Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

December 15, 2008 – January 18, 2023 R40089

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations
and Corresponding Appropriations
Updated January 18, 2023
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
R40089

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Summary
The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.) serves as the
cornerstone for the United States’ foreign assistance policies and programs. Written, passed, and
signed into law at what some consider the height of the Cold War, the act is seen by some today
as anachronistic. Ironically, when President Kennedy urged the 87th Congress to enact foreign aid
legislation that would exemplify and advance the national interests and security strategies of the
United States post-World War II, he described the existing foreign aid mechanisms as
bureaucratic, fragmented, awkward, and slow. Some have used the same language today, more
than 60 years later, to characterize the legislation he promoted.
On several occasions over the past several decades, Congress has set out to assess the current
body of law that comprises foreign aid policy, starting with the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.
The Foreign Affairs/International Relations and Foreign Relations Committees, in recent past
Congresses, have considered legislation to rebuild the United States’ capacity to deliver effective
foreign aid, and make aid more transparent and responsive to today’s quick-changing
international challenges. Proposals have ranged from setting up advisory committees to a
complete overhaul of foreign aid objectives and programs.
This report presents the authorities of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and
correlates those authorities with Foreign Operations Appropriations (division K of the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023; P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459) that fund those authorities.
It replaces an earlier issue of the same report, dated April 18, 2012, to incorporate the most recent
appropriations act and other enactments of authorities.
For many years, foreign aid appropriations measures have waived the requirement that funds
must be authorized before they are appropriated and expended. Understanding the relation
between the authorities in the cornerstone act and appropriations is key to foreign aid reform.
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Background
The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), enacted at the behest
of President Kennedy, sought to organize and implement U.S. foreign assistance programs with a
commitment to long-range economic assistance to the developing world. The President, in a
“Special Message to the Congress on Foreign Aid,” delivered March 22, 1961, described the U.S.
foreign aid programs emerging from World War II as
[b]ureaucratically fragmented, awkward and slow, its administration is diffused over a
haphazard and irrational structure covering at least four departments and several other
agencies. The program is based on a series of legislative measures and administrative
procedures conceived at different times and for different purposes, many of them now
obsolete, inconsistent and unduly rigid and thus unsuited for our present needs and
purposes. Its weaknesses have begun to undermine confidence in our effort both here and
abroad.1
President Kennedy went on to note the declining prestige of the United States’ foreign aid
apparatus and the negative impact of that decline on administering and staffing programs abroad.
The President also cited the uneven and undependable short-term financing of programs and the
resulting disincentive for long-term efficient planning. Congress and the executive branch worked
together to enact the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to address these shortcomings at a time when
much of the developing world was emerging as newly independent states, when those new
nations were, “without exception ... under Communist pressure,” and when “the free
industrialized nations” found themselves in a position “to assist the less-developed nations on a
long-term basis ... [as they find themselves] on the threshold of achieving sufficient economic,
social and political strength and self-sustained growth to stand permanently on their own feet.”2
Though the original Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 lengthened the authorization time frame for
funding development assistance to five years, other programs were authorized for shorter periods,
usually for one or two fiscal years. The act still required occasional reauthorization legislation to
renew programs beyond that original time frame, and Congress retained its role of appropriating
funds. The original act authorized the programs and funding levels shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, As Enacted
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.; 75 Stat. 424)
Program Authorization
Funding Levels and Duration
Development assistance
$1.2 bil ion for FY1962
$1.5 bil ion “for each of the next four succeeding years” [§202]
Development grants and technical
Not to exceed $380 mil ion “for use beginning in the fiscal year 1962”
cooperation
[§212]
Investment guarantees
Not to exceed $90 mil ion, through June 30, 1964 (fiscal years, at that
time, ran July through June in a given year) [§221]
Surveys of investment opportunities
Not to exceed $5 mil ion “for use beginning in fiscal year 1962” [§232]
Contributions to international
Not to exceed $153.5 mil ion for fiscal year 1962 [§302]
organizations and programs

1 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy, 1961. “Special Message to the Congress on
Foreign Aid,” March 22, 1961. pp. 203-212.
2 Kennedy, March 22, 1961. p. 205.
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Program Authorization
Funding Levels and Duration
Supporting assistance
Not to exceed $465 mil ion “for use beginning in the fiscal year 1962”
[§402]
Contingency fund
Not to exceed $300 mil ion for fiscal year 1962 [§451]
Military assistance
Not to exceed $1.7 bil ion, “for use beginning in the fiscal years 1962
and 1963” [§504]
Through 1985, Congress regularly enacted new authorization legislation or amended the original
act to update authorization time frames, and to incorporate newer programs and authorities. From
1986 on, however, Congress turned more frequently to enacting freestanding authorities that did
not amend the 1961 act, and included language in annual appropriations measures to waive the
requirement to keep authorizations current. Thus, sections in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961,
in many instances, do not refer to authorization beyond fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (unless the
program was added to the act by an amendment enacted after that period), but programs are
continued through appropriations.3
Other Authorizations
A few programs are established outside the statutory framework of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961, and thus are not included in detail in this report.4 Reimbursable military exports, for
example, are addressed in the Arms Export Control Act and subsequent Security Assistance Acts.
Since 1985, the last year Congress passed a comprehensive reauthorization of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961, both Congress and the President have promoted a variety of specialized
authorities in freestanding legislation. Some foreign policy-related programs, for example the
Peace Corps, Millennium Challenge Corporation, or Migration and Refugee assistance programs,
were enacted at the outset with freestanding legislation but are funded in annual foreign
operations appropriations. And, on rare occasion, Congress has established new authorities or

3 Section 10 of the Foreign Military Sales Amendments, 1971 (P.L. 91-672; 22 U.S.C. 2412) requires authorization
before appropriations, stating that “no money appropriated for foreign assistance (including foreign military sales) shall
be available for obligation or expenditure—(1) unless the appropriation thereof has been previously authorized by law;
or (2) in excess of an amount previously prescribed by law.” The section, however, is routinely waived, most recently
in Section 7022 of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2023
(division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459), which states
AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMENTS
Sec. 7022. Funds appropriated by this Act, except funds appropriated under the heading
“Trade and Development Agency”, may be obligated and expended notwithstanding section 10 of
Public Law 91-672 (22 U.S.C. 2412), section 15 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of
1956 (22 U.S.C. 2680), section 313 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994
and 1995 (22 U.S.C. 6212), and section 504(a)(1) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C.
3094(a)(1)).
4 Still other laws have been enacted to augment the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961—setting limited-term conditions
for aid otherwise provided for in the act. P.L. 109-159, for example, which provides for the transfer to the Republic of
Korea of obsolete or surplus items with military application for three years, is a freestanding law but draws on the
President’s authority stated in Sections 514 and 516 of the act to transfer excess defense articles. Similarly, Congress
has enacted a series of laws to transfer excess or obsolete naval vessels to U.S. allies. The Naval Vessel Transfer Act of
2010, title II of P.L. 111-266, for example, authorizes such transfers but the authority expires at the end of two years.
Similar acts—P.L. 113-276, P.L. 110-429, P.L. 109-159, or P.L. 109-134—authorize the transfer of excess vessels;
each authority expires 2 or 3 years after enactment.
Congress has also enacted acts in recent years authorizing conditional aid to targeted populations or organizations in
Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Iran, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan, and Sudan, and global
programs addressing child mortality, malnutrition, counterterrorism, counter-narcotics, and other matters.
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programs in annual appropriations acts. Some freestanding laws that authorize foreign aid or
apply new conditions to aid authorized in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 are shown in Table
2.
Table 2. Selected Other Authorizations
(in order of primary enactment)
Popular Name: Purpose
Citation
Arms Export Control Act, as amended:
P.L. 90-629; 22 U.S.C.
—authorizes reimbursable military exports (arms sales, leases, loans)
2751 et seq.; signed into
law October 22, 1968
Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended:a
P.L. 106-386; 22 U.S.C.
—authorizes $13.82 mil ion for each of FY2018 through FY2021 to the Department of
7101 et seq.; signed into
State for Diplomatic and Consular Programs of the Office to Monitor and Combat
law October 28, 2000
Trafficking, to carry out the goals, regional strategies, and policy stated in the act
(§113(a));
—authorizes to the Secretary of State for each of FY2018 through FY2021: $65 mil ion
for establishing economic alternatives (§106), assistance for victims in other countries
(§107(a)), assistance to foreign countries under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 at
sec. 134, assistance to meet minimum standards (§108), and for programs and activities
on prevention, protection, and prosecution (§113(c));
—authorizes $250,000 for each of FY2008 through FY2011 to the President, acting
through the Attorney General and Secretary of State, “for training of law enforcement
officers, prosecutors, and members of the judiciary . . at the International Law
Enforcement Academies.” (§113(d)(2));
—authorizes $7.5 mil ion for each of FY2014 through FY2017 to the President for
foreign victim assistance (§113(e)(1));
—authorizes $7.5 mil ion for each of FY2014 through FY2017 to the President to assist
foreign countries to meet minimum standards (§113(e)(2); see also §134, Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961, as amended); and
—authorizes $2 mil ion for each of FY2008 through FY2011 to the President for
research (§113(e)(3)).

United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act
P.L. 108-25; 22 U.S.C.
of 2003, as amended:
7601 et seq.; signed into
—authorizes “in addition to any other funds authorized to be appropriated for bilateral law May 27, 2003
or multilateral HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, or malaria programs” to the President up to $2
bil ion for FY2009 and such sums as may be necessary for each of FY2010 through
FY2013 for U.S. contributions to the Global Fund , with limitations for FY2004 through
2023 (§202(d)(1), (4));
—authorizes $48 bil ion “for the 5-year period beginning on October 1, 2008” to the
President for programs added to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (§401; see also
secs. 104A through 104C in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended);
—allocates appropriations to fund bilateral global HIV/AIDS assistance for each of fiscal
years 2009 through 2023 to specific treatments (§403); and
—authorizes “such sums as may be necessary for the fiscal year 2004 and each fiscal
year thereafter to carry out section 1625 of the International Financial Institutions Act”
(relating to debt relief for the most heavily indebted countries) (§503).
Millennium Challenge Act of 2003, as amended:
Title VI of Division D of
—authorizes “such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2004 and 2005”
P.L. 108-199; 22 U.S.C.
(§619).
7701 et seq.; signed into
law January 23, 2004
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Popular Name: Purpose
Citation
North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004, as amended:
P.L. 108-333; 22 U.S.C.
—authorizes $2 mil ion for each of FY2005 through FY2022 for human rights and
7801 et seq.; signed into
democracy programs (§102);
law October 18, 2004
—authorizes $3 mil ion for each of FY2005 through FY2022 for actions to promote
freedom of information (§104); and
—authorizes $5 mil ion for each of FY2018 through FY2022 in assistance to North
Koreans outside of their country (§203).
Iran Freedom Support Act:
P.L. 109-293; 22 U.S.C.
—authorizes to the Secretary of State “such sums as may be necessary” for financial
2151 note; signed into
and political assistance to “foreign and domestic individuals, organizations, and entities
law September 30, 2006
working for the purpose of supporting and promoting democracy for Iran.” The
authority expires at the end of 2011 (§302).
Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy
P.L. 109-456; 22 U.S.C.
Promotion Act of 2006:
2151 note; signed into
—authorizes “at least” $52 mil ion in bilateral assistance for each of FY2006 and
law December 22, 2006
FY2007 to Congo (§103).
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007:b
P.L. 110-140; 42 U.S.C.
—authorizes $200 mil ion for each of FY2008 through FY2012 to the Administrator of
17001 et seq.; signed
the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) to assist developing countries
into law December 19,
that promote clean and efficient energy technologies (§911(c));
2007
—authorizes $5 mil ion for each of FY2008 through FY2020 for work of a newly
established Task Force on International Cooperation for Clean and Efficient Energy
Technologies (§916(e)); and
—authorizes $20 mil ion for each of FY2009 through FY2013 for work of a newly
established International Clean Energy Foundation (§927).
Foreign Operations Appropriations, 2008:
P.L. 110-161; 121 Stat.
—establishes the Development Grants Program within USAID to provide grants to
2356; signed into law
U.S. and indigenous nongovernmental organizations to carry out development
December 26, 2007
assistance and economic support fund provisions (§674).
Abolished by sec. 7080 of P.L. 113-235; see below.
Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009:c
P.L. 111-32; 123 Stat.
—establishes the Pakistan Counterinsurgency Capability Fund and appropriates $700
1859 at 1895; signed
mil ion for FY2009 and FY2010 “notwithstanding any other provision of law, for the
into law June 24, 2009
purpose of providing assistance for Pakistan to build and maintain the
counterinsurgency capability of Pakistani security forces” (title XI).
Overtaken, in effect by, the Enhanced Partnership With Pakistan Act of 2009, discussed
below.
Enhanced Partnership With Pakistan Act of 2009:d
P.L. 111-73; 22 U.S.C.
—authorizes $1.5 bil ion for each of FY2010 through FY2014 to the President to
8401 et seq.; signed into
provide democratic, economic, and development assistance to Pakistan (§§101, 102);
law October 15, 2009
and
—authorizes “such sums as may be necessary” for each of FY2010 through FY2014 to
the President to provide International Military Education and Training (IMET),
expanded IMET (E-IMET), foreign military financing (FMF) to Pakistan; and the
Secretary of State is authorized funds to establish an exchange program with NATO
and other countries for Pakistani military and civilian personnel (§202).
—authorizes the Secretary of State, with concurrence of the Secretary of Defense, “to
build and maintain the counterinsurgency capability of Pakistan” for FY2010,
transferring what was made available in the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009,
discussed above (§204).
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Popular Name: Purpose
Citation
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, as amended:
P.L. 112-81; 22 U.S.C.
—establishes the Global Security Contingency Fund and authorizes $350 mil ion for
2151 note; signed into
FY2012 and $300 mil ion for FY2013 and thereafter, to be shared between
law December 31, 2011
Department of State and Department of Defense, of which $75 mil ion is authorized
“To enhance the capacity of the national military forces, or other national security
forces that conduct border and maritime security, internal defense, and
counterterrorism operations,” and for “the justice sector, rule of law programs, and
stabilization efforts,” among other things. In any fiscal year, transfers of funds from
DOD may not exceed $200 mil ion. The allocation of contributions between the two
departments is 80/20 (DOD/State). Amounts in the Fund remain available until
September 30, 2021, unless programs for which funds are obligated have commenced
before that date. “The authority under this section may not be exercised after
September 30, 2021.” (§1207).
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
P.L. 113-235, division J;
Appropriations Act, 2015, as amended:
22 U.S.C. 2151i; signed
—establishes Small Grants Program to be administered by USAID of not more than $2
into law December 16,
mil ion to carry out the provisions of chapters 1 and 10 of part I and chapter 4 of part
2014
II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. Funds remain available for obligation until
September 30, 2019. Replaces Development Grants Program enacted at sec. 674 of the
Foreign Operations Appropriations for FY 2008 (P.L. 10-161; see above) (§7080).
Global Fragility Act of 2019:
P.L. 116-94, title V; 22
—establishes the Prevention and Stabilization Fund, to be administered by the State
U.S.C. 9801 et seq.;
Department and USAID, and is authorized to be funded $200 mil ion for each of FYs
signed into law
2020 through 2024 (§509(a)); and
December 20, 2019
—establishes the Complex Crisis Fund, to be administered by USAID, and is
authorized to be funded $30 mil ion for each of FYs 2020 through 2024 (§509(b)).
a. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended, also authorizes funds to the Secretaries of
Health and Human Services, Labor, Homeland Security, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and Attorney
General, mostly for programs, assistance, and services related to U.S.-based trafficking victims.
b. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, at section 912 (42 U.S.C. 17332), also authorizes “such
sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2012” to the Secretary of Commerce to
equip the Foreign Commercial Service to promote U.S. exports in clean and efficient energy technologies
and “build the capacity of government officials in India, China and any other country the Secretary of
Commerce determines appropriate,” and to “direct the International Trade Administration to expand or
create trade missions to and from the United States to encourage private sector trade and investment in
clean and efficient energy technologies.”
c. The Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 (title III; 123 Stat. 1864), also establishes the Pakistan
Counterinsurgency Fund to be administered by the Secretary of Defense and appropriates $400 mil ion to
remain available until September 10, 2010. The two paragraphs authorize the Secretaries of State and
Defense to coordinate and further authorizes funds to be available to be reprogrammed from one fund to
the other and back again where required. Section 2112(b) of the Department of Defense and Ful -Year
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 179) provides: “The authorities contained
under the heading ‘International Security Assistance, Funds Appropriated to the President, Pakistan
Counterinsurgency Capability Fund’ in title XI of P.L. 111-32 shall remain in effect until September 30,
2012.”
d. The Enhanced Partnership With Pakistan Act of 2009 also authorizes the Secretary of State to continue
using funds under terms stated in P.L. 111-32 relating to the Pakistan Counterinsurgency Capability Fund
and further authorizes the transfer of funds, with concurrence of the Secretary of Defense, to and from the
Department of Defense Pakistan Counterinsurgency Fund also established by that act.
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorities
and Appropriations
Table 3 presents the authorities enacted in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and
the corresponding appropriations that fund those authorities in the current foreign assistance
appropriations act.
Authorization
The left-side column of Table 3 cites sections of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended,
that authorize programs, and provides the latest year for which authorization was enacted.
Sections that establish a need for such a program—in the form of policy or finding statements, for
example—are not cited. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is organized in a conventional
manner, however, so those sections that state policy, findings, program requirements, or
implementing structure can be found in the text of the law in sections proximate to the
authorizing section. All of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is stated in the United States Code,
beginning at 22 U.S.C. 2151. For each section that states the President’s power to authorize
funds, the relevant U.S. Code citation and year of enactment is included here. In nearly all cases,
these sections have been substantially amended, or rewritten altogether, subsequent to enactment.
This table reflects the language as amended.
Though the sections generally afford the President the authority to furnish whatever assistance the
section establishes, Section 622(a) and (c) (22 U.S.C. 2382(a), (c)) of the act states that
Nothing contained in this Act shall be construed to infringe upon the powers or functions
of the Secretary of State.... Under the direction of the President, the Secretary of State shall
be responsible for the continuous supervision and general direction of economic assistance,
military assistance, and military education and training programs, including but not limited
to determining where there shall be a military assistance (including civic action) or a
military education and training program for a country and the value thereof, to the end that
such programs are effectively integrated both at home and abroad and the foreign policy of
the United States is best served thereby.
In many instances, the President has delegated his authority to the Secretary of State, the
Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, or some other
appropriate office holder. Delegations of authority are to be found, either in whole text or as a
reference, in the U.S. Code, at sections corresponding to the section of the Foreign Assistance Act
of 1961 that states the relevant authority.
Appropriation
The right-side column of Table 3 states appropriations levels that correspond to the authorized
program, as enacted in the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2023 (division K of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023; P.L. 117-
328; 136 Stat. 4459).5

5 The slip law and Statutes-at-Large citations are not yet available for this act. This report, in the interim, cites the page
number the relevant provision appears in the enrolled version of H.R. 2617 as agreed to by the House of
Representatives and Senate and presented to the President on December 28, 2022. The President signed the bill into law
on December 29, 2022, as P.L. 117-328.
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The General Provisions title in an appropriations act usually states conditions for administering
the appropriations. In Table 3, General Provisions sections that state conditionality and terms that
might be applicable to the aid being provided are also listed, and a page number to the enrolled
bill is provided to assist the reader who might wish to read in further detail. General Provisions
that apply to the entire appropriations act are cited only at Chapter 1—Policy, Development
Assistance Authorizations; they are numerous and apply to most authorities. Such General
Provisions prohibit assistance for reasons relating to terrorism, military overthrows, and debt
arrearages, to name a few.
Funding levels that are not specified in the appropriations act, and therefore not included in Table
3, may be detailed in the Explanatory Statement that accompanies H.R. 2617.

Beginning in FY2009, Congress moved appropriations for the State Department from an annual bill that funded the
Departments of Commerce, Justice, State and other programs and consolidated State and foreign operations funding in
one bill, typically named the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations. This
report covers only that which pertains to foreign assistance and is generally aligned with the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961. State Department funding, by comparison, has its authorities enacted in the State Department Basic Authorities
Act of 1956, the Foreign Service Act of 1980, the Foreign Service Buildings Act of 1926, and a number of acts related
to State Department diplomacy, participation in international organizations and commissions, broadcasting, and
educational exchanges, to name a few.
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Table 3. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations in Department of
State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2023
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
Part I
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Chapter 1—Policy; Development Assistance Authorizations
Funds Appropriated to the President
Sec. 101 (22 U.S.C. 2151) through §135 (22 U.S.C. 2152h)
Global Health Programs
For global health activities, appropriates, “in addition to funds otherwise available for
such purposes”: $4,165.95 mil ion, “to remain available until September 30, 2024, and
which shall be apportioned directly to the United States Agency for International
Development” (p. 527).
In addition, “for the prevention, treatment, and control of, and research on, HIV/AIDS,
$6,395,000,000, to remain available until September 30, 2027, which shall be
apportioned directly to the Department of State” (p. 529).
Development Assistance
Appropriates $4,368,613,000, to remain available until September 30, 2024 (p. 529).

See also, for conditions and terms:
§7007, prohibition on direct funding for Cuba, North Korea, Iran, or Syria (p. 544);
§7008, military coups d’etat (p. 544); §7009(b), (c), (d), and (e), limitations on transfers
between agencies and between accounts (p. 545); §7011, availability of funds (p. 548);
§7012, countries in default (p. 549); §7013, prohibition on taxation (p. 549); §7014,
reservation of funds (p. 550); §7015, notification requirements (p. 551); §7016,
documents, report posting, records management, and related cybersecurity
protections (p. 555); §7018, prohibition on funding for abortions and involuntary
sterilization (p. 556); §7019, allocations and reports (p. 556); §7020, multi-year pledges
(p. 558); §7021, prohibition on assistance to governments supporting international
terrorism (p. 558); §7022, authorization requirements (p. 559); §7023, definition of
program, project, and activities (p. 559 ); §7025, commerce, trade and surplus
commodities (p. 560); §7026, separate accounts (p. 561); §7027, eligibility for assistance
(p. 562); §7028, disability programs (p. 563); §7031, financial management, budget
transparency, and anti-corruption (p. 566); §7032, democracy programs (p. 569);
§7034, special provisions (p. 572); §7035, law enforcement and security (p. 578); §7036,
assistance for innocent victims of conflict (p. 581); §7037, Palestinian statehood (p.
582); §7039, assistance for the West Bank and Gaza (p. 583); §7040(f), prohibition on
assistance to Hamas and the Palestine Liberation Organization (p. 585); §7041, Middle
East and North Africa (p. 585); §7042, Africa (p. 592); §7043, East Asia and the Pacific
(p. 594); §7044, South and Central Asia (p. 600); §7045, Latin America and the
Caribbean (p. 603); §7046, Europe and Eurasia (p. 608); §7047, countering Russian
influence and aggression (p. 609); §7048, United Nations (p. 611); §7050, global
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
internet freedom (p. 615); §7051, torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading
treatment or punishment (p. 617); §7052, aircraft transfer, coordination, and use (p.
617); §7055, extradition (p. 618); §7056, Enterprise Funds (p. 619); §7057, U.N.
Population Fund (p. 619); §7058, global health activities (p. 620); §7059, gender equality
and women’s empowerment (p. 621); §7060, sector allocations (p. 622); §7061,
environment programs (p. 624); §7062, budget documents (p. 626); §7063,
reorganization (p. 627); §7065, USAID management (p. 628); and §7067, debt-for-
development (p. 630).
§103. Agriculture, Rural Development, and Nutrition. (22 U.S.C. 2151a;
See title III, Development Assistance, above,
added to the act in 1973.) Authorizes the President “to furnish assistance ... for

agriculture, rural development, and nutrition ... to al eviate starvation, hunger, and
malnutrition; ... to expand ... the provision of basic services to rural poor people ...
In addition, funding for agricultural multilateral programs administered through the
to help create productive farm and off-farm employment in rural areas to provide a
Department of the Treasury funded under State, Foreign Operations Appropriations,
more viable economic base.” Includes authority to strengthen local institutions,
includes $43 mil ion for the International Fund for Agricultural Development (p. 538),
organize financial savings and credit institutions, and improve infrastructure
and $10 mil ion for the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (p. 538), both
(subsection (b)). Authorizes emphasis on forest protection and restoration
to remain available until expended.
(subsection (b)(3); added in 1979). Authorizes the President to continue U.S.

participation in multilateral institutions related to agricultural development
(subsection (g); added in 1981). Funds are authorized for fiscal years 1986 and 1987
(subsection (a)(2)).
§104. Population and Health. (22 U.S.C. 2151b; added in 1983.) Authorizes the
See title III, Global Health Programs, above.
President to furnish assistance “for voluntary population planning.” (subsection (b)).
Authorizes the President to furnish assistance for health programs (subsection (c)),
including the special needs of children and mothers (subsection (c)(2)), including
primary health care, immunization, and rehydration (subsection (c)(3); added in
1985). “Appropriations pursuant to [subsection (c)(2)(B)] may be referred to as the
‘Child Survival fund’.” (subsection (c)(2)(C); added in 1984). Funds are authorized
for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsection (g)).
§104A. Assistance to Combat HIV/AIDS. (22 U.S.C. 2151b-2; added in 2003.)
See title III, Global Health Programs, above. In addition to the $4,165,95 mil ion made
Authorizes the President to furnish assistance for the prevention, treatment, and
available for global health programs, “$6,395,000,000, to remain available until
monitoring of HIV/AIDS. No year expiration or termination stated.
September 30, 2027, which shall be apportioned directly to the Department of State”
with a requirement that the U.S. contribution to the Global Fund shall be $2 bil ion,
that up to 5% “of the aggregate amount of funds made available to the Global Fund in
fiscal year 2023 may be made available to USAID for technical assistance related to the
activities of the Global Fund,” and that $17 mil ion may be used for administrative
purposes of the Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator (p. 529).
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
§104B. Assistance to Combat Tuberculosis. (22 U.S.C. 2151b-3; added in

2003.) Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “for the prevention,
treatment, control, and elimination of tuberculosis” (subsection (c)). No year
expiration or termination stated.
§104C. Assistance to Combat Malaria. (22 U.S.C. 2151b-4; added in 2003.)

Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “for the prevention, treatment,
control, and elimination of malaria” (subsection (c)). No year expiration or
termination stated.
§105. Education and Human Resources Development. (22 U.S.C. 2151c;
See title III, Development Assistance, above.
added in 1973.) Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “for education, public §7060(a)(1)(A) allocates not less than $970 mil ion from title III “for the Nita M. Lowey
administration, and human resource development” (subsection (a)). Funds are
Basic Education Fund, and such funds may be made available notwithstanding any other
authorized for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsection (a)).
provision of law that restricts assistance to foreign countries.” The subparagraph
further states that $150 mil ion “should be for the education of girls in areas of
conflict.”
Not less than $285 mil ion shall be made available for assistance for higher education.
Not less than $35 mil ion shall be made available for “new and ongoing partnerships”
toward building higher education capacity (§7060(a)(2)).
Not less than $7 mil ion shall be made available for “scholar rescue programs, including
for scholars from Afghanistan, Burma, Ethiopia, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and
Yemen” (§7060(a)(3)) (p. 622).
§106. Energy, Private Voluntary Organizations, and Selected

Development Activities. (22 U.S.C. 2151d; added in 1975.) Authorizes the
President to furnish assistance for the development of energy resources,
cooperative programs in energy production and conservation, (subsection (b)); and
a range of programs of technical cooperation, reconstruction, special development
of infrastructure in the poorest countries, and urban development (subsection (d)).
Funds are authorized for fiscal years 2021 through 2023 “to finance cooperative
programs among the United States, Israel, and developing countries that identify and
support local solutions to address sustainability challenges relating to water
resources, agriculture, and energy storage” (subsection (e)).
§116. Human Rights. (22 U.S.C. 2151n; added in 1975.) The President is

authorized to use not less than $3 mil ion in Development Assistance, Development
Fund for Africa, and Economic Support Fund appropriations “for studies to identify,
and for ... carrying out, programs and activities which wil encourage or promote
increased adherence to civil and political rights, including the right to free religious
belief and practice” (subsection (e)).
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
§117. Environment and Natural Resources. (22 U.S.C. 2151p; added in 1977.)
The President is authorized to furnish assistance “for developing and strengthening
the capacity of developing countries to protect and manage their environment and
natural resources” (subsection (b)).
§119. Endangered Species. (22 U.S.C. 2151q; added in 1983.) The President is
§7061(i) provides not less than $20 mil ion to be made available “to support indigenous
authorized to furnish assistance “to assist countries in protecting and maintaining
and other civil society organizations in developing countries that are working to
wildlife habitats and in developing sound wildlife management and plant
protect the environment, including threatened and endangered species” (p. 625).
conservation programs” (subsection (b)). For FY 1987, not less than $2.5 mil ion is
allocated under this section (subsection (c)).
§122. General Authorities. (22 U.S.C. 2151t; added in 1978.) “In order to carry

out the purposes of this chapter, the President is authorized to furnish assistance ...
to countries and areas through programs of grant and loan assistance, bilaterally or
through regional, multilateral, or private entities” (subsection (a)). “The President is
authorized to make loans ... in order to promote the economic development of
countries and areas, with emphasis upon assisting long range plans and programs
designed to develop economic resources and increase productive capacities”
(subsection (b)). Not to exceed $10 mil ion made available each fiscal year for
Development Assistance may be used to fund “research and educational institutions
in the United States for the purpose of strengthening their capacity to develop and
carry out programs concerned with the economic and social development of
developing countries” (subsection (d)).
§123, Private and Voluntary Organizations and Cooperatives in Overseas
Development (22 U.S.C. 2151u; added in 1978). The President may use foreign
assistance to defray costs to deliver other assistance. For each of FYs 1986 through
1989, not less than 13.5% of aggregate funds appropriated for sections 103(a),
104(b), 104(c), 105, 106, 121, and 491 shall be made available for the activities of
private and voluntary organizations (subsection (f)).
§129. Program To Provide Technical Assistance To Foreign
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Governments and Foreign Central Banks of Developing or Transitional
Department of the Treasury
Countries. (22 U.S.C. 2151aa; added in 1998.) The Secretary of the Treasury, in
International Affairs Technical Assistance
consultation with the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the U.S. Agency
Appropriates $38 mil ion to remain available until expended, of which not more than
for International Development (USAID), “is authorized to establish a program to
$9.5 mil ion may be used for administrative expenses (p. 533).
provide technical assistance to foreign governments and foreign central banks of
developing countries in transitional countries” (subsection (a)(1)). Funds are
authorized for fiscal year 1999 (subsection (j)).
§130. Assistance for Victims of Torture. (22 U.S.C. 2152; added in 1998.) The

President is authorized to furnish assistance, in the form of grants, for the
rehabilitation of victims of torture.
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
§133. Programs To Encourage Good Governance. (22 U.S.C. 2152c; added
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
in 2000.) “The President is authorized establish programs that combat corruption,
Democracy Fund
improve transparency and accountability, and promote other forms of good
governance in countries” eligible to receive assistance under the Foreign Assistance
Appropriates, for programs of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and P.L. 98-164
Act of 1961 or the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989
$222.45 mil ion and an additional $133.25 mil ion for the State Department’s Bureau of
(subsection (a)).
Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, each to remain available until September 30,
2024 (p. 530).
Assistance for Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia
Appropriates for programs of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, FREEDOM Support
Act (P.L. 102-511), and SEED Act of 1989 (P.L. 101-179) $500.33 mil ion, to remain
available until September 30, 2024 (p. 530).
§7032(a)(1) provides $2.9 mil ion, from Development Assistance, Economic Support
Fun, Democracy Fund, Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia, and
International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement to be made available for
democracy programs. §7032(a)(2) provides $117.4 mil ion from ESF and Assistance for
Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia for the State Department’s Bureau of Democracy,
Human Rights, and Labor. §7032(c) defines “democracy programs” to include
“programs that support good governance,” among other features (p. 569).
§134. Assistance To Foreign Countries To Meet Minimum Standards for
§7034(a), addressing victims of war, displaced children, and displaced Burmese,
the Elimination of Trafficking. (22 U.S.C. 2152d; added in 2000.) The President
provides that “Funds appropriated in title III of this Act that are made available … to
is authorized to furnish assistance “to foreign countries directly, or through
combat trafficking in persons and assist victims of such trafficking may be made
nongovernmental and multilateral organizations, for programs, projects, and
available notwithstanding any other provision of law,” including not less than $10
activities designed to” eliminate the trafficking of persons.
mil ion from INCLE “for DNA forensic technology programs to combat human
trafficking in Central America and Mexico” (p. 572).
§7044(f) includes training related to deterring human trafficking in regional programs
for South and Central Asia (p. 600, 603).
§7045(a) includes references to combating human trafficking in regional programs for
Central America (p. 603, 605).
§7060(e), sector allocations, appropriates not less than $116.4 mil ion, of which not
less than $87 mil ion draws from INCLE funds, for international programs to deter
human trafficking (p. 623).
§7059, gender equality and women’s empowerment, includes a previous stand-alone
provision on gender-based violence that appropriates not less than $250 mil ion for
developing a strategy to prevent and respond to such violence (p. 621).
§135. Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children. (22 U.S.C.

2152f; added in 2005.) The President is authorized to furnish assistance “to provide
basic care and services for orphans and other vulnerable children” (subsection (c)).
The President “shall establish a monitoring and evaluation system to measure the
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
effectiveness of United States assistance to orphans and other vulnerable children”
(subsection (d)). Such sums as may be necessary are authorized for fiscal years 2006
and 2007 (subsection (f)).
§136. Assistance To Provide Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene. (22
No appropriations required; funded by the col ection of payments in local currencies
U.S.C. 2152h; added in 2005.) “[T]he President is authorized to furnish assistance
under title I of the Food for Peace Act.
for programs in developing countries to provide affordable and equitable access to
§7060(g), sector allocations, provides not less than $475 mil ion, of which not less than
safe water and sanitation” (subsection (b)). “The President may use payments made
$237 mil ion is for programs in sub-Saharan Africa, and of which not less than $17
in local currencies ... under title I of the Food for Peace Act ... to provide assistance
mil ion is “to support initiatives by local communities in developing countries to build
under this section” (subsection (d)).
and maintain safe latrines” (p. 624).
Chapter 2—Other Programs

§206 through §300
Title II—American Schools and Hospitals Abroad; Prototype Desalting Plant
§214 (22 U.S.C. 2174) and §219 (22 U.S.C. 2179)
§214. American Schools and Hospitals Abroad. (22 U.S.C. 2174; in original
§7060(b), sector allocations, provides from Development Assistance not less than
act.) The President is authorized to furnish assistance “to schools and libraries
$18.5 for cooperative development programs and not less than $31.5 mil ion for
outside the United States founded or sponsored by United States citizens and
American Schools and Hospitals Abroad (p. 623).
serving as study and demonstration centers for ideas and practices of the United
States” (subsection (a)). The President is authorized to furnish assistance to
“hospital centers for medical education and research outside the United States,
founded or sponsored by United States citizens” (subsection (b)). Funds are
authorized for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsection (c)).
§219. Prototype Desalting Plant. (22 U.S.C. 2179; added in 1969.) The

President is authorized “to participate in the development of a large-scale water
treatment and desalting prototype plan ... in Israel. . Such participation shall include
financial, technical, and such other assistance as the President deems appropriate”
(subsection (a)).
Title III—Housing and Other Credit Guaranty Programs

§221 (22 U.S.C. 2181) through §226 (22 U.S.C. 2186)
§222. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2182; added in 1969, originally as a housing

program for Latin America; restated in 1978.) The President is authorized “to issue
guaranties to eligible investors” (subsection (a)) committed to assisting “developing
countries in marshalling resources for low-cost shelter” (§221). Authority sunsets at
the end of fiscal year 1992.
§222A. Agricultural and Productive Credit and Self-Help Community

Development Programs. (22 U.S.C. 2182a; added in 1974.) USAID is authorized
“to issue guaranties ... to private lending institutions, cooperatives, and private
nonprofit development organizations ... to carry out agricultural credit and self-help
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
community development projects” (subsection (b)). The Inter-American Foundation
plays a role when guaranty coverage is directed to Latin America (subsection (d));
the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) plays an administrative role
through mid-1976 (subsection (f)), and for the transferring of predecessor programs
it initiated (subsection (g)). Authority sunsets at the end of fiscal year 1988.
Sec. 224. Trade Credit Insurance Program for Central America. (22

U.S.C. 2184; added in 1984.) USAID is authorized “to provide guarantees to the
[Export-Import] Bank for liabilities to be incurred by the Bank in connection with
guarantees or insurance ... for financing for transactions involving the export of
goods and services for the use of the private sector in Central American countries”
(subsection (a)). Authority sunsets at the end of fiscal year 1991 (subsection (c)).
Sec. 225. Trade Credit Insurance Program for Poland. (22 U.S.C. 2185;

added in 1989.) The President is authorized “to provide guarantees to the [Export-
Import] Bank” to cover certain liabilities related to “the export goods and services
for the use of the private sector in Poland” (subsection (a)). Authority sunsets at
the end of fiscal year 1992 (subsection (l)).
Sec. 226. Loan Guarantees To Israel Program. (22 U.S.C. 2186; added in

1992.) The President is authorized “to issue guarantees against losses incurred in
connection with loans to Israel made as a result of” resettling immigrants from the
former Soviet Union, Ethiopia, and elsewhere (subsecs. (a), (b)). Authority sunsets
at the end of fiscal year 1998 (subsection (a)).
Title IV—Overseas Private Investment Corporation

(Sec. 231 (22 U.S.C. 2191) through §240B (22 U.S.C. 2200b))

Section 1464 of the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development
(BUILD) Act of 2018 (division F of P.L. 115-254; 132 Stat. 3513; 22 U.S.C. 9684)
provides:
“SEC. 1464. TERMINATION OF OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT
CORPORATION AND OTHER SUPERCEDED AUTHORITIES.
“Effective at the end of the transition period—
“(1) the Overseas Private Investment Corporation is terminated; and
“(2) title IV of chapter 2 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22
U.S.C. 2191 et seq.) (other than subsections (g), (l), (m), and (n) of section 237 of
that Act) is repealed.”
Title V—Disadvantaged Children in Asia

(Sec. 241)
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
Sec. 241. Assistance to Certain Disadvantaged Children in Asia. (22 U.S.C.
2201; added in 1978.) The President is authorized to expend up to $3 mil ion “to
help meet the needs of these disadvantaged children in Asia” by providing assistance
through “international organizations or private voluntary agencies operating within,
and in cooperation with, the countries of Asia....”
Title VI—Development Assistance for Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises

Subtitle A—Grant Assistance
Sec. 251 (22 U.S.C. 2211) through §255 (22 U.S.C. 2211d)
Sec. 252. Authorization; Implementation; Targeted Assistance. (22 U.S.C.
§7060(d), sector allocations, provides that “not less than $265 mil ion shall be made
2211a; added in 2004.) The President is authorized to provide assistance “for
available to support the development of, and access to financing for, micro, small, and
programs in developing countries to increase the availability of credit, including the
medium-sized enterprises that benefit the poor, especial y women” (p. 623).
use of innovative credit scoring models, savings, financial technology, financial
literacy, education, insurance, property rights, and other services to micro, small,
and medium-sized enterprise clients lacking ful access to capital, training, technical
assistance, and business development services” (subsection (a)).
Title VI—Development Assistance for Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises

Subtitle B—Credit Assistance
Sec. 256 (22 U.S.C. 2212)
Sec. 256. Development Credits for Micro, Small, and Medium-sized
See above.
Enterprises. (22 U.S.C. 2212; added in 1983 as §108; transferred to
Microenterprise title in 2004.) The President is authorized “to provide assistance to
increase the availability of financial services to micro, small, and medium-sized
enterprises and households lacking ful access to credit and other financial services”
(subsection (b)). Funds are authorized for each of fiscal years 2005 through 2009
(subsection (f)).
Subtitle C—United States Microfinance Loan Facility

Sec. 257 (22 U.S.C. 2213)
Sec. 257. United States Microfinance Loan Facility. (22 U.S.C. 2213; added

in 2000.) The President is authorized “to establish a United States Microfinance
Loan Facility . . to pool and manage the risk from natural disasters, war or civil
conflict, national financial crisis, or short-term financial movements that threaten
the long-term development of United States-supported financial intermediaries”
(subtitle (a)). Funds are authorized for each of fiscal years 2005 through 2009
(subsection (d)).
Title XII—Famine Prevention and Freedom From Hunger

Sec. 296 (22 U.S.C. 2220a) through §300 (22 U.S.C. 2220e)
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
Sec. 297. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2220b; added in 1975.) The President is See title III, Development Assistance, above.
authorized to furnish assistance through U.S. universities to build “capacity and
human resources skil s of agriculturally developing countries . ., provide long-term
program support . ., involve United States universities more ful y in the international
network of agricultural science . ., and ... provide program support for international
agricultural research centers” (subsection (a)).
Sec. 299. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2220d; added in 1975.) The President is
See title III, Development Assistance, above.
authorized to use Development Assistance funds for these purposes.
Chapter 3—International Organizations and Programs
Title V—Multilateral Assistance
Sec. 301 (22 U.S.C. 2221) through §307 (22 U.S.C. 2227)
Funds Appropriated to the President
International Organizations and Programs
Appropriates $508.6 mil ion for §301, Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (p. 537).
§7057, U.N. Population Fund provides that $32.5 mil ion shall be made available for the
UNFPA (p. 619).
Sec. 301. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2221; in original act.) The President is

authorized “to make voluntary contributions on a grant basis to international
organizations and ... programs” (subsection (a)).
Sec. 302. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2222; in original act.) Funds are authorized

for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsection (a)). Funds for Indus Basin Development
are authorized beginning in fiscal year 1969 (subsection (b)(1)), and for fiscal years
1974 through 1976 (subsection (b)(2)). Additional funds are authorized for the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for fiscal years 1976 and 1977
(subsection (i)). Additional funds are authorized for multilateral and regional drug
abuse control programs for fiscal year 1989 (subsection (j)). Additional funds are
authorized for U.S. contributions to the Vaccine Fund, the International AIDS
Initiative, and the Malaria Vaccine Initiative, for fiscal years 2009 through 2013
(subsecs. (k), (l), and (m), respectively).
Chapter 5—Contingencies

Sec. 451 (22 U.S.C. 2261)
Sec. 451. Contingencies. (22 U.S.C. 2261; in original act.) The President is
§7034(f), special provisions, authorizes the President to use up to $145 mil ion under
authorized to use funds made available under the act to provide up to $25 mil ion in this section (p. 574).
any fiscal year to respond to unanticipated contingencies.
Chapter 6—Central America Democracy, Peace, and Development Initiative

Sec. 461 (22 U.S.C. 2271) through §466 (22 U.S.C. 2276)
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link to page 31 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
Sec. 465. Authorization for Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989. (22 U.S.C. 2275;

added in 1985.) The President is authorized an additional $1.2 mil ion for fiscal
years 1988 and 1989 for nonmilitary assistance for Central American countries.
Chapter 7—Debt-For-Nature Exchanges

Sec. 461 [sic] (22 U.S.C. 2281) through §466 [sic] (22 U.S.C. 2286)a
Sec. 462. [sic] Assistance for Commercial Debt Exchanges. (22 U.S.C.
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
2282; added in 1989.) The USAID Administrator is authorized to furnish assistance
Department of the Treasury
to facilitate debt-for-nature swaps.
Debt Restructuring
Appropriates $52 mil ion to remain available under September 30, 2026 for the costs
“of modifying loans and loan guarantees for, or credit extended to, such countries as
the President may determine, including the costs of selling, reducing, or canceling
amounts owed to the United States pursuant to multilateral debt restructurings” (p.
533).
See also §7067, debt-for development (p. 630).
Sec. 466. [sic] Pilot Program for Sub-Saharan Africa. (22 U.S.C. 2286;
§7067, debt-for development, provides for nongovernmental organizations
added in 1989.) The USAID Administrator is authorized to make grants to
participating in debt-for-development and debt-for-nature exchanges to accrue interest
nongovernmental organizations for purchase of discounted commercial debt held by on economic assistance provided under title III of this act (p. 630).
an “eligible sub-Saharan country” in exchange for natural resources restoration.
Chapter 8—International Narcotics Control
Title IV—International Security Assistance
Sec. 481 (22 U.S.C. 2291) through §490 (22 U.S.C. 2291j)
Department of State
International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement
Appropriates $1,391 mil ion, to remain available until September 30, 2024 (p. 534).
See also, for terms and conditions:
§7015(c), notification requirements (p. 552); §7032(a)(1), democracy programs (p.
569); §7034(b)(2), special provisions, relating to forensic technology in Mexico (p. 572);
§7035(a)(4), law enforcement and security, relating to prison conditions (p. 579);
§7041(f)(2), Middle East and North Africa, relating to Lebanon (p. 588); §7043(c)(2), (f),
East Asia and the Pacific, relating to countering China’s influence (p. 595), and the
Pacific Islands (p. 597); §7044(d), South and Central Asia, relating to Pakistan (p. 602);
§7045(b), Latin America and the Caribbean, relating to Colombia (p. 605); §7047(d),
counting Russian influence and aggression (p. 609); §7052, aircraft transfer,
coordination, and use (p. 617); §7055, extradition (p. 618); §7059(d), gender equality
and women’s empowerment (p. 622); §7060(e), sector allocations, relating to
programs combating trafficking in persons (p. 623); and §7066, stabilization and
development in regions impacted by extremism and conflict (p. 629).
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
Sec. 481. Policy, General Authorities, Coordination, Foreign Police

Actions, Definitions, and Other Provisions. (22 U.S.C. 2291; added in 1971.)
The President is authorized to furnish assistance “for the control of narcotic and
psychotropic drugs and other control ed substances, or for other anticrime
purposes” (subsection (a)(4)).
Sec. 482. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2291a; added in 1972.) Funds are authorized

to be appropriated for fiscal years 1993 and 1994 (subsection (a)(1). “The President
is authorized to accept contributions from foreign governments (subsection (c)(2)).
The President is authorized to provide assistance . . on a reimbursable basis”
(subsection (c)(3)).
Chapter 9—International Disaster Assistance
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Sec. 491 (22 U.S.C. 2292) through §495K (22 U.S.C. 2292q)
Funds Appropriated to the President
International Disaster Assistance
Appropriates $3,905.46 mil ion, to remain available until expended (p. 529).
Transition Initiatives
Appropriates $80 mil ion, to remain available until expended, “to support transition to
democracy and long-term development of countries in crisis.” Authorizes the
reprogramming of up to $15 mil ion from Part I (development assistance and other
nonmilitary programs) for transition assistance if the Secretary of State determines it is
important to the national interests to do so (p. 529).
See also, §7019(f), allocations and reports (p. 556); §7033(b), international religious
freedom (p. 571); §7034(m), special provisions, monitoring and evaluation (p. 575);
§7055, extradition (p. 618); and §7058, global health activities (p. 620).
Sec. 491. Policy and General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2292; added in 1975,

though an earlier section, added in 1971 and subsequently repealed, authorized
assistance for refugee relief.) The President is authorized to furnish assistance for
international disaster relief (subsection (b)). The President is authorized to make
available emergency food assistance (subsec. (c), added in 2016).
Sec. 492. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2292a; added in 1975.)

The President is authorized to provide 2,794.18 mil ion in assistance under §491 for
each of fiscal years 2017 through 2023, of which up to $1,257.38 mil ion should be
made available for emergency food assistance (subsec. (a)). An additional 450 mil ion
in any fiscal year may be obligated under this chapter (subsec. (b)).
Chapter 10—Development Fund for Africa
See title III, Development Assistance, above.
(Sec. 496 (22 U.S.C. 2293) and §497 (22 U.S.C. 2294))
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
Sec. 496. Long-Term Development Assistance for Sub-Saharan Africa.

(22 U.S.C. 2293; added in 1990.) “The President is authorized to furnish ...
assistance ... for long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa” (subsection (b)). Any
reference in law to Development Assistance should be understood to also mean
assistance under this chapter (subsection (d)). “[A]ssistance ... shall emphasize”
economic reform, protection of vulnerable groups, democratization, conflict
resolution (subsection (h)), agricultural production, natural resource development,
health, voluntary family planning, education, income-generating opportunities
(subsection (I)), regional integration (subsection (l)), and support to sectors
supported by the Southern Africa Development Coordination Conference
(SADCC) (subsection (o)).
Sec. 497. Authorizations of Appropriations for the Development Fund

for Africa. (22 U.S.C. 2291; added in 1990.) Authorizes funds to remain available
until expended.
Chapter 11—Support for the Economic and Democratic Development of the
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Independent States of the Former Soviet Union
Funds Appropriated to the President
Sec. 498 (22 U.S.C. 2295) through §498C (22 U.S.C. 2295c)
Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia
Appropriates $500.33 mil ion, to remain available until September 30, 2024, for
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the FREEDOM Support Act (P.L. 102-511), and the
Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989 (P.L. 101-179) “which shall
be available, notwithstanding any other provision of law, except for section 7047 of
this act . . Provided further, That funds appropriated under this heading may be made
available for contributions to multilateral initiatives to counter hybrid threats.” (p.
530).
See also, for terms and conditions: §7011, availability of funds (p. 548); §7015(c),
notification requirements (p. 552); §7023, definition of program, project, and activity
(p. 559); §7027, eligibility for assistance (p. 562); §7032, democracy programs (p. 569);
§7034(c), special provisions, directives and authorities (p. 572); §7046, Europe and
Eurasia (p. 608); §7047, countering Russian influence and aggression (p. 609); §7050,
global internet freedom (p. 615); §7058, global health activities (p. 620); §7059, gender
equality and women’s empowerment (p. 621); §7060(a), (e), sector allocations relating
to education, trafficking in persons (p. 622); and §7065, USAID (p. 628).
Sec. 498. Assistance for the Independent States. (22 U.S.C. 2295; added in

1992.) “The President is authorized to provide assistance to the independent states
of the former Soviet Union” for urgent humanitarian needs, democracy and rule of
law programs, developing an independent media, developing private enterprise,
promoting trade and investment, promoting market-based distribution of
agriculture, strengthening health and human services, reforming education,
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
promoting market-based pricing for energy, implementing civilian nuclear reactor
safety, enhancing environmental protections and conservation, improving
transportation, promoting il icit drug control, and protecting refugees, migrants and
the displaced.
Sec. 498C. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2295c; added in

1992.) Authorizes funds for fiscal year 1993.
Chapter 12—Support for the Economic and Political Independence of the
See discussion under Chapter 11, immediately above.
Countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia
Sec. 499 (22 U.S.C. 2296) through §499F (22 U.S.C. 2296f)
See authorization in chapter 11, above.
Sec. 499. United States Assistance To Promote Reconciliation And

Recovery From Regional Conflicts. (22 U.S.C. 2296; added in 1999.) “[T]he
President is authorized to provide humanitarian assistance and economic
reconstruction assistance for the countries of the South Caucasus and Central
Asia” (subsection (a)) “(1) ... for humanitarian needs of victims of the conflicts; (2)
facilitating the return of refugees and internally displaced persons to their homes;
and (3) assisting in the reconstruction of residential and economic infrastructure
destroyed by war” (subsection (c)).
Sec. 499A. Economic Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2296a; added in 1999.) The

President is authorized to furnish assistance to the region (subsection (b)) to
“support the development of the structures and means necessary for the growth of
private sector economies” (subsection (c)).
Sec. 499B. Development of Infrastructure. (22 U.S.C. 2296b; added in 1999.)

Authorizes the Export-Import Bank, Overseas Private Investment Corporation
[U.S. International Development Finance Corporation], and Trade and
Development Agency (subsection (b)) to support “the participation of United States
companies and investors in the planning, financing, and construction of
infrastructure for communications, transportation, ... and energy and trade”
(subsection (c)).
Sec. 499C. Border Control Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2296c; added in 1999.) The

President is authorized to furnish assistance (subsection (b)) for maintaining
“national border guards, coast guard, and customs controls” (subsection (c)).
Sec. 499D. Strengthening, Tolerance, and the Development of Civil

Society. (22 U.S.C. 2296d; added in 1999.) The President is authorized to furnish
assistance for the development of democracy, nongovernmental organizations,
independent media, rule of law, independent judiciary, transparency in both
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link to page 6 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
See also, for terms and conditions relating to Economic Support Fund: title III para. on
Assistance for Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia (p. 530); §7009, transfer of funds
authority (p. 545); §7010, prohibition and limitations on certain expenses (p. 547);
§7015, notification requirements (p. 551); §7019, allocations and reports (p. 556);
§7023, definition of program, project, and activity (p. 559); §7030, technology security
(p. 565); §7032, democracy programs (p. 569); §7033, international religious freedom
(p. 571); §7034, special provisions (p. 572); §7039, assistance for the West Bank and
Gaza (p. 583); §7041, Middle East and North Africa (p. 585); §7042, Africa (p. 592);
§7043, East Asia and the Pacific (p. 594); §7044, South and Central Asia (p. 600); §7045,
Latin America and the Caribbean (p. 603); §7050, global internet freedom (p. 615);
§7058, global health activities (p. 620); §7060(e), sector allocations, relating to
trafficking in persons (p. 623); and §7066, stabilization and development in regions
impacted by extremism and conflict (p. 629).

Funding for the Foreign Military Financing Program is authorized pursuant to §23,
Arms Export Control Act (see Table 2). The Department of State, Foreign
Operations Appropriations, 2023, provides:
Foreign Military Financing Program
(p. 536)
Appropriates $6,053.05 mil ion for Foreign Military Financing.
See also, for terms and conditions relating to Foreign Military Financing: §7015,
notification requirements (p. 551); §7035, law enforcement and security (p. 578);
§7041, Middle East and North Africa, including Egypt, Israel, Lebanon (p. 585); §7043,
East Asia and the Pacific, including Burma, the Countering PRC Influence Fund, the
Pacific Islands, and Taiwan (p. 594); §7044, South and Central Asia, including Nepal and
Pakistan (p. 600); §7045, Latin America and the Caribbean (p. 603); §7047, countering
Russian influence and aggression (p. 609); and §7066, stabilization and development in
regions impacted by extremism and conflict (p. 629).
Sec. 531. Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2346; in original act as “Supporting Assistance,”

though substantially restated in 1971 and again in 1978.) The “President is
authorized to furnish assistance to countries and organizations ... in order to
promote economic or political stability” (subsection (a)).
Sec. 532. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2346a; in original act as

“Supporting Assistance,” though substantially restated in 1971 and again in 1978.)
Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 for Israel and Egypt, and other
funds in the same period “for recipients or purposes other than the countries
referred to in paragraph (1).”
Sec. 533. Emergency Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2346b; added in 1981.) Authorizes

some of the funds defined in §532 for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 to be made
CRS-22

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
available for emergency use “when the national interests of the United States
urgently require economic support to promote economic or political stability”
(subsec. (a)).
Sec. 534. Administration of Justice. (22 U.S.C. 2346c; added in 1985.)

Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “to countries and organizations,
including national and regional institutions, in order to strengthen the
administration of justice in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean”
(subsection (a)). “Not more than $20,000,000 of the funds made available to carry
out this chapter for any fiscal year shall be available to carry out this section, in
addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes” (subsec. (c)).
Sec. 535. People-to-People Partnership for Peace Fund. (22 U.S.C. 2346d;
§7060(f), sector allocations, reconciliation programs, provides not less than $25 mil ion
added in 2020.) Authorizes the USAID Administrator to establish a program to
in development assistance “to support people-to-people reconciliation programs which
fund projects “to help build the foundation for peaceful co-existence between the
bring together individuals of different ethnic, racial, religious, and political backgrounds
Israelis and Palestinians and for a sustainable two-state solution” (subsec. (a)).
from areas of civil strife and war” (p. 623).
Chapter 5—International Military Education and Training
Title IV—International Security Assistance
Sec. 541 (22 U.S.C. 2347) through §549 (22 U.S.C. 2347h)
Funds Appropriated to the President
International Military Education and Training
Appropriates $112.925 mil ion, to remain available until September 30, 2024, of which
up to $3 mil ion may remain available until expended “to increase the participation of
women in programs and activities funded under this heading” (p. 535).
See also, for terms and conditions: §7010, prohibition and limitation on certain
expenses (p. 547)); §7015, notification requirements (p. 551); §7035(d), law
enforcement and security, security assistance report (p. 581); §7041(i), Middle East and
North Africa, Saudi Arabia (p. 589); §7042, Africa, (p. 592); §7043(a), East Asia and the
Pacific, Burma (p. 594); §7044(e), South and Central Asia, Sri Lanka (p. 602); and
§7047(d), countering Russian influence and aggression, Countering Russian Influence
Fund (p. 611).
Sec. 541. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2347; added in 1976.) “The President is

authorized to furnish .. military education and training to military and related
civilian personnel of foreign countries.”
Sec. 542. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2347a; added in 1976.) Authorizes funds for

fiscal years 1986 and 1987.
Sec. 544. Exchange Training. (22 U.S.C. 2347c; added in 1985.) “The President

is authorized to provide for the attendance of foreign military personnel at
professional military education institutions in the United States (other than service
academies)” (subsection (a)). “The President may provide for the attendance of
foreign military and civilian defense personnel at flight training schools and
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
programs” (subsection (b)). The President is authorized to enter into cooperative
arrangements for foreign and U.S. military and civilian defense personnel to
participate in “flying training and tactical leadership programs and integrated air and
missile defense programs at training locations in Southwest Asia” (subsec. (c)).
Chapter 6—Peacekeeping Operations
Title IV—International Security Assistance
Sec. 551 (22 U.S.C. 2348) through §554 (22 U.S.C. 2348d)
Department of State
Peacekeeping Operations
Appropriates $460.759 mil ion, of which $330 mil ion may remain available until
September 30, 2024, and of which not less than $25 mil ion shall be made available for
a U.S. contribution to the Multinational Force and Observers mission in Sinai (p. 535).
See also, for conditions and terms: §7015, notification requirements (p. 551); §7035,
law enforcement and security (p. 578); §7042(d), Africa, Democratic Republic of the
Congo (p. 592); and §7066, stabilization and development in regions impacted by
extremism and conflict (p. 629).
Sec. 551. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2348; added in 1978.) “The President is
authorized to furnish assistance to friendly countries and international organizations
. . for peacekeeping operations and other programs carried out in furtherance of
the national security interests of the United States.”
Sec. 552. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2348a; added in 1978.)
§7048 authorizes the President, if he finds “that doing so wil contribute to a just
Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsection (a)). Authorizes the
resolution of charges regarding genocide or other violations of international
President to transfer limited funds from Economic Support Funds to Peacekeeping
humanitarian law,” pursuant to §552(c), to draw down up to $30 mil ion of
to respond to an unforeseen emergency (subsection (c); added in 1979).
commodities and services for the U.N. War Crimes Tribunal addressing the former
Yugoslavia, or other such future tribunals (125 Stat. 1240).
Chapter 7—Air Base Construction in Israel

Sec. 561 (22 U.S.C. 2349) through §563 (2349b)
Sec. 561. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2349; added in 1979.) “The President is
authorized ... to construct such air bases in Israel ... to replace the ... airbases
located at Etzion and Etam on the Sinai peninsula that are to be evacuated” (para.
(1)), and “to furnish ... defense articles and defense services” (para. (2)).
Sec. 562. Authorization and Utilization of Funds. (22 U.S.C. 2349a; added in
[Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1979 (P.L. 96-35; 93 Stat. 103) provided $800
1979.) Authorizes $800 mil ion, to remain available until expended (subsection (a)).
mil ion.]
Chapter 8—Antiterrorism Assistance
Title IV—International Security Assistance
Sec. 571 (22 U.S.C. 2349aa) through §575 (22 U.S.C. 2349aa-5)
Department of State
Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining and Related Programs
Appropriates $921 mil ion to remain available through September 30, 2024, to carry
out chapter 8, chapter 9 (below), §504 of the FREEDOM Support Act, §23 of the Arms
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
Export Control Act, or other sections of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 that apply
to demining, clearance of ordnance, destruction of small arms, and related activities (p.
534).
See also, for terms and conditions: §7015, notification requirements (p. 551); §7041(b),
Middle East and North Africa, Iran (p. 587); §7043(c), (f), Countering PRC Influence
Fund, Pacific Island countries (p. 595, 597); §7055, extradition (p. 618); and §7066,
stabilization and development in regions impacted by extremism and conflict (p. 629).
Sec. 571. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2349aa; added in 1983.) The “President
is authorized to furnish ... assistance to foreign countries in order to enhance the
ability of their law enforcement personnel to deter terrorists and terrorist groups
from engaging in international terrorist acts” notwithstanding most other provisions
of law.
Sec. 574. Authorizations of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2349aa-4; added in

1983, with substantial amendments thereafter.) Authorizes funds for fiscal years
2001 through 2003.
Chapter 9—Nonproliferation and Export Control Assistance
See immediately above.
Sec. 581 (22 U.S.C. 2349bb) through §586 (22 U.S.C. 2349bb-4)
Sec. 582. Authorization of Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2349bb-1; added in 2000.)

The “President is authorized to furnish .. assistance . . [for] training services and the
provision of funds, equipment, and other commodities related to the detection,
deterrence, monitoring, interdiction, and prevention or countering of proliferation,
the establishment of effective nonproliferation laws and regulations, and the
apprehension of those individuals involved in acts of proliferation of such weapons.”
Sec. 584. International Nonproliferation Export Control Training. (22

U.S.C. 2349bb-2a; added in 2002.) “The President is authorized to furnish ..
education and training to appropriate military and civilian personnel of foreign
countries for the purpose of enhancing the nonproliferation and export control
capabilities of such personnel” (subsection (a)).
Sec. 586. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2349bb-4; added in

2000, substantially updated in 2002.) Authorizes funds for fiscal year 2003.
Part III

Chapter 1—General Provisions
Sec. 601 (22 U.S.C. 2351) through §620M (22 U.S.C. 2378d)
Chapter 2—Administrative Provisions

Sec. 621 (22 U.S.C. 2381) through §640C (22 U.S.C. 2399d)
CRS-25

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
Sec. 635. General Authorities. (22 U.S.C. 2395; in original act.) “The President

may make loans, advances, and grants to, make and perform agreements and
contracts with, or enter into other transactions with, any individual, corporation, or
other body of persons, friendly government or government agency, whether within
or without the United States and international organizations in furtherance of the
purposes and within the limitations of this Act” (subsection (b)).
Sec. 637. Administrative Expenses. (22 U.S.C. 2397; in original act.) Authorizes
appropriations, in “such amounts as may be necessary from time to time for
administrative expenses” of the State Department for functions in this act and in
“unrepealed provisions of the Mutual Security Act of 1954 [predecessor to the
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961]” (subsection (b)).
Chapter 3—Miscellaneous Provisions

Sec. 641 (22 U.S.C. 2401) through §667 (22 U.S.C. 2427)
Sec. 661. Trade and Development Agency. (22 U.S.C. 2421; added in 1974,
Title VI—Export and Investment Assistance
substantively restated in 1992.) Establishes the Trade and Development Agency
Trade and Development Agency
(TDA) and authorizes its director to provide funds for TDA programs (subsection
(a)). Authorizes funds for fiscal year 2000 and “such sums as may be necessary for
Appropriates $87 mil ion to remain available until September 30, 2024 (p. 542).
each fiscal year thereafter” (subsection (f)).
See also, for conditions and terms: §7022, authorization requirements (p. 559); and
§7046, Europe and Eurasia (p. 608).
Sec. 667. Operating Expenses. (22 U.S.C. 2427; added in 1975, substantively
Title II—United States Agency for International Development
restated in 1977.) Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 for the
Funds Appropriated to the President
administration of part I of the act—covering development assistance and other
Operating Expenses
nonmilitary assistance programs.
Appropriates $1,743.35 mil ion, of which up to $261.5 mil ion may remain available
until September 30, 2024 (p. 526).
Capital Investment Fund
Appropriates $259.1 mil ion for overseas construction and related costs, and for
related procurement and enhancement of information technology, to remain available
until expended (p. 526).
Office of Inspector General
Appropriates $80.5 mil ion, to remain available until September 30, 2024 (p. 527).
In General Provisions, §7065, relating to USAID management, cites §667 and other
statutes to allow USAID “to employ up to 40 personal services contractors” with
some conditions (p. 629).
Part IV—Enterprise for the Americas Initiative

Sec. 701 (22 U.S.C. 2430) through §710 (22 U.S.C. 2430i)
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division K of P.L. 117-328; 136 Stat. 4459)
Sec. 704. Reduction of Certain Debt. (22 U.S.C. 2430c; added in 1992.) “The
Debt reduction, see: title III, paragraph on debt restructuring (p. 533).
President may reduce the amount owed to the United States ... as a result of
See also related to debt restructuring and deficit financing, for conditions and terms:
concessional loans made to an eligible country” in the form of Development
§7026, separate accounts authorization requirements (p. 561); §7031, financial
Assistance or other nonmilitary aid, Economic Support Fund, or earlier forms of
management, budget transparency, and anti-corruption (p. 566); and §7067, debt-for-
foreign aid. “The authority provided by this section may be exercised only in such
development (p. 630).
amounts or to such extent as is provided in advance by appropriations Acts”
(subsec. (a)).
Sec. 708. Americas Framework Agreements. (22 U.S.C. 2430g; added in

1992.) “The Secretary of State is authorized .. to enter into an Americas
Framework Agreement with any eligible country concerning the operations and use
of the Americas Fund for that country” (subsection (a)). The Americas Fund is
established under §707 (22 U.S.C. 2430f).
Part V—Debt Reduction for Developing Countries with Tropical Forests
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Sec. 801 (22 U.S.C. 2151 note) through §813 (22 U.S.C. 2431k)
Independent Agencies
Tropical Forest and Coral Reef Conservation
Appropriates $20 mil ion, to remain available until September 30, 2026, for part V of
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (p. 533).
See also, on debt reduction, title III, paragraph on debt restructuring (p. 533); §7026,
separate accounts authorization requirements (p. 561); §7031, financial management,
budget transparency, and anti-corruption (p. 566); and §7067, debt-for-development
(p. 630).
Sec. 806. Reduction of Debt Owed to the United States as a Result of

Concessional Loans under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. (22 U.S.C.
2431d; added in 1997.) “The President may reduce the amount owed to the United
States .. as a result of concessional loans made to an eligible county” in the form of
Development Assistance or other nonmilitary aid, Economic Support Fund, or
earlier forms of foreign aid. Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1999 through 2001
(subsection (a)). Further authorizes funds to reduce debt under this section or
under §807, relating to Food for Peace credits, for fiscal years 2002 through 2007,
and fiscal years 2019 and 2020 (subsection (d)). Program conducted under the
Conservation Facility (renamed from the “Tropical Forest Facility” in 2019),
established in §804 (22 U.S.C. 2431b).
Sec. 807. Reduction of Debt Owed to the United States as a Result of

Credits Extended Under Title I of the Food for Peace Act. (22 U.S.C.
2431e; added in 1997.) The President is authorized to reduce debt as a result of
credits extended under the Food for Peace program (7 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.).
Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1999 through 2001 (subsection (a)).
CRS-27

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Author Information

Dianne E. Rennack

Specialist in Foreign Policy Legislation

Acknowledgments
Susan G. Chesser, formerly a CRS Senior Research Librarian, contributed immeasurably to this report.

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