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Since the beginning of his second term as president on January 20, 2025, President Donald J. Trump has increased tariffs on U.S. imports from all global partners. To implement these tariffs, the President has cited authorities in the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA, 50 U.S.C. §§1701 et seq.) and Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (Section 232, 19 U.S.C. §1862, as amended). The Trump Administration has also initiated investigations under Section 232 which may result in additional sectoral tariffs. The Administration may also consider tariffs as a remedy for unfair trade practices under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (Section 301, 19 U.S.C. §§2411-20). Since announcing these tariff actions, the Administration has been in negotiations with some partners on tariff and nontariff matters, and some trade partners have announced retaliatory tariffs on U.S. exports. In May, the Administration reached a framework agreement with the United Kingdom and a temporary tariff truce with China. In July, the President sent letters to other trade partners announcing adjusted country-specific tariff rates, to go into effect August 1. The Administration also announced initial details of preliminary agreements with Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Japan, and the European Union, which would also amend tariff rates for these partners, on or after August 1. The conclusion of ongoing talks and the implementation of agreed terms may further alter the details of the tariff actions summarized in the following tables. January 20, 2025 - July 28, 2025 Description Country Affected Current Tariff Rate / Status Fentanyl-related Canada 25% on most goods; 10% on potash and Canadian energy; United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) exception. Fentanyl & Migration Mexico 25% on most goods; 10% on potash; USMCA exception. Fentanyl-related China 20% on all goods; ended de minimis duty-free treatment for goods from China. Venezuelan Oil Designated 25% on all goods from countries that import Venezuelan oil, as designated by the Secretary of State. Trade Deficit/ Reciprocal Global 10% on most goods (with exceptions). Paused: 11-50% on select countries. Paused: 125% on China. Steel Global 50% globally; 25% on imports from the United Kingdom (UK). Aluminum Global 50% globally; 25% on imports from the UK. Automobiles & Parts Global 25% globally on vehicles and parts; 10% for imports from UK;* some USMCA exceptions. Copper TBD Investigation initiated (February 2025). Timber/Lumber TBD Investigation initiated (March 2025). Semiconductors TBD Investigation initiated (April 2025). Pharmaceuticals TBD Investigation initiated (April 2025). Critical Minerals TBD Investigation initiated (April 2025). Heavy Trucks TBD Investigation initiated (April 2025). Aircraft TBD Investigation initiated (May 2025). Drones TBD Investigation initiated (July 2025). Polysilicon TBD Investigation initiated (July 2025). China's Semiconductor Industry China Investigation ongoing. (Public hearings held March 2025.) Foreign Digital Services Taxes TBD President directed U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) to consider renewing a previous investigation. China's Shipping Industries China Investigation completed. USTR is considering remedies. International Seafood TBD President directed USTR to consider a new investigation. Brazil's Trade Practices Brazil Investigation initiated (July 2025). Source: CRS, compiled from official U.S. government documents. See report and tables for additional details. Notes: TBD=to be determined. Many of these tariff actions—with exceptions—are cumulative, and are added on top of each other and other existing tariffs. Also note, some details may change due to bilateral trade deals announced in July, but not yet implemented, or other policy changes. *For UK, includes most-favored nation tariffs (10% tariff-rate quota for vehicles; 10% for parts).Since the beginning of his second term as president on January 20, 2025, President Donald J. Trump has invoked multiple legal authorities to increase tariffs on U.S. imports. Some trading partners have announced retaliatory tariffs on U.S. exports. This report provides tables that list the tariff actions initiated by the President (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4) and by foreign governments in response to these actions (Table 5) from January 20, 2025 through May 21Summary
Actions under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA, Table 2)
Actions under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (Section 232, Table 3 and Table 4)
Actions under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (Section 301, Table 5)
Since January 20, 2025, the President cited authorities in two laws to impose tariffs.
The President also directed Executive Branch agencies to review various aspects of U.S. trade and economic security policy, and address any "unfair" trade practices by foreign partners.34 As these reviews continue, the Administration may invoke other authorities, such as Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (Section 301, 19 U.S.C. §§2411-20), to impose tariffs (Table 45). Section 301 authorizes the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) to impose trade sanctions—such as tariffs—on foreign partners found to violate U.S. trade agreements or engage in acts that are "unjustifiable" or are "unreasonable or discriminatory" and burden or restrict U.S. commerce. During the first Trump Administration, USTR initiated six new Section 301 investigations, and imposedannounced tariffs in four of those cases.4
The U.S. tariff actions outlined in the following tables are for the most part cumulative—with some exceptions—meaning that tariff rates are added on top of each other and on top of other existing tariffs.6 Rates can vary by product and by country of origin. Currently, the Trump Administration is in negotiations with some trade partners on tariff and trade5
For example, on May 8, 2025, the United States and United Kingdom (U.K.) announced a preliminary agreement that would provide U.K.In July, the President sent letters to select countries announcing adjusted country-specific tariff rates, to go into effect August 1; however, negotiations continue and those rates may change.8
Between April and July, the Administration reached a preliminary framework agreement with the United Kingdom and a temporary tariff truce agreement with China. On May 8, 2025, the United States and the United Kingdom (UK) announced terms to provide UK exports some relief from the U.S. Section 232 tariffs on steel, aluminum, and automobiles, but keeps in place a 10% tariff on most goods imposed as part of the President's trade deficit-related global tariff action.59 On May 12, the United States and China announced a 90-day reduction in bilateral tariffs—after a months-long, tit-for-tat escalation in tariff rates.610 For 90 days, the United States and China will reduce the tariffs imposed in April 2025 from 125% to 10% on each other's goods. (Other U.S.-China tariffs remain in place. For example, the United States continues to impose a 20% tariff on all goods from China and 25% tariffs on steel, aluminum, and automobiles (Table 1 and Table 2). These are in addition to U.S. Section 301 tariffs, initiated in 2018, on select goods from China.7 China continues to impose retaliatory tariffs of 10-15% on select U.S. goods (Table 5)).
The U.S. tariff actions outlined in the following tables are for the most part cumulative—with some exceptions—meaning that tariff rates are added on top of each other and on top of other existing tariffs.8 Rates can vary by product and by country of origin.
For additional context and CRS analysis on recent U.S. tariff actions, see the list of "CRS Products on Tariffs and Trade Relations" in the Appendix.
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Fentanyl-related action on goods from Canada (Executive Order [E.O.] 14193) |
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Countries Affected |
Canada |
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Products Affected |
All goods Exception: imports that claim and qualify for duty-free preference under the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). (In 2024, about 38% of Canadian goods entered under the United States under USMCA, according to U.S. Census Bureau data.) |
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Current Tariff Rates |
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Current Status |
25% on most goods and 10% on energy imports effective as of March 4, 2025; USMCA exception and 10% on potash imports effective as of March 7, 2025. (The initial action was scheduled for February 4, but was paused for a month.) |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 1: President issues E.O. 14193 to impose a 25% tariff on most imports from Canada and 10% tariff on Canadian energy products, to go into effect February 4. • Feb. 3: President pauses the tariff increase until March 4. • Mar. 6: President proclaims exceptions for imports that claim and qualify for USMCA duty-free preference, and reduces the rate on potash imports from 25% to 10%. | • Jul. 10: President posts a letter to the Prime Minister of Canada on social media, announcing a 35% tariff to go into effect Aug. 1, pending negotiations.a
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Fentanyl and migration-related action on goods from Mexico (E.O. 14194) |
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Countries Affected |
Mexico |
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Products Affected |
All goods Exceptions: imports that claim and qualify for duty-free preference under USMCA. (According to U.S. Census Bureau data, about 50% of Mexican goods, by value, entered the United States under USMCA in 2024.) |
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Current Tariff Rates |
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Current Status |
25% on most goods effective as of March 4, 2025; USMCA exception and 10% on potash imports effective as of March 7, 2025. (The initial action was scheduled for February 4, but was paused for a month.) |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 1: President issues E.O. 14194 to impose a 25% tariff on imports from Mexico, to go into effect February 4. • Feb. 3: President pauses the tariff increase until March 4. • Mar. 6: President proclaims exceptions for imports that claim and qualify for USMCA duty-free preference, and reduces the rate on potash imports from 25% to 10%. | • Jul. 12: President posts a letter to the President of Mexico on social media, announcing a 30% tariff to go into effect Aug. 1, pending negotiations.b
Fentanyl-related action on goods from China (E.O. 14195) |
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Countries Affected |
China |
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Products Affected |
All goods from China |
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Current Tariff Rate |
20% |
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Current Status |
Effective as of February 4. Tariff rate increased from 10% to 20% on March 3. |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 1: President issues E.O. 14195 to impose a 10% tariff on all goods from China, effective February 4. • Mar. 3: President increases tariff rate from 10% to 20%. • May 12: White House announces an agreement with China for a temporary 90-day reduction of other tariffs (i.e., those imposed in April under E.O. 14257 [see below]); however the agreement keeps the 20% tariffs under E.O. 14195 in place. |
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Venezuelan oil action on designated countries (E.O. 14245) |
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Countries Affected |
Select countries as designated by the U.S. Secretary of State. |
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Products Affected |
All goods from designated countries |
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Current Tariff Rate |
25% |
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Current Status |
Effective as of April 2, 2025. |
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Key Dates |
• Mar. 24: President issues E.O. 14245 to impose 25% tariffs on all goods from countries that import Venezuelan oil, "whether directly from Venezuela or indirectly through third parties." |
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Trade deficit-related tariff action on global partners (E.O. 14257) |
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Countries Affected |
Global Exceptions: Canada and Mexico |
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Products Affected |
Most products Exceptions: Goods subject to Section 232 actions (e.g., steel, aluminum, automobiles and parts, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, certain consumer electronics, copper, lumber, critical minerals, aircraft, trucks, drones, polysilicon) and others |
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Current Tariff Rate |
10% |
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Current Status |
Effective as of April 5 (Additional country-specific rates (11-50%, listed in Annex I of E.O. 14257 (125% rate on imports from China |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 13: President issues "Reciprocal Trade and Tariffs" memorandum outlining a policy to reduce the trade deficit. • Apr. 2: President issues E.O. 14257 to impose a minimum global tariff of 10% (to be effective April 5) and higher tariffs on specific countries listed in Annex I (to be effective April 9; later paused). • Apr. 5: 10% global tariff goes into effect. • Apr. 8: President increases the rate on goods from China from 34% to 84%, effective April 9. • Apr. 9: Country-specific tariffs (listed in Annex I) go into effect • Apr. 9: President announces a 90-day suspension of country-specific tariffs from April 10 (except for China), keeping rates at 10% for most countries .• Apr. 9: President increases the rate on goods from China from 84% to 125%, effective April 10. • Apr. 11: President excludes certain semiconductors and consumer electronics from the tariffs. • May 12: White House announces an agreement with China for a 90-day reduction in tariffs. • May 14: President reduces rate on China from 125% to 10%, for a 90-day period. |
• Jul. 7: President extends pause on country-specific tariffs to August 1.
• Jul. 7-28: President announces on social media revised country-specific tariff rates, to go into effect Aug. 1, pending negotiations, and announces further adjustments following preliminary deals with other partners, including Japan and the European Union.c
"De Minimis" action on low-value imports from China |
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Countries Affected |
China, including Hong Kong |
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Products Affected |
Shipments that would have qualified for duty-free de minimis treatment (valued at or under $800) under 19 U.S.C. §1321(a)(2)(C). |
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Tariff Rate |
• "All applicable duties" apply. (Tariff rates vary by product, as outlined in the U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule); and • 54% for postal shipments or $150 per postal item. |
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Current Status |
Effective as of May 2. |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 1: President announces the removal of de minimis duty-free treatment on low-value imports from China. • Feb. 5: President temporarily • Apr. 2: President issues E.O. 14256 to remove de minimis treatment for low-value imports from China, effective May 2. • Apr. 8-9: President increases the de minimis rate for postal items from China from 30% to 90% to 120%. • May 12: White House announces an agreement with China for a 90-day reduction in some tariffs. • May 14: President reduces the postal rate on de minimis imports from China from 120% to 54%, for a 90-day period. |
Source: CRS, compiled from official U.S. Presidential documents, published in the Federal Register or on the White House website, or other presidential statements regarding negotiations.
Notes: IEEPA is the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. §§1701 et seq.). Most tariffs in Tables 12 and 23 of this report are cumulative—with some exceptions outlined in(e.g., see Executive Order 14289 of April 29, 2025.
a and Proclamation 10947 of June 3, 2025).
a. President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [Canada], July 10, 2025, available at https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114831716625825473.
b. President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [Mexico], July 12, 2025, available at https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/114840265771030416.
c. For example, see report footnote 8 and footnote 12.
d. The "de minimis" exception for imports (codified at 19 U.S.C. §1321(a)(2)(C)) allows certain low-valued imports (of $800 or less) to be imported into the United States duty-free. Recent Presidential actions have aimed to remove the application of this exception for imports from certain countries. For more background on "de minimis" treatment for imports, see CRS Report R48380, Imports and the Section 321 (De Minimis) Exemption: Origins, Evolution, and Use, by Christopher A. Casey.
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Tariff Action on Steel and Aluminum (Proclamations 10895 and 10896) |
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Countries Affected |
All Countries |
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Products Affected |
Steel, aluminum, and derivative products of steel and aluminum. |
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Current Tariff Rate |
25% |
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Current Status |
Effective as of March 12, 2025 ; Increase to 50%, effective as of June 4. |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 10: President proclaims expanded steel and aluminum tariffs, amending previously • Mar. 5: The U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) publishes implementing regulations. • Apr. 4: BIS modifies the list of derivative products subject to the tariffs. • Apr. 29: President • May 2: BIS issues a regulation to consider expanding the scope of covered products. • May 2: BIS issues a regulation to consider expanding the scope of covered products. • June 4: President increases tariffs from 25% to 50% for all partners except the UK, which remains at 25%.• June 4: President modifies the procedure for how tariffs are to be cumulatively applied. • June 16: BIS expands the list of derivative products subject to tariffs to include household appliances. |
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Tariff Action on Automobiles and Automobile Parts (Proclamation 10908) |
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Countries Affected |
All countries |
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Products Affected |
Passenger vehicles, light trucks, and certain automobile parts Exceptions: Automobile parts entering the United States under USMCA. For vehicle |
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Current Tariff Rate |
25% globally; 10% on parts from the UK and 10% tariff-rate quota (TRQ) on vehicles from the UK.a |
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Current Status |
Effective as of April 3, 2025 for vehicles, and May 3, 2025 for parts. UK rates effective June 30, 2025. |
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Key Dates |
• Mar. 26: President proclaims a 25% tariff on imports of automobiles and parts. Tariffs are scheduled to go into effect April 3, 2025 for vehicles and no later than May 3, 2025 for parts. • Apr. 29: President proclaims a partial credit for parts, based on the value of • Apr. 29: President announces that some tariff actions "should not all have a cumulative effect |
Source: CRS, compiled from official U.Snot subject to additional tariffs under the Canada and Mexico IEEPA tariffs or the Section 232 steel and aluminum tariffs.
• June 16: As part of a U.S.-UK nonbinding framework agreement, the President announces a lower rate of 10% for imports from the UK and establishes a tariff-rate quota (TRQ) for vehicles from the UK, to be effective no later than June 30.a
Source: CRS, compiled from official U.S. government documents published in the Federal Register and Presidential actions published on the White House website.
Notes: "Section 232" is Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. §1862, as amended). For additional information, see CRS In Focus IF13006, Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, by Kyla H. Kitamura, CRS Insight IN12519, Expanded Section 232 Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum, by Kyla H. Kitamura and Keigh E. Hammond, and CRS Insight IN12545, Section 232 Automotive Tariffs: Issues for Congress, by Kyla H. Kitamura. Most tariffs in Tables 12 and 23 of this report are cumulative—with some exceptions outlined in(e.g., see Executive Order 14289 of April 29, 2025.
a and Proclamation 10947 of June 3, 2025).
a. UK-negotiated tariff rates on automobiles and parts includes any most-favored nations (MFN) tariffs.
b. In Feb. 2019, the Secretary of Commerce determined that certain automobile imports were being imported "in such quantities and under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security." The President did not impose tariff at that time, but did direct the Secretary of Commerce to continue to monitor automobile imports. According to the March 2025 proclamation, the Secretary of Commerce reported to the President that, since 2019, "the national security concerns remain and have escalated."
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Investigation into Copper Imports (E.O. 14220) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Copper and derivative products |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 25: President issues E.O. 14220, directing the Secretary of Commerce to initiate an investigation into copper imports. • Mar. 10: |
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Investigation into Timber and Lumber Imports (E.O. 14223) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Timber, lumber, and their derivative products |
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Tariff Rate |
To be determined (TBD) |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
• Mar. 1: President issues E.O. 14223, directing the Secretary of Commerce to initiate an investigation into timber and lumber imports. • Mar. 10: BIS initiates investigation and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Processed Critical Minerals Imports (E.O. 14272) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Processed critical minerals, uranium, and derivative products (including semi-finished and finished products, e.g., semiconductor wafers |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
• Apr. 15: President issues E.O. 14272 directing the Secretary of Commerce to initiate an investigation into imports of processed critical minerals and derivative products. • Apr. 22: BIS initiates an investigation and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Pharmaceutical Imports (90 Federal Register 15951) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Pharmaceuticals |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
Apr. 16: BIS publishes a notice that it initiated a Section 232 investigation on April 1 and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Semiconductor Imports (90 Federal Register 15950) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Semiconductors |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
Apr. 16: BIS publishes a notice that it initiated a Section 232 investigation on April 1 and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Truck Imports (90 Federal Register 17371) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Medium-duty trucks, heavy-duty trucks, and medium- and heavy-duty truck parts, and their derivative products |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
Apr. 22: BIS initiates a Section 232 investigation into imports of trucks and seeks public comment. |
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Investigation into Aircraft and Engines (90 Federal Register 20273) |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially all countries |
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Products Affected |
Commercial aircraft, jet engines, and parts |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Investigation |
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Key Dates |
May 1: BIS initiates a Section 232 investigation and seeks public comment. |
Tariff Rate TBD Current Status Under Investigation Key Dates May 13: BIS publishes a notice that it initiated a Section 232 investigation on May 1 and seeks public comment. Investigation into Drones (90 Federal Register 31958) Countries Affected Potentially all countries Products Affected Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and their parts and components Tariff Rate TBD Current Status Under Investigation Key Dates Jul. 16: BIS publishes a notice that it initiated a Section 232 investigation on July 1 and seeks public comment. Investigation into Polysilicon (90 Federal Register 31955) Countries Affected Potentially all countries Products Affected Polysilicon and its derivatives Tariff Rate TBD Current Status Under Investigation Key Dates Jul. 16: BIS publishes a notice that it initiated a Section 232 investigation on July 1 and seeks public comment.Source: CRS, compiled from official U.S
Source: CRS, compiled from official U.S. government documents published in the Federal Register and Presidential actions published on the White House website.
Notes: "Section 232" is Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. §1862, as amended). For additional information on investigations, see, see CRS In Focus IF13006, Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, by Kyla H. Kitamura and BIS's Section 232 website, https:///www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/other-areas/office-of-technology-evaluation-ote/section-232-investigations.
Table 45. Potential Tariff Actions: Section 301
January China's Semiconductor Industry (89 Federal Register 106725) Countries Affected China Products Affected To be determined (TBD) Tariff Rate TBD Current Status Investigation ongoing. Key Dates • Mar. 11-12: U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) holds public hearings, as part of an investigation initiated in Dec. 2024. 20, 2025 - May 202025 – July 28, 2025
Review of Foreign Digital Services Taxes (Presidential Memorandum)a
, 2025
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Legal Authority |
Section 301, and potentially others |
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Countries Affected |
Potentially Austria, Canada, France, Italy, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, and others who tax digital services. |
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Products Affected |
TBD |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Consideration |
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Key Dates |
• Feb. 21: President directs USTR to consider renewing a Section 301 investigation into select countries' digital services taxes (DSTs), and notes that the Administration will consider tariffs, in response to such taxes.b |
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Review of China's Maritime, Logistics, and Shipbuilding Industries (E.O. 14269) | |||||||||||||
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Legal Authority |
Section 301 |
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Countries Affected |
China |
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Products Affected |
Ship-to-shore cranes and other cargo handling equipment |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Consideration
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• Jan. 16: USTR determines that practices in China's maritime, logistics, and shipbuilding sectors are "unreasonable."c
Key Dates • Feb. 27: USTR proposes certain port fees in response to its Jan. determination and seeks public comment. • | |||||||||||
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Key Dates |
• Apr. • June 12: USTR further modifies proposed port fees, and notes that potential tariffs "may be addressed in a separate notice." |
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Review of International Seafood Trade Practices (E.O. 14276) | |||||||||||||
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Legal Authority |
Section 301 |
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Countries Affected |
Major seafood-producing nations |
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Products Affected |
TBD |
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Tariff Rate |
TBD |
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Current Status |
Under Consideration |
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Key Dates |
• Apr. 17: President issues E.O. 14276, which among other actions, directs USTR to "examine the relevant trade practices of major seafood-producing nations, including with regard to [illegal, unreported, and unregulated] IUU fishing and the use of forced labor in the seafood supply chain, and consider appropriate responses, including pursuing solutions through negotiations or trade enforcement authorities, such as under section Review of Brazil's Trade Practices (90 Federal Register 34069) Countries Affected Brazil Products Affected TBD Tariff Rate TBD Current Status Investigation initiated Key Dates • Jul. 15: USTR initiates an investigation into Brazil's trade practices and seeks public comment. | ||||||||||||
Source: CRS, compiled from official U.S. government documents published in the Federal Register and Presidential actions published on the White House website.
Notes: "Section 301" is Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. §§2411-20), which grants USTR authorities to impose trade sanctions—such as tariffs—on foreign partners found to violate U.S. trade agreements or engage in acts that are "unjustifiable," "unreasonable," or "discriminatory," and burden or restrict U.S. commerce.
a. Presidential memorandum. For additional information see CRS In Focus IF11346, Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, by Danielle M. Trachtenberg.
a. Presidential Memorandum, "Defending American Companies and Innovators from Overseas Extortion and Unfair Fines and Penalties," Feb. 21, 2025 (90 Federal Register 10685).
b. In 2021, USTR conducted a previous investigation into DSTs, which resulted in the United States imposing tariffs on certain partners and later suspending the tariffs.
c. In Apr. 2024, USTR initiated a Section 301 investigation into China's maritime, logistics, and shipbuilding sectors, and issued its first determinationdetermination report on Jan. 16, 2025. USTR proposed remedies of port entry fees in Feb. 2025.
In response to increased U.S. tariffs on trading partners, some countries have implemented and/or announced retaliatory measures on U.S. exports or U.S. companies. Table 56 lists official foreign government announcements regarding retaliatory countermeasures. Embedded links to announcements, in the original language, provide additional details regarding the types of U.S. goods targeted for retaliatory tariffs.
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Announced Retaliatory Measures |
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China |
In response to U.S. fentanyl-related tariffs (E.O. 14195): • Feb. 10: China implements retaliatory tariffs (of 10-15%) on selected U.S. exports. • Mar. 10: China implements a second round of retaliatory tariffs (10-15%) on additional U.S. exports, in response to U.S. action to increase tariffs. • Feb. 2-Mar. 10: In addition to tariff actions, China also announces various nontariff actions against U.S. companies (e.g., export controls, unreliable entity designations, an import ban on Illumina's gene sequencers, an antidumping investigation, and an antitrust investigation). |
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In response to the U.S. trade deficit-related tariffs (E.O. 14257): • Apr. 3-11: In a tit-for-tat response to U.S. actions increasing tariff rates, China increases its retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods from 34% to 84% to 125%. • Apr. 4-11: China announces nontariff actions (e.g., export restrictions on certain critical minerals; export controls on 12 U.S. entities; and unreliable entity designations for six U.S. companies.) • Apr. 12: 125% tariffs on U.S. exports to China goes into effect. • May 14: China agrees to reduce retaliatory tariffs from 125% to 10% for a 90-day period and to remove nontariff actions imposed since April 2. (Retaliatory tariffs in response to the U.S. fentanyl action remain in place.) |
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Canada |
In response to U.S. fentanyl-related tariffs (E.O. 14193): • Mar. 4: Canada implements retaliatory tariffs of 25% on select U.S. exports, such as orange juice, peanut butter, wine, spirits, beer, coffee, appliances, apparel, footwear, motorcycles, cosmetics, and certain paper products. |
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In response to U.S. Section 232 steel and aluminum tariffs (Proclamations 10895 and 10896): • Mar. 13: Canada implements 25% retaliatory tariffs on U.S. exports of steel, aluminum, and other products. |
|
|
In response to U.S. Section 232 automobile tariffs (Proclamation 10908): • Apr. 9: Canada implements retaliatory tariffs of 25% on U.S.-made automobiles (some exemptions for goods traded under USMCA). • Apr. 15: Canada's Minister of Finance announces some exemptions for automakers who continue operating in Canada. • May 20: Canada announces 6-month tariff relief for certain goods imported from the U.S. that are used in select Canadian industries or used to support public health, health care, public safety, and national security objectives. |
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European Union (EU) |
In response to U.S. tariff actions: • Mar. 11: EU announces plans for retaliatory tariffs on U.S. exports, in response to U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs. • Apr. 8: EU member states vote to impose countermeasures (tariffs of 10-20%) on U.S. exports starting on April 15. • Apr. 14: EU countermeasures on steel and aluminum are paused for 90 days, to allow for negotiations with the United States.
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Source: CRS, compiled from official foreign government announcements.
2025 Tariff Actions and Authorities
IEEPA Actions
CRS Insight IN11129, The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (NEA), and Tariffs: Historical Background and Key Issues, by Christopher A. Casey
CRS In Focus IF12990, U.S.-China Tariff Actions Since 2018: An Overview, by Karen M. Sutter
Section 232 ActionsCRS Insight IN12533, U.S.-Canada Relations amid Tariffs Under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, by Peter J. Meyer andInsight IN12533, U.S.-Canada Relations amid Tariffs Under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, by Peter J. Meyer and Kyla H. Kitamura
CRS Insight IN12519, Expanded Section 232 Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum, by Kyla H. Kitamura and Keigh E. Hammond
CRS Insight IN12545, Section 232 Automotive Tariffs: Issues for Congress, by Kyla H. Kitamura
CRS Insight IN12488, U.S. Petroleum Trade: Crude Oil Imports from Canada and Mexico and Potential Tariffs, by Phillip Brown and Christopher A. Casey
CRS In Focus IF11346, Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, by Danielle M. Trachtenberg
For China-focused Section 301 reports see Asia section below.
Related Issues
CRS Report R48435, Congressional and Presidential Authority to Impose Import Tariffs, by Christopher T. Zirpoli
CRS In Focus IF11030, U.S. Tariff Policy: Overview, by Christopher A. Casey
CRS Report R48548, Retaliatory Tariffs on U.S. Agriculture and USDA's Responses: Frequently Asked Questions, by Benjamin Tsui and Stephanie Rosch
CRS Insight IN12482, Tariffs and Federal Finances: A Thumbnail History, by D. Andrew Austin
CRS Insight IN12488, U.S. Petroleum Trade: Crude Oil Imports from Canada and Mexico and Potential Tariffs, by Phillip Brown and Christopher A. CaseyU.S. Bilateral Relations: Select Partners
The Americas
CRS In Focus IF12595, U.S.-Canada Trade Relations, by Kyla H. Kitamura
CRS In Focus IF11175, U.S.-Mexico Trade Relations, by M. Angeles Villarreal
CRS In Focus IF10997, U.S.-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) Trade Agreement, by M. Angeles Villarreal, Kyla H. Kitamura, and Danielle M. Trachtenberg
CRS Insight IN12399, Canada's Digital Services Tax Act: Issues Facing Congress, by Kyla H. Kitamura and Danielle M. Trachtenberg
CRS In Focus IF12765, Mexico: Political Overview and U.S.-Mexican Relations, by Clare Ribando Seelke and M. Angeles Villarreal
CRS In Focus IF10400, Illicit Fentanyl and Mexico's Role, by Clare Ribando Seelke and Liana W. Rosen
CRS In Focus IF10230, Venezuela: Political Crisis and U.S. Policy, by Clare Ribando Seelke
Asia
CRS In Focus IF12990, U.S.-China Tariff Actions Since 2018: An Overview, by Karen M. Sutter CRS In Focus IF11284, U.S.-China Trade Relations, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF11667, China's Economy: Current Trends and Issues, by Karen M. Sutter and Michael D. Sutherland
CRS In Focus IF12980, Permanent Normal Trade Relations and U.S.-China Tariffs, by Karen M. Sutter and Michael D. Sutherland
CRS In Focus IF12891, China's E-Commerce Exports and U.S. De Minimis Policies, by Karen M. Sutter and Michael D. Sutherland
CRS In Focus IF12125, Section 301 and China: The U.S.-China Phase One Trade Deal, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF12958, Section 301 and China: Mature-Node Semiconductors, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF12666, Section 301 and China: Shipping and Shipbuilding Issues, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF10256, U.S.-Taiwan Trade and Economic Relations, by Karen M. Sutter
CRS In Focus IF11120, U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements and Negotiations, by Cathleen D. Cimino-Isaacs and Kyla H. Kitamura
CRS In Focus IF10165, South Korea: Background and U.S. Relations, by Mark E. Manyin, Liana Wong, and Daniel J. Longo
CRS In Focus IF10384, U.S.-India Trade Relations, by Shayerah I. Akhtar and K. Alan Kronstadt
European Union
CRS In Focus IF10931, U.S.-EU Trade Relations, by Shayerah I. Akhtar
CRS In Focus IF11123, U.S.-UK Trade Relations: Background and Select Issues, by Shayerah I. Akhtar
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White House, Imposing Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border, February 1, 2025; White House Executive Order 14195, Imposing Duties to Address the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China, February 1, 2025; White House, Executive Order 14194, Imposing Duties to Address the Situation at Our Southern Border, February 1, 2025. |
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| 2. |
White House, President Donald J. Trump Declares National Emergency to Increase our Competitive Edge, Protect our Sovereignty, and Strengthen our National and Economic Security, Fact Sheet, April 2, 2025. Also see Executive Order 14257 of April 2, 2025, "Regulating Imports With a Reciprocal Tariff To Rectify Trade Practices That Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits," 90 Federal Register 15041, April 7, 2025. | |||||
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CRS Legal Sidebar LSB11332, Court Decisions Regarding Tariffs Imposed Under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), by Christopher T. Zirpoli. |
E.g., White House, "America First Trade Policy" presidential memorandum of January 20, 2025, 90 Federal Register 8471, January 30, 2025. |
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During this period, Section 301 investigations that resulted in tariffs were on: (1) China's technology transfer and trade practices; (2) European Union subsidies on large civil aircraft; (3) France's digital services taxes; and (4) other foreign digital services taxes. Most tariffs were later suspended (some before they went into effect), with the exception of the Section 301 tariffs on China which remain in effect. |
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For example, on April 29, the President issued Executive Order 14289 "Addressing Certain Tariffs on Imported Articles." The order "sets out the procedure for determining which of multiple tariffs shall apply to an article when that article is subject to more than one of the actions." The order specifically addresses the Canada and Mexico fentanyl and migration-related tariffs, the Section 232 steel and aluminum tariffs, and the Section 232 automobile tariffs. The order explains that for certain products that are impacted by multiple tariff actions listed in the order, the "tariffs should not all have a cumulative effect (or 'stack' on top of one another) because the rate of duty resulting from such stacking exceeds what is necessary to achieve the intended policy goals." The order is retroactive from March 4, 2025. The order was further amended by Proclamation 10947 of June 3, 2025, which modified the procedure for determining which tariffs are to apply. 7.
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Executive Order 14316 of July 7, 2025, "Extending the Modification of the Reciprocal Tariff Rates," 90 Federal Register 30823, July 10, 2025. 8.
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For example for a selection of letters, see: President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [European Union], July 12, 2025, available at https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114840270617633946; President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [South Korea], July 7, 2024, available at https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114812856757774700; President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [Mexico], July 12, 2025, available at https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/114840265771030416; President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [South Africa], July 7, 2025, available at https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/114813313928083257.
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See Executive Order 14309 of June 16, 2025, "Implementing the General Terms of the United States of America-United Kingdom Economic Prosperity Deal," 90 Federal Register 26419, June 23, 2025; and "General Terms for the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Economic Prosperity Deal," May 8, 2025, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/fs/US%20UK%20EPD_050825_FINAL%20rev%20v2.pdf.
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"Joint Statement on U.S.-China Economic and Trade Meeting in Geneva," May 12, 2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2025/05/joint-statement-on-u-s-china-economic-and-trade-meeting-in-geneva/. |
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For examples of announced trade deals, see: President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [Vietnam], July 2, 2025, available at https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114784170652465525; "Joint Statement on Framework for United States-Indonesia Agreement on Reciprocal Trade," July 22, 2025, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2025/07/joint-statement-on-framework-for-united-states-indonesia-agreement-on-reciprocal-trade/; White House, "Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Secures Unprecedented U.S.–Japan Strategic Trade and Investment Agreement," July 23, 2025, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/07/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-secures-unprecedented-u-s-japan-strategic-trade-and-investment-agreement/; President Donald J. Trump, Truth Social Post [Philippines], July 22, 2025, available at https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114898069194751986; White House, "Fact Sheet: The United States and European Union Reach Massive Trade Deal," July 28, 2025, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/07/fact-sheet-the-united-states-and-european-union-reach-massive-trade-deal/ |
CRS In Focus IF12990, U.S.-China Tariff Actions Since 2018: An Overview, by Karen M. Sutter. |
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