimis treatment (valued at or under $800) under 19 U.S.C. §1321(a)(2)(C). |
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Tariff Rate |
"A duty equal to the effective IEEPA tariff rate" or a per package rate of $80-$200 depending on country of origin. |
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Current Status |
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Key Dates |
• Jul. 31: President suspends the de minimis exemption for all countries, and references the emergency declared in E.O. 14257 (trade deficit-related tariffs listed above). |
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Policies, Practices, and Actions of the Government of Brazil (E.O. 14323) |
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Countries Affected |
Brazil |
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Products Affected |
Certain products Exceptions: Products subject to current or future Section 232 actions, and items in Annex I (e.g., orange juice, energy products, fertilizers, wood products, tin ore, etc.). |
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Tariff Rate |
40% |
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Current Status |
Effective as of August 6, 2025. |
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Key Dates |
• Jul. 30: President issues E.O. 14323 to impose tariff on certain goods from Brazil, citing a national emergency due to Brazil's actions regarding the prosecution of former President Bolsonaro, the regulation of online platforms, and other issues. |
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Importing Russian Oil: Tariffs on India (E.O. 14329) |
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Countries Affected |
India |
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Products Affected |
Most products Exceptions: Goods subject to Section 232 actions (e.g., steel, aluminum, automobiles and parts, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, certain consumer electronics, copper, lumber, critical minerals, aircraft, trucks, drones, polysilicon) and others listed in Annex II of E.O. 14257. |
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Tariff Rate |
25% |
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Current Status |
Scheduled to be effective Aug. 27. |
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Key Dates |
• Aug. 6: President issues E.O. 14329, to impose a 25% tariff on select goods from India, due to its importation of Russian oil. |
Source: CRS, compiled from official U.S. Presidential documents, published in the Federal Register or on the White House website, or other presidential statements regarding negotiations.
Notes: IEEPA is the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. §§1701 et seq.). Many 2025 tariff actions are cumulative (or "stack")—with some exceptions (e.g., see E.O. 14289 of April 29, 2025, Proclamation 10947 of June 3, 2025, and Proclamation 10962 of July 30, 2025).
a. President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [Mexico revised rate], July 12, 2025, available at https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/114840265771030416; President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [Mexico, 90-day extension], President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post, July 31, 2025, https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114948452793702817.
b. The President posted a series of letters to foreign leaders, e.g., see: President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [European Union], July 12, 2025, available at https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114840270617633946; President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [South Korea letter], July 7, 2024, https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114812856757774700; President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [South Africa], July 7, 2025, https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/114813313928083257; President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [Thailand], July 7, 2025, https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/114813877378281211; President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [Brazil], July 9, 2025, https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114825119138468153.
c. For example, see report footnote 14.
d. The "de minimis" exception for imports (codified at 19 U.S.C. §1321(a)(2)(C)) allows certain low-valued imports (of $800 or less) to be imported into the United States duty-free. Recent Presidential actions have aimed to remove the application of this exception for imports from certain countries. For more background on "de minimis" treatment for imports, see CRS Report R48380, Imports and the Section 321 (De Minimis) Exemption: Origins, Evolution, and Use, by Christopher A. Casey.
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Tariff Action on Steel and Aluminum (Proclamations 10895 and 10896, as amended) |
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Countries Affected |
All Countries |
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Products Affected |
Steel, aluminum, and derivative products of steel and aluminum. |
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Current Tariff Rate |
50% globally; 25% for imports from the UK |
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Current Status |
Effective as of March 12, 2025; Increase to 50%, effective as of June 4. |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 10: President proclaims expanded steel and aluminum tariffs, amending previously existing steel and aluminum actions. • Mar. 5: The U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) publishes implementing regulations. • Apr. 4: BIS modifies the list of derivative products subject to the tariffs. • Apr. 29: President revises if and how some tariffs (including on steel and aluminum) are to be cumulatively applied, and outlines a procedure to determine which tariffs are to apply to imports that are subject to multiple tariff actions. • May 2: BIS issues a regulation to consider expanding the scope of covered products. • June 4: President increases tariffs from 25% to 50% for all partners except the UK, which remains at 25%. • June 4: President modifies the procedure for how tariffs are to be cumulatively applied. • June 16: BIS expands the list of derivative products subject to tariffs to include household appliances. • Aug. 19: BIS further expands the list of derivative products subject to tariffs to include 407 new products. |
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Tariff Action on Automobiles and Automobile Parts (Proclamation 10908, as amended) |
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Countries Affected |
All countries |
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Products Affected |
Passenger vehicles, light trucks, and certain automobile parts Exceptions: Automobile parts entering the United States under USMCA. For vehicle imports that qualify for preferential tariff treatment under USMCA, tariffs may apply only to the non-U.S. content of a product. |
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Current Tariff Rate |
25% globally; 10% on parts from the UK and 10% tariff-rate quota (TRQ) on vehicles from the UK.a (Pending implementation: 15% rate for the EU, Japan, and South Korea.) |
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Current Status |
Effective as of April 3, 2025 for vehicles, and May 3, 2025 for parts. UK rates effective June 30, 2025. |
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Key Dates |
• Mar. 26: President proclaims a 25% tariff on imports of automobiles and parts. Tariffs are scheduled to go into effect April 3, 2025 for vehicles and no later than May 3, 2025 for parts.b • Apr. 29: President proclaims a partial credit for parts, based on the value of a manufacturer's U.S.-built vehicle. • Apr. 29: President announces that some tariff actions "should not all have a cumulative effect"; specifically that imports subject to the automobile and parts tariffs are not subject to additional tariffs under the Canada and Mexico IEEPA tariffs or the Section 232 steel and aluminum tariffs. • June 16: As part of a U.S.-UK nonbinding framework agreement, the President announces a lower rate of 10% for imports from the UK and establishes a tariff-rate quota (TRQ) for vehicles from the UK, to be effective no later than June 30.a • July 22-30: President announces preliminary framework agreements with the EU, Japan, and South Korea, which include a rate of 15% for these partners' automotive trade. (Provisions on auto trade have yet to be implemented.)c |
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Tariff Action on Copper Products (Proclamation 10962) |
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Countries Affected |
Global |
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Products Affected |
Semi-finished copper products and intensive copper derivative products |
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Current Tariff Rate |
50% on copper content of a covered product. |
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Current Status |
Effective as of August 1. |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 25: President issues E.O. 14220, directing the Secretary of Commerce to initiate an investigation into copper imports. • Mar. 10: The Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) initiates a Section 232 investigation and seeks public comment. • Jun. 30: Secretary of Commerce transmits investigation report to the President. • Jul. 30: President proclaims 50% tariffs on select copper products. |
Source: CRS, compiled from official U.S. government documents published in the Federal Register and Presidential actions published on the White House website.
Notes: "Section 232" is Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. §1862, as amended). For additional information, see CRS In Focus IF13006, Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, by Kyla H. Kitamura, CRS Insight IN12519, Expanded Section 232 Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum, by Kyla H. Kitamura and Keigh E. Hammond, and CRS Insight IN12545, Section 232 Automotive Tariffs: Issues for Congress, by Kyla H. Kitamura. Many 2025 tariff actions are cumulative (or "stack")—with some exceptions (e.g., see E.O. 14289 of April 29, 2025, Proclamation 10947 of June 3, 2025, and Proclamation 10962 of July 30, 2025).
a. UK-negotiated tariff rates on automobiles and parts includes any most-favored nations (MFN) tariffs.
b. In Feb. 2019, the Secretary of Commerce determined that certain automobile imports were being imported "in such quantities and under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security." The President did not impose tariff at that time, but did direct the Secretary of Commerce to continue to monitor automobile imports. According to the March 2025 proclamation, the Secretary of Commerce reported to the President that, since 2019, "the national security concerns remain and have escalated."
c. On the EU, see White House, "Joint Statement on a United States-European Union Framework on an Agreement on Reciprocal, Fair, and Balanced Trade," August 21, 2025, https://perma.cc/9WUS-5AHA; White House, "Fact Sheet: The United States and European Union Reach Massive Trade Deal," July 28, 2025, https://perma.cc/Y5V7-9TWZ; and European Commission, "EU-US trade deal explained," July 28, 2025, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_25_1930. On Japan, see White House, "Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Secures Unprecedented U.S.- Japan Strategic Trade and Investment Agreement," July 23, 2025, https://perma.cc/B4SA-TFKG; and Prime Minister's Office of Japan, "Press Conference by Prime Minister ISHIBA Shigeru Regarding the Agreement Reached in the Japan-U.S. Consultation on U.S. Tariff Measures and Other Matters," July 23, 2025, https://perma.cc/EU3Z-WLYU. On South Korea, see President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [South Korea], July 30, 2025, available at https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114944494894008041; and ROK Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy, "(참고자료) 미주통상과, 한미 관세협상 타결, 대미 수출 불확실성 소," ["(Reference Document) Ministry of Trade, Agreement Reached on South Korea-U.S. Tariff Negotiations, Export Uncertainty to the United States Reduced"], July 30, 2025.
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Investigation into Timber and Lumber Imports (E.O. 14223) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Timber, lumber, and their derivative products |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
• Mar. 1: President issues E.O. 14223, directing the Secretary of Commerce to initiate an investigation into timber and lumber imports. • Mar. 10: BIS initiates investigation and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Processed Critical Minerals Imports (E.O. 14272) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Processed critical minerals, uranium, and derivative products (including semi-finished and finished products, e.g., semiconductor wafers, electric vehicles, batteries, and smartphones) |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
• Apr. 15: President issues E.O. 14272 directing the Secretary of Commerce to initiate an investigation into imports of processed critical minerals and derivative products. • Apr. 22: BIS initiates an investigation and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Pharmaceutical Imports (90 Federal Register 15951) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical ingredients, and derivative products |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
Apr. 16: BIS publishes a notice that it initiated a Section 232 investigation on April 1 and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Semiconductor Imports (90 Federal Register 15950) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Semiconductors, semiconductor manufacturing equipment, and their derivative products |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
Apr. 16: BIS publishes a notice that it initiated a Section 232 investigation on April 1 and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Truck Imports (90 Federal Register 17371) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Medium-duty trucks, heavy-duty trucks, and medium- and heavy-duty truck parts, and their derivative products |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
Apr. 22: BIS initiates a Section 232 investigation into imports of trucks and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Aircraft and Engines (90 Federal Register 20273) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Commercial aircraft, jet engines, and parts |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
May 13: BIS publishes a notice that it initiated a Section 232 investigation on May 1 and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Drones (90 Federal Register 31958) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and their parts and components |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
Jul. 16: BIS publishes a notice that it initiated a Section 232 investigation on July 1 and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Polysilicon (90 Federal Register 31955) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Polysilicon and its derivatives |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
Jul. 16: BIS publishes a notice that it initiated a Section 232 investigation on July 1 and seeks public comment. |
Source: CRS, compiled from official U.S. government documents published in the Federal Register and Presidential actions published on the White House website.
Notes: "Section 232" is Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. §1862, as amended). For additional information, see CRS In Focus IF13006, Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, by Kyla H. Kitamura, and BIS's Section 232 website, https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/other-areas/office-of-technology-evaluation-ote/section-232-investigations.
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China's Semiconductor Industry (89 Federal Register 106725) |
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Countries Affected |
China |
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Products Affected |
To be determined (TBD) |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Investigation ongoing. |
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Key Dates |
• Mar. 11-12: U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) holds public hearings, as part of an investigation initiated in Dec. 2024. |
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Review of Foreign Digital Services Taxes (Presidential Memorandum)a |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially Austria, Canada, France, Italy, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, and others who tax digital services. |
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Products Affected |
TBD |
|
Tariff Rate |
TBD |
|
Current Status |
Renewed investigation under consideration |
|
Key Dates |
• Feb. 21: President directs USTR to consider renewing a Section 301 investigation into select countries' digital services taxes (DSTs), and notes that the Administration will consider tariffs, in response to such taxes.b |
|
Review of China's Maritime, Logistics, and Shipbuilding Industries (E.O. 14269) |
|
|
Countries Affected |
China |
|
Products Affected |
Ship-to-shore cranes and other cargo handling equipment |
|
Tariff Rate |
TBD |
|
Current Status |
Investigation concluded. Proposed actions under consideration |
|
Key Dates |
• Jan. 16: USTR determines that practices in China's maritime, logistics, and shipbuilding sectors are "unreasonable."c • Feb. 27: USTR proposes certain port fees in response to its Jan. determination and seeks public comment. • Apr. 9: President issues E.O. 14269, which among other actions, directs USTR to consider tariffs in response to its Jan. determination on China's maritime and shipbuilding industries. • Apr. 23: USTR proposes modifications to proposed port fees and seeks public comment on potential tariffs of 20-100%. • June 12: USTR further modifies proposed port fees, and notes that potential tariffs "may be addressed in a separate notice." |
|
Review of International Seafood Trade Practices (E.O. 14276) |
|
|
Countries Affected |
Major seafood-producing nations |
|
Products Affected |
TBD |
|
Tariff Rate |
TBD |
|
Current Status |
Investigation under consideration |
|
Key Dates |
• Apr. 17: President issues E.O. 14276, which among other actions, directs USTR to "examine the relevant trade practices of major seafood-producing nations, including with regard to [illegal, unreported, and unregulated] IUU fishing and the use of forced labor in the seafood supply chain, and consider appropriate responses, including pursuing solutions through negotiations or trade enforcement authorities, such as under section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974." |
|
Review of Brazil's Trade Practices (90 Federal Register 34069) |
|
|
Countries Affected |
Brazil |
|
Products Affected |
TBD |
|
Tariff Rate |
TBD |
|
Current Status |
Investigation initiated |
|
Key Dates |
• Jul. 15: USTR initiates an investigation into Brazil's trade practices "related to digital trade and electronic payment services; unfair, preferential tariffs; anti-corruption enforcement; intellectual property protection; ethanol market access; and illegal deforestation," and seeks public comment. |
Source: CRS, compiled from official U.S. government documents published in the Federal Register and Presidential actions published on the White House website.
Notes: "Section 301" is Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. §§2411-20). For additional information see CRS In Focus IF11346, Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, by Danielle M. Trachtenberg.
a. Presidential Memorandum, "Defending American Companies and Innovators from Overseas Extortion and Unfair Fines and Penalties," Feb. 21, 2025 (90 Federal Register 10685).
b. In 2021, USTR conducted a previous investigation into DSTs, which resulted in the United States imposing tariffs on certain partners and later suspending the tariffs.
c. In Apr. 2024, USTR initiated a Section 301 investigation into China's maritime, logistics, and shipbuilding sectors, and issued its determination report on Jan. 16, 2025.
In response to increased U.S. tariffs on trading partners, some countries have implemented and/or announced retaliatory measures on U.S. exports or U.S. companies. Table 6 lists official foreign government announcements regarding retaliatory countermeasures. Embedded links to announcements, in the original language, provide additional details regarding the types of U.S. goods targeted for retaliatory tariffs.
|
Announced Retaliatory Measures |
|
|
China |
In response to U.S. fentanyl-related tariffs (E.O. 14195): • Feb. 10: China implements retaliatory tariffs (of 10-15%) on selected U.S. exports. • Mar. 10: China implements a second round of retaliatory tariffs (10-15%) on additional U.S. exports, in response to U.S. action to increase tariffs. • Feb. 2-Mar. 10: In addition to tariff actions, China also announces various nontariff actions against U.S. companies (e.g., export controls, unreliable entity designations, an import ban on Illumina's gene sequencers, an antidumping investigation, and an antitrust investigation). |
|
In response to the U.S. trade deficit-related tariffs (E.O. 14257): • Apr. 3-11: In a tit-for-tat response to U.S. actions increasing tariff rates, China increases its retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods from 34% to 84% to 125%. • Apr. 4-11: China announces nontariff actions (e.g., export restrictions on certain critical minerals; export controls on 12 U.S. entities; and unreliable entity designations for six U.S. companies.) • Apr. 12: 125% tariffs on U.S. exports to China goes into effect. • May 14: China agrees to reduce retaliatory tariffs from 125% to 10% for a 90-day period and to remove nontariff actions imposed since April 2. (Retaliatory tariffs in response to the U.S. fentanyl action remain in place.) |
|
|
Canada |
In response to U.S. fentanyl-related tariffs (E.O. 14193): • Mar. 4: Canada implements retaliatory tariffs of 25% on select U.S. exports, such as orange juice, peanut butter, wine, spirits, beer, coffee, appliances, apparel, footwear, motorcycles, cosmetics, and certain paper products. |
|
In response to U.S. Section 232 steel and aluminum tariffs (Proclamations 10895 and 10896): • Mar. 13: Canada implements 25% retaliatory tariffs on U.S. exports of steel, aluminum, and other products. |
|
|
In response to U.S. Section 232 automobile tariffs (Proclamation 10908): • Apr. 9: Canada implements retaliatory tariffs of 25% on U.S.-made automobiles (some exemptions for goods traded under USMCA). • Apr. 15: Canada's Minister of Finance announces some exemptions for automakers who continue operating in Canada. • May 20: Canada announces 6-month tariff relief for certain goods imported from the U.S. that are used in select Canadian industries or used to support public health, health care, public safety, and national security objectives. |
|
|
European Union (EU) |
In response to U.S. tariff actions: • Mar. 11: EU announces plans for retaliatory tariffs on U.S. exports, in response to U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs. • Apr. 8: EU member states vote to impose countermeasures (tariffs of 10-20%) on U.S. exports starting on April 15. • Apr. 14: EU countermeasures on steel and aluminum are paused for 90 days, to allow for negotiations with the United States. • May 7: European Commission seeks public input on a list of U.S. goods for potential retaliatory measures. • Jul. 14: EU extends its pause on implementing countermeasures through August 6. • Jul. 24: EU adopts a regulation to implement countermeasures, to be effective starting Aug. 7. • Aug. 5: EU suspends countermeasures for six months. • Aug. 21: EU announces a U.S.-EU joint statement, dated Aug. 21, which includes EU intentions to eliminate tariffs on all U.S. industrial goods and provide preferential market access for certain U.S. seafood and agricultural goods. |
Source: CRS, compiled from official foreign government announcements.
2025 Tariff Actions and Authorities
IEEPA Actions
CRS Legal Sidebar LSB11281, Legal Authority for the President to Impose Tariffs Under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), by Christopher T. Zirpoli
CRS Legal Sidebar LSB11332, Court Decisions Regarding Tariffs Imposed Under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), by Christopher T. Zirpoli
CRS Insight IN11129, The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (NEA), and Tariffs: Historical Background and Key Issues, by Christopher A. Casey
CRS Insight IN12533, U.S.-Canada Relations amid Tariffs Under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, by Peter J. Meyer and Kyla H. Kitamura
Section 232 Actions
CRS In Focus IF13006, Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, by Kyla H. Kitamura
CRS Insight IN12519, Expanded Section 232 Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum, by Kyla H. Kitamura and Keigh E. Hammond
CRS Insight IN12545, Section 232 Automotive Tariffs: Issues for Congress, by Kyla H. Kitamura
Section 301
CRS In Focus IF11346, Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, by Danielle M. Trachtenberg
For China-focused Section 301 reports see Asia section below.
Related Issues
CRS Report R48435, Congressional and Presidential Authority to Impose Import Tariffs, by Christopher T. Zirpoli
CRS In Focus IF11030, U.S. Tariff Policy: Overview, by Christopher A. Casey
CRS Report R48548, Retaliatory Tariffs on U.S. Agriculture and USDA's Responses: Frequently Asked Questions, by Benjamin Tsui and Stephanie Rosch
CRS Insight IN12482, Tariffs and Federal Finances: A Thumbnail History, by D. Andrew Austin
CRS Insight IN12488, U.S. Petroleum Trade: Crude Oil Imports from Canada and Mexico and Potential Tariffs, by Phillip Brown and Christopher A. Casey
U.S. Bilateral Relations: Select Partners
The Americas
CRS In Focus IF12595, U.S.-Canada Trade Relations, by Kyla H. Kitamura
CRS In Focus IF11175, U.S.-Mexico Trade Relations, by M. Angeles Villarreal
CRS In Focus IF10997, U.S.-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) Trade Agreement, by M. Angeles Villarreal, Kyla H. Kitamura, and Danielle M. Trachtenberg
CRS Insight IN12533, U.S.-Canada Relations amid Tariffs Under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, by Peter J. Meyer and Kyla H. Kitamura
CRS Insight IN12399, Canada's Digital Services Tax Act: Issues Facing Congress, by Kyla H. Kitamura and Danielle M. Trachtenberg
CRS In Focus IF12765, Mexico: Political Overview and U.S.-Mexican Relations, by Clare Ribando Seelke and M. Angeles Villarreal
CRS In Focus IF10400, Illicit Fentanyl and Mexico's Role, by Clare Ribando Seelke and Liana W. Rosen
CRS In Focus IF10230, Venezuela: Political Crisis and U.S. Policy, by Clare Ribando Seelke
CRS Report R46236, Brazil: Background and U.S. Relations, by Peter J. Meyer
Asia
CRS In Focus IF12990, U.S.-China Tariff Actions Since 2018: An Overview, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF11284, U.S.-China Trade Relations, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF11667, China's Economy: Current Trends and Issues, by Karen M. Sutter and Michael D. Sutherland
CRS In Focus IF12980, Permanent Normal Trade Relations and U.S.-China Tariffs, by Karen M. Sutter and Michael D. Sutherland
CRS In Focus IF12891, China's E-Commerce Exports and U.S. De Minimis Policies, by Karen M. Sutter and Michael D. Sutherland
CRS In Focus IF12125, Section 301 and China: The U.S.-China Phase One Trade Deal, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF12958, Section 301 and China: Mature-Node Semiconductors, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF12666, Section 301 and China: Shipping and Shipbuilding Issues, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF10256, U.S.-Taiwan Trade and Economic Relations, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF11120, U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements and Tariff Negotiations, by Cathleen D. Cimino-Isaacs and Kyla H. Kitamura
CRS In Focus IF10165, South Korea: Background and U.S. Relations, by Mark E. Manyin, Liana Wong, and Daniel J. Longo
CRS In Focus IF10384, U.S.-India Trade Relations, by Shayerah I. Akhtar and K. Alan Kronstadt
Europe
CRS In Focus IF10931, U.S.-EU Trade Relations, by Shayerah I. Akhtar
CRS In Focus IF11123, U.S.-UK Trade Relations: Background and Select Issues, by Shayerah I. Akhtar
| 1. |
Executive Order 14194 of February 1, 2025, "Imposing Duties To Address the Situation at Our Southern Border," 90 Federal Register 9117, February 7, 2025; Executive Order 14193 of February 1, 2025, "Imposing Duties To Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border," 90 Federal Register 9113, February 7, 2025; Executive Order 14228 of March 3, 2025, "Further Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China," 90 Federal Register 11463, March 7, 2025. |
| 2. |
Executive Order 14326 of July 31, 2025, "Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates," 90 Federal Register 37963, August 6, 2025. Also see Executive Order 14257 of April 2, 2025, "Regulating Imports With a Reciprocal Tariff To Rectify Trade Practices That Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits," 90 Federal Register 15041, April 7 2025. Note: country-specific tariffs also apply to groups of countries, namely, the European Union and its 27 member states. |
| 3. |
CRS Legal Sidebar LSB11332, Court Decisions Regarding Tariffs Imposed Under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), by Christopher T. Zirpoli. |
| 4. |
Proclamation 10895 of February 10, 2025, "Adjusting Imports of Aluminum Into the United States ," 90 Federal Register 9807, February 18, 2025; Proclamation 10896 of February 10, 2025, "Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United States," 90 Federal Register 9817, February 18, 2025; and Proclamation 10908 of March 26, 2025, "Adjusting Imports of Automobiles and Automobile Parts Into the United States," 90 Federal Register 14705, April 3, 2025. |
| 5. |
Proclamation 10962 of July 30, 2025, "Adjusting Imports of Copper Into the United States," 90 Federal Register 37727, August 5, 2025. |
| 6. |
E.g., White House, "America First Trade Policy," presidential memorandum of January 20, 2025, 90 Federal Register 8471, January 30, 2025. |
| 7. |
During this period, Section 301 investigations that resulted in tariffs were on: (1) China's technology transfer and trade practices; (2) European Union subsidies on large civil aircraft; (3) France's digital services taxes; and (4) other foreign digital services taxes. Most tariffs were later suspended (some before they went into effect), with the exception of the Section 301 tariffs on China which remain in effect. |
| 8. |
For example, on April 29, the President issued Executive Order 14289 "Addressing Certain Tariffs on Imported Articles." The order "sets out the procedure for determining which of multiple tariffs shall apply to an article when that article is subject to more than one of the actions." The order specifically addresses the Canada and Mexico fentanyl and migration-related tariffs, the Section 232 steel and aluminum tariffs, and the Section 232 automobile tariffs. The order explains that for certain products that are impacted by multiple tariff actions listed in the order, the "tariffs should not all have a cumulative effect (or 'stack' on top of one another) because the rate of duty resulting from such stacking exceeds what is necessary to achieve the intended policy goals." The order is retroactive from March 4, 2025. The order was further amended by Proclamation 10947 of June 3, 2025 (regarding steel and aluminum imports), and by Proclamation 10962 of July 30, 2025 (regarding copper imports), which modified the procedure for determining which tariffs are to apply. |
| 9. |
See Executive Order 14309 of June 16, 2025, "Implementing the General Terms of the United States of America-United Kingdom Economic Prosperity Deal," 90 Federal Register 26419, June 23, 2025; "General Terms for the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Economic Prosperity Deal," May 8, 2025, https://perma.cc/WS47-2SRL; and International Trade Administration, "Imports of Automobiles, Automobile Parts, Civil Aircraft and Civil Aircraft Parts From the United Kingdom Under Executive Order 14309," 90 Federal Register 27851, June 30, 2025. |
| 10. |
"Joint Statement on a United States-European Union Framework on an Agreement on Reciprocal, Fair, and Balanced Trade," August 21, 2025, https://perma.cc/9WUS-5AHA. |
| 11. |
"Joint Statement on U.S.-China Economic and Trade Meeting in Geneva," May 12, 2025, https://perma.cc/SU7U-YENR. |
| 12. |
For example, the United States continues to impose a 20% tariff on all goods from China, and continues to impose its Section 232 tariffs on all partners, including China (e.g., 50% on steel, aluminum, and copper and 25% on automobiles) (Table 2 and Table 3). These are in addition to U.S. Section 301 tariffs, initiated in 2018, on select goods from China. China continues to impose retaliatory tariffs of 10-15% on select U.S. goods (Table 6). Also see, CRS In Focus IF12990, U.S.-China Tariff Actions Since 2018: An Overview, by Karen M. Sutter. |
| 13. |
Executive Order 14334 of August 11, 2025, "Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates To Reflect Ongoing Discussions with the People's Republic of China," 90 Federal Register 39305 August 14, 2025. |
| 14. |
Tariff rates implemented in Executive Order 14326 of July 31, 2025, "Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates," 90 Federal Register 37963, August 6, 2025. For examples of announced trade deals, see: President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [Vietnam], July 2, 2025, https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114784170652465525; "Joint Statement on Framework for United States-Indonesia Agreement on Reciprocal Trade," July 22, 2025, https://perma.cc/K6BR-VCMK; President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [Philippines], July 22, 2025, https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114898069194751986; White House, "Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Secures Unprecedented U.S.–Japan Strategic Trade and Investment Agreement," July 23, 2025, https://perma.cc/B4SA-TFKG /; Prime Minister's Office of Japan, "Press Conference by Prime Minister ISHIBA Shigeru Regarding the Agreement Reached in the Japan-U.S. Consultation on U.S. Tariff Measures and Other Matters," July 23, 2025, https://perma.cc/EU3Z-WLYU; White House, "Fact Sheet: The United States and European Union Reach Massive Trade Deal," July 28, 2025, https://perma.cc/Y5V7-9TWZ; European Commission, "EU-US trade deal explained," July 28, 2025, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_25_1930; President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [South Korea], July 30, 2025, https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114944494894008041; and ROK Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy, "(참고자료) 미주통상과, 한미 관세협상 타결, 대미 수출 불확실성 소," ["(Reference Document) Ministry of Trade, Agreement Reached on South Korea-U.S. Tariff Negotiations, Export Uncertainty to the United States Reduced"], July 30, 2025. |
| 15. |
President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [Canada talks], July 27, 2025, https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114756567645919781; and Ellie Cook, "US-India Trade Talks Called Off: Reports," Newsweek, August 17, 2025, https://www.newsweek.com/us-india-trade-talks-postponed-donald-trump-tariffs-2114593. |
| 16. |
President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post, July 31, 2025, https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114948452793702817. |
| 17. |
Swiss Government, "US tariffs: Federal Council to continue negotiations with the United States," News Service Bund, August 7, 2025, https://perma.cc/4BN8-CE82. |