An Overview of Small Business Contracting

March 8, 2019 – May 14, 2024 R45576

An Overview of Small Business Contracting
May 14, 2024
Congress has broad authority to impact the federal procurement process and how agencies
purchase goods and services from private sector firms. One way in which Congress has exercised
R. Corinne Blackford
this authority is by adopting measures to promote contracts and subcontracts with “small
Analyst in Small Business
businesses.” This report discusses federal contracting preferences for firms that meet the Small
and Economic
Business Administration’s definition of “small.” It also provides information on statutory and
Development Policy
regulatory requirements for agencies to award contracts to small businesses, as well as federal

assistance for small business owners seeking government contracts.

Small business contracting policies and programs respond to the congressional directive to ensure
that a “fair proportion” of federal contract and subcontract dollars is awarded to small businesses. Congress established
government-wide goals for the percentage of federal contract and subcontract dollars awarded to small businesses each fiscal
year. The Small Business Administration (SBA) negotiates small business procurement goals with each federal agency,
negotiating agency-specific goals that collectively add up to the government-wide goals in statute. The SBA publishes annual
Small Business Procurement Scorecards and the System for Awards Management (SAM.gov) posts an annual Small Business
Goaling Report, which measure goal achievement.
There are procurement goals for both prime and subcontract dollars for small businesses, small businesses owned by socially
and economically disadvantaged individuals (SDBs), women-owned small businesses (WOSBs), small businesses located
within a HUBZone, and service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses (SDVOSBs). In recent years, the government has
generally succeeded in meeting the government-wide goals for awards made to small businesses, SDBs, and SDVOSBs. It
has also met its subcontracting goals for small businesses and WOSBs. It has had difficulty meeting the WOSB and
HUBZone prime contracting goals.
A collection of laws and regulations underpin small business contracting efforts. In order to facilitate contracting
opportunities for small businesses, Congress has authorized federal agencies, under specified circumstances, to set aside
contracts exclusively for small businesses; authorized federal agencies to make sole-source awards to small businesses; and
authorized federal agencies to set aside contracts for, or grant other contracting preferences to, the four types of small
businesses for which there are small business procurement goals: SDBs, SDVOSBs, WOSBs, and HUBZone firms. Congress
tasks the SBA and agency procurement personnel with reviewing and structuring proposed procurements to maximize
opportunities for small business participation.
Also supporting small businesses in the federal market are technical assistance providers, small business contractor mentor-
protégé programs, and subcontracting policies and regulations.
Observers may judge the relative success or failure of federal efforts to create small business contracting opportunities by
whether the government and individual agencies meet small business procurement goals. The publication of goal attainment
data and SBA Procurement Scorecards offer an accessible way to examine the level of small business contracting each year,
but may focus reviewers on readily measured information (dollars awarded) rather than broader assessments of the
effectiveness of contracting programs and policies. Moreover, the procurement goals themselves may not reflect overall
policy aims, because of how they are expressed by monetary value, and/or because of how high or low they are relative to the
availability of small suppliers. Other valuable information might include measures of market diversification, competitiveness,
or concentration.
Congressional Research Service

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Introduction
The size of the federal government as a buyer creates economic impacts that continue to interest
policymakers. From FY2020 to FY2022, the government spent in the range of $600 to $700
billion on contracts,1 and represents the largest buyer of goods and services in the world.2 This
report describes the various federal requirements, programs, and personnel involved in promoting
federal contracting and subcontracting with small businesses. It covers requirements and
programs for certain types of small businesses: small disadvantaged businesses (SDBs), SDBs
participating the SBA’s “8(a) Business Development Program,” Historically Underutilized
Business Zone (HUBZone) small businesses, women-owned small businesses (WOSBs), and
service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses (SDVOSBs). Small businesses and these types
of “socioeconomic” small businesses may receive contracting preferences, which limit
competition to certain firms (through a contract set-aside) or receive contract awards without
competition (through a sole-source contract award). The Small Business Administration (SBA)
has significant involvement with all of these contracting programs at agencies across the
executive branch, although agency purchasing staff execute contracting activities, including
implementation of contracting preferences. The report also discusses the roles and responsibilities
of various federal procurement officers as well as the role of agency Offices of Small and
Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBUs).
In the Small Business Act (P.L. 83-163), which established the Small Business Administration
(SBA),3 Congress declared a policy of promoting the interests of small businesses in order to
“preserve free competitive enterprise.”4 The Small Business Act further specifies that small
businesses should receive a “fair proportion” of federal contracts and subcontracts.5 The act states
It is the declared policy of the Congress that the Government should aid, counsel, assist,
and protect, insofar as is possible, the interests of small-business concerns in order to
preserve free competitive enterprise, to insure that a fair proportion of the total purchases
and contracts or subcontracts for property and services for the Government (including but
not limited to contracts or subcontracts for maintenance, repair, and construction) be placed
with small-business enterprises, to insure that a fair proportion of the total sales of

1 U.S. Government Accountability Office, A Snapshot of Government-Wide Contracting for FY 2022, August 15, 2023;
U.S. Government Accountability Office, A Snapshot of Government-Wide Contracting for FY 2021, August 25, 2022;
U.S. Government Accountability Office, A Snapshot of Government-Wide Contracting for FY 2020, June 22, 2021.
2 U.S. General Services Administration, “Federal Acquisition Policy Division,” at https://www.gsa.gov/policy-
regulations/policy/acquisition-policy/office-of-acquisition-policy/governmentwide-acq-policy/federal-acquisition-
policy-division.
3 On July 31, 1951, the Small Defense Plants Administration (SDPA) was created by an amendment to P.L. 81-774, the
Defense Production Act of 1950, and was given “primary responsibility in the field of channeling defense contracts to
small producers.” As hostilities with Korea subsided, so did the perceived need for the SDPA. Congress granted the
Small Business Administration (SBA) similar authority to promote small business contracting with all federal agencies,
as opposed to focusing on the Department of Defense. See U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Small Business,
Small Business Administration, committee print, 83rd Cong., 1st sess., August 10, 1953 (Washington: GPO, 1953), p. iv.
4 As stated in the Small Business Act, “It is the declared policy of the Congress that the Government should aid,
counsel, assist, and protect, insofar as is possible, the interests of small-business concerns in order to preserve free
competitive enterprise.” P.L. 83-163, the Small Business Act of 1953 (as amended), see https://www.govinfo.gov/app/
details/COMPS-1834.
5 P.L. 83-163, the Small Business Act of 1953 (as amended), see https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-1834.
Congressional Research Service

1

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Government property be made to such enterprises, and to maintain and strengthen the
overall economy of the Nation.6
When the act was signed into law in 1953, Congress found that World War II and Korean War-
induced materials’ shortages combined with an inability to obtain defense contracts or financial
assistance had threatened the existence of thousands of small businesses.7 Congress indicated that
it therefore intended to “equalize the scales when necessary to guarantee the continued vigor of
our competitive free enterprise system.”8 By 2007, a House committee report explained that the
primary rationale for small business contracting programs “is the positive economic benefits they
provide, as well as assisting small businesses overcome the complexities of the [procurement]
system.”9
Small Business Procurement Goals
Legislative History of Small Business Procurement Goals
Since 1978, federal agency heads have been required to establish small business procurement
goals in consultation with the SBA, “that realistically reflect the potential of small business
concerns and small business concerns owned and controlled by socially and economically
disadvantaged individuals” to participate in federal procurement. Each agency is required, at the
conclusion of each fiscal year, to report its progress in meeting prime contract and subcontract
award goals to the SBA.10
In 1988, Congress required the President to establish annual government-wide goals for federal
contracts awarded to small businesses and small businesses owned and controlled by socially and
economically disadvantaged individuals.11 Through the same legislation, P.L. 100-656, the
Business Opportunity Development Reform Act of 1988, Congress set a minimum government-
wide small business procurement goal, requiring that small businesses receive “not less than 20
percent of the total value of all prime contract awards for each fiscal year” and that small
businesses owned and controlled by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals receive

6 15 U.S.C. §631(a); and P.L. 83-163, the Small Business Act of 1953 (as amended), see https://www.govinfo.gov/app/
details/COMPS-1834.
7 U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Small Business, Small Business Administration, committee print, 83rd
Cong., 1st sess., August 10, 1953 (Washington: GPO, 1953), p. iii. Also, see U.S. Congress, House Committee on
Banking and Currency, Small Business Act of 1953, report to accompany H.R. 5141, 83rd Cong., 1st sess., May 28,
1953, H.Rept. 83-494 (Washington: GPO, 1953).
8 U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Small Business, Small Business Administration, committee print, 83rd
Cong., 1st sess., August 10, 1953 (Washington: GPO, 1953), p. v.
9 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Small Business Contracting Program Improvements Act, report
to accompany H.R. 3867, 110th Cong., 1st sess., October 22, 2007, H.Rept. 110-400 (Washington: GPO, 2007), p. 4.
The report states, “The economic benefits of these programs can be seen in two primary areas—market competition and
local economic development. First, [these] programs … are designed to increase and diversify small contractors with
the intent of expanding the federal supplier base. This leads to increased competition, which results in higher quality,
greater product variety, and lower prices. Second, these contracting initiatives lower barriers to entry in a wide range of
markets for small businesses. This provides greater market access for small firms’ goods and services. From an
economic perspective, such access is critical to generating positive macroeconomic benefits, including higher job
creation, wage growth, and greater income distribution.”
10 15 U.S.C. §644(g)(2); and P.L. 95-507, a bill to amend the Small Business Act and the Small Business Investment
Act of 1958. Prime contracts are made between the government and a business whereas subcontracts are between a
prime contractor and other businesses.
11 P.L. 100-656, the Business Opportunity Development Reform Act of 1988, codified at 15 U.S.C. §644(g)(1).
Congressional Research Service

2

link to page 12 An Overview of Small Business Contracting

“not less than 5 percent of the total value of all prime contract and subcontract awards for each
fiscal year.”12 This law also directed each federal agency to “have an annual goal that presents, for
that agency, the maximum practicable opportunity for small business concerns and small business
concerns owned and controlled by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals to
participate in the performance of contracts let by such agency.”13 The law further required SBA to
report to the President annually on the attainment of the goals and to include the information in an
annual report to Congress.14
Over the years, government-wide procurement goals for both prime and subcontract dollars have
been established for small businesses generally (P.L. 100-656 and P.L. 105-135); small businesses
owned by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals (P.L. 100-656); women-owned
small businesses (P.L. 103-355); small businesses located within a HUBZone (P.L. 105-135); and
small businesses owned by service-disabled veterans (P.L. 106-50, the Veterans Entrepreneurship
and Small Business Development Act of 1999).
There are five government-wide statutory small business procurement goals set by Congress:
Table 1. Statutory Federal Small Business Procurement Goals
Type of Firm
Goal
Measure of Contract Awards
Small Businesses
23% Dol ar value of prime contract awards
Small Disadvantaged Businesses (SDBs)a
5% Dol ar value of prime and subcontract
awards
Women-Owned Small Businesses (WOSBs)
5% Dol ar value of prime and subcontract
awards
Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Businesses
5% Dol ar value of prime and subcontract
(SDVOSBs)
awards
HUB (Historically Underutilized Business) Zone Small
3% Dol ar value of prime and subcontract
Businesses
awards
Sources: 15 U.S.C. §644(g)(1)(A); P.L. 118-31.
Notes: Prime contract awards are made directly to a business from an agency. Some federal prime contracts
require a contractor to subcontract with small businesses to create more opportunities for those firms. P.L. 118-
31, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024, increased the SDVOSB goal from 3% to 5%.
Executive action increased the statutory SDB goal; in FY2024, agencies must col ectively award at least 13% of
contract spending to SDBs, per Office of Management and Budget Memorandum M-24-01
(https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/M-24-01-Increasing-the-Share-of-Contract-Dol ars-
Awarded-to-Smal -Disadvantaged-Businesses_Final.pdf), in order to increase this share of award dol ars to 15%
by 2025.
a. SDBs are small businesses owned and control ed by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals.
These firms must meet criteria described in SBA regulations at 13 C.F.R. §124.1001. While all 8(a) Business
Development Program participant firms qualify as SDBs, not all SDBs are in the 8(a) program.

12 P.L. 100-656, the Business Opportunity Development Reform Act of 1988, codified at 15 U.S.C. §644(g)(1). The
government-wide minimum participation goal for small businesses was increased from 20% to 23% by P.L. 105-135,
the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 1997.
13 15 U.S.C. §644(g)(1); and P.L. 100-656, the Business Opportunity Development Reform Act of 1988.
14 15 U.S.C. §644(g)(1); and P.L. 100-656, the Business Opportunity Development Reform Act of 1988.
Congressional Research Service

3

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Agency-Level Goal-Setting
The SBA negotiates small business procurement goals with each federal agency and establishes a
small business eligible baseline for evaluating the agency’s performance.15 The small business
eligible baseline excludes certain contracts that the SBA has determined do not realistically
reflect the potential for small business participation in federal procurement (such as those
awarded to mandatory and directed sources), contracts funded predominately from agency-
generated sources (i.e., nonappropriated funds), contracts not covered by the Federal Acquisition
Regulation, acquisitions on behalf of foreign governments, and contracts not reported in the
General Services Administration’s (GSA’s) Federal Procurement Data System—Next Generation,
or FPDS-NG (such as government procurement card purchases and contracts valued less than
$10,000).16
During the goal negotiation process, the SBA consults with agencies to establish annual goals for
small business participation in contracting and subcontracting that collectively add up to the
government-wide goals in statute. If the SBA and the agency cannot agree on the goals, the
agency may submit the case to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Federal
Procurement Policy (OFPP) for resolution.17 SBA added Small Disadvantaged Business goals to
the negotiation process in FY2022, per OMB Memorandum M-22-03.18 SBA sets agency goals
for HUBZone businesses, WOSBs, and SDVOSBs at the statutory level; it bases subcontracting
goals on recent attainment levels.19 An agency’s head is required to “make consistent efforts to
annually expand participation by small business concerns from each industry category.”20
Small Business Procurement Scorecards and Reports
Once goals are set, the SBA then evaluates agencies’ performance against their negotiated goals
and presents the results in the SBA’s annual Small Business Procurement Scorecards.21 The SBA

15 According to a 2001 GAO report, the SBA began to specify what types of contracts the Federal Procurement Data
System would exclude when determining agency compliance with federal contracting goals in FY1998. Prior to
FY1998, “agencies reported their small business achievements directly to SBA and excluded from their calculations
certain types of contracts, such as those for which small businesses had a limited or no chance to compete. SBA then
published an annual report summarizing each agency’s achievements. SBA officials said that in some cases they were
not aware of all exclusions the agencies made when reporting their numbers.” GAO, Small Business: More
Transparency Needed in Prime Contract Goal Program, GAO-01-551, August 1, 2001, pp. 9-10, at
http://www.gao.gov/assets/240/231854.pdf.
16 SBA, Office of Policy, Planning and Liaison, Office of Government Contracting and Business Development, “FY
2018 Goaling Guidelines,” p. 3; and GSA, Federal Procurement Data System—Next Generation, “What’s In FPDS-
NG,” at https://www.fpds.gov/wiki/index.php/FPDS-NG_FAQ.
17 SBA, Office of Policy, Planning and Liaison, Office of Government Contracting and Business Development, “FY
2018 Goaling Guidelines,” August 30, 2017, p. 4, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/
FY18_Small_Business_Goaling_Guidelines.pdf (hereinafter SBA, Office of Policy, Planning and Liaison, Office of
Government Contracting and Business Development, “FY 2018 Goaling Guidelines”).
18 Memorandum from Jason S. Miller, Deputy Director for Management, Office of Management and Budget, to Heads
of Executive Departments and Agencies, December 2, 2021, p. 2, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/
2021/12/M-22-03.pdf.
19 SBA, Office of Policy, Planning and Liaison, Office of Government Contracting and Business Development, “FY
2023 Goaling Guidelines,” p. 6.
20 15 U.S.C. §644(g)(2).
21 Current and past Scorecards are available at https://www.sba.gov/document/support-small-business-procurement-
scorecard-overview. The Scorecard “grading methodology” is described by the SBA for each fiscal year, in documents
available at https://www.sba.gov/document/support-contracting-scorecard-grading-methodology.
Congressional Research Service

4

link to page 8 link to page 9 An Overview of Small Business Contracting

uses FPDS-NG data, which are also published in GSA’s annual Small Business Goaling Report,22
available through SAM.gov. GSA is also required to produce an annual report that must include
“all procurements made for the period covered by the report and may not exclude any contract
awarded.”23 Agencies can take credit in every category that is applicable to the recipient of the
contract. For example, “when counting goaling achievements, a contract awarded to a Service-
Disabled Veteran-Owned Woman-Owned Small Business would be counted toward the Small
Business (SB) goal, the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVOSB) goal and
the Women-Owned Small Business (WOSB) goal. However, these category counts are not
summed to triple the total count. The Sum of Parts Does Not Equal the Whole (italics in
original).”24
Agency goal attainment is an aspirational pursuit without punitive consequences for failure to
meet goals. Any agency that does not achieve a goal must submit a “corrective action report” to
the SBA, denoting the reasons it failed to achieve the goal and proposing a “corrective action
plan.”25 The SBA’s Small Business Procurement Scorecards and GSA’s Small Business Goaling
Report are distributed widely, receive media attention, and heighten public awareness of small
business contracting. Agency performance as reported in the SBA’s Small Business Procurement
Scorecards may also be referenced by Members during congressional debates and hearings.
As shown in Table 2, the Small Business Procurement Scorecard data show that the government
has met the prime award goals for small businesses generally, as well as for SDVOSBs, over the
past five fiscal years. It has also met the subcontract award goals for small and WOSBs over the
same time period.
Table 2. Federal Procurement Goals and Percentage of Federal Contract Dollars
Awarded to Small Businesses, by Type of Small Business
Percentage
Percentage
Percentage
Percentage
Percentage
Dollars
Dollars
Dollars
Dollars
Dollars
Federal
Awarded
Awarded
Awarded
Awarded
Awarded
Business Type
Goal
FY2023
FY2022
FY2021
FY2020
FY2019
Small Business
Prime
23%
28.35%
26.50%
27.23%
26.02%
26.50%
Subcontract
33.34%
31.08%
30.87%
32.46%
33.27%
SDB
Prime Contractor
5%a
12.1%
11.38%
11.01%
10.54%
10.29%
Subcontractor
4.89%
4.55%
4.44%
4.40%
4.17%
WOSB
Prime Contractor
5%
4.91%
4.57%
4.63%
4.85%
5.19%

22 GSA’s Small Business Goaling Reports are available at https://sam.gov/reports/awards/static.
23 15 U.S.C. §644(h)(3)(A)(ii). Current and past reports are available at https://www.gsa.gov/policy-regulations/policy/
acquisition-policy/small-business-reports.
24 SBA, Office of Policy, Planning and Liaison, Office of Government Contracting and Business Development, “FY
2018 Goaling Guidelines,” p. 5. “The exception to this non-additive rule is for total Small Disadvantaged Business
(SDB), which is the sum of 8(a) and non-8(a) SDBs. Each special type of small business is first of all a small business.
That also means Federal procurements awarded to SDVOSB will also have been awarded to Veteran-Owned Small
Business (VOSB).”
25 SBA, Office of Policy, Planning and Liaison, Office of Government Contracting and Business Development, “FY
2023 Goaling Guidelines,” p. 8.
Congressional Research Service

5

link to page 9 An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Percentage
Percentage
Percentage
Percentage
Percentage
Dollars
Dollars
Dollars
Dollars
Dollars
Federal
Awarded
Awarded
Awarded
Awarded
Awarded
Business Type
Goal
FY2023
FY2022
FY2021
FY2020
FY2019
Subcontractor
5.65%
5.14%
5.24%
5.62%
5.25%
HUBZone
Prime Contractor
3%
2.78%
2.65%
2.53%
2.44%
2.28%
Subcontractor
1.97%
1.68%
1.60%
1.65%
1.37%
SDVOSB
Prime Contractor
3%b
5.07%
4.57%
4.41%
4.28%
4.39%
Subcontractor
2.63%
2.16%
2.25%
2.14%
1.95%
Sources: SBA, Government-wide FY2018-2023 Small Business Procurement Scorecard.
Notes: SBA excludes certain contracts when procurement data is unavailable or because the work cannot
realistically be performed by small businesses. According to the SBA’s FY2024 Goaling Guidelines, excluded
contracts include acquisitions on behalf of foreign governments; contracts awarded to mandatory sources (which
include Federal Prison Industries contracts and those with nonprofit agencies employing persons who are blind
or have other significant disabilities); contracts funded with non-appropriated, agency-generated funds; Tricare
health care program contracts; and Department of Veterans Affairs Community Care Network contracts.
Purchases valued at less than $10,000 are also excluded because they are not tracked in the Federal
Procurement Data System. The value of contracts with these exclusions is referred to as the “small business
eligible” value.
a. Executive action has increased the statutory SDB goal, seeking to increase this share of award dol ars to
15% by 2025. In FY2022, agencies were required to col ectively award at least 11% of contract spending to
SDBs (https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/M-22-03.pdf). In FY2023, they were
required to col ectively award at least 12% to SDBs (https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/
10/M-23-01.pdf). In FY2024, they must col ectively award at least 13% to SDBs
(https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/M-24-01-Increasing-the-Share-of-Contract-
Dol ars-Awarded-to-Small-Disadvantaged-Businesses_Final.pdf).
b. P.L. 118-31, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024, increased the SDVOSB goal from
3% to 5%.
Small Business Contracting Preferences
The Competition in Contracting Act of 1984 generally requires “full and open competition” for
government procurement contracts.26 However, various provisions of the Small Business Act
authorize or, in some cases, require federal agencies to provide small businesses a preference
when making a contract award.27 Preferences for small business contractors may take the form of

26 41 U.S.C. §3301; and the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 (Title VII, the Competition in Contracting Act). The
Competition in Contracting Act (CICA) of 1984 (originally enacted as part of the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984, P.L.
98-369, §§2701-2753) requires that contracts be entered into after “full and open competition through the use of
competitive procedures” unless otherwise authorized by law. CICA addresses small business set-asides by allowing
“procurement of property or services ... using competitive procedures, but excluding other than small business
concerns” 10 U.S.C. §2304(b)(2) and 41 U.S.C. §253(b)(2).
27 Set-aside authorities are codified in different places in the U.S. Code, where contracts and socioeconomic contracting
programs are covered (15 U.S.C. §644(j)(1); 15 U.S.C. §637(a) for SDBs and 8(a) program participants; 15 U.S.C.
§657a for HUBZone small businesses; 15 U.S.C. §637(m) for WOSBs; and 15 U.S.C. §657f for SDVOSBs).
Congressional Research Service

6

link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 12 An Overview of Small Business Contracting

contract set-asides and sole-source awards; while set-asides limit the competition for an award to
small firms, a sole-source award is made directly to a firm without competition.28
Federal agencies are required to set-aside contracts for small businesses under certain conditions,
and are generally encouraged to do so when possible.29 Set-asides may be “total” or “partial,”
depending on the market research findings of purchasing agencies.30 Agencies consider the value
of a contract and the number of available small businesses able to complete required work. Table
3 summarizes agency requirements to make small business set-asides and Table 4 shows the
conditions and limitations for sole-source awards to small businesses.
In the case of Multiple Award Contracts (MACs),31 agencies may make a partial set-aside for
socioeconomic small businesses.32 Agencies may also make a small business reserve, to award
MACs to a socioeconomic small business under full and open competition.33
Frequently-used terms related to small business contracting preferences are defined below.
Glossary
Micro-purchase threshold
$10,000, per Section 806 of the NDAA for FY2018 (P.L. 115-91)
“Responsible” prospective contractor To be determined responsible, a prospective contractor must
generally have adequate financial resources to perform the contract;
be able to comply with the required or proposed delivery or
performance schedule; have a satisfactory performance record; have
a satisfactory record of integrity and business ethics; have the
necessary organization, experience, skil s, equipment, and facilities;
and be otherwise qualified under laws and regulations (48 C.F.R.
§9.104-1).
Rule of two
Agencies set aside contracts for bids by small businesses when there
is a reasonable expectation of obtaining offers from two or more

28 A “price evaluation preference” is another kind of preference used. Agencies are required to grant HUBZone small
businesses a price evaluation preference of not more than 10% in open and unrestricted competitions.
29 15 U.S.C. §644(j)(1). Certain regulations implementing this provision of the Small Business Act effectively narrow
its scope. For example, certain small business contracts awarded or performed overseas are not necessarily required to
be set aside for small businesses, and the small business provisions contained in Part 19 of the Federal Acquisition
Regulation (Part 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations) generally do not apply to Blanket Purchase Agreements and
orders placed against Federal Supply Schedule contracts.
30 If market research “indicates that a total set-aside is not appropriate,” and a contract can be divided “into distinct
portions,” contracting officers must “set aside a portion or portions of an acquisition, except for construction, for
exclusive small business participation.” 48 C.F.R. §19.502-3(a).
31 A multiple-award contract describes a type of Indefinite Delivery, Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract awarded to
multiple vendors under a single solicitation. For information on IDIQs, see CRS In Focus IF12558, Indefinite Delivery,
Indefinite Quantity Contracts, by Dominick A. Fiorentino and Alexandra G. Neenan.
32 48 C.F.R. §19.502-4. Contracting officers may also set aside orders placed under multiple-award contracts for
socioeconomic small businesses (48 C.F.R. §19.504). Socioeconomic small businesses refers, collectively, to small
disadvantaged (and 8(a) program participant) businesses, women-owned small businesses, service-disabled veteran-
owned small businesses and HUBZone businesses.
33 48 C.F.R. §19.501(a)(2). In a 2024 memorandum from the Office of Federal Procurement Policy under the Office of
Management and Budget, agencies were advised to set aside orders over the micro-purchase threshold for small
businesses “when the contracting officer determines there is a reasonable expectation of obtaining offers from two or
more small business contract holders under the multiple-award contract that are competitive in terms of market prices,
quality, and delivery.” See Office of Federal Procurement Policy, “Increasing Small Business Participation on
Multiple-Award Contracts,” memorandum for chief acquisition officers senior procurement executives, January 25,
2024, p. 4, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/REV_Increasing-Opportunities-to-Small-
Businesses-under-MACs-CATS-Final-Copy-1-25-24.pdf.
Congressional Research Service

7

link to page 11 link to page 12 An Overview of Small Business Contracting

responsible small businesses that are competitive in terms of market
prices, quality, and delivery (48 C.F.R. §19.502).
Simplified Acquisition Threshold
$250,000, per Section 805 of the NDAA for FY2018 (P.L. 115-91)
Small business
A firm that meets Small Business Administration size criteria (13
C.F.R. §121.201).
Small business set-aside
Contract restricted to offers by small businesses
Sole-source award
Contract awarded to a single firm without competition from other
offerors
As shown in Table 3, when a contract award’s value is expected to be between the “micro-
purchase threshold” ($10,000) and “simplified acquisition threshold” ($250,000), an agency must
award the contract to a small business “unless the contracting officer determines there is not a
reasonable expectation of obtaining offers from two or more responsible small business concerns
that are competitive in terms of fair market prices, quality, and delivery.”34 The agency will create
a “total” small business set-aside under these circumstances. Furthermore, regulations direct an
agency to make an award to a firm if it is the only firm that makes an “acceptable offer” in
response to a set-aside and is “a responsible small business concern.”35
For contracts above the simplified acquisition threshold, agencies must also generally set aside
contracts exclusively for small businesses as long as a contracting officer expects that offers will
be obtained from at least two responsible small businesses and the award will be made at a fair
market price.36 Before making a small business set-aside for acquisitions above this threshold, a
contracting officer must “first consider an acquisition for the small business socioeconomic
contracting programs (i.e., 8(a), HUBZone, SDVOSB, or WOSB programs).”37
Table 3. Conditions for Small Business Set-Asides
Number of
Anticipated
Small
Contract Award
Acquisition
Business
Set-Aside
Valuea
Procedure
Offerors
Requirement
Regulations
Below “micro-purchase
Purchase card

48 C.F.R. §13.201
threshold” ($10,000)
preferred
Between “micro-
Small business
2+
Total set-aside or sole-
48 C.F.R. §19.502-2(a)
purchase threshold”
set-aside
source award
($10,000) and
“simplified acquisition
threshold” ($250,000)

34 48 C.F.R. §19.502-2(a).
35 48 C.F.R. §19.502-2(a). “If the contracting officer receives only one acceptable offer from a responsible small
business concern in response to a set-aside, the contracting officer should make an award to that firm.” The set-aside is
“withdrawn” and the contract is “resolicited on an unrestricted basis” when a “the contracting officer receives no
acceptable offers from responsible small business concerns.”
36 48 C.F.R. §19.502-2(b). In addition to the expectation that offers will be obtained from at least two responsible small
businesses and the award will be made at a fair market price, a contracting officer must also have “a reasonable
expectation of obtaining from small businesses the best scientific and technological sources consistent with the
demands of the proposed acquisition for the best mix of cost, performances, and schedules.”
37 48 C.F.R. §19.203(c). However, if a requirement has been accepted by the SBA under the 8(a) Program, it must
remain in the 8(a) Program unless the SBA agrees to its release.
Congressional Research Service

8

link to page 12 link to page 12 link to page 13 link to page 13 An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Number of
Anticipated
Small
Contract Award
Acquisition
Business
Set-Aside
Valuea
Procedure
Offerors
Requirement
Regulations
Above “simplified
Small business
2+
Total or partial set-
48 C.F.R. §19.502-2(b);
acquisition threshold”
set-aside
aside; socioeconomic
48 C.F.R. §19.502-3;
($250,000)
program consideration
48 C.F.R. §19.203(c).
Sources: 48 C.F.R. §13.201; 48 C.F.R. §19.502-2; 48 C.F.R. §19.502-3; 48 C.F.R. §19.203(c).
a. The Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council has the responsibility of adjusting each acquisition-related dol ar
threshold on October 1, of each year that is evenly divisible by five. As a result, these thresholds may differ
from those in statute. The next adjustment for inflation wil take place on October 1, 2025. 41 U.S.C.
§1908(c)(2).
Agencies may make sole-source awards to small businesses and socioeconomic small businesses,
subject to limits on the value of such awards shown in Table 4. Sole-source contract award limits
generally range from $4 million to $7.5 million. Group-owned firms in the 8(a) Business
Development Program (e.g., Alaska Native Corporations, Native Hawaiian Organizations) may
receive sole-source awards in excess of the limits for individually-owned firms.
Table 4. Sole-Source Award Limitations
Type of Small
Sole-Source
Business
Award Limit
Regulations
Statutes
Small Business
$250,000
48 C.F.R. §19.502-
15 U.S.C. §644(j)
2(a)
8(a) Program
$4.5 mil ion ($7.5
48 C.F.R. §19.805-
15 U.S.C.
Participanta
mil ion for
1(b)(2)
§637(a)(16)(A)
manufacturing
contracts)
Alaska Native
No limit, written
48 C.F.R. §19.805-
P.L. 100-656,
Corporation (ANC) justification
1(b)(2); 13 C.F.R.
§602(a), 102 Stat.
or Indian Tribe-
required for
§124.506(b)(5)
3887-88 (November
Owned 8(a)
contracts in excess
15, 1988) (codified
of $25 mil ion ($100
at 15 U.S.C. §637
mil ion for DoD
note)
contracts)b
Native Hawaiian
No limit for DoD
48 C.F.R. §219.805-
See P.L. 109-148,
(NHO) 8(a)
contracts, written
1(b)(2)(A)-(B); 13
§8020, 119 Stat.
justification
C.F.R.
2702-03 (December
required for
§124.506(b)(5)
30, 2005)
contracts in excess
of $100 mil ion
WOSBs
$4.5 mil ion ($7
48 C.F.R.
15 U.S.C. §637(m)
mil ion for
§19.1506(a)-(c)
manufacturing
contracts)
SDVOSBs
$4 mil ion ($7
13 C.F.R. §128.405
15 U.S.C. §657f(c)
mil ion for
manufacturing
contracts)
Congressional Research Service

9

link to page 13 An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Type of Small
Sole-Source
Business
Award Limit
Regulations
Statutes
VOSBs (VA only)c
$5 mil ion
48 C.F.R. §819.7007
38 U.S.C. §8127(c)
and 48 C.F.R.
§819.7008
HUBZone
$4.5 mil ion ($7.5
48 C.F.R. §19.1306
15 U.S.C.
mil ion for
§657a(c)(2)(A)
manufacturing
contracts)
Sources: 48 C.F.R. §19.502-2(a); 48 C.F.R. §19.805-1(b)(2); 48 C.F.R. §19.805-1(b)(2); 13 C.F.R. §124.506(b)(5);
48 C.F.R. §219.805-1(b)(2)(A)-(B); 13 C.F.R. §124.506(b)(5); 48 C.F.R. §19.1506(a)-(c); 13 C.F.R. §128.405; 48
C.F.R. §819.7007 and 48 C.F.R. §819.7008; 48 C.F.R. §19.1306; 15 U.S.C. §637(a); 15 U.S.C. §657a; 15 U.S.C.
§637(m); 38 U.S.C. §8127(c) for VOSBs; and 15 U.S.C. §657f.
Notes: Sole-source award limits include a contract’s anticipated total value, including any options.
a. Sole-source awards in excess of the above thresholds may be made only when (1) there is not a reasonable
expectation that at least two eligible and responsible 8(a) firms wil submit offers at a fair market price; or
(2) the SBA accepts the contract on behalf of certain group-owned firms (e.g., ANCs). When an 8(a)
contract’s anticipated value, including options, is less than $4.5 mil ion (or $7.5 mil ion for manufacturing
contracts), the contract is typically awarded on a sole-source basis without competition and when the
anticipated value exceeds these thresholds, it generally must be awarded via a set-aside (48 C.F.R. §19.805-
1; and 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(16)(A)). Once they have been awarded more than $168,500,000 in 8(a) contract
awards, participant firms owned by individuals may not receive any additional 8(a) sole-source awards,
though they can stil receive set-asides. This amount is set forth at 13 C.F.R. §124.519. SBA will not count
awards of less than $250,000 toward this limit.
b. P.L. 111-84, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, required federal contracting
officers to execute written justifications and obtain approval for sole-source contracts in excess of $20
mil ion, a threshold that was increased through regulatory updates, to $25 mil ion, effective October 1,
2020, to account for inflation. P.L. 116-92, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020,
increased this threshold to $100 mil ion for DOD (but not for other agencies).
c. The Department of Veterans Affairs has its own contracting preferences for veteran-owned small
businesses (VOSBs), known as the Veterans First program. It is the only agency with a program for VOSBs.
Certification and Other Requirements for Small Business
Contractors
Businesses interested in bidding on a federal contract must register with the federal government’s
System for Award Management (SAM) at SAM.gov.38 Government agencies use SAM for several
purposes, including to find contractors.39 Businesses also must match their products and services
to a North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code, a step that is especially
important for firms interested in small business contracting preferences, because they must meet
the SBA’s small business size standards, which depend on a firm’s NAICS code. Businesses
generally have a primary NAICS code, and may have multiple NAICS codes if they sell multiple
products and services.40

38 SBA, “Federal Contracting Guide: Basic Requirements,” at https://www.sba.gov/federal-contracting/contracting-
guide/basic-requirements.
39 SBA, “Register with SAM,” at https://www.sba.gov/federal-contracting/contracting-guide/basic-
requirements#section-header-8.
40 U.S. Bureau of the Census, “North American Industry Classification System,” at https://www.census.gov/eos/www/
naics/.
Congressional Research Service

10

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Businesses that identify themselves as a small business in SAM must (1) meet the Small Business
Act’s definition of a small business, and (2) not exceed the SBA’s established size standards,
which are updated periodically.41
The Small Business Act defines a small business as one that
• is organized for profit;42
• has a place of business in the United States;
• operates primarily within the United States or makes a significant contribution to
the U.S. economy through payment of taxes or use of American products,
materials, or labor;
• is independently owned and operated; and
• is not dominant in its field on a national basis.43
The Small Business Act authorizes the SBA to establish size standards to determine small
business program eligibility. SBA has established two types of standards: industry-specific size
standards and alternative size standards for certain lending and venture capital investment
programs.44
The SBA’s industry-specific size standards are used to determine eligibility for federal small
business contracting purposes. A business can compare its number of employees or average
annual receipts (depending on its industry) to size standards listed in the SBA’s Table of Small

41 P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, requires the SBA to conduct a detailed review of not less than
one-third of the SBA’s industry size standards every 18 months beginning on the new law’s date of enactment
(September 27, 2010) and ensure that each size standard is reviewed at least once every five years. For additional
information and analysis of the SBA’s size standards, see CRS Report R40860, Small Business Size Standards: A
Historical Analysis of Contemporary Issues, by R. Corinne Blackford and Anthony A. Cilluffo.
42 The business may be a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, or any other legal form.
43 15 U.S.C. §632(a); and 13 C.F.R. §121.105. Affiliations between businesses, or relationships allowing one party
control or the power of control over another, generally count in size determinations. Businesses can thus be determined
to be other than small because of their involvement in joint ventures, subcontracting arrangements, or franchise or
license agreements, among other things, provided that their employment or income, plus those of their affiliate(s),
exceed the pertinent size threshold. See 13 C.F.R. §121.103.
44 Alternative standards are based on the applicant’s maximum tangible net worth and average net income after federal
taxes. The SBA’s 7(a) Business and Certified Development Company (CDC/504) Loan Programs allow businesses to
qualify as small if they meet the SBA’s size standard for the industry in which the applicant is primarily engaged, or
have a maximum tangible net worth of not more than $20 million and average after-tax net income after federal taxes
(excluding any carry-over losses) of not more than $6.5 million for two full fiscal years before the date of application.
These thresholds were adjusted for inflation through SBA rule-making in March 2024. 15 U.S.C. §632(a)(2-3); 15
U.S.C. §632(a)(5)(B); U.S. Small Business Administration, “Small Business Size Standards: Adjustment of Alternative
Size Standard for SBA’s 7(a) and CDC/504 Loan Programs for Inflation; and Surety Bond Limits: Adjustments for
Inflation,” 89 Federal Register 11703, February 15, 2024.
Businesses participating in the SBA’s 504/Certified Development Company (504/CDC) loan guaranty program are
deemed small if they did not have a tangible net worth in excess of $15 million and did not have an average net income
in excess of $5 million after taxes (excluding any carry-over losses) for the preceding two years before the date of
application. 15 U.S.C. §632(a)(5)(B).
The SBA’s Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) program allows businesses to qualify as small if they meet the
SBA’s size standard for the industry in which the applicant is primarily engaged, or have a maximum tangible net
worth of not more than $19.5 million and average after-tax net income for the preceding two years of not more than
$6.5 million. 15 U.S.C. §662(12)(A-B); and SBA, “Small Business Size Standards: Inflation Adjustment to Monetary
Based Size Standards,” 79 Federal Register 33647-33669, June 12, 2014.
Congressional Research Service

11

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Business Size Standards.45 The table has standards for over 1,000 NAICS codes. Businesses that
exceed the applicable size standard for their primary industry do not meet the requirement of
being small.
Certification Requirements for Government-Wide Contracting Programs46
Small businesses generally self-certify their status as small when they register their business in
the SAM database. Firms that wish to compete only with similar firms for government contracts
(through contract set-asides), or receive sole-source awards through a socioeconomic small
business contracting program (e.g., HUBZone small businesses, SBA 8(a) program participants,
WOSBs, and veteran-owned small businesses [VOSBs] and SDVOSBs), are subject to
certification requirements.47 Each socioeconomic program has its own eligibility and certification
requirements outlined in regulations. Firms may obtain certification through the SBA’s online
certification platform at certify.sba.gov.
The contracting officer is required to accept an offeror’s status representation in a specific bid or
proposal that it is a small business unless “(1) another offeror or interested party challenges the
concern’s small business representation or (2) the contracting officer has a reason to question the
representation.”48 Procedures for filing a challenge, or “protest,” are outlined in SBA
regulations.49
8(a) Program50
The 8(a) Business Development Program provides business development assistance to businesses
owned and controlled by persons who are socially and economically disadvantaged,51 have good

45 The table is available at https://www.sba.gov/document/support-table-size-standards or in the Code of Federal
Regulations at 13 C.F.R. §121.201. Firms may also look up their NAICS code in the table or use the SBA’s Size
Standards Tool available on its website available at https://www.sba.gov/size-standards/index.html.
46 These programs apply government-wide but are implemented under the authority of the Small Business Act,
pursuant to regulations promulgated by the SBA that determine, in part, eligibility for the programs.
47 Section 862 of P.L. 116-283, the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year
2021, required the SBA to establish a government-wide SDVOSB certification and periodic recertification process that
replaced a veteran certification process previously handled by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). VA continues
to determine whether an individual qualifies as a service-disabled veteran.
48 48 C.F.R. §19.301-1(b).
49 Size-related protest procedures are outlined at 13 C.F.R. §121.1001-§121.1008. Socioeconomic status protest
procedures are outlined at 13 C.F.R. §124.1002 for SDBs, 13 C.F.R. §126.800-126.805 for HUBZone firms, 13 C.F.R.
§128.500 for SDVOSBs (and veteran-owned small businesses), and 13 C.F.R. §127.600-§127.605 for WOSBs. Note
that “The eligibility of a[n 8(a) Program] Participant for a sole source or competitive 8(a) requirement may not be
challenged by another Participant or any other party, either to SBA or any administrative forum as part of a bid or other
contract protest” (13 C.F.R. §124.517(a)).
50 Federal agencies are authorized to award contracts for goods or services, or to perform construction work, to the
SBA for subcontracting to 8(a) program participants. The SBA is authorized to delegate the function of executing
contracts to the procuring agencies and often does so. Once the SBA has accepted a contract for the 8(a) program, the
contract is awarded through either a set-aside or on a sole-source basis, with the contract amount generally determining
the acquisition method used. For more information on this program, see CRS In Focus IF12458, The SBA’s 8(a)
Business Development Program, by R. Corinne Blackford; and CRS Insight IN12245, SBA’s 8(a) Business
Development Program Responds to District Court Ruling, by R. Corinne Blackford.
51 Prior to a ruling in a 2023 district court case, Ultima Servs. Corp. v. U.S. Department of Agriculture, the SBA applied
a “presumption of social disadvantage” to individuals applying for its 8(a) program from the following groups: Asian
Pacific Americans, Black Americans, Hispanic Americans, Subcontinent Asian Americans, and Native Americans.
(continued...)
Congressional Research Service

12

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

character, and demonstrate a potential for success.52 The program creates federal contracting
preferences such as contract set-asides and sole-source contracts in addition to authorizing SBA
to provide business development support, including mentorship, training, and counseling to
eligible firms. After nine years in the program, the program goal is for firms to successfully
compete for federal contracts without 8(a) program assistance. A participating business may
“graduate” from or exit the program after nine or fewer years but once a participant has left the
program, neither the firm nor the owner of that firm is eligible to participate in the program
again.53
Although the 8(a) program was originally established for the benefit of disadvantaged
individuals, in the 1980s, Congress expanded the program to include small businesses owned by
four groups: small businesses owned by Alaska Native Corporations (ANCs), Community
Development Corporations (CDCs), Indian tribes, and Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs)
are eligible to participate in the 8(a) program under somewhat different requirements.54 Firms
apply to the program through the SBA’s online certification platform at certify.sba.gov,
submitting a variety of documents regarding firm ownership, governance, finances, and personal
information.

Applicants were required to attest to membership in one of these groups or provide a personal narrative regarding their
social disadvantage to the SBA if they did not belong to one of the groups. Since the ruling, in which the court ruled
that SBA cannot presume social disadvantage based on ethnic or racial group membership, any program participant
who previously relied on the presumption of social disadvantage for program eligibility has to submit a narrative to
SBA and program applicants must also submit narratives describing evidence of their disadvantaged status.
52 Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act, P.L. 85-536, as amended, can be found at 15 U.S.C. §637(a). Regulations are
in 13 C.F.R. §124. The program is also governed by Section 7(j) of the act. The Clinton Administration changed the
program’s name from the Minority Small Business and Capital Ownership Development Program to the 8(a) Business
Development program in 1988 “to emphasize that individuals need not be members of minority groups and to stress the
importance of assisting participating firms in their overall business development.” See SBA, “Small Business Size
Regulations: 8(a) Business Development/Small Disadvantaged Business Status Determinations; Rules of Procedure
Governing Cases Before the Office of Hearings and Appeals,” 63 Federal Register 35727, June 30, 1998.
53 In an effort to assist small businesses adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, P.L. 116-260, the Economic
Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the Consolidated
Appropriations Act of 2021), provided businesses participating in the 8(a) program on or before September 9, 2020, the
option to extend their participation in the program for one year.
54 If ANCs, CDCs, NHOs, and Indian tribes own multiple businesses, these groups may participate more than once via
a firm that has not previously participated in the program. Firms owned by ANCs, CDCs, NHOs, and Indian tribes are
also not subject to the maximum total award amount ($168,500,000) and may continue to receive sole-source awards
beyond it. ANCs and CDCs are similarly treated as economically disadvantaged. In contrast, Indian tribes and NHOs
must establish economic disadvantage.
Firms owned by ANCs and Indian tribes can also receive sole-source awards in excess of $4.5 million ($7.5 million for
manufacturing contracts) even when contracting officers reasonably expect that at least two eligible and responsible
8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price (P.L. 100-656, §602(a), 102 Stat. 3887-88
(November 15, 1988) (codified at 15 U.S.C. §637 note); and 48 C.F.R. §19.805-1(b)(2)). NHO-owned firms may
receive sole-source awards from the Department of Defense under the same conditions (DOD’s authority to make sole-
source awards to NHO-owned firms of contracts exceeding $4.5 million ($7.5 million for manufacturing contracts)
even if contracting officers reasonably expect that offers will be received from at least two responsible small businesses
existed on a temporary basis in 2004-2006, and became permanent in 2006 (see P.L. 109-148, Department of Defense,
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act of
2006, §8020, 119 Stat. 2702-03 (December 30, 2005); 48 C.F.R. §219.805-1(b)(2)(A)-(B)).
Congressional Research Service

13

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Historically Underutilized Business Zone (HUBZone) Program55
The HUBZone program provides federal contracting preferences to small businesses located in
SBA-designated areas called HUBZones. SBA designates these areas based on Census data that
indicate levels of high poverty, high unemployment, or low income, or if they are located in
qualified disaster areas, on Indian reservations, around some closed military installations, or in
governor-designated places that meet certain criteria.56 It is the only federal contracting program
that assists firms based on their geographic location rather than their size and/or the
characteristics of their owners (e.g., contracting programs for small businesses, disabled-veteran
owned small businesses). HUBZones are shown in an online HUBZone map, updated by the SBA
according to a five-year revision cycle, as required by the National Defense Authorization Act for
Fiscal Year 2018.57 Program benefits include contract set-asides, sole-source awards, and price-
evaluation preferences.58 The government has not met the government-wide HUBZone
procurement goal, in part because there are relatively fewer HUBZone firms (roughly 3,500-
4,000) compared to other socioeconomic small businesses.59
Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business Procurement Program60
The SDVOSB program is the only government-wide procurement preference program for
veterans. SDVOSBs are eligible for contract set asides and sole-source contract awards if they:
meet small business size standards; are at least 51% unconditionally and directly owned and
controlled by one or more service-disabled veterans; have one or more service-disabled veterans
manage day-to-day operations and make long-term decisions; and be owned by one or more
eligible veterans that have a service-connected disability.61 In cases where a veteran has a
permanent and severe disability, a veteran’s spouse or permanent caregiver may qualify as an
eligible SDVOSB owner.62 In addition, some eligible SDVOSBs may be owned and controlled by
a deceased veteran’s surviving spouse.63

55 For more information on this program, see CRS In Focus IF12428, The SBA’s Historically Underutilized Business
Zone (HUBZone) Program, by R. Corinne Blackford.
56 Governors may petition SBA annually to designate HUBZones in areas of their state that (1) are located outside of an
urbanized area, (2) have a population of 50,000 or fewer, and (3) have an unemployment rate that is at least 120% of
the unemployment rate for the nation or state in which it is located, whichever is less. However, the total number of
areas in each petition may not exceed 10% of the total number of the covered (or eligible) areas in the state.
57 Section 1701 of P.L. 115-91, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018. The online HUBZone
map is available at https://preview-maps.certify.sba.gov/hubzone/map/help.
58 Described at 13 C.F.R. §126.613(a)(1), a price evaluation preference is granted where a contracting officer will
award a contract in full and open competition. In these situations, the officer will “deem the price offered by a certified
HUBZone small business concern to be lower than the price offered by another [non-small business] offeror.”
59 SAM.gov, entity search, accessed March 14, 2024. For comparison, there are roughly 36,000 SDVOSBs registered in
SAM.gov.
60 For more information on this program, see CRS Report R47226, Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small
Businesses: An Overview and Analysis of Contemporary Issues, by R. Corinne Blackford; and CRS Insight IN12313,
Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business Contracting Program Changes, by R. Corinne Blackford.
61 13 C.F.R. §128.200; 38 U.S.C. §101(2) defines “veteran.”
62 48 C.F.R. §802.101. The veteran must have had a 100% service-connected disability rating.
63 48 C.F.R. §802.101; 15 U.S.C. §632(q). The veteran must have died as a direct result of a service-connected
disability.
Congressional Research Service

14

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Women-Owned Small Business Program64
Under this program,65 WOSBs are eligible for set-asides and sole-source opportunities in certain
industries where they are “substantially underrepresented,” while economically disadvantaged
WOSBs (EDWOSBs) are eligible for such opportunities in all industries in which WOSBs are
either “underrepresented” or “substantially underrepresented.” At the direction of Congress, the
SBA identifies WOSB program-eligible industries by determining how underrepresented WOSBs
are among federal contractors in each industry.66 The government has met the WOSB
procurement goal twice since it was authorized in 1994 and the SBA has proposed removal of
WOSB NAICS industry restrictions to “attract more participants to the WOSB Program and
remove a major impediment to widespread program usage by agencies.”67
Agency-Specific Contracting Programs
Federal agencies may also set aside contracts or make sole-source awards to small businesses not
participating in any other program under certain conditions. For example, the Departments of the
Interior, Veterans Affairs, and Transportation have programs that promote contracting with small
businesses, as does the Environmental Protection Agency. These agencies’ programs are briefly
described below.
Buy Indian Act Contracting Preferences
Under authority provided by the Buy Indian Act of 1910,68 the Department of the Interior’s (DOI)
Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Education, and the offices of the Assistant Secretary-
Indian Affairs and the Department of Health and Human Services’ Indian Health Service provide
contracting preferences to qualified Indian tribes and Native American-owned and -controlled
businesses.69 Relatedly, the Department of Defense’s Indian Incentive Program encourages prime
contractors with a subcontract worth at least $500,000 to subcontract with qualified Indian tribes,

64 For more information on this program, see CRS In Focus IF12476, SBA’s Women-Owned Small Business
Contracting Program, by R. Corinne Blackford; and CRS Insight IN11912, Update to Industries Eligible for the
Women-Owned Small Business Contracting Program, by R. Corinne Blackford.
65 The SBA has identified North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) industry codes in which federal
agencies may set aside federal contracts exceeding the micro-purchase threshold exclusively for WOSBs (including
economically disadvantaged WOSBs) because those industries were identified as ones in which WOSBs are
substantially underrepresented. The SBA has also identified NAICS industry codes that may be set aside exclusively
for economically disadvantaged WOSBs because those industries were identified as ones in which WOSBs are
underrepresented. See U.S. Small Business Administration, “Women Owned Small Business Federal Contracting
Program: Identification of Eligible Industries,” 87 Federal Register 15468-15481, March 18, 2022.
66 Congress proposed a contract set-aside for WOSBs (including EDWOSBs) in the Equity in Contracting for Women
Act of 2000 (H.R. 4897). This language was incorporated into the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 2000, which
was included in P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001. Congress authorized sole-source contracts
for WOSBs (including EDWOSBs) in the Carl Levin and Howard P. “Buck” McKeon National Defense Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 2015 (FY2015 NDAA; P.L. 113-291).
67 SBA, FY2025 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2023 Annual Performance Report, pp. 14-15, at
https://www.sba.gov/document/report-congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report.
68 Buy Indian Act of 1910 as amended; 25 U.S.C. §47.
69 GAO, Buy Indian Act: Bureau of Indian Affairs and Indian Health Service Need Greater Insight into Implementation
at Regional Offices, GAO-15-588, July 9, 2015, at https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-15-588; and U.S. Department
of the Interior, Office of Indian Energy and Economic Development, “The Buy Indian Opportunity,” at
https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/ieed/online-primers-economic-development-glance.
Congressional Research Service

15

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Native American-owned and -controlled businesses, and Native Hawaiian small businesses by
providing a 5% rebate on the amount subcontracted to these businesses.70
Department of Veterans Affairs Veterans First Program71
The VA has established its own SDVOSB and VOSB contracting preferences, known as the
Veterans First program. According to this program’s regulations, VA contracting officers must set
aside contracts for SDVOSBs and VOSBs where the “rule of two” is met,72 granting priority
consideration to SDVOSBs.73 Both SDVOSBs and VOSBs receive priority consideration before
any other type of small business and the complete order of priority is as follows: (1) SDVOSB,
(2) VOSB, (3) 8(a) or HUBZone small business, and (4) other small businesses with preference
of some kind.74 The prioritization of certain types of small business concerns is not a feature of
the government-wide small business contract preference programs and is unique to the VA.
Department of Transportation Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Program75
The Department of Transportation (DOT) Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE) program
aims to prevent discrimination against DBEs by providing them equal opportunity to compete for
federally funded transportation contracts. Congress has maintained a cumulative national goal of
at least 10% contracting by DBEs where federal highway, transit, or airport project assistance is
used.76 Although DOT, like all executive agencies, establishes agency procurement goals for
contracting with small disadvantaged businesses, this program is distinct from that effort because
it applies to the contracts awarded by state and local governments that receive DOT grant
assistance from certain DOT agencies.77 Firm eligibility for the DBE program differs somewhat
from the SBA’s 8(a) program, although a DBE must meet SBA size criteria and other revenue
limitations.
Environmental Protection Agency Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Program
Under the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) DBE program, the EPA Administrator aims to
award not less than 10% of research funding relating to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1999 to

70 U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Small Business Programs, “Indian Incentive Program (IIP),” at
https://business.defense.gov/Programs/Indian-Incentive-Program/.
71 For more information on this program, see CRS Report R47226, Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small
Businesses: An Overview and Analysis of Contemporary Issues, by R. Corinne Blackford.
72 38 U.S.C. §8127(d). The rule of two is met when “the contracting officer has a reasonable expectation that two or
more small business concerns owned and controlled by veterans or small business concerns owned and controlled by
veterans with service-connected disabilities will submit offers and that the award can be made at a fair and reasonable
price that offers best value to the United States.”
73 48 C.F.R. §819.7004.
74 48 C.F.R. §819.7004.
75 For more information on this program, see CRS In Focus IF12055, The U.S. DOT Disadvantaged Business
Enterprise Program, by R. Corinne Blackford.
76 Congress has reauthorized the DOT DBE program several times since its inception; most recently in P.L. 117-58, the
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act.
77 Those agencies are the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA), Federal Transit Administration (FTA), and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The program is
implemented through DOT regulations published at Title 49, Parts 23 and 26, of the C.F.R. A DBE is defined by
criteria from both Small Business Administration (SBA) and DOT regulations.
Congressional Research Service

16

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

DBEs.78 In addition, at least 8% of federal funding awarded in support of certain EPA authorized
programs, including grants, loans, and contracts for wastewater treatment and leaking
underground storage tanks, must be awarded to businesses or other organizations owned or
controlled by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals, including historically black
colleges and universities and women-owned businesses.79
To be certified by the EPA as a DBE, applicants must first attempt to be certified by the SBA,
DOT, or a tribal, state, or local government, or by an independent private organization. EPA will
consider applications for DBE certification only from firms or organizations that have been
denied certification from these aforementioned entities. Eligibility criteria for the agency’s “8%
statute” and its “10% statute” programs differ, and those programs are each different from the
eligibility criteria for the DOT DBE program and the SBA’s 8(a) program.80
Small Business Mentor-Protégé Programs and Joint Ventures81
Small business mentor-protégé programs typically seek to pair new businesses with more
experienced businesses in mutually beneficial relationships. Protégés may receive financial,
technical, or management assistance from mentors in obtaining and performing federal contracts
or subcontracts, or serving as suppliers under such contracts or subcontracts. Mentors may
receive credit toward subcontracting goals, reimbursement of certain expenses, or other
incentives. The SBA maintains a list of mentor-protégé agreements that are in place, which “can
be used for market research and to help contracting officials as they award contracts.”82
The federal government currently has several mentor-protégé programs to assist small businesses
in various ways.
• The SBA’s All Small Mentor-Protégé Program is a government-wide program
designed to assist small businesses in obtaining and performing federal
contracts.83 Mentors may (1) form joint ventures with protégés that are eligible to
perform federal contracts set aside for small businesses; (2) make certain equity
investments in protégé firms; (3) lend or subcontract to protégé firms; and (4)
provide technical or management assistance to their protégés.84

78 The EPA’s DBE program was authorized by P.L. 101-549, the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
79 As required by P.L. 102-389, the Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and
Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 1993.
80 40 C.F.R. §33.202-§33.205.
81 For additional information and analysis of federal small business mentor-protégé programs, see CRS Report R41722,
Small Business Mentor-Protégé Programs, by Robert Jay Dilger and R. Corinne Blackford.
82 See SBA, “Active Mentor-Protégé Agreements,” at https://www.sba.gov/document/support-active-mentor-protege-
agreements.
As of January 1, 2018, there were 63 active Department of Defense (DOD) mentor-protégé agreements. See DOD,
Office of Small Business Programs, “Active MPP [Mentor-Protégé Program] Agreements,” at
https://business.defense.gov/Programs/Mentor-Protege-Program/Protege-Eligibility-Requirements/.
83 Certification is required for both mentors and mentees, and can be completed through the SBA’s online certification
platform at certify.sba.gov.
84 SBA, “SBA Mentor-Protégé Program,” at https://www.sba.gov/federal-contracting/contracting-assistance-programs/
sba-mentor-protege-program; SBA, “Small Business Mentor Protégé Programs,” 81 Federal Register 48558-48595,
July 25, 2016; and SBA, “Consolidation of Mentor-Protégé Programs and Other Government Contracting
Amendments,” 85 Federal Register 66146-66199, October 16, 2020.
Congressional Research Service

17

link to page 5 link to page 5 An Overview of Small Business Contracting

• The Department of Defense (DOD) Mentor-Protégé Program, in contrast, is
agency-specific. It assists various types of small businesses and other entities in
obtaining and performing DOD subcontracts and serving as suppliers on DOD
contracts. Mentors may (1) make advance or progress payments to their protégés
that DOD reimburses; (2) award subcontracts to their protégés on a
noncompetitive basis when they would not otherwise be able to do so; (3) lend
money to or make investments in protégé firms; and (4) provide or arrange for
other assistance.85
Other agencies also have agency-specific mentor-protégé programs to assist various types of
small businesses or other entities in obtaining and performing subcontracts under agency prime
contracts. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), for example, has a mentor-protégé
program wherein mentors may provide protégés with rent-free use of facilities or equipment,
temporary personnel for training, property, loans, or other assistance. Because these programs are
not based in statute, as are the SBA and DOD programs, they generally rely upon preexisting
authorities (e.g., authorizing use of evaluation factors) or publicity to incentivize mentor
participation.
Subcontracting Policies
For small businesses, participating in federal contracts as subcontractors can offer an important
pathway to government contracting work and is one of the ways that the federal government can
help maintain a diversity of suppliers. As mentioned, there are annual goals for the amount of
federal contract dollars subcontracted with small businesses (see “Small Business Procurement
Goals”).
The federal government maintains a policy of “maximum practicable” subcontracting
opportunities for small businesses and socioeconomic small businesses via prime contracts above
the simplified acquisition threshold.86 Federal prime contractors that receive awards of $750,000
or more ($1.5 million or more for construction contracts) must submit a small business
subcontracting plan to their purchasing agency.87 Agency contracting officers review
subcontracting plans during the pre-award process,88 determine whether a subcontracting plan is
“acceptable,”89 and may assess small business subcontracting plans as one evaluation factor when
choosing a contractor during the “source selection” process.90

85 Program authority is found at 10 U.S.C. §4902; program implementation regulations are in the Defense Federal
Acquisition Regulations Supplement (DFARS), in Appendix I and DFARS Subpart 219.71.
86 48 C.F.R. §19.702. For contracts of this size, prime contractors must agree to maximize participation by small
businesses, veteran-owned small businesses, service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses, HUBZone small
businesses, small disadvantaged businesses, and women-owned small businesses, “consistent with its [the contract’s]
efficient performance.”
87 48 C.F.R. §19.704. Per 48 C.F.R. §19.702(b), prime contractors exempt from the requirement to submit a
subcontracting plan include small business concerns, personal service contractors, and contractors performing work
entirely outside of the United States or its outlying areas.
88 48 C.F.R. §19.705-4.
89 48 C.F.R. §19.705-4(d).
90 In a negotiated contracting process where a contract is not a set-aside for small businesses and that involves
consolidation or bundling of contract requirements, if there is a “significant opportunity” for subcontracting,
contracting officers must consider proposed subcontractor participation when evaluating a contract offer. 48 C.F.R.
§15.304(c)(4).
Congressional Research Service

18

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Other policies related to subcontracting include the “nonmanufacturer rule”91 and regulations that
limit the amount of small business contracting dollars flowing through small firms to larger
ones.92 More information on small business subcontracting policy is available in CRS Report
R47585, An Overview of Small Business Subcontracting: In Brief.
Technical Assistance for Small Business Contract Seekers
Direct assistance for contractors and prospective contractors includes directories and databases of
opportunities, as well as technical assistance provided by the Small Business Administration
(SBA) and Department of Defense (DOD). Agencies offer forecasts of prime contracting
opportunities as well as prime contractor directories for prospective small business
subcontractors. Forecasts are published for planning purposes but do not represent an invitation
for bids or a request for proposals. Some agencies may publish potential opportunities by
geographic area, such as the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), which hosts a searchable map
of future VA contracting requirements.93
The SBA and DOD have programs dedicated to individually assisting both federal prime
contractors and subcontractors. SBA’s offerings also include its standard suite of “technical
assistance,” which can assist small businesses with federal contracting as well as other kinds of
counseling and training.94 Small Business Development Centers, dispersed across the country and
U.S. territories, are the SBA’s flagship technical assistance resource for small businesses. SBA
also advertises online courses as well as a Subcontracting Assistance Program that are available
by contacting the SBA directly.95
The SBA’s Empower to Grow program (formerly known as the 7(j) Management and Technical
Assistance program) offers “individualized coaching and training to help disadvantaged small
businesses and others grow with government contracts.”96 The program is available to businesses
located in areas of high unemployment or low income, or owned by low-income individuals,
certified 8(a) and HUBZone firms, and economically disadvantaged WOSBs.97 Eligible firms
may work directly with their SBA district office to enroll in the program.98

91 13 C.F.R. §121.406. The nonmanufacturer rule affects firm eligibility for certain contracting preferences when an
agency is purchasing manufactured products. It requires that a firm be the manufacturer of the end item being procured
or that it supply a product manufactured by another small business. It applies to socioeconomic small businesses
contracting preferences above the micro-purchase threshold, and to both socioeconomic and other small business
contracting preferences above the simplified acquisition threshold. Waivers to the rule may be granted, per 13 C.F.R.
§§121.1201-1206.
92 Prime contractors that receive a small business preference typically may not pay more than 50% of the federal dollars
they receive to firms that are “not similarly situated,” i.e., firms that are not a small business or the specific type of
small business that received the contract (13 C.F.R. §125.6). These regulations are known as the “limitations on
subcontracting.”
93 Department of Veterans Affairs, “VA Forecast of Contracting Opportunities: State Map Search,” at
https://www.vendorportal.ecms.va.gov/evp/fco/StateMap.aspx.
94 SBA, “Counseling and Help,” https://www.sba.gov/federal-contracting/counseling-help.
95 This directory is available at https://business.defense.gov/Acquisition/Subcontracting/Subcontracting-For-Small-
Business/.
96 SBA, “Empower to Grow,” at https://www.sba.gov/sba-learning-platform/empower-grow.
97 Ibid.; SBA, FY2022 Congressional Justification and FY2020 Annual Performance Report, p. 72, at
https://www.sba.gov/document/report-congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report.
98 SBA, FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2021 Annual Performance Report, p. 69, at
https://www.sba.gov/document/report-congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report (hereinafter SBA,
FY2023 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2021 Annual Performance Report).
Congressional Research Service

19

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

DOD’s Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment oversees the APEX
Accelerators program for contractors. Formerly known as Procurement Technical Assistance
Centers, APEX Accelerators help small businesses “determine whether they are ready for
government opportunities,” complete necessary registration processes, network with procurement
staff and other contractors, “navigate solicitations,” and even “resolve [contract] performance
issues.”99 The program “focuses on building a [sic] strong, sustainable, and resilient U.S. supply
chains by assisting a wide range of businesses that pursue and perform under contracts with the
DoD, other federal agencies, state and local governments and with government prime
contractors.”100
Manufacturing Extension Partnership National Network Centers (MEP Centers) also assist small
business contractors, specifically in the manufacturing sector. MEP Centers are located in all 50
states and Puerto Rico. MEP is based at the National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST), which provides funding for the MEP National Network.101
The Department of Transportation’s OSDBU oversees a network of regional Small Business
Transportation Resource Centers (SBTRCs) to assist small disadvantaged transportation
businesses (including but not limited to DBEs). SBTRCs “work closely with the transportation
contracting community and other technical assistance providers” and provide all services free of
charge.102
OSDBUs provide direct support for small business contractors and subcontractors, especially
with regard to specific contracts. OSDBUs are required to assist small businesses “to obtain
payments, required late payment interest penalties, or information regarding payments due to the
[small business] concern from an executive agency or a contractor.”103 OSDBUs must also help
small businesses that are awarded contracts or subcontracts to find “resources for education and
training on compliance with contracting regulations.”104
Procurement Processes and Personnel
The procurement process through which an agency purchases goods or services involves agency
solicitation of contract offers and the use of various “source selection methods” to evaluate
offerors’ submissions.105 “At a minimum, a solicitation identifies what an agency wants to buy,
provides instructions to would-be offerors, identifies the source selection method that will be used
to evaluate offers, and includes a deadline for the submission of bids or proposals.”106 Contracting
officers may solicit “sealed bids” without negotiation with offerors, or negotiate a contract with
prospective contractors through “negotiated contracting.” Agencies may also use the General
Services Administration’s (GSA’s) Federal Supply Schedule, a list of products and services

99 APEX Accelerators, “What We Do,” https://www.apexaccelerators.us/#/about-us.
100 Ibid.
101 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Manufacturing Extension
Partnership (MEP), “About NIST MEP,” accessed March 11, 2024.
102 U.S. DOT Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization, “Regional Assistance,” at
https://www.transportation.gov/osdbu/SBTRCs.
103 15 U.S.C. §644(k)(6).
104 15 U.S.C. §644(k)(19).
105 For more information on the procurement process, see CRS Report RS22536, Overview of the Federal Procurement
Process and Resources, by Dominick A. Fiorentino.
106 Ibid.
Congressional Research Service

20

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

available from GSA-selected vendors. Contracting officers may use contracting preferences such
as contract set-asides (total or partial), reserves, and sole-source awards in an effort to reach their
agency small business contracting goals.
The Role of Procurement Officials
Various personnel within purchasing agencies as well as at the Small Business Administration
play a role in facilitating small business contracting and subcontracting. Agency contracting
officers determine an appropriate method for procuring required goods or services, issue contract
solicitations that provide instructions to offerors or bidders, identify the “source selection
method” to be used (sealed bidding or negotiated contracting), and evaluate offerors’
submissions. They also award the contract and conduct contract administration, which may
include contract performance monitoring, contract modifications, and invoice processing and
payments to the contractor.107
At the agency level, procurement department heads (sometimes titled senior procurement
executives) are responsible for implementing small business programs at their agencies, including
achieving program goals. In general, procurement department staff who work on small business
issues (often titled small business specialists) coordinate with Office of Small and Disadvantaged
Business Utilization directors (see discussion below) on their agencies’ small business
programs.108
Chief acquisition officers provide a focal point for acquisition in agency operations. Their key
functions include “monitoring and evaluating agency acquisition activities, increasing the use of
full and open competition, increasing performance-based contracting, making acquisition
decisions, managing agency acquisition policy, acquisition career management, acquisition
resources planning, and conducting acquisition assessments.”109
In order to help “facilitate the maximum participation of small business concerns as prime
contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers” as required by law,110 federal acquisition regulations111
require contracting officers, when applicable, to take certain actions prior to awarding a federal
contract, including to
1. “Divide proposed acquisitions of supplies and services (except construction) into
reasonably small lots (not less than economic production runs) to permit offers
on quantities less than the total requirement.”112
2. “Plan acquisitions such that, if practicable, more than one small business concern
may perform the work, if the work exceeds the amount for which a surety may be
guaranteed by the SBA against loss under 15 U.S.C. §694b [generally $6.5

107 Ibid.
108 GAO, Small Business Contracting: Actions Needed to Demonstrate and Better Review Compliance with Select
Requirements for Small Business Advocates, GAO-17-675, August 25, 2017, p. 7, at https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/
686766.pdf (hereinafter GAO, Small Business Contracting: Actions Needed to Demonstrate and Better Review
Compliance with Select Requirements for Small Business Advocates).
109 GAO, Small Business Contracting: Actions Needed to Demonstrate and Better Review Compliance with Select
Requirements for Small Business Advocates, pp. 7-8.
110 15 U.S.C. §644(e)(1) states, “To the maximum extent practicable, procurement strategies used by a Federal
department or agency having contracting authority shall facilitate the maximum participation of small business
concerns as prime contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers.”
111 48 C.F.R. §19.202-1.
112 48 C.F.R. §19.202-1(a).
Congressional Research Service

21

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

million, or $10 million if the contracting officer certifies that the higher amount
is necessary].”113
3. “Ensure that delivery schedules are established on a realistic basis that will
encourage small business participation to the extent consistent with the actual
requirements of the Government.”114
4. In certain circumstances, “[p]rovide a copy of the proposed acquisition package
and other reasonably obtainable information related to the acquisition” to certain
SBA personnel for review, comment and recommendation; the same information
is also provided to the agency Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business
Utilization [whose role is described below]”115
5. If applicable, “Provide a statement” explaining why an acquisition “cannot be
divided into reasonably small lots (not less than economic production runs) to
permit offers on quantities less than the total requirement;” or why an acquisition
“cannot be structured so as to make it likely that small businesses can compete
for the prime contract;” or why “[c]onsolidation or bundling is necessary and
justified.”116
Before awarding a federal contract, the contracting officer must also affirmatively determine that
the business is responsible to perform the contract. If the contracting officer determines that an
apparent successful small business offeror lacks certain elements of responsibility, the SBA may
issue a Certificate of Competency (COC) that permits the contracting officer to award the
contract to the small business.117 Under the COC program, the SBA certifies to contracting
officers that a small business concern meets responsibility requirements for receiving and
performing a specific government contract.

113 48 C.F.R. §19.202-1(b).
114 48 C.F.R. §19.202-1(c).
115 48 C.F.R. §19.202-1(e). This must be done at least 30 days prior to the issuance of the solicitation “if (i) The
proposed acquisition is for supplies or services currently being provided by a small business and the proposed
acquisition is of a quantity or estimated dollar value, the magnitude of which makes it unlikely that small businesses
can compete for the prime contract; (ii) The proposed acquisition is for construction and seeks to package or
consolidate discrete construction projects and the magnitude of this consolidation makes it unlikely that small
businesses can compete for the prime contract; or (iii) The proposed acquisition is for a consolidated or bundled
requirement.… The contracting officer shall provide all information relative to the justification for the consolidation or
bundling, including the acquisition plan or strategy and if the acquisition involves substantial bundling, the information
identified in [FAR] 7.107-4FAR.”
116 48 C.F.R. §19.202-1(e)(2).
117 If the contracting officer determines that an apparent successful small business offeror lacks certain elements of
responsibility (e.g., is unable to fulfill the requirements of a specific government procurement because it lacks
capability, competency, capacity, credit, integrity, perseverance, tenacity, or limitations on subcontracting), the officer
is required to refer the matter in writing to the SBA for review and a possible Certificate of Competency (COC), even if
the next acceptable offer is also from a small business (15 U.S.C. §637(b)(7); and 48 C.F.R. §19.601(a-e)). The COC
certifies in writing that the small business meets all required elements of responsibility for the purpose of receiving and
performing a specific government contract. The “COC program empowers the SBA to certify to contracting officers as
to all elements of responsibility of any small business concern to receive and perform a specific government contract.
The COC program does not extend to questions concerning regulatory requirements imposed and enforced by other
federal agencies” (48 C.F.R. §19.601(b)).
Congressional Research Service

22

link to page 32 An Overview of Small Business Contracting

The Roles of the Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business
Utilization and SBA Personnel
Each agency with procurement authority has an Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business
Utilization (OSDBU), and may have SBA staff known as Procurement Center Representatives
(PCRs) assigned to them as well. OSDBU statutory responsibilities include consultation with
agency procurement officials and SBA staff, in addition to assistance for small business
contractors and subcontractors.118 OSDBUs participate in the development of each purchasing
agency’s small business contracting strategy, and coordinate with agency procurement
professionals on day-to-day purchasing tasks. To facilitate collaboration with agency procurement
officials on small business policy, OSDBUs liaise with PCRs.119
Procurement Center Representatives, Commercial Market Representatives, and
Business Opportunity Specialists
The SBA must assign a procurement center representative to each major procurement center. A
major procurement center is, in the opinion of the SBA Administrator, one that purchases
substantial dollar amounts of goods or services, including goods or services that are commercially
available.120
The PCRs cover different agencies and regions of the country, and perform such tasks as
reviewing proposed agency acquisitions to recommend contract set-asides for small businesses;
recommending ways to improve acquisition competition; and recommending contracting method
alternatives when the PCR “believes that the acquisition, as proposed, makes it unlikely that small
businesses can compete for the prime contract.”121
Federal contracting officers are required to provide the SBA’s PCR (or, if a PCR is not assigned,
the SBA Area Office serving the procuring activity area) a “reasonable period of time” to review
any solicitation requiring submission of a small business subcontracting plan and to submit
advisory findings before the solicitation is issued.122
The SBA has commercial market representatives (CMRs) who, among other duties, help prime
contractors find small businesses to perform subcontracts; counsel contractors on their
responsibility to maximize subcontracting opportunities for small businesses; and conduct
periodic reviews, often in concert with an SBA PCR, of contractors awarded contracts that require
an acceptable small business subcontracting plan.123

118 15 U.S.C. §644(k). For additional information on OSDBUs, see CRS Report R47851, Offices of Small and
Disadvantaged Business Utilization: An Overview, by R. Corinne Blackford.
119 15 U.S.C. §644(k)(8).
120 15 U.S.C. §644(l)(6); and 48 C.F.R. §19.402(a). Generally speaking, commercial products are those that are
“customarily used by the general public or by nongovernmental entities for purposes other than governmental
purposes.” Commercial services are those procured to support commercial products. 48 C.F.R. §2.101, “Commercial
product,” and 48 C.F.R. §2.101, “Commercial service.”
121 PCR duties are further described in Appendix C.
122 48 C.F.R. §19.705-3. The PCR’s advisory comments regarding the small business subcontracting plan’s
acceptability must be submitted, in writing, to the appropriate contracting officer within five working days after the
plan’s receipt (see SBA, “Prime Contracts Program,” SOP 60 02 8, effective October 27, 2013, p. 15, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/sops/Prime_Contracts_SOP-60-02-8.pdf).
123 15 U.S.C. §633(h)(1)(D). For additional information on subcontracting plan requirements, see 48 C.F.R.
(continued...)
Congressional Research Service

23

link to page 27 link to page 27 link to page 27 link to page 28 An Overview of Small Business Contracting

The SBA’s business opportunity specialists provide, among other duties, guidance, counseling,
and referrals for assistance with technical, management, financial, or other matters intended to
improve the competitive viability of SBA 8(a) program participants.124 They provide 8(a)
program participants comprehensive assessments of the firm’s strengths and weaknesses; monitor
and document their compliance with 8(a) program requirements; advise them on compliance with
contracting regulations after the award of a 8(a) program contract or subcontract; review and
monitor their compliance with mentor-protégé agreements; represent the interests of the SBA
Administrator and small businesses in the award, modification, and administration of 8(a)
program contracts and subcontracts; and report fraud or abuse involving the 8(a) program.125
Select Post-Award Requirements
As mentioned, the SBA’s CMRs conduct periodic compliance reviews of contractors awarded
contracts that require an acceptable small business subcontracting plan (see “Subcontracting Plan
Reviews”).126 In addition, once the contract is completed, federal agencies are required to pay the
contractor on a timely basis (see “Prompt Payments”) and pay interest penalties for late
payments. Federal agencies may also pay contractors before the contract’s payment’s due date
(see “Accelerated Payments”).127
Subcontracting Plan Reviews
CMRs may conduct hundreds of compliance reviews in a fiscal year, selecting a sample of prime
contracts from the Federal Procurement Data System that have individual subcontracting plans.
Reviewers seek to “determine whether prime contractors that are not small businesses complied
with their post-award subcontracting responsibilities outlined in the subcontracting plan to ensure
small business subcontracts are being properly awarded and reported.”128
Prompt Payments
Once a contract is awarded, federal agencies are generally required to pay interest to prime
contractors on any invoice payments the agency fails to make by the date(s) specified in the

§19.702(a)(1); and 15 U.S.C. §637(d)(3). Contracts requiring a subcontracting plan are generally those that exceed
$750,000 ($1.5 million for construction) and have subcontracting possibilities. More information on small business
subcontracting policy is available in CRS Report R47585, An Overview of Small Business Subcontracting: In Brief, by
R. Corinne Blackford.
124 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Contracting and Infrastructure, Oversight of
the SBA’s Women-Owned Small Business Federal Contract Program, hearing, 116th Cong., 1st sess., May 16, 2019,
H.Hrg. 116-021 (Washington: GPO, 2019), p. 39.
125 15 U.S.C. §633(g)(1).
126 15 U.S.C. §633(h). CMRs also conduct “performance reviews” on contractors with a small business subcontracting
plan, while a contract is still ongoing. The goal of these is to determine the progress of a contractor in reaching its
subcontracting plan goals. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Some Contracting Officers Face Challenges
Assessing Compliance with the Good Faith Standard, GAO-24-106225, November 9, 2023, pp. 7-8.
127 The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) stipulates that performance-based payments are the “preferred
Government financing method when the contracting officer finds them practical,” although other types of payments
exist. Performance-based payments are the payment of funds to a contractor after the “successful accomplishment or
the event or performance criterion for which payment is requested.” U.S. General Services Administration, U.S.
Department of Defense (DOD), U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Association, Federal Acquisition Regulation,
Section 52.232-32, “Performance-Based Payments.”
128 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Oversight of Contractor Compliance with Subcontracting Plans Needs
Improvement, GAO-20-464, May 28, 2020, p. 35, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-20-464.pdf.
Congressional Research Service

24

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

contract, or within 30 days of receipt of a proper invoice for the amount due if no date is specified
in the contract.129
Similar requirements exist for prime contractors in paying subcontractors on construction
contracts. These requirements are especially important for small businesses in the construction
industry.130
If the contracting officer determines that a prime contractor on a contract that requires an
acceptable subcontracting plan has a history of unjustified, untimely payments to contractors, the
contracting officer must record the contractor’s identity, describe the circumstances under which
the contractor may be determined to have a history of unjustified, untimely payments to
subcontractors, and include the contractor’s identity in, and make publicly available through, the
Federal Awardee Performance and Integrity Information System.131 This information is used by
federal agencies to “evaluate the business ethics and quality of prospective contractors competing
for Federal contracts and to protect taxpayers from doing business with contractors that are not
responsible sources.”132
Accelerated Payments
Federal agencies are permitted to make an accelerated payment up to seven days before the
required payment date in a federal contract, or earlier if the agency deems it necessary on a case-
by-case basis if, after receiving a proper invoice, it is in the best interest of the government, and
any of the following is true:
• the invoice in under $2,500;
• the payment is to a small business; or
• the payment is related to an emergency, disaster, or military deployment.133
Agencies are required to establish an accelerated payment date for small business prime
contractors, with a goal of 15 days after receipt of a proper invoice, if a specific payment date is
not established by contract.134 In addition, they are required to establish an accelerated payment

129 31 U.S.C. §3903(a); and P.L. 97-177, the Prompt Payment Act. Among other things, a proper invoice contains (1)
the name of the contractor, the invoice date, and the contract number; (2) a description of the goods rendered and the
shipping and payment terms; (3) other substantiating documentation or information required under the contract; and (4)
the name, title, telephone number, and complete mailing address of the person to whom payment should be sent. 31
U.S.C. §3901(a); and 48 C.F.R. §32.905(b)(1)(i)-(x). The interest rate to be used is that determined by the Secretary of
the Treasury twice a year under the Contract Disputes Act. 31 U.S.C. §3902(a).
130 31 U.S.C. §3905(b); and P.L. 100-496, the Prompt Payment Act Amendments of 1988. Specifically, every
construction contract awarded by a federal agency must contain clauses obligating the prime contractor to (1) pay the
subcontractor for “satisfactory performance” under the subcontract within seven days of receiving payment from the
agency, and (2) pay interest on any amounts that are not paid within the proper time frame. The contract must also
obligate the prime contractor to include similar payment and interest penalty terms in its subcontracts, as well as
require its subcontractors to impose these terms on their subcontractors, to ensure that the payment and interest penalty
requirements flow down to all tiers of construction subcontractors.
131 15 U.S.C. §637(d)(13)(C-E).
132 Department of Defense, General Services Administration, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
“Federal Acquisition Regulation; FAR Case 2008-027, Federal Awardee Performance and Integrity Information
System,” 75 Federal Register 14059, March 23, 2010.
133 31 U.S.C. §3903(a)(8); Office of Management and Budget, “Prompt Payment,” 64 Federal Register 52582-52583,
September 29, 1999; and 5 C.F.R. §1315.5.
134 This policy was enacted by section 873 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 (P.L. 116-
92).
Congressional Research Service

25

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

date for prime contractors that subcontract with small businesses (though they may not be small
businesses themselves), with a goal of 15 days after receipt of a proper invoice, if a specific
payment date is not established by contract and if the contractor agrees without any further
consideration from, or fees charged to, the subcontractor.135
Conclusion
There are various government-wide and agency-specific requirements, programs, and personnel
involved in promoting federal contracting and subcontracting with small businesses. Small
businesses and “socioeconomic” small businesses (i.e., SDBs, SDBs participating the SBA’s 8(a)
Business Development Program, HUBZone businesses, WOSBs, and SDVOSBs) may receive
contracting preferences through contracting programs. SBA has significant involvement in these
programs along with agency OSDBU staff and the procurement personnel within agencies.
Certain agencies implement their own programs in addition to participating in government-wide
programs, such as the VA, DOT, and DOI. Subcontracting policies, technical assistance resources,
and mentor-protégé programs also support small business contractors in federal procurement.
The small business contracting programs described in this report generally have strong bipartisan
support. Many observers judge the relative success or failure of federal efforts to enhance small
business contracting opportunities by whether the federal government and individual federal
agencies meet the small business procurement goals.
The SBA’s Procurement Scorecards and Small Business Goaling Reports are convenient tools for
comparing federal small business contracting performance over time, but have limitations.
Moreover, the regularly provided reports on small business procurement do not evaluate the effect
these contracts have on small businesses, industry competitiveness, or the overall economy. As
one group of researchers has argued
the entire goal-setting process … is geared to measuring the dollars and contracts awarded
to small business, and pays little attention to the effect that access to government contracts
has on small business starts, growth, and wealth generation. Results of the program are also
hard to isolate, difficult to measure, and generally not judged against the next best or other
alternative policies [emphasis in original].136
While Congress has expressed various arguments for promoting federal procurement from small
businesses at different points in time, views vary on the policies and programs that may be used
to accomplish small business participation in federal procurement. Studies examining the effect
of small business contracting preferences on small business startups, growth, wealth generation,
and industry competitiveness may prove useful for contracting program oversight. Congress may
also be interested in program impacts on promoting a more diversified, robust pool of federal
contractors and on the economy at large.

135 Section 873 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 (P.L. 116-92). Prior to the act, P.L.
115-232, the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, required these accelerated
payment policies for Defense Department small business contractors and subcontractors.
136 Clifford A. Grammich, Thomas R. Edison Jr., Nancy Young Moore, and Edward G. Keating, Small Business and
Defense Acquisitions: A Review of Policies and Current Practices (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2011), p. 15, at
https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2011/RAND_MG443.pdf.
Congressional Research Service

26

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Appendix A. SBA’s Surety Bond Guarantee Program
The SBA’s Surety Bond Guarantee program137 aims to increase small businesses’ access to
federal, state, and local government contracting, as well as private-sector contracts, by
guaranteeing bid, performance, and payment bonds for small businesses that cannot obtain surety
bonds through regular commercial channels.138
A surety bond is a three-party instrument between a surety (someone who agrees to be
responsible for the debt or obligation of another), a contractor, and a project owner. The
agreement binds the contractor to comply with the terms and conditions of a contract. If the
contractor is unable to successfully perform the contract, the surety assumes the contractor’s
responsibilities and ensures that the project is completed. The surety bond reduces the
government’s risk associated with contracting.139
Surety bonds are meant to encourage project owners to contract with small businesses that may
not have the credit history or prior experience of larger businesses and may be at greater risk of
failing to comply with the contract’s terms and conditions.140
Surety bonds are important to small businesses interested in competing for federal contracts
because the federal government requires prime contractors—prior to the award of a federal
contract exceeding $150,000 for the construction, alteration, or repair of any building or public
work of the United States—to furnish a performance bond issued by a surety in an amount that
the contracting officer considers adequate to protect the government’s interests.141
The program guarantees individual contracts of up to $6.5 million and up to $10 million if a
federal contracting officer certifies that such a guarantee is necessary. The SBA’s guarantee
ranges from a maximum of 80% to 90% of the surety’s loss if a default occurs.142 Small
businesses pay SBA a fee of 0.6% of the contract price for performance and payment bond
guarantees but SBA will return the fee if the bond is cancelled or not issued; SBA does not charge
a fee for bid bond guarantees.143

137 For additional information and analysis, see CRS Report R42037, SBA Surety Bond Guarantee Program.
138 Ancillary bonds may also be eligible. They ensure completion of requirements outside of performance or payment,
such as maintenance. SBA, “Surety Bonds,” at https://www.sba.gov/funding-programs/surety-bonds.
139 SBA, “Surety Bonds,” at https://www.sba.gov/funding-programs/surety-bonds.
140 SBA, “Surety Bonds.”
141 The threshold amount was originally set at $2,000 in 1935 under P.L. 74-321, An Act Requiring Contracts for the
Construction, Alteration, and Repair of Any Public Building or Public Work of the United States to be Accompanied
by a Performance Bond Protecting the United States and an Additional Bond for the Protection of Persons Furnishing
Material or Labor for the Construction, Alteration, or Repair of Said Public Buildings or Public Work [the Miller Act
of 1935], 49 Stat. 793 (August 24, 1935) (codified at 40 U.S.C. §3131(a)(b)). Also, see Department of Defense,
General Services Administration, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration, “Federal Acquisition
Regulation; Inflation Adjustment of Acquisition-Related Thresholds,” 75 Federal Register 53130, August 30, 2010.
142 P.L. 114-92, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016, includes a provision that increased the
Preferred Surety Bond Guarantee Program’s guarantee rate from not to exceed 70% to not to exceed 90% of losses
starting one year from enactment (effective November 25, 2016).
143 SBA, “Surety Bonds,” at https://www.sba.gov/funding-programs/surety-bonds#id-bond-guarantee-fee.
Congressional Research Service

27

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Appendix B. Small Business Size Protests
If an offeror’s small business status is challenged,144 the contracting officer is generally not
allowed to award the contract until the SBA has made a size determination or 15 business days
after the SBA receives the protest, whichever occurs first.145 The SBA’s Office of Government
Contracting Area Office (Area Office) serving the area in which the headquarters of the offeror is
located initially reviews the protest.146 The Area Office is required, by regulation, to determine the
offeror’s size status within 15 business days after receipt of the protest, or “within any extension
of time granted by the contracting officer.”147 If the SBA does not make a determination within
the required time, the contracting officer “may award the contract after determining in writing
that there is an immediate need to award the contract and that waiting until SBA makes its
determination will be disadvantageous to the government.”148
Any interested party may file an appeal of the Area Office’s decision with the SBA’s Office of
Hearings and Appeals (OHA). If the OHA accepts the appeal for consideration and finds the
protested concern to be ineligible for award, the contracting officer must “terminate the contract
unless termination is not in the best interests of the government, in keeping with the
circumstances described in the [aforementioned] written determination. However, the contracting
officer may not exercise any options or award further task or delivery orders.”149 Furthermore, a
firm cannot become eligible for a specific award after the SBA has determined that it is not a
small business, even if it takes action to meet the definition of a small business.150 The SBA or the
federal agency may suspend or debar a firm from future government contracts for
misrepresenting its size status. In addition, individuals that knowingly misrepresent a business’s
size to secure a federal contract can be subject to civil and criminal penalties.151

144 Who may initiate a challenge and file a protest depends on the type of firm being challenged. SBA regulations at 13
C.F.R. §121.1001 describe who may initiate a size protest for SBA’s Small Business Set-Aside Program; competitive
8(a) contracts; SBA’s Subcontracting Program; SBA’s Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program and Small
Business Technology Transfer (STTR) program; the Department of Defense’s Small Disadvantaged Business (SDB)
Program, and any other similar program of another federal agency; SBA’s HUBZone program; SBA’s SDVOSB
program; SBA’s WOSB program; and for “any unrestricted Government procurement in which a business concern has
represented itself as a small business concern.”
145 The contracting officer may award the contract if he or she “determines in writing that an award must be made to
protect the public interest.” 48 C.F.R. §19.302(g)(1).
146 48 C.F.R. §19.302(c)(1). “An offeror, the SBA, or another interested party may protest the small business
representation of an offeror in a specific offer. However, for competitive 8(a) contracts, the filing of a protest is limited
to an offeror, the contracting officer, or the SBA.” 48 C.F.R. §19.302(a)(2). “The protest, or confirmation if the protest
was initiated orally, shall be in writing and shall contain the basis for the protest with specific, detailed evidence to
support the allegation that the offeror is not small. The SBA will dismiss any protest that does not contain specific
grounds for the protest.” 48 C.F.R. §19.302(c)(2). “The protest shall include a referral letter written by the contracting
officer with information pertaining to the solicitation.” 48 C.F.R. §19.302(c)(3). “In order to affect a specific
solicitation, a protest must be timely.” 48 C.F.R. §19.302(d). “To be timely, a protest … must be received … by the
close of business of the fifth business day after bid opening (in sealed bid acquisitions) or receipt of the special
notification from the contracting officer that identifies the apparently successful offeror (in negotiated acquisitions).”
48 C.F.R. §19.302(d)(1). “…a protest filed by the contracting officer or the SBA is generally always considered timely
whether filed before or after award.” 48 C.F.R. §19.302(d)(2).
147 48 C.F.R. §19.302(f)(1).
148 48 C.F.R. §19.302(g)(2).
149 48 C.F.R. §19.302(h).
150 48 C.F.R. §19.301-1(c).
151 13 C.F.R. §121.108; 18 U.S.C. §287; 18 U.S.C. §1001. See CRS Report R45322, Selected Legal Tools for
Maintaining Government Contractor Accountability, by David H. Carpenter and Kathleen Ann Ruane.
Congressional Research Service

28

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Appendix C. Procurement Center Representatives
Agencies with procurement authority may have SBA staff known as Procurement Center
Representatives (PCRs) assigned to them. The SBA may assign one or more PCRs to any
contracting activity or contract administration office to implement the SBA’s policies and
programs. PCRs are located in the SBA’s six Area Offices, and cover different agencies and
regions of the country.
PCRs perform such tasks as reviewing proposed agency acquisitions to recommend contract set-
asides for small businesses.152 PCRs also
• Review proposed acquisitions to recommend “the setting aside of selected
acquisitions not unilaterally set aside by the contracting officer;” new qualified
small business sources; and the feasibility of breaking out components of the
contract for competitive acquisitions.153
• Review proposed acquisition packages. If the PCR (or, if a PCR is not assigned,
the SBA Area Office serving the area in which the procuring activity is located)
“believes that the acquisition, as proposed, makes it unlikely that small
businesses can compete for the prime contract,” the PCR can recommend any
alternate contracting method that he or she “reasonably believes will increase
small business prime contracting opportunities.”154
• Recommend small businesses “for inclusion on a list of concerns to be solicited
in a specific acquisition.”155
• Appeal to the chief of the contracting office “any contracting officer’s
determination not to solicit a concern recommended by the SBA for a particular
acquisition, when not doing so results in no small business being solicited;” this
appeal may be further appealed to the agency head.156
• Conduct periodic reviews of the agency’s contracting activity, including the
agency’s assessment of any required small business subcontracting plan, “to
ascertain whether the agency is complying with the small business policies in this
regulation.”157
• Sponsor and participate in conferences and trainings “designed to increase small
business participation in the contracting activities of the office.”158

152 48 C.F.R. §19.402; 13 C.F.R. §125.2.
153 48 C.F.R. §19.402(c)(1).
154 48 C.F.R. §19.402(c)(2).
155 48 C.F.R. §19.402(c)(3).
156 48 C.F.R. §19.402(c)(4). See 48 C.F.R. §19.505 for a description of the appeals process.
157 48 C.F.R. §19.402(c)(5).
158 48 C.F.R. §19.402(c)(6).
Congressional Research Service

29

An Overview of Small Business Contracting

Author Information

R. Corinne Blackford

Analyst in Small Business and Economic
Development Policy

Acknowledgments
This report was prepared with the help of research conducted by Robert Jay Dilger, former Senior
Specialist in American National Government.

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or
material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to
copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

Congressional Research Service
R45576 · VERSION 26 · UPDATED
30

Download PDF

Download EPUB

Revision History

May. 14, 2024

HTML · PDF

1% changed

Apr. 29, 2024

HTML · PDF

24% changed

Jul. 29, 2022

HTML · PDF

18% changed