Since the beginning of his second term as president on January 20, 2025, President Donald J. Trump has invoked multiple legal authorities to increase tariffs on U.S. imports. Some trading partners have announced retaliatory tariffs on U.S. exports. This report provides tables that list the tariff actions initiated by the President (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4) and by foreign governments in response to these actions (Table 5) from January 20, 2025 through May 21, 2025. These tables are based on official government documents; they include the status of each action and a brief timeline.
Since January 20, 2025, the President cited authorities in two laws to impose tariffs.
The President also directed Executive Branch agencies to review various aspects of U.S. trade and economic security policy, and address any "unfair" trade practices by foreign partners.3 As these reviews continue, the Administration may invoke other authorities, such as Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (Section 301, 19 U.S.C. §§2411-20), to impose tariffs (Table 4). Section 301 authorizes the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) to impose trade sanctions—such as tariffs—on foreign partners found to violate U.S. trade agreements or engage in acts that are "unjustifiable" or are "unreasonable or discriminatory" and burden or restrict U.S. commerce. During the first Trump Administration, USTR initiated six new Section 301 investigations, and imposed tariffs in four of those cases.4
Currently, the Trump Administration is in negotiations with some trade partners on tariff and trade matters. The conclusion of these talks may alter the details of the tariff actions outlined in the tables below. For example, on May 8, 2025, the United States and United Kingdom (U.K.) announced a preliminary agreement that would provide U.K. exports some relief from the U.S. Section 232 tariffs on steel, aluminum, and automobiles, but keeps in place a 10% tariff on most goods imposed as part of the President's trade deficit-related global tariff action.5 On May 12, the United States and China announced a 90-day reduction in bilateral tariffs—after a months-long, tit-for-tat escalation in tariff rates.6 For 90 days, the United States and China will reduce the tariffs imposed in April 2025 from 125% to 10% on each other's goods. (Other U.S.-China tariffs remain in place. For example, the United States continues to impose a 20% tariff on all goods from China and 25% tariffs on steel, aluminum, and automobiles (Table 1 and Table 2). These are in addition to U.S. Section 301 tariffs, initiated in 2018, on select goods from China.7 China continues to impose retaliatory tariffs of 10-15% on select U.S. goods (Table 5)).
The U.S. tariff actions outlined in the following tables are for the most part cumulative—with some exceptions—meaning that tariff rates are added on top of each other and on top of other existing tariffs.8 Rates can vary by product and by country of origin.
For additional context and CRS analysis on recent U.S. tariff actions, see the list of "CRS Products on Tariffs and Trade Relations" in the Appendix.
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Fentanyl-related action on goods from Canada (Executive Order [E.O.] 14193) |
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Countries Affected |
Canada |
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Products Affected |
All goods Exception: imports that claim and qualify for duty-free preference under the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). (In 2024, about 38% of Canadian goods entered under the United States under USMCA, according to U.S. Census Bureau data.) |
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Current Tariff Rates |
• 25% for goods that do not claim or qualify for USMCA duty-free preference; • 10% for energy and potash imports that do not claim or qualify for USMCA duty-free preference. |
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Current Status |
25% on most goods and 10% on energy imports effective as of March 4, 2025; USMCA exception and 10% on potash imports effective as of March 7, 2025. (The initial action was scheduled for February 4, but was paused for a month.) |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 1: President issues E.O. 14193 to impose a 25% tariff on most imports from Canada and 10% tariff on Canadian energy products, to go into effect February 4. • Feb. 3: President pauses the tariff increase until March 4. • Mar. 6: President proclaims exceptions for imports that claim and qualify for USMCA duty-free preference, and reduces the rate on potash imports from 25% to 10%. |
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Fentanyl and migration-related action on goods from Mexico (E.O. 14194) |
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Countries Affected |
Mexico |
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Products Affected |
All goods Exceptions: imports that claim and qualify for duty-free preference under USMCA. (According to U.S. Census Bureau data, about 50% of Mexican goods, by value, entered the United States under USMCA in 2024.) |
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Current Tariff Rates |
• 25% for goods that do not claim or qualify for USMCA duty-free preference; • 10% for potash imports that do not claim or qualify for USMCA duty-free preference. |
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Current Status |
25% on most goods effective as of March 4, 2025; USMCA exception and 10% on potash imports effective as of March 7, 2025. (The initial action was scheduled for February 4, but was paused for a month.) |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 1: President issues E.O. 14194 to impose a 25% tariff on imports from Mexico, to go into effect February 4. • Feb. 3: President pauses the tariff increase until March 4. • Mar. 6: President proclaims exceptions for imports that claim and qualify for USMCA duty-free preference, and reduces the rate on potash imports from 25% to 10%. |
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Fentanyl-related action on goods from China (E.O. 14195) |
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Countries Affected |
China |
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Products Affected |
All goods from China |
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Current Tariff Rate |
20% |
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Current Status |
Effective as of February 4. Tariff rate increased from 10% to 20% on March 3. |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 1: President issues E.O. 14195 to impose a 10% tariff on all goods from China, effective February 4. • Mar. 3: President increases tariff rate from 10% to 20%. • May 12: White House announces an agreement with China for a temporary 90-day reduction of other tariffs (i.e., those imposed in April under E.O. 14257 [see below]); however the agreement keeps the 20% tariffs under E.O. 14195 in place. |
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Venezuelan oil action on designated countries (E.O. 14245) |
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Countries Affected |
Select countries as designated by the U.S. Secretary of State. |
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Products Affected |
All goods from designated countries |
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Current Tariff Rate |
25% |
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Current Status |
Effective as of April 2, 2025. |
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Key Dates |
• Mar. 24: President issues E.O. 14245 to impose 25% tariffs on all goods from countries that import Venezuelan oil, "whether directly from Venezuela or indirectly through third parties." |
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Trade deficit-related tariff action on global partners (E.O. 14257) |
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Countries Affected |
Global Exceptions: Canada and Mexico |
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Products Affected |
Most products Exceptions: Goods subject to Section 232 actions (e.g. steel, aluminum, automobiles and parts, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, certain consumer electronics, copper, lumber, critical minerals) and other goods listed in Annex II of E.O. 14257. |
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Current Tariff Rate |
10% |
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Current Status |
Effective as of April 5; (Additional country-specific rates listed in Annex I of E.O. 14257 are paused for 90 days from April 9.) (125% rate on imports from China are paused for 90 days from May 14.) |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 13: President issues "Reciprocal Trade and Tariffs" memorandum outlining a policy to reduce the trade deficit. • Apr. 2: President issues E.O. 14257 to impose a minimum global tariff of 10% (to be effective April 5) and higher tariffs on specific countries listed in Annex I (to be effective April 9; later paused). • Apr. 5: 10% global tariff goes into effect. • Apr. 8: President increases the rate on goods from China from 34% to 84%, effective April 9. • Apr. 9: Country-specific tariffs (listed in Annex I) go into effect for one day (later suspended). • Apr. 9: President announces a 90-day suspension of country-specific tariffs (except for China), keeping rates at 10% for most countries • Apr. 9: President increases the rate on goods from China from 84% to 125%, effective April 10. • Apr. 11: President excludes certain semiconductors and consumer electronics. • May 12: White House announces an agreement with China for a 90-day reduction in tariffs. • May 14: President reduces rate on China from 125% to 10%, for a 90-day period. |
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"De Minimis" action on low-value imports from Chinaa (E.O. 14256) |
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Countries Affected |
China, including Hong Kong |
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Products Affected |
Shipments that would have qualified for duty-free de minimis treatment (valued at or under $800) under 19 U.S.C. §1321(a)(2)(C). |
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Tariff Rate |
• "All applicable duties" apply. (Tariff rates vary by product, as outlined in the U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule); and • 54% for postal shipments or $150 per postal item. |
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Current Status |
Effective as of May 2. |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 1: President announces the removal of de minimis duty-free treatment on low-value imports from China. • Feb. 5: President temporarily re-instates de minimis duty-free treatment, until "adequate systems are in place to fully and expediently process and collect tariff revenue." • Apr. 2: President issues E.O. 14256 to remove de minimis treatment for low-value imports from China, effective May 2. • Apr. 8-9: President increases the de minimis rate for postal items from China from 30% to 90% to 120%. • May 12: White House announces an agreement with China for a 90-day reduction in some tariffs. • May 14: President reduces the postal rate on de minimis imports from China from 120% to 54%, for a 90-day period. |
Source: CRS, compiled from official U.S. Presidential documents, published in the Federal Register or on the White House website.
Notes: IEEPA is the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. §§1701 et seq.). Most tariffs in Tables 1 and 2 of this report are cumulative—with some exceptions outlined in Executive Order 14289 of April 29, 2025.
a. The "de minimis" exception for imports (codified at 19 U.S.C. §1321(a)(2)(C)) allows certain low-valued imports (of $800 or less) to be imported into the United States duty-free. Recent Presidential actions have aimed to remove the application of this exception for imports from certain countries. For more background on "de minimis" treatment for imports, see CRS Report R48380, Imports and the Section 321 (De Minimis) Exemption: Origins, Evolution, and Use, by Christopher A. Casey.
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Tariff Action on Steel and Aluminum (Proclamations 10895 and 10896) |
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Countries Affected |
All Countries |
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Products Affected |
Steel, aluminum, and derivative products of steel and aluminum. |
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Current Tariff Rate |
25% |
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Current Status |
Effective as of March 12, 2025 |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 10: President proclaims expanded steel and aluminum tariffs, amending previously-existing steel and aluminum actions. • Mar. 5: The U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) publishes implementing regulations. • Apr. 4: BIS modifies the list of derivative products subject to the tariffs. • Apr. 29: President announces that some tariff actions "should not all have a cumulative effect;" specifically that the steel and aluminum tariffs are neither subject to the Canada and Mexico IEEPA tariffs, nor the Section 232 automobile tariffs. • May 2: BIS issues a regulation to consider expanding the scope of covered products. |
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Tariff Action on Automobiles and Automobile Parts (Proclamation 10908) |
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Countries Affected |
All countries |
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Products Affected |
Passenger vehicles, light trucks, and certain automobile parts Exceptions: for imports that qualify for preferential tariff treatment under USMCA, tariffs may apply only to the non-U.S. content of a product. |
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Current Tariff Rate |
25% |
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Current Status |
Effective as of April 3, 2025 for vehicles, and May 3, 2025 for parts. |
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Key Dates |
• Mar. 26: President proclaims a 25% tariff on imports of automobiles and parts. Tariffs are scheduled to go into effect April 3, 2025 for vehicles and no later than May 3, 2025 for parts.a • Apr. 29: President proclaims a partial credit for parts, based on the value of the U.S.-build vehicle. • Apr. 29: President announces that some tariff actions "should not all have a cumulative effect;" specifically that the automobile and parts tariffs are neither subject to the steel and aluminum tariffs, nor to the Canada and Mexico IEEPA tariffs. |
Source: CRS, compiled from official U.S government documents published in the Federal Register and Presidential actions published on the White House website.
Notes: "Section 232" is Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. §1862, as amended). For additional information, see CRS Insight IN12519, Expanded Section 232 Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum, by Kyla H. Kitamura and Keigh E. Hammond, and CRS Insight IN12545, Section 232 Automotive Tariffs: Issues for Congress, by Kyla H. Kitamura. Most tariffs in Tables 1 and 2 of this report are cumulative—with some exceptions outlined in Executive Order 14289 of April 29, 2025.
a. In Feb. 2019, the Secretary of Commerce determined that certain automobile imports were being imported "in such quantities and under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security." The President did not impose tariff at that time, but did direct the Secretary of Commerce to continue to monitor automobile imports. According to the March 2025 proclamation, the Secretary of Commerce reported to the President that, since 2019, "the national security concerns remain and have escalated."
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Investigation into Copper Imports (E.O. 14220) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Copper and derivative products |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 25: President issues E.O. 14220, directing the Secretary of Commerce to initiate an investigation into copper imports. • Mar. 10: BIS initiates a Section 232 investigation and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Timber and Lumber Imports (E.O. 14223) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Timber, lumber, and their derivative products |
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Tariff Rate |
To be determined (TBD) |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
• Mar. 1: President issues E.O. 14223, directing the Secretary of Commerce to initiate an investigation into lumber imports. • Mar. 10: BIS initiates investigation and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Processed Critical Minerals Imports (E.O. 14272) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Processed critical minerals, uranium, and derivative products (including semi-finished and finished products, e.g. semiconductor wafers or electrical vehicle batteries) |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
• Apr. 15: President issues E.O. 14272 directing the Secretary of Commerce to initiate an investigation into imports of processed critical minerals and derivative products. • Apr. 22: BIS initiates an investigation and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Pharmaceutical Imports (90 Federal Register 15951) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Pharmaceuticals and Pharmaceutical Ingredients |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
Apr. 16: BIS publishes a notice that it initiated a Section 232 investigation on April 1 and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Semiconductor Imports (90 Federal Register 15950) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Semiconductors and Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
Apr. 16: BIS publishes a notice that it initiated a Section 232 investigation on April 1 and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Truck Imports (90 Federal Register 17371) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Medium-duty trucks, heavy-duty trucks, and medium- and heavy-duty truck parts, and their derivative products |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
Apr. 22: BIS initiates a Section 232 investigation into imports of trucks and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Aircraft and Engines (90 Federal Register 20273) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Commercial aircraft, jet engines, and parts. |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
May 1: BIS initiates a Section 232 investigation and seeks public comment. |
Source: CRS, compiled from official U.S government documents published in the Federal Register and Presidential actions published on the White House website.
Notes: "Section 232" is Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. §1862, as amended). For additional information on investigations, see BIS's Section 232 website, https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/other-areas/office-of-technology-evaluation-ote/section-232-investigations.
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Review of Foreign Digital Services Taxes (Presidential Memorandum)a |
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Legal Authority |
Section 301, and potentially others |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially Austria, Canada, France, Italy, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, and others who tax digital services. |
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Products Affected |
TBD |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Consideration |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 21: President directs USTR to consider renewing a Section 301 investigation into select countries' digital services taxes, and notes that the Administration will consider tariffs, in response to such taxes.b |
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Review of China's Maritime, Logistics, and Shipbuilding Industries (E.O. 14269) |
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Legal Authority |
Section 301 |
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Countries Affected |
China |
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Products Affected |
Ship-to-shore cranes and other cargo handling equipment |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Consideration |
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Key Dates |
• Apr. 9: President issues E.O. 14269, which among other actions, directs USTR to consider tariffs in response to USTR's Section 301 investigation into China's maritime and shipbuilding industries.c • Apr. 17: USTR issues a Federal Register notice to seek public comments on potential tariffs. |
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Review of International Seafood Trade Practices (E.O. 14276) |
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Legal Authority |
Section 301 |
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Countries Affected |
Major seafood-producing nations |
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Products Affected |
TBD |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Consideration |
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Key Dates |
• Apr. 17: President issues E.O. 14276, which among other actions, directs USTR to "examine the relevant trade practices of major seafood-producing nations, including with regard to [illegal, unreported, and unregulated] IUU fishing and the use of forced labor in the seafood supply chain, and consider appropriate responses, including pursuing solutions through negotiations or trade enforcement authorities, such as under section 301of the Trade Act of 1974." |
Source: CRS, compiled from official U.S government documents published in the Federal Register and Presidential actions published on the White House website.
Notes: "Section 301" is Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. §§2411-20), which grants USTR authorities to impose trade sanctions—such as tariffs—on foreign partners found to violate U.S. trade agreements or engage in acts that are "unjustifiable," "unreasonable," or "discriminatory," and burden or restrict U.S. commerce.
a. Presidential memorandum, "Defending American Companies and Innovators from Overseas Extortion and Unfair Fines and Penalties," Feb. 21, 2025.
b. In 2021, USTR conducted a previous investigation into DSTs, which resulted in the United States imposing tariffs on certain partners and later suspending the tariffs.
c. In Apr. 2024, USTR initiated a Section 301 investigation into China's maritime, logistics, and shipbuilding sectors and issued its first determination on Jan. 16, 2025. USTR proposed remedies of port entry fees in Feb. 2025.
In response to increased U.S. tariffs on trading partners, some countries have implemented and/or announced retaliatory measures on U.S. exports or U.S. companies. Table 5 lists official foreign government announcements regarding retaliatory countermeasures. Embedded links to announcements, in the original language, provide additional details regarding the types of U.S. goods targeted for retaliatory tariffs.
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Announced Retaliatory Measures |
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China |
In response to U.S. fentanyl-related tariffs (E.O. 14195): • Feb. 10: China implements retaliatory tariffs (of 10-15%) on selected U.S. exports. • Mar. 10: China implements a second round of retaliatory tariffs (10-15%) on additional U.S. exports, in response to U.S. action to increase tariffs. • Feb. 2-Mar. 10: In addition to tariff actions, China also announces various nontariff actions against U.S. companies (e.g., export controls, unreliable entity designations, an import ban on Illumina's gene sequencers, an antidumping investigation, and an antitrust investigation). |
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In response to the U.S. trade deficit-related tariffs (E.O. 14257): • Apr. 3-11: In a tit-for-tat response to U.S. actions increasing tariff rates, China increases its retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods from 34% to 84% to 125%. • Apr. 4-11: China announces nontariff actions (e.g., export restrictions on certain critical minerals; export controls on 12 U.S. entities; and unreliable entity designations for six U.S. companies.) • Apr. 12: 125% tariffs on U.S. exports to China goes into effect. • May 14: China agrees to reduce retaliatory tariffs from 125% to 10% for a 90-day period and to remove nontariff actions imposed since April 2. (Retaliatory tariffs in response to the U.S. fentanyl action remain in place.) |
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Canada |
In response to U.S. fentanyl-related tariffs (E.O. 14193): • Mar. 4: Canada implements retaliatory tariffs of 25% on select U.S. exports, such as orange juice, peanut butter, wine, spirits, beer, coffee, appliances, apparel, footwear, motorcycles, cosmetics, and certain paper products. |
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In response to U.S. Section 232 steel and aluminum tariffs (Proclamations 10895 and 10896): • Mar. 13: Canada implements 25% retaliatory tariffs on U.S. exports of steel, aluminum, and other products. |
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In response to U.S. Section 232 automobile tariffs (Proclamation 10908): • Apr. 9: Canada implements retaliatory tariffs of 25% on U.S.-made automobiles. • Apr. 15: Canada's Minister of Finance announces some exemptions for automakers who continue operating in Canada. |
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European Union (EU) |
In response to U.S. tariff actions: • Mar. 11: EU announces plans for retaliatory tariffs on U.S. exports, in response to U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs. • Apr. 8: EU member states vote to impose countermeasures (of 10-20%) on U.S. exports starting on April 15. • Apr. 14: EU countermeasures on steel and aluminum are paused for 90 days, to allow for negotiations with the United States. • May 7: European Commission seeks public input on a list of U.S. goods for potential retaliatory measures. |
Source: CRS, compiled from official foreign government announcements.
2025 Tariff Actions and Authorities
CRS Legal Sidebar LSB11281, Legal Authority for the President to Impose Tariffs Under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), by Christopher T. Zirpoli
CRS Insight IN11129, The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (NEA), and Tariffs: Historical Background and Key Issues, by Christopher A. Casey
CRS In Focus IF12990, U.S.-China Tariff Actions Since 2018: An Overview, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS Insight IN12533, U.S.-Canada Relations amid Tariffs Under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, by Peter J. Meyer and Kyla H. Kitamura
CRS Insight IN12519, Expanded Section 232 Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum, by Kyla H. Kitamura and Keigh E. Hammond
CRS Insight IN12545, Section 232 Automotive Tariffs: Issues for Congress, by Kyla H. Kitamura
CRS Insight IN12488, U.S. Petroleum Trade: Crude Oil Imports from Canada and Mexico and Potential Tariffs, by Phillip Brown and Christopher A. Casey
CRS Report R48435, Congressional and Presidential Authority to Impose Import Tariffs, by Christopher T. Zirpoli
CRS In Focus IF11030, U.S. Tariff Policy: Overview, by Christopher A. Casey
U.S. Bilateral Relations: Select Partners
The Americas
CRS In Focus IF12595, U.S.-Canada Trade Relations, by Kyla H. Kitamura
CRS In Focus IF11175, U.S.-Mexico Trade Relations, by M. Angeles Villarreal
CRS In Focus IF10997, U.S.-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) Trade Agreement, by M. Angeles Villarreal, Kyla H. Kitamura, and Danielle M. Trachtenberg
CRS Insight IN12399, Canada's Digital Services Tax Act: Issues Facing Congress, by Kyla H. Kitamura and Danielle M. Trachtenberg
CRS In Focus IF12765, Mexico: Political Overview and U.S.-Mexican Relations, by Clare Ribando Seelke and M. Angeles Villarreal
CRS In Focus IF10400, Illicit Fentanyl and Mexico's Role, by Clare Ribando Seelke and Liana W. Rosen
CRS In Focus IF10230, Venezuela: Political Crisis and U.S. Policy, by Clare Ribando Seelke
Asia
CRS In Focus IF11284, U.S.-China Trade Relations, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF11667, China's Economy: Current Trends and Issues, by Karen M. Sutter and Michael D. Sutherland
CRS In Focus IF12980, Permanent Normal Trade Relations and U.S.-China Tariffs, by Karen M. Sutter and Michael D. Sutherland
CRS In Focus IF12891, China's E-Commerce Exports and U.S. De Minimis Policies, by Karen M. Sutter and Michael D. Sutherland
CRS In Focus IF12125, Section 301 and China: The U.S.-China Phase One Trade Deal, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF12958, Section 301 and China: Mature-Node Semiconductors, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF12666, Section 301 and China: Shipping and Shipbuilding Issues, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF10256, U.S.-Taiwan Trade and Economic Relations, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF11120, U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements and Negotiations, by Cathleen D. Cimino-Isaacs and Kyla H. Kitamura
CRS In Focus IF10165, South Korea: Background and U.S. Relations, by Mark E. Manyin, Liana Wong, and Daniel J. Longo
CRS In Focus IF10384, U.S.-India Trade Relations, by Shayerah I. Akhtar and K. Alan Kronstadt
European Union
CRS In Focus IF10931, U.S.-EU Trade Relations, by Shayerah I. Akhtar
| 1. |
White House, Imposing Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border, February 1, 2025; White Executive Order 14195, Imposing Duties to Address the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China, February 1, 2025; White House, Executive Order 14194, Imposing Duties to Address the Situation at Our Southern Border, February 1, 2025. |
| 2. |
White House, President Donald J. Trump Declares National Emergency to Increase our Competitive Edge, Protect our Sovereignty, and Strengthen our National and Economic Security, Fact Sheet, April 2, 2025. Also see Executive Order 14257 of April 2, 2025, "Regulating Imports With a Reciprocal Tariff To Rectify Trade Practices That Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits," 90 Federal Register 15041, April 7 2025. |
| 3. |
E.g., White House, "America First Trade Policy" presidential memorandum of January 20, 2025, 90 Federal Register 8471, January 30, 2025. |
| 4. |
During this period, Section 301 investigations that resulted in tariffs were on: (1) China's technology transfer and trade practices; (2) European Union subsidies on large civil aircraft; (3) France's digital services taxes; and (4) other foreign digital services taxes. Most tariffs were later suspended, with the exception of the Section 301 tariffs on China which remain in effect. |
| 5. |
White House, "Fact Sheet: U.S.-UK Reach Historic Trade Deal," May 8, 2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/05/fact-sheet-u-s-uk-reach-historic-trade-deal/. |
| 6. |
"Joint Statement on U.S.-China Economic and Trade Meeting in Geneva," May 12, 2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2025/05/joint-statement-on-u-s-china-economic-and-trade-meeting-in-geneva/. |
| 7. |
CRS In Focus IF12990, U.S.-China Tariff Actions Since 2018: An Overview, by Karen M. Sutter. |
| 8. |
For example, on April 29, the President issued Executive Order 14289 "Addressing Certain Tariffs on Imported Articles." The order "sets out the procedure for determining which of multiple tariffs shall apply to an article when that article is subject to more than one of the actions." The order specifically addresses the Canada and Mexico fentanyl and migration-related tariffs, the Section 232 steel and aluminum tariffs, and the Section 232 automobile tariffs. The order explains that for certain products that are impacted by multiple tariff actions listed in the order, the "tariffs should not all have a cumulative effect (or 'stack' on top of one another) because the rate of duty resulting from such stacking exceeds what is necessary to achieve the intended policy goals." The order is to apply retroactively from March 4, 2025. |