Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations
and Corresponding Appropriations
Dianne E. Rennack
Specialist in Foreign Policy Legislation
Susan G. Chesser
Information Research Specialist
July 29, 2011
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R40089
CRS Report for Congress
P
repared for Members and Committees of Congress
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Summary
The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.) serves as the
cornerstone for the United States’ foreign assistance policies and programs. Written, passed, and
signed into law at what some consider the height of the Cold War, the act is seen by some today
as anachronistic. Ironically, when President Kennedy urged the 87th Congress to enact foreign aid
legislation that would exemplify and advance the national interests and security strategies of the
United States post-World War II, he described the existing foreign aid mechanisms as
bureaucratic, fragmented, awkward, and slow. Some have used the same language today, nearly
50 years later, to characterize the legislation he promoted.
On several occasions over the past 20 years, Congress has set out to assess the current body of
law that comprises foreign aid policy, starting with the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. The
Foreign Affairs and Foreign Relations Committees, in recent past Congresses, have considered
legislation to rebuild the United States’ capacity to deliver effective foreign aid, and make aid
more transparent and responsive to today’s quick-changing international challenges. Proposals
have ranged from setting up advisory committees to a complete overhaul of foreign aid objectives
and programs.
This report presents the authorities of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and
correlates those authorities with the operative appropriations measure (division F of P.L. 111-117;
123 Stat. 3312, as continued by Section 1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38) that funds those authorities. For
many years, foreign aid appropriations measures have waived the requirement that funds must be
authorized before they are appropriated and expended. Understanding the relation between the
authorities in the cornerstone act and appropriations is key to foreign aid reform.
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Contents
Background ................................................................................................................................ 1
Other Authorizations ............................................................................................................. 3
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorities and Appropriations ................................................. 5
Authorization........................................................................................................................ 5
Appropriation ....................................................................................................................... 6
Tables
Table 1. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as enacted (P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.;
75 Stat. 424)............................................................................................................................. 1
Table 2. Selected Other Authorizations ........................................................................................ 3
Table 3. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended: Authorizations and Corresponding
Appropriations in Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010, as continued the Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act,
2011......................................................................................................................................... 8
Contacts
Author Contact Information ...................................................................................................... 36
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Background
The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), enacted at the behest
of President Kennedy, sought to organize and implement U.S. foreign assistance programs with a
commitment to long-range economic assistance to the developing world. The President, in a
“Special Message to the Congress on Foreign Aid,” delivered March 22, 1961, described the U.S.
foreign aid programs emerging from World War II as
[b]ureaucratically fragmented, awkward and slow, its administration is diffused over a
haphazard and irrational structure covering at least four departments and several other
agencies. The program is based on a series of legislative measures and administrative
procedures conceived at different times and for different purposes, many of them now
obsolete, inconsistent and unduly rigid and thus unsuited for our present needs and purposes.
Its weaknesses have begun to undermine confidence in our effort both here and abroad.1
President Kennedy went on to note the declining prestige of the United States’ foreign aid
apparatus and the negative impact of that decline on administering and staffing programs abroad.
The President also cited the uneven and undependable short-term financing of programs and the
resulting disincentive for long-term efficient planning. Congress and the executive branch worked
together to enact the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to address these shortcomings at a time when
much of the developing world was emerging as newly independent states, when those new
nations were, “without exception ... under Communist pressure,” and when “the free
industrialized nations” found themselves in a position “to assist the less-developed nations on a
long-term basis ... [as they find themselves] on the threshold of achieving sufficient economic,
social and political strength and self-sustained growth to stand permanently on their own feet.”2
Though the original Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 lengthened the authorization time frame for
funding development assistance to five years, other programs were authorized for shorter periods.
The act still required occasional reauthorization legislation to renew programs beyond that
original time frame, and Congress retained its role of appropriating funds. The original act
authorized the funding levels shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as enacted
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.; 75 Stat. 424)
Program Authorization
Funding Levels and Duration
Development assistance
1.2 billion for fiscal year 1962
$1.5 billion “for each of the next four succeeding years” [§202]
Development grants and technical
Not to exceed $380 million “for use beginning in the fiscal year 1962”
cooperation
[§212]
Investment guarantees
Not to exceed $90 million, through June 30, 1964 (fiscal years, at that
time, ran July through June in a given year) [§221]
Surveys of investment opportunities
Not to exceed $5 million “for use beginning in fiscal year 1962” [§232]
1 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy, 1961. “Special Message to the Congress on
Foreign Aid,” March 22, 1961. pp. 203-212.
2 Kennedy, March 22, 1961. p. 205.
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Program Authorization
Funding Levels and Duration
Contributions to international
Not to exceed $153.5 million for fiscal year 1962 [§302]
organizations and programs
Supporting assistance
Not to exceed $465 million “for use beginning in the fiscal year 1962”
[§402]
Contingency fund
Not to exceed $300 million for fiscal year 1962 [§451]
Military assistance
Not to exceed $1.7 billion, “for use beginning in the fiscal years 1962 and
1963” [§504]
Through 1985, Congress regularly enacted new authorization legislation or amended the original
act to update authorization time frames, and to incorporate newer programs and authorities. After
1986, however, Congress turned more frequently to enacting freestanding authorities that did not
amend the 1961 act, and included language in annual appropriations measures to waive the
requirement to keep authorizations current. Thus, sections in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961,
in many instances, do not refer to authorization beyond fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (unless the
program was added to the act by an amendment enacted after that period), but programs are
continued through appropriations.3
3 Section 10 of the Foreign Military Sales Amendments, 1971 (P.L. 91-672; 22 U.S.C. 2412) requires authorization
before appropriations, stating that “no money appropriated for foreign assistance (including foreign military sales) shall
be available for obligation or expenditure—(1) unless the appropriation thereof has been previously authorized by law;
or (2) in excess of an amount previously prescribed by law.” The section, however, is routinely waived, most recently
in Section 7023 of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2010
(division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3353), as continued in Section 1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-
Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38), which states
Funds appropriated by this Act, except funds appropriated under the heading “Trade and
Development Agency”, may be obligated and expended notwithstanding section 10 of Public Law
91-672, section 15 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956, section 313 of the
Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994 and 1995 (P.L. 103-236), and section
504(a)(1) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 414(a)(1)).
The current Department of State and Foreign Operations appropriations, as continued, also funds a new program—the
Complex Crises Fund—without a corresponding authorization. Title III of the act provides (at 123 Stat. 3327):
COMPLEX CRISES FUND
For necessary expenses to carry out the provisions of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to
enable the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), in
consultation with the Secretary of State, to support programs and activities to prevent or respond to
emerging or unforeseen complex crises overseas, $50,000,000, to remain available until expended:
Provided, That funds appropriated under this heading may be made available on such terms and
conditions as the USAID Administrator may determine, in consultation with the Committees on
appropriations, for the purposes of preventing or responding to such crises, except that no funds
shall be made available to respond to natural disasters: Provided further, That funds appropriated
under this heading shall be made available notwithstanding section 10 of Public Law 91-672 and
section 15 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956: Provided further, That the
USAID Administrator may furnish assistance under this heading notwithstanding any other
provision of law, except sections 7007, 7008, and 7018 of this Act and section 620J of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961: Provided further, That funds appropriated under this heading shall be
subject to the regular notification procedures of the Committees on Appropriations, except that
such notifications shall be transmitted at least 5 days in advance of the obligation of funds:
Provided further, That the requirements of the previous proviso may be waived if failure to do so
would pose a substantial risk to human health or welfare: Provided further, That in case of any such
waiver, notification to the Committees on Appropriations shall be provided as early as practicable,
but in no event later than 3 days after taking the action to which such notification requirement was
applicable, in the context of the circumstances necessitating such waiver: Provided further, That
(continued...)
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Other Authorizations
A few programs are established outside the statutory framework of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961, and thus are not included in detail in this report.4 Reimbursable military exports, for
example, are addressed in the Arms Export Control Act and subsequent Security Assistance Acts.
Since 1985, the last year Congress passed a comprehensive reauthorization of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961, both Congress and the President have promoted a variety of specialized
authorities in freestanding legislation. Some freestanding laws that authorize foreign aid or apply
new conditions to aid authorized in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Selected Other Authorizations
Popular Name: Purpose
Citation
Arms Export Control Act:
P.L. 90-629; 22 U.S.C.
2751 et seq.; signed into
—authorizes reimbursable military exports (arms sales, leases, loans)
law October 22, 1968
Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended:a
P.L. 106-386; 22 U.S.C.
7101 et seq.; signed into
—authorizes $5.5 million for each of FY2008 through FY2011 to the Secretary of State
law October 28, 2000
for the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking, Senior Policy Operating Group, and
implementation of reports, watchlists, assessments, certifications and determinations;
authorizes an additional $1.5 million and $3 million for personnel and administrative
expenses of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking (§113(a));
—authorizes to the Secretary of State for each of FY2008 through FY2011: $10 million
for prevention; $10 million for protection; $1 million for cooperation with international
organizations; and $10 million for prosecution and meeting minimum standards (§113(c));
—authorizes $250,000 for each of FY2008 through FY2011 to the President, acting
through the Attorney General and Secretary of State, “for training of law enforcement
officers, prosecutors, and members of the judiciary ... at the International Law
Enforcement Academies.” (§113(d)(B));
—authorizes $15 million for each of FY2008 through FY2011 to the President for foreign
victim assistance (§113(e)(1));
—authorizes $15 million for each of FY2008 through FY2011 to the President to assist
foreign countries to meet minimum standards (§113(e)(2); see also §134, Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961, as amended); and
—authorizes $2 million for each of FY2008 through FY2011 to the President for
research (§113(e)(3)).
(...continued)
any such notification provided pursuant to such waiver shall contain an explanation of the
emergency circumstances.
Section 2108 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 178) provides $40 million for the Complex Crises Fund for FY2011.
4 Still other laws have been enacted to augment the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961—setting limited-term conditions
for aid otherwise provided for in the act. P.L. 109-159, for example, which provides for the transfer to the Republic of
Korea of obsolete or surplus items with military application, is a freestanding law but draws on the President’s
authority stated in Section 516 of the act to transfer excess defense articles. Similarly, Congress has enacted a series of
laws to transfer excess or obsolete naval vessels to U.S. allies. Congress has also enacted acts in recent years
authorizing conditional aid to targeted populations or organizations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan,
North Korea, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran.
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Popular Name: Purpose
Citation
United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of P.L. 108-25; 22 U.S.C.
2003, as amended:
7601 et seq.; signed into
law May 27, 2003
—authorizes “in addition to any other funds authorized to be appropriated for bilateral
or multilateral HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, or malaria programs” to the President up to $2
billion for FY2009 and such sums as may be necessary for each of FY2010 through
FY2013 for U.S. contributions to the Global Fund (§202(d)(1));
—authorizes $48 billion for FY2009 through FY2013 to the President for programs
added to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (§401; see also secs. 104A through 104C in
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended); and
—authorizes “such sums as may be necessary for the fiscal year 2004 and each fiscal year
thereafter to carry out section 1625 of the International Financial Institutions Act”
(relating to debt relief for the most heavily indebted countries) (§503).
Millennium Challenge Act of 2003, as amended:
Title VI of Division D of
—authorizes “such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2004 and 2005”
P.L. 108-199; 22 U.S.C.
(§619).
7701 et seq.; signed into
law January 23, 2004
North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004:
P.L. 108-333; 22 U.S.C.
—authorizes $2 million for each of FY2005 through FY2012 for human rights and
7801 et seq.; signed into
democracy programs (§102);
law October 18, 2004
—authorizes $2 million for each of FY2005 through FY2012 for actions to promote
freedom of information (§104); and
—authorizes $20 million for each of FY2005 through FY2012 in assistance to North
Koreans outside of their country (§203).
Iran Freedom Support Act:
P.L. 109-293; 50 U.S.C.
—authorizes to the Secretary of State “such sums as may be necessary” for financial and
1701 note; signed into
political assistance to “foreign and domestic individuals, organizations, and entities
law September 30, 2006
working for the purpose of supporting and promoting democracy for Iran.” (§302)
Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy
P.L. 109-456; 22 U.S.C.
Promotion Act of 2006:
2151 note; signed into
—authorizes “at least” $52 million in bilateral assistance for each of FY2006 and FY2007
law December 22, 2006
to Congo (§103).
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007:b
P.L. 110-140; 42 U.S.C.
1731 et seq.; signed into
—authorizes $200 million for each of FY2008 through FY2012 to the Administrator of
law December 19, 2007
the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) to assist developing countries
that promote clean and efficient energy technologies (§911(c));
—authorizes $5 million for each of FY2008 through FY2020 for work of a newly
established Task Force on International Cooperation for Clean and Efficient Energy
Technologies (§917(e)); and
—authorizes $20 million for each of FY2009 through FY2013 for work of a newly
established International Clean Energy Foundation (§927).
Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009c
P.L. 111-32; 123 Stat.
1859 at 1895; signed into
—establishes the Pakistan Counterinsurgency Capability Fund and appropriates $700
law June 24, 2009
million for FY2009 and FY2010 “notwithstanding any other provision of law, for the
purpose of providing assistance for Pakistan to build and maintain the counterinsurgency
capability of Pakistani security forces” (title XI).
Enhanced Partnership With Pakistan Act of 2009d
P.L. 111-73; 22 U.S.C.
8401 et seq.; signed into
—authorizes $1.5 billion for each of FY2010 through FY2014 to the President to provide
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Popular Name: Purpose
Citation
democratic, economic, and development assistance to Pakistan (title I); and
law October 15, 2009
—authorizes “such sums as may be necessary for each of FY2010 through FY2014 to the
President to provide International Military Education and Training (IMET), expanded
IMET (E-IMET), foreign military financing (FMF) to Pakistan; and the Secretary of State is
authorized funds to establish an exchange program with NATO and other countries for
Pakistani military and civilian personnel (§202).
a. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended, also authorizes funds to the Secretaries of
Health and Human Services, Labor, Homeland Security, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and Attorney
General, mostly for programs, assistance, and services related to U.S.-based trafficking victims.
b. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 also authorizes “such sums as may be necessary for
each of fiscal years 2008 through 2012” to the Secretary of Commerce to equip the Foreign Commercial
Service to promote U.S. exports in clean and efficient energy technologies and “build the capacity of
government officials in India, China and any other country the Secretary of Commerce determines
appropriate”, and to “direct the International Trade Administration to expand or create trade missions to
and from the United States to encourage private sector trade and investment in clean and efficient energy
technologies.”
c. The Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 (title III; 123 Stat. 1864), also establishes the Pakistan
Counterinsurgency Fund to be administered by the Secretary of Defense and appropriates $400 million to
remain available until September 10, 2010. The two paragraphs authorize the Secretaries of State and
Defense to coordinate and further authorizes funds to be available to be reprogrammed from one fund to
the other and back again where required. Section 2112(b) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 179) provides: “The authorities contained
under the heading ‘International Security Assistance, Funds Appropriated to the President, Pakistan
Counterinsurgency Capability Fund’ in title XI of P.L. 111-32 shall remain in effect until September 30,
2012.”
d. The Enhanced Partnership With Pakistan Act of 2009 also authorizes the Secretary of State to continue
using funds under terms stated in P.L. 111-32 relating to the Pakistan Counterinsurgency Capability Fund
and further authorizes the transfer of funds, with concurrence of the Secretary of Defense, to and from the
Department of Defense Pakistan Counterinsurgency Fund also established by that act.
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorities
and Appropriations
Table 3 presents the authorities enacted in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and
the corresponding appropriations that fund those authorities in the current foreign assistance
appropriations act.
Authorization
The left-side column of Table 3 cites sections of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended,
that authorize programs, and provides the latest year for which authorization is enacted. Sections
that establish a need for such a program—in the form of policy or finding statements, for
example—are not cited. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is organized in a conventional
manner, however, so those sections that state policy, findings, program requirements, or
implementing structure can be found in the text of the law in sections proximate to the
authorizing section. All of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is stated in the United States Code,
beginning at 22 U.S.C. 2151. For each section that states the President’s power to authorize funds,
the relevant U.S. Code citation and year of enactment is included here. In nearly all cases, these
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sections have been substantially amended, or rewritten altogether, subsequent to enactment. This
table reflects the language as amended.
Though the sections generally afford the President the authority to furnish whatever assistance the
section establishes, Section 622(a) and (c) (22 U.S.C. 2382(a), (c)) of the act states that
[n]othing contained in this Act shall be construed to infringe upon the powers or functions of
the Secretary of State.... Under the direction of the President, the Secretary of State shall be
responsible for the continuous supervision and general direction of economic assistance,
military assistance, and military education and training programs, including but not limited
to determining where there shall be a military assistance (including civic action) or a military
education and training program for a country and the value thereof, to the end that such
programs are effectively integrated both at home and abroad and the foreign policy of the
United States is best served thereby.
In many instances, the President has delegated his authority to the Secretary of State, the
Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, or some other
appropriate office holder. Delegations of authority are to be found, either in whole text or as a
reference, in the U.S. Code, at sections corresponding to the section of the Foreign Assistance Act
of 1961 that states the relevant authority.
Appropriation
The right-side column of Table 3 states appropriations levels that correspond to the authorized
program, as enacted in the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (division F of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117;
123 Stat. 3034 at 3312), as continued in Section 1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and
Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38; signed into law April
15, 2011). The Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, in many instances, appropriated
different funding levels for foreign aid programs for the remaining months of FY2011,
notwithstanding the continuation stated in Section 1101 of that act. In the right-side column of
Table 3, the original statute is summarized, followed by the funding level provided for in the
Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act when the latter act provides different funding levels.
The latter is stated in bold.
It should also be noted that Section 1119 of the Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011
(125 Stat. 107), requires an across-the-board rescission, possibly affecting the funding levels
otherwise stated in the FY2010 act as continued and the sections in the FY2011 act that substitute
levels. The rescission states:
SEC. 1119. (a) ACROSS-THE-BOARD RESCISSIONS.—There is hereby rescinded an
amount equal to 0.2 percent of—
(1) the budget authority provided for fiscal year 2011 for any discretionary account
of this division; and
(2) the budget authority provided in any advance appropriation for fiscal year 2011
for any discretionary account in any prior fiscal year appropriation Act.
(b) PROPORTIONATE APPLICATION.—Any rescission made by subsection (a) shall be
applied proportionately—
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(1) to each discretionary account and each item of budget authority described in
such subsection; and
(2) within each such account and item, to each program, project, and activity (with
programs, projects, and activities as delineated in the appropriation Act or
accompanying reports referenced in section 1101 covering such account or item).
(c) EXCEPTIONS.—This section shall not apply to—
(1) discretionary authority appropriated or otherwise made available by division A
of this Act; or
(2) discretionary authority appropriated or otherwise made available by division B
of this Act and designated as being for contingency operations directly related to the
global war on terrorism pursuant to section 3(c)(2) of H.Res. 5 (112th Congress) and as
an emergency requirement pursuant to section 403(a) of S.Con.Res. 13 (111th Congress),
the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2010.
(d) OMB REPORT.—Within 30 days after the date of the enactment of this section, the
Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall submit to the Committees on
Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Senate a report specifying the
account and amount of each rescission made pursuant to this section.
The General Provisions title in an appropriations act usually states conditions for administering
the appropriations. In Table 3, General Provisions sections that state conditionality and terms that
might be applicable to the aid being provided are also listed, and a statute citation is provided to
assist the reader who might wish to read in further detail. General Provisions measures that apply
to the entire appropriations act, however, are not cited here; they are numerous and would have to
be restated at every authority. So, for example, a General Provisions section that prohibits
assistance to a government of a country the government of which has been overthrown by
military coup, is not cited here, but would apply to all authorities. For those provisions, it is best
to refer to the text of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act.
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Table 3. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations in Department of
State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2010, as continued the Full-Year Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2011
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
Part I
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Chapter 1—Policy; Development Assistance Authorizations
Funds Appropriated to the President
Sec. 101 (22 U.S.C. 2151) through §135 (22 U.S.C. 2152h)
Global Health and Child Survival
For global health activities, appropriates, “in additional to funds otherwise available for
such purposes”: $2,420 million, to remain available until September 30, 2011 (123 Stat.
3323).
Sec. 2116 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 180) substitutes $2,500 million for $2,420
million for FY2011.
In addition, “for the prevention, treatment, and control of, and research on, HIV/AIDS”:
$5,359 million, to remain available until expended (123 Stat. 3325).
Sec. 2116 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 180) substitutes $5,345 million for $5,539
million for FY2011.
Development Assistance
Appropriates $2,520 million, to remain available until September 30, 2011, of which not
less than $265 million is available for microenterprise and microfinance programs, not
less than $23.5 million is available for American Schools and Hospitals Abroad, $10
million is available for cooperative development programs, not less than $315 million is
available for clean water and sanitation projects, and not less than $20 million is available
for women’s leadership programs. Also provides that of all the funding provided as
bilateral economic assistance, not less than $1,169.83 million should be available for
food security and agricultural development, of which, in Development Assistance, $31.5
million is available for Collaborative Research Support Programs and $10 million for a
U.S. contribution to the Global Crop Diversity Trust (123 Stat. 3325).
Sec. 2108 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 178), however, provides $2,525 million for
Development Assistance for FY2011.
See also, for conditions and terms: §7011, availability of funds (123 Stat. 3346); §7015,
reprogramming notification requirements (123 Stat. 3349); §7018, prohibition on funding
for abortions and involuntary sterilization (123 Stat. 3351); §7019, allocations (123 Stat.
3351); §7026, commerce, trade and surplus commodities (123 Stat. 3354); §7027,
CRS-8
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Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
separate accounts (123 Stat. 3355); §7028, eligibility for assistance (123 Stat. 3356);
§7034, special authorities (123 Stat. 3360) (except for subsection (l), which is
made not to apply to FY2011, pursuant to P.L. 112-10, §2120(d)(1)); sec, 7045
(c), Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (123 Stat. 3372); §7047, community-based police
assistance (123 Stat. 3377); §7048, prohibition of payments to U.N. members (123 Stat.
3377); §7059, U.S. Agency for International Development management (123 Stat. 3380),
for which §2121(l) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 186) substitutes “should” for
“may” in subsection (c), and substitutes “65” for “30” for the number of
persons USAID may hire under the Democratic Leadership Initiative; §7060,
global health activities (123 Stat. 3382); §7061, Development Grants Program (123 Stat.
3383); §7062, women in development (123 Stat. 3383); §7063, gender-based violence
(123 Stat. 3383); §7064, education (123 Stat. 3383); §7065, reconciliation programs (123
Stat. 3384); §7070, Africa (123 Stat. 3385) (except, for subsection (b), which is
made not to apply to FY2011, pursuant to P.L. 112-10, §2120(d)(5); and
§7070(i)(2) relating to Zimbabwe is expanded to provide funding for health
and education as well as macroeconomic growth, pursuant to §2120(j) );
§7071, Asia (123 Stat. 3388) (except, for subsection (f)(6), which is made not to
apply to FY2011, pursuant to P.L. 112-10, §2120(d)(6)); §7072, Serbia (123 Stat.
3391); §7073, independent states of the former Soviet Union (123 Stat. 3392); §7074,
repression in the Russian Federation (123 Stat. 3393); §7075, Central Asia (123 Stat.
3393); §7076, Afghanistan (123 Stat. 3393) (see, however, new conditions for this
aid in §2122 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 186)); §7078, U.N. Population Fund (123
Stat. 3395); §7081, climate change and environment programs (123 Stat. 3397) (in
which §2120(g) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 183) substitutes for FY2011:
“should” for “shall” in subsecs. (b), (c), and (d), substitutes $35 million for
$25 million in subsection (d), and substitutes $185 million for $300 million in
subsection (g)(1)); §7085, international prison conditions (123 Stat. 3401); §7088,
orphans, displaced, and abandoned children (123 Stat. 3404); and §7089, Sri Lanka (123
Stat. 3404).
§2120(e) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 183) substitutes $575 million for $648.457
million for FY2011 for §7060 of P.L. 111-117, which provided that “of the
funds appropriated under Title III of this Act, not less than $648,457,000
should be made available for family planning/reproductive health, including
in areas where population growth threatens biodiversity or endangered
species.”
§2120(b)(3) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 182) substitutes “should” for “shall”
throughout the paragraph providing “Development Assistance.”
CRS-9
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
§103. Agriculture, Rural Development, and Nutrition. (22 U.S.C. 2151a;
added to the act in 1973.) Authorizes the President “to furnish assistance ... for
agriculture, rural development, and nutrition...to alleviate starvation, hunger, and
malnutrition;...to expand...the provision of basic services to rural poor people...to
help create productive farm and off-farm employment in rural areas to provide a
more viable economic base”. Includes authority to strengthen local institutions,
organize financial savings and credit institutions, and improve infrastructure
(subsection (b)). Authorizes emphasis on forest protection and restoration
(subsection (b)(3); added in 1979). Authorizes the President to continue U.S.
participation in multilateral institutions related to agricultural development
(subsection (g); added in 1981). Funds are authorized for fiscal years 1986 and 1987
(subsection (a)(2)).
§104. Population and Health. (22 U.S.C. 2151b; added in 1983.) Authorizes the
See Part I, above.
President to furnish assistance “for voluntary population planning.” (subsection (b)).
Authorizes the President to furnish assistance for health programs (subsection (c)),
including the special needs of children and mothers (subsection (c)(2)), including
primary health care, immunization, and rehydration (subsection (c)(3); added in
1985). “Appropriations pursuant to [subsection (c)(2)(B)] may be referred to as the
‘Child Survival fund’.” (subsection (c)(2)(C); added in 1984). Funds are authorized for
fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsection (g)).
§104A. Assistance to Combat HIV/AIDS. (22 U.S.C. 2151b-2; added in 2003.)
Authorizes the President to furnish assistance for the prevention, treatment, and
monitoring of HIV/AIDS.
§104B. Assistance to Combat Tuberculosis. (22 U.S.C. 2151b-3; added in
2003.) Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “for the prevention, treatment,
control, and elimination of tuberculosis” (subsection (c)).
§104C. Assistance to Combat Malaria. (22 U.S.C. 2151b-4; added in 2003.)
Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “for the prevention, treatment,
control, and elimination of malaria” (subsection (c)).
§105. Education and Human Resources Development. (22 U.S.C. 2151c;
added in 1973.) Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “for education, public
administration, and human resource development” (subsection (a)). Funds are
authorized for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsection (a)).
§106. Energy, Private Voluntary Organizations, and Selected
Development Activities. (22 U.S.C. 2151d; added in 1975.) Authorizes the
President to furnish assistance for the development of energy resources, cooperative
CRS-10
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
programs in energy production and conservation, (subsection (b)); and a range of
programs of technical cooperation, reconstruction, special development of
infrastructure in the poorest countries, and urban development (subsection (d)).
Funds are authorized for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsection (e)); funds are
authorized for appropriations for cooperative projects among the United States,
Israel, and developing countries (subsection (f); added in 1985).
§116. Human Rights. (22 U.S.C. 2151n; added in 1975.) The President is
authorized to use not less than $3 million in Development Assistance, Development
Fund for Africa, and Economic Support Fund appropriations “for studies to identify,
and for...carrying out, programs and activities which will encourage or promote
increased adherence to civil and political rights, including the right to free religious
belief and practice” (subsection (e)).
§117. Environment and Natural Resources. (22 U.S.C. 2151p; added in 1977.)
The President is authorized to furnish assistance “for developing and strengthening
the capacity of developing countries to protect and manage their environment and
natural resources” (subsection (b)).
§119. Endangered Species. (22 U.S.C. 2151q; added in 1983.) The President is
authorized to furnish assistance “to assist countries in protecting and maintaining
wildlife habitats and in developing sound wildlife management and plant conservation
programs” (subsection (b)).
§122. General Authorities. (22 U.S.C. 2151t; added in 1978.) “In order to carry
out the purposes of this chapter, the President is authorized to furnish assistance...to
countries and areas through programs of grant and loan assistance, bilaterally or
through regional, multilateral, or private entities” (subsection (a)). “The President is
authorized to make loans...in order to promote the economic development of
countries and areas, with emphasis upon assisting long range plans and programs
designed to develop economic resources and increase productive capacities”
(subsection (b)).
§129. Program To Provide Technical Assistance To Foreign Governments
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
and Foreign Central Banks of Developing or Transitional Countries. (22
Department of the Treasury
U.S.C. 2151aa; added in 1998.) The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with
International Affairs Technical Assistance
the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the U.S. Agency for International
Development (USAID), “is authorized to establish a program to provide technical
Appropriates $25 million, to remain available until September 30, 2012 (123 Stat. 3333).
assistance to foreign governments and foreign central banks of developing countries
§2109 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 178) however, provides $25.499 million for
in transitional countries” (subsection (a)(1)). Funds are authorized for fiscal year
FY2011.
1999 (subsection (j)).
CRS-11
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
§130. Assistance for Victims of Torture. (22 U.S.C. 2152; added in 1998.) The
President is authorized to furnish assistance, in the form of grants, for the
rehabilitation of victims of torture.
§133. Programs To Encourage Good Governance. (22 U.S.C. 2152c; added in
2000.) “The President is authorized establish programs that combat corruption,
improve transparency and accountability, and promote other forms of good
governance in countries” eligible to receive assistance under the Foreign Assistance
Act of 1961 or the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989
(subsection (a)).
§134. Assistance To Foreign Countries To Meet Minimum Standards for
the Elimination of Trafficking. (22 U.S.C. 2152d; added in 2000.) The President is
authorized to furnish assistance “to foreign countries directly, or through
nongovernmental and multilateral organizations, for programs, projects, and activities
designed to” eliminate the trafficking of persons.
§135. Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children. (22 U.S.C.
2152f; added in 2005.) The President is authorized to furnish assistance “to provide
basic care and services for orphans and other vulnerable children” (subsection (c)).
The President “shal establish a monitoring and evaluation system to measure the
effectiveness of United States assistance to orphans and other vulnerable children”
(subsection (d)). Such sums as may be necessary are authorized for fiscal years 2006
and 2007 (subsection (f)).
§135. Assistance To Provide Safe Water and Sanitation. (22 U.S.C. 2152b;
No appropriations required; funded by the col ection of payments in local currencies
added in 2005.) “[T]he President is authorized to furnish assistance for programs in
under title I of the Food for Peace Act.
developing countries to provide affordable and equitable access to safe water and
sanitation” (subsection (b)). “The President may use payments made in local
See Part I, above, however, which appropriates not less than $315 million for safe
currencies...under title I of the Food for Peace Act...to provide assistance under this
drinking water and sanitation programs (123 Stat. 3326).
section” (subsection (d)).
Chapter 2—Other Programs
§206 through §300
Title II—American Schools and Hospitals Abroad; Prototype Desalting Plant
§214 (22 U.S.C. 2174) and §219 (22 U.S.C. 2179)
§214. American Schools and Hospitals Abroad. (22 U.S.C. 2174; in original
See Part I, above, of which not less than $23.5 million is available for American Schools
act.) The President is authorized to furnish assistance “to schools and libraries
and Hospitals Abroad program (123 Stat. 3325).
outside the United States founded or sponsored by United States citizens and serving
as study and demonstration centers for ideas and practices of the United States”
(subsection (a)). The President is authorized to furnish assistance to “hospital centers
CRS-12
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
for medical education and research outside the United States, founded or sponsored
by United States citizens” (subsection (b)). Funds are authorized for fiscal years 1986
and 1987 (subsection (c)).
§219. Prototype Desalting Plant. (22 U.S.C. 2179; added in 1969.) The President
is authorized “to participate in the development of a large-scale water treatment and
desalting prototype plan...in Israel.... Such participation shall include financial,
technical, and such other assistance as the President deems appropriate” (subsection
(a)).
Title III—Housing and Other Credit Guaranty Programs
See also, for terms and conditions: §7033, special debt relief for the poorest
§221 (22 U.S.C. 2181) through §226 (22 U.S.C. 2186)
(123 Stat. 3359).
§222. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2182; added in 1969, original y as a housing
program for Latin America; restated in 1978.) The President is authorized “to issue
guaranties to eligible investors” (subsection (a)) committed to assisting “developing
countries in marshalling resources for low-cost shelter” (§221). Authority sunsets at
the end of fiscal year 1992.
Sec. 222A. Agricultural and Productive Credit and Self-Help Community
Development Programs. (22 U.S.C. 2182a; added in 1974.) USAID is authorized
“to issue guaranties...to private lending institutions, cooperatives, and private
nonprofit development organizations...to carry out agricultural credit and self-help
community development projects” (subsection (b)). The Inter-American Foundation
plays a role when guaranty coverage is directed to Latin America (subsection (d));
the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) plays an administrative role
through mid-1976 (subsection (f)), and for the transferring of predecessor programs
it initiated (subsection (g)). Authority sunsets at the end of fiscal year 1988.
Sec. 224. Trade Credit Insurance Program for Central America. (22 U.S.C.
2184; added in 1984.) USAID is authorized “to provide guarantees to the [Export-
Import] Bank for liabilities to be incurred by the Bank in connection with guarantees
or insurance...for financing for transactions involving the export of goods and
services for the use of the private sector in Central American countries” (subsection
(a)). Authority sunsets at the end of fiscal year 1991 (subsection (c)).
Sec. 225. Trade Credit Insurance Program for Poland. (22 U.S.C. 2185;
added in 1989.) The President is authorized “to provide guarantees to the [Export-
Import] Bank” to cover certain liabilities related to “the export goods and services
for the use of the private sector in Poland” (subsection (a)). Authority sunsets at the
end of fiscal year 1992 (subsection (l)).
CRS-13
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
Sec. 226. Loan Guarantees To Israel Program. (22 U.S.C. 2186; added in
1992.) The President is authorized “to issue guarantees against losses incurred in
connection with loans to Israel made as a result of” resettling immigrants from the
former Soviet Union, Ethiopia, and elsewhere (subsecs. (a), (b)). Authority sunsets at
the end of fiscal year 1997 (subsection (a)).
Title IV—Overseas Private Investment Corporation
Title VI—Export and Investment Assistance
(Sec. 231 (22 U.S.C. 2191) through §240B (22 U.S.C. 2200b))
Overseas Private Investment Corporation
Noncredit account: makes available not to exceed $52.31 million.
Program account: appropriates $29 million, “to be derived by transfer from the
Overseas Private Investment Corporation Noncredit Account”. Funds are available for
direct loan obligations and loan guaranty commitments for fiscal years 2010 through
2012; funds obligated in those fiscal years remain available for disbursement through
2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively (123 Stat. 3342).
See also, for terms and conditions: §7026, commerce, trade, and surplus commodities
(123 Stat. 3354); §7073, independent states of the former Soviet Union (123 Stat. 3393);
and §7079, OPIC (123 Stat. 3396).
Sec. 2114 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 179) provides $18.115 million for the
OPIC Program Account for FY2011.
Sec. 2121(j) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 185) prohibits the Export-Import Bank
from spending more than $5 million in FY2011 for transaction costs incurred
in claims settlements and other costs for systems infrastructure.
Sec. 231. Creation, Purpose, and Policy. (22 U.S.C. 2191; added in 1969.)
Creates the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) “to mobilize and
facilitate the participation of United States private capital and skills in the economic
and social development of less developed countries and areas, and countries in
transition from nonmarket to market economies”, and puts it “under the policy
guidance of the Secretary of State.”
Sec. 232. Capital of the Corporation. (22 U.S.C. 2192; added in 1969.) The
President is authorized to pay in capital to stand up OPIC from receipts received
under the Mutual Security Act of 1954, for fiscal years 1970 and 1971.
Sec. 234. Investment Insurance and Other Programs. (22 U.S.C. 2194; added
in 1969.) OPIC is authorized to issue insurance (subsection (a)), guarantee loans and
investments (subsection (b)), make direct investments (subsection (c)), encourage
investment (subsection (d)), manage special activities (subsection (e)), finance other
CRS-14
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
insurance functions (subsection (f)), establish a pilot program on equity financing,
added in 1988 and to run for 4 years (subsection (g)), and issue local currencies
guarantees (subsection (h)).
Sec. 235. Issuing Authority, Direct Investment Authority and Reserves. (22
U.S.C. 2195; added in 1969.) Authority for §234(a), (b), and (c) is stated here, and
“shal continue until 2007”. (subsection (a)). Establishes a noncredit revolving fund
(subsection (c)). Authorizes transfers of funds from predecessor authorities
(subsection (e)). Authorizes funds to replenish or increase the noncredit account
revolving fund (subsection (f)).
Title VI—Microenterprise Development Assistance
See Part I, above, of which not less than $265 million is available for “microenterprise
Subtitle A—Grant Assistance
and microfinance development programs for the poor, especial y women” (123 Stat.
Sec. 251 (22 U.S.C. 2211) through §255 (22 U.S.C. 2211d)
3325).
Sec. 252. Authorization; Implementation; Targeted Assistance. (22 U.S.C.
2211a; added in 2004.) The President is authorized to provide assistance “for
programs in developing countries to include the availability of credit, savings, and
other services to microfinance and microenterprise clients lacking full access to
capital, training, technical assistance, and business development services” (subsection
(a)).
Sec. 256. Microenterprise Development Credits. (22 U.S.C. 2212; added in
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
1983 as §108; transferred to Microenterprise title in 2004.) The President is
Funds Appropriated to the President
authorized “to provide assistance to increase the availability of financial services to
microenterprise households lacking full access to credit” (subsection (a)). Funds are
Development Credit Authority
authorized through fiscal year 2009 (subsection (f)).
Appropriates, for this section and §635, up to $25 million to be derived by transfer from
funds appropriated for Part I, or from funds intended for “Assistance for Europe,
Eurasia, and Central Asia” (123 Stat. 3327).
Appropriates $8.6 million for administrative expenses for USAID to carry out credit
programs to remain available until September 30, 2012 (123 Stat. 3328).
See also, for conditions and terms: §7011, availability of funds (123 Stat. 3346).
Sec. 2115(b) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 180) substitutes $30 million for $25
million, and substitutes $8.3 million for $8.6 million for FY2011, respectively.
Subtitle C—United States Microfinance Loan Facility
Sec. 257 (22 U.S.C. 2213)
Sec. 257. United States Microfinance Loan Facility. (22 U.S.C. 2213; added in
2000.) The USAID Administrator is authorized “to establish a United States
CRS-15
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
Microfinance Loan Facility...to pool and manage the risk from natural disasters, war
or civil conflict, national financial crisis, or short-term financial movements that
threaten the long-term development of United States-supported microfinance
institutions” (subtitle (a)). Funds are authorized through fiscal year 2009 (subsection
(d)).
Title XII—Famine Prevention and Freedom From Hunger
Sec. 296 (22 U.S.C. 2220a) through §300 (22 U.S.C. 2220e)
Sec. 297. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2220b; added in 1975.) The President is
See Part I, above.
authorized to furnish assistance through U.S. universities to build “capacity and
human resources skills of agriculturally developing countries..., provide long-term
program support..., involve United States universities more fully in the international
network of agricultural science..., and...provide program support for international
agricultural research centers” (subsection (a)).
Sec. 299. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2220d; added in 1975.)) The President is
authorized to use Development Assistance funds for these purposes.
Chapter 3—International Organizations and Programs
Title IV—Multilateral Assistance
Sec. 301 (22 U.S.C. 2221) through §307 (22 U.S.C. 2227)
Funds Appropriated to the President
International Organizations and Programs
Appropriates $394 million for this chapter, and for §2 of the U.N. Environment Program
Participation Act of 1973 (P.L. 93-188; 87 Stat. 713) (123 Stat. 3339).
See also, for terms and conditions: §7017, limitation on availability of funds for
international organizations and programs (123 Stat. 3351); §7019, al ocations (123 Stat.
3351); §7078, U.N. Population Fund (123 Stat. 3395); and §7086, transparency and
accountability (123 Stat. 3402).
Sec. 2113 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 179) provides $355 million for FY2011, up
to $10 million may be made available for the International Panel on Climate
Change/United National Framework Convention on Climate Change; $90
million for Global Environment Facility; $1,235 million contribution to the
International Development Association; $185 million contribution to the
Clean Technology Fund; $50 million contribution to the Strategic Climate
Fund; $21 million contribution to the Inter-American Development Bank;
$110 million contribution to the African Development Fund; and $29.499
million International Fund for Agricultural Development.
Sec. 2124 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 189) provides $100 million for payment to
CRS-16
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program by the Secretary of the
Treasury.
Sec. 2126(a) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 190) appropriates $106.586 million for
payment to the Asian Development Bank by the Secretary of the Treasury.
Subsection (c) requires the Secretary of the Treasury to report that the
Bank is progressing toward policy goals before these funds are available.
Subsection (e) amends the Asian Development Bank Act by authorizing a
contribution of $461 million to the ninth replenishment of the Bank and
authorizes $13,323,173,083 for an increase in the U.S. subscription to the
Bank.
Sec. 301. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2221; in original act.) The President is
authorized “to make voluntary contributions on a grant basis to international
organizations and ... programs” (subsection (a)).
Sec. 302. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2222; in original act.) Funds are authorized for
fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsection (a)). Funds for Indus Basin Development are
authorized beginning in fiscal year 1969 (subsection (b)), and for fiscal years 1974
through 1976 (subsection (c)). Additional funds are authorized for the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for fiscal years 1976 and 1977 (subsection (I)).
Additional funds are authorized for multilateral and regional drug abuse control
programs for fiscal year 1989 (subsection (j)). Additional funds are authorized for
U.S. contributions to the Vaccine Fund, the International AIDS Initiative, and the
Malaria Vaccine Initiative, for fiscal years 2004 through 2008 (subsecs. (k), (l), and
(m), respectively).
Chapter 6—Central America Democracy, Peace, and Development Initiative
Sec. 461 (22 U.S.C. 2271) through §466 (22 U.S.C. 2276)
Sec. 465. Authorization for Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989. (22 U.S.C. 2275;
added in 1985.) The President is authorized an additional $1.2 million for fiscal years
1988 and 1989 for nonmilitary assistance for Central American countries.
Chapter 7—Debt-For-Nature Exchanges
Sec. 461 [sic] (22 U.S.C. 2281) through §466 [sic] (22 U.S.C. 2286)
Sec. 462. Assistance for Commercial Debt Exchanges. (22 U.S.C. 2282;
added in 1989.) The USAID Administrator is authorized to furnish assistance to
facilitate debt-for-nature swaps.
Chapter 8—International Narcotics Control
Title IV—International Security Assistance
CRS-17
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
Sec. 481 (22 U.S.C. 2291) through §490 (22 U.S.C. 2291j)
Department of State
International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement
Appropriates $1,597 million, to remain available until September 30, 2011 (123 Stat.
3335).
See also, for terms and conditions: §7015, reprogramming notification requirements
(123 Stat. 3349); §7019, al ocations (123 Stat. 3351); §7033, special debt relief for the
poorest (123 Stat. 3359); §7044, aircraft transfer and coordination (123 Stat. 3371)
(except for subsection (d), which is made not to apply to FY2011, pursuant
to P.L. 112-10, §2120(d)(3)); §7045, Western Hemisphere (123 Stat. 3372) (except
for subsection (b)(2), and the first sentences of subsection (c), (e)(1), and (f),
which are made not to apply to FY2011, pursuant to P.L. 112-10,
§2120(d)(4)); §7046, Colombia (123 Stat. 3375) (for which §2120(l) of P.L. 112-10
(125 Stat. 184) substitutes $459 million for $521.88 million for FY2011);
§7063, gender-based violence (123 Stat. 3383); §7070, Africa (123 Stat. 3385) (except,
for subsection (b), which is made not to apply to FY2011, pursuant to P.L.
112-10, §2120(d)(5), and §7070(i)(2) relating to Zimbabwe is expanded to
provide funding for health and education as well as macroeconomic growth,
pursuant to §2120(j)); §7076, Afghanistan (123 Stat. 3393) (see, however, new
conditions for this aid in §2122 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 186)); and §7080,
extradition (123 Stat. 3396).
Sec. 2122(b) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 186) identifies the standards of
governance, human rights, and security the Government of Afghanistan
must demonstrate prior to obligation of funds appropriated for Afghanistan
under Economic Support Fund and International Narcotics Control and Law
Enforcement. Further, §2122(c)(B) (125 Stat. 187) identifies the criteria the
Government of Afghanistan must meet so that the United States will
contribute to an internationally-managed fund to support reconciliation and
reintegration activities of former combatants.
Sec. 2122(c)(5) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 188) states that funds appropriated
under this division may not be used by the U.S. government to enter into a
permanent basing agreement with Afghanistan.
Sec. 481. Policy, General Authorities, Coordination, Foreign Police
Actions, Definitions, and Other Provisions. (22 U.S.C. 2291; added in 1971.)
The President is authorized to furnish assistance “for the control of narcotic and
psychotropic drugs and other controlled substances, or for other anticrime
purposes” (subsection (a)(4)).
CRS-18
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
Sec. 482. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2291a; added in 1972.) Funds are authorized
to be appropriated for fiscal years 1993 and 1994 (subsection (a)(1). “The President
is authorized to accept contributions from foreign governments (subsection (c)(2)).
The President is authorized to provide assistance ... on a reimbursable basis”
(subsection (c)(3)).
Chapter 9—International Disaster Assistance
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Sec. 491 (22 U.S.C. 2292) through §495K (22 U.S.C. 2292q)
Funds Appropriated to the President
International Disaster Assistance
Appropriates $845 million, to remain available until expended (123 Stat. 3326).
Transition Initiatives
Appropriates $55 million, to remain available until expended, “pursuant to section 491
of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961,…to remain available until expended, to support
transition to democracy and to long-term development of countries in crisis” (123 Stat.
3326). Authorizes the reprogramming of up to $15 million from Part I (development
assistance and other nonmilitary programs) for transition assistance if the Secretary of
State determines it is important to the national interests to do so (123 Stat. 3326).
See also, for conditions and terms: §7034(h), special authorities relating to disarmament,
demobilization, and reintegration.
Sec. 2110 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 178) provides $865 million for FY2011.
Sec. 491. Policy and General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2292; added in 1975, though
an earlier section, added in 1971 and subsequently repealed, authorized assistance
for refugee relief.) The President is authorized to furnish assistance for international
disaster relief (subsection (b)).
Congress enacted subsequent sections in chapter 9 to authorize additional
international disaster assistance for a short period in response to particular events.
All of the following should be considered historical, though in some sections a finite
period for funds to be available is not stated:
—Sec. 494. Disaster Relief Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2292c; added in 1974.)
Additional funds are authorized for disaster relief and emergency recovery needs in
Pakistan and Nicaragua.
—Sec. 495. Cyprus Relief and Rehabilitation. (22 U.S.C. 2292f; added in 1975.)
Additional funds for relief for “refugees and other needy people”.
CRS-19
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
—Sec. 495B. Italy Relief and Rehabilitation. (22 U.S.C. 2292h; added in 1976.)
Additional funds for fiscal year 1976 for earthquake relief in Italy (subsection (a)).
Additional funds for fiscal year 1978 for earthquake relief in Italy (subsection (b)).
Additional funds for fiscal year 1981 for earthquake relief in Italy (subsection (d)).
—Sec. 495C. Lebanon Relief and Rehabilitation. (22 U.S.C. 2292i; added in
1976.) Additional funds for relief to “refugees and other needy people in Lebanon” as
a result of civil strife (subsection (a)).
—Sec. 495D. Romanian Relief and Rehabilitation. (22 U.S.C. 2292j; added in
1977.) Additional funds in fiscal year 1977 for earthquake relief in Romania
(subsection (a), (b)).
—Sec. 495E. Turkey Relief, Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction. (22 U.S.C.
2292k; added in 1977.) The President is “requested to use ... funds made available
under section 492” for earthquake relief in Turkey.
—Sec. 495F. African Rehabilitation and Resettlement. (22 U.S.C. 2292l;
added in 1978.) Additional fund in fiscal year 1981 for relief to victims of civil strife in
the developing countries of Africa.
—Sec. 495G. Special Caribbean Hurricane Relief Assistance. (22 U.S.C.
2292m; added in 1979.) Additional funds in fiscal year 1980 for relief to Central
American victims of recent hurricanes.
—Sec. 495H. Cambodian Disaster Relief Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2292n; added
in 1979.) Additional funds in response to conditions of disease and famine in
Cambodia.
—Sec. 495I. Assistance for Displaced Persons in Central America. (22
U.S.C. 2292o; added in 1981.) Additional funds in fiscal years 1982 and 1983 for
displaced persons in El Salvador, and for resettlement of Haitians in Belize.
—Sec. 495J. Lebanon Emergency Relief, Rehabilitation, and
Reconstruction Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2292p; added in 1981.) Additional funds in
response to “recent strife in Lebanon”.
—Sec. 495K. African Famine Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2292q; added in 1985.)
Additional funds in fiscal year 1985 for famine relief in Africa.
Chapter 10—Development Fund for Africa
See Part I, above.
(Sec. 496 (22 U.S.C. 2293) and §497 (22 U.S.C. 2294))
CRS-20
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
Sec. 496. Long-Term Development Assistance for Sub-Saharan Africa. (22
U.S.C. 2293; added in 1990.) “The President is authorized to furnish ...
assistance...for long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa” (subsection (b)). Any
reference in law to Development Assistance should be understood to also mean
assistance under this chapter (subsection (d)). “[A]ssistance...shall emphasize”
economic reform, protection of vulnerable groups, democratization, conflict
resolution (subsection (h)), agricultural production, natural resource development,
health, voluntary family planning, education, income-generating opportunities
(subsection (I)), regional integration (subsection (l)), and support to sectors
supported by the Southern Africa Development Coordination Conference (SADCC)
(subsection (o)).
Sec. 497. Authorizations of Appropriations for the Development Fund for
Africa. (22 U.S.C. 2291; added in 1990.) Authorizes funds to remain available until
expended.
Chapter 11—Support for the Economic and Democratic Development of the
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Independent States of the Former Soviet Union
Funds Appropriated to the President
Sec. 498 (22 U.S.C. 2295) through §498C (22 U.S.C. 2295c)
Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia
Appropriates $741.63 million, to remain available until September 30, 2011, for
“provisions of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the FREEDOM Support Act, and the
Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989…which shal be available,
notwithstanding any other provision of law, for assistance and for related programs for
countries identified in section 3 of the FREEDOM Support Act and section 3(c) of the
SEED Act:…Provided further, That notwithstanding any other provision of this or any
other Act, funds appropriated in prior years under the headings ‘Independent States of
the Former Soviet Union’ and similar headings and ‘Assistance for Eastern Europe and
the Baltic States’ and similar headings…shall be available for use in any country for
which funds are made available under this heading without regard to the geographic
limitations of the heading under which such funds were originally appropriated: Provided
further, That funds made available for the Southern Caucasus region may be used for
confidence-building measures and other activities in furtherance of the peaceful
resolution of conflicts, including in Nagorno-Karabakh: Provided further, That of the
funds appropriated under this heading that are available for assistance for the Kyrgyz
Republic, up to $11,500,000 shal be made available for the Joint Development Fund.”
(123 Stat. 3330) (except for this past proviso, which is made not to apply to
FY2011, pursuant to P.L. 112-10, §2120(d)(8)).
See also, for terms and conditions: §7011, availability of funds (123 Stat. 3346); §7015,
CRS-21
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
reprogramming notification requirements (123 Stat. 3349); §7019, al ocations (123 Stat.
3351); §7028, eligibility for assistance (123 Stat. 3356); §7059, USAID management (123
Stat. 3380) for which §2121(l) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 186) substitutes
“should” for “may” in subsection (c), and substitutes “65” for “30” for the
number of persons USAID may hire under the Democratic Leadership
Initiative; §7073, independent states of the former Soviet Union (123 Stat. 3392);
§7074, repression in the Russian Federation (123 Stat. 3393); and §7081, climate change
and environment programs (123 Stat. 3397) (in which §2120(g) of P.L. 112-10 (125
Stat. 183), however, substitutes for FY2011: “should” for “shall” in subsecs.
(b), (c), and (d), substitutes $35 million for $25 million in subsection (d), and
substitutes $185 million for $300 million in subsection (g)(1)). Sec. 2120(g)(2)
of P.L. 112-10, furthermore, amends the second proviso of §7081(d) of P.L.
111-117 to read as follows: “Provided further, That funds appropriated by this
division that are made available for tropical forest programs shall be used for
purposes including to implement and enforce section 8204 of Public Law
110-246, shall not be used to support or promote the expansion of industrial
logging into primary tropical forests, and shall be subject to prior
consultation with, and the regular notification procedures of, the
Committees on Appropriations.”
Sec. 2108 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 178) provides $697.134 million for
FY2011.
Sec. 2118(h) (125 Stat. 181) rescinds $19 million of unobligated funds
appropriated in earlier acts; however, no amounts may be rescinded from
amounts that Congress designated as an emergency requirement either by
concurrent resolution on the budget or in the Balanced Budget and
Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (125 Stat. 181).
Sec. 498. Assistance for the Independent States. (22 U.S.C. 2295; added in
1992.) “The President is authorized to provide assistance to the independent states
of the former Soviet Union” for urgent humanitarian needs, democracy and rule of
law programs, developing an independent media, developing private enterprise,
promoting trade and investment, promoting market-based distribution of agriculture,
strengthening health and human services, reforming education, promoting market-
based pricing for energy, implementing civilian nuclear reactor safety, enhancing
environmental protections and conservation, improving transportation, promoting
illicit drug control, and protecting refugees, migrants and the displaced.
Sec. 498C. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2295c; added in 1992.)
Authorizes funds for fiscal year 1993.
CRS-22
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
Chapter 12—Support for the Economic and Political Independence of the Countries
See authorization in chapter 11, above.
of the South Caucasus and Central Asia
Sec. 499 (22 U.S.C. 2296) through §499F (22 U.S.C. 2296f)
Sec. 499. United States Assistance To Promote Reconciliation And
Recovery From Regional Conflicts. (22 U.S.C. 2296; added in 1999.) “[T]he
President is authorized to provide humanitarian assistance and economic
reconstruction assistance for the countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia”
(subsection (a)) “(1) ... for humanitarian needs of victims of the conflicts; (2)
facilitating the return of refugees and internally displaced persons to their homes; and
(3) assisting in the reconstruction of residential and economic infrastructure
destroyed by war” (subsection (c)).
Sec. 499A. Economic Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2296a; added in 1999.) The
President is authorized to furnish assistance to the region (subsection (b)) to
“support the development of the structures and means necessary for the growth of
private sector economies” (subsection (c)).
Sec. 499B. Development of Infrastructure. (22 U.S.C. 2296b; added in 1999.)
Authorizes the Export-Import Bank, Overseas Private Investment Corporation, and
Trade and Development Agency (subsection (b)) to support “the participation of
United States companies and investors in the planning, financing, and construction of
infrastructure for communications, transportation, ... and energy and trade”
(subsection (c)).
Sec. 499C. Border Control Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2296c; added in 1999.) The
President is authorized to furnish assistance (subsection (b)) for maintaining “national
border guards, coast guard, and customs controls” (subsection (c)).
Sec. 499D. Strengthening, Tolerance, and the Development of Civil
Society. (22 U.S.C. 2296d; added in 1999.) The President is authorized to furnish
assistance for the development of democracy, nongovernmental organizations,
independent media, rule of law, independent judiciary, transparency in both
governance and commerce, international exchanges, the training of professionals, and
adherence to civil and political rights (subsection (b)).
Part II
Chapter 1—Policy
Sec. 501 (22. U.S.C. 2301) through §502B (22 U.S.C. 2304)
Chapter 2—Military Assistance
Sec. 503 (22 U.S.C. ) through §517 (22 U.S.C. )
CRS-23
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
Sec. 503. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2311; in original act, though substantially
restated in 1973.) “The President is authorized to furnish military assistance ... to any
friendly country or international organization, the assisting of which the President
finds will strengthen the security of the United States and promote world peace and
which is otherwise eligible to receive such assistance” (subsection (a)).
Sec. 504. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2312; in original act, though substantial y
restated in 1985.) Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1986 and 1987.
Sec. 506. Special Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2318; in original act, though substantial y
restated in 1976, 1979.) The President is authorized to draw down defense articles,
not to exceed $100 million (or, in some select instances, $200 million), to meet
unforeseen emergencies (subsection (a)). The President is authorized such sums as
may be necessary to reimburse the appropriation from which he has drawn down
(subsection (d)).
Sec. 516. Authority to Transfer Excess Defense Articles. (22 U.S.C. 2321j; in
See also, for conditions and terms: §7016, notification on excess defense equipment
original act, though substantially restated in 1995.) “The President is authorized to
(123 Stat. 3350).
transfer excess defense articles to countries for which receipt of such articles was
justified” (subsection (a)). “The aggregate value of excess defense articles transferred
... in any fiscal year may not exceed $425,000,000” (subsection (g)).
Chapter 3—Foreign Military Sales
Sec. 524 (22 U.S.C. 2344)
Chapter 4—Economic Support Fund
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Sec. 531 (22 U.S.C. 2346) through §534 (22 U.S.C. 2346c)
Funds Appropriated to the President
Economic Support Fund
(123 Stat. 3328)
Appropriates $6,377 million for Economic Support Fund programs to remain available
until September 30, 2011; Sec. 2109 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 178) appropriates
$5,958.101 million. Sec. 2118(g) (125 Stat. 180) rescinds $120 million of funds
appropriated in earlier acts; however, no amounts may be rescinded from
amounts that Congress designated as an emergency requirement either by
concurrent resolution on the budget or in the Balanced Budget and
Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985.
In P.L. 111-117, $250 million is available to Egypt in grant form, “with the understanding
that Egypt will undertake significant economic and democratic reforms…” and of the
amount allocated to Egypt, it is further allocated for democracy, human rights and
CRS-24
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
governance programs (not less than $25 million); and education (not less than $35
million, of which $10 million is for scholarships). Sec. 2123(a) of P.L. 112-10 (125
Stat. 189) provides $250 million for FY2011 for activities that support
democratic elections, accountable governance, human rights, development
of civil society and rule of law, and educational opportunities in Egypt.
In P.L. 111-117, $11 million should be available to Cyprus for scholarships, bicommunal
programs, reunification and peace efforts.
In P.L. 111-117, $12 million is available for Lebanon for education. Sec. 2120(c)(1)(A)
of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 182) substitutes “shall be made available for
educational scholarships” to “should be made available ... ” for FY2011.
In P.L. 111-117, $363 million is available for Jordan, and $400.4 million may be made
available for West Bank and Gaza, of which $not to exceed $2 million is for USAID
administrative expenses, not more than $150 million shall be for cash transfer
assistance. Sec. 2120(c)(1)(B) (125 Stat. 182) substitutes $200 million for $150
million for FY2011.
In P.L. 111-117, of the ESF funds made available for Pakistan, $2 mil ion shal be directed
to the Office of Inspector General to oversee programs in that country, and $209.79
million “shall be apportioned directly to USAID for alternative development/institution
building programs in Colombia, and under this heading of the funds made available to
Colombia, not less than $8 million shall be merged with Migration and Refugee
Assistance for “nongovernmental and international organizations that provide assistance
to Colombian refugees in neighboring countries.” Sec. 2120(c)(1)(C) (125 Stat. 182)
substitutes “$195,000,000 should” for “$209,790,000 shall” For FY2011.
In P.L. 111-117, several conditions were placed on ESF to Afghanistan and
Pakistan. Sec. 2121(b) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 184) restated the tenth
proviso relating to government-to-government assistance to these two
countries. The two laws both provide for government-to-government
assistance to be made available with the Secretary of State’s determination
and certification that certain conditions are met.
Sec. 2120(c)(2) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 182), in addition, provides that $15.5
million appropriated under this heading should be used for remediation
activities, and $3 million should be made available for health activities to
assist the Government of Vietnam, as referenced in section 7071(j) of P.L.
111-17.
CRS-25
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
International Fund for Ireland
Appropriates $17 million in Economic Support Funds, to remain available until
September 30, 2011, as a contribution to the International Fund for Ireland pursuant to
the Anglo-Irish Agreement Support Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-415) (123 Stat. 3330).
Sec. 2117 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 180) appropriates $0 for FY2011;
§2120(c)(2) of that act, however, (125 Stat. 182) provides “That funds
appropriated under this heading may be made available for activities to
support the economic and social development and reconciliation goals of
P.L. 99-415, and should not be made available for a contribution”.
Foreign Military Financing Program
In addition to providing not less than $238 million in Foreign Military Financing to
Pakistan, appropriates up to $60 million in Economic Support Funds in this act and prior
acts for Pakistan (123 Stat. 3338).
See also, for terms and conditions: §7009, transfer authority (123 Stat. 3345); §7015,
reprogramming notification requirements (123 Stat. 3349); §7019, al ocations (123 Stat.
3351); §7024, definition of program, project, and activity (123 Stat. 3353); §7034(h) and
(j), special authorities relating to disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration, and
contingencies (123 Stat. 3361, 3362); §7039, assistance for the West Bank and Gaza
(123 Stat. 3366); §7042, Near East (123 Stat. 3368) (except for subsecs. (a), (b)(1),
(c), and (d)(1), which is made not to apply to FY2011, pursuant to P.L. 112-
10, §2120(d)(2), for which §2120(h) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 183) substitutes
$552.9 million for $502.9 million for West Bank and Gaza programs, and for
which §2121(h) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 185) states a new proviso relating to
Lebanon); §7045(e) and (f), Western Hemisphere, relating to Mexico and Central
America (123 Stat. 3373) (except for the first sentences of subsection (e)(1) and
(f), which are made not to apply to FY2011, pursuant to P.L. 112-10,
§2120(d)(4)); §7046, Colombia (123 Stat. 3375) (for which §2120(l) of P.L. 112-10
(125 Stat. 184) substituted $459 million for $521.88 million for FY2011);
§7063, gender-based violence (123 Stat. 3383); §7065, reconciliation programs (123 Stat.
3384); §7070(b), Africa, relating to counter-terrorism programs (123 Stat. 3385)
(except §7070(b) is made not to apply to FY2011, pursuant to P.L. 112-10,
§2120(d)(5), and §7070(i)(2) relating to Zimbabwe is expanded to provide
funding for health and education as well as macroeconomic growth, pursuant
to §2120(j )); §7071, Asia (123 Stat. 3388) (except, for subsection (f)(6), which is
made not to apply to FY2011, pursuant to P.L. 112-10, §2120(d)(6)); §7076,
Afghanistan (123 Stat. 3393) (see, however, new conditions for this aid in §2122
CRS-26
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 186)); §7081, climate change and environment programs
(123 Stat. 3397) (in which §2120(g) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 183), however,
substitutes for FY2011: “should” for “shall” in subsecs. (b), (c), and (d),
substitutes $35 million for $25 million in subsection (d), and substitutes $185
million for $300 million in subsection (g)(1)); §7086, transparency and
accountability (123 Stat. 3402); and §7087, disability programs (123 Stat. 3404).
Sec. 2112(a) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 178-179) provides $5,385 million, of
which $3,000 million is available for grants to Israel; $1,300 million for grants
for Egypt; $300 million for assistance for Jordan; and up to $50 million for
assistance for Colombia. This section changes the proviso that instead of
making at least $583.860 million available for procurement in Israel of
defense articles and services, $789 million will be available. This section also
adds the proviso that Chad will not receive funds under this heading until the
Secretary of State reports the Government of Chad has implemented a plan
of action to end the use of child soldiers.
Sec. 2121(e) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 185) adds Bahrain and Yemen to the
list of countries for which FMF funding is not available (full list, see 123 Stat.
3338, second proviso, second paragraph).
Sec. 2120(h) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 183) substitutes $552.9 million for
$502.9 in funds appropriated as bilateral economic assistance and
international security assistance for the West Bank and Gaza.
Sec. 2120(l) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 184) substitutes $459 million for
$521.88 million for assistance for Colombia under the Economic Support
Fund; International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement;
Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining and Related Programs;
International military Education and Training; and Foreign Military Financing
Program.
Sec. 531. Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2346; in original act as “Supporting Assistance”,
though substantial y restated in 1971 and again in 1978.) The “President is authorized
to furnish assistance to countries and organizations ... in order to promote economic
or political stability.”
Sec. 532. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2346a; in original act as
“Supporting Assistance”, though substantial y restated in 1971 and again in 1978.)
Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 for Israel and Egypt, and other funds
in the same period the recipients of which to be determined as follows: “The
Secretary of State shall be responsible for policy decisions and justifications for
CRS-27
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
economic support programs under this chapter, including determination of whether
there will be an economic support program for a country and the amount of the
program for each country. The Secretary shall exercise this responsibility in
cooperation with the Administration of the agency primarily responsible for
administering part I of this Act” (§531(b)).
Sec. 533. Emergency Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2346b; added in 1981.) Authorizes
some of the funds defined in §532 to be made available for emergency use “when the
national interests of the United States urgently require economic support to
promote economic or political stability” (subsection (a)).
Sec. 534. Administration of Justice. (22 U.S.C. 2346c; added in 1985.)
Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “to countries and organizations,
including national and regional institutions, in order to strengthen the administration
of justice in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean” (subsection (a)).
Chapter 5—International Military Education and Training
Title IV—International Security Assistance
Sec. 541 (22 U.S.C. 2347) through §549 (22 U.S.C. 2347h)
Funds Appropriated to the President
International Military Education and Training
Appropriates $108 million, of which up to $4 million may remain available until
expended (123 Stat. 3337).
See also, for terms and conditions: §7015, reprogramming notification requirements
(123 Stat. 3349); §7020, prohibition of payment of certain expenses (123 Stat. 3352);
§7045(d), Western Hemisphere, relating to Guatemala (123 Stat. 3373); §7046,
Colombia (123 Stat. 3375) (for which §2120(l) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 184)
substituted $459 million for $521.88 million for FY2011); §7070(a), Africa (123
Stat. 3385); and §7075, Central Asia (123 Stat. 3399).
Sec. 2112(a) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 178) provides $106 million for FY2011.
Sec. 541. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2347; added in 1976.) “The President is
authorized to furnish ... military education and training to military and related civilian
personnel of foreign countries.”
Sec. 542. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2347a; added in 1976.) Authorizes funds for
fiscal years 1986 and 1987.
Sec. 544. Exchange Training. (22 U.S.C. 2347c; added in 1985.) “The President is
authorized to provide for the attendance of foreign military personnel at professional
military education institutions in the United States (other than service academies)”
CRS-28
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
(subsection (a)). “The President may provide for the attendance of foreign military
and civilian defense personnel at flight training schools and programs” (subsection
(b)).
Chapter 6—Peacekeeping Operations
Title IV—International Security Assistance
Sec. 551 (22 U.S.C. 2348) through §554 (22 U.S.C. 2348d)
Department of State
Peacekeeping Operations
Appropriates $331.5 million, of which up to $102 million may be made available for
Somalia, and of that up to $55 million may be used to pay assessed expenses of
international peacekeeping activities in that country; and not less than $26 million shall
be made available for a U.S. contribution to the Multinational Force and Observers
mission in Sinai (123 Stat. 3336).
Sec. 2111 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 178) provides $305 million. Funds
appropriated under this heading that are available to assist Chad, Sudan,
Somalia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo “should not be used to
support any military training or operations that include child soldiers.”
Sec. 2121(c) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 184) provides up to $55.918 million to
pay assessed expenses of peacekeeping in Somalia; an additional $35 million
may be made available for additional expenses in FY2011 subject to
consultation with and notification of the Committees on Appropriations.
See also, for conditions and terms: §7010, reporting requirement (123 Stat. 3346);
§7015, reprogramming notification requirements (123 Stat. 3349); §7019, al ocations
(123 Stat. 3352); §7034(h), special authorities, relating to disarmament, demobilization,
and reintegration (123 Stat. 3361); §7045(d), Western Hemisphere, relating to
Guatemala (123 Stat. 3373); and §7070, Africa (123 Stat. 3385) (except, for
subsection (b), which is made not to apply to FY2011, pursuant to P.L. 112-
10, §2120(d)(5), and §7070(i)(2) relating to Zimbabwe is expanded to provide
funding for health and education as well as macroeconomic growth, pursuant
to §2120(j)).
Sec. 551. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2348; added in 1978.) “The President is
authorized to furnish assistance to friendly countries and international organizations
... for peacekeeping operations and other programs carried out in furtherance of the
national security interests of the United States.”
Sec. 552. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2348a; added in 1978.)
Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsection (a)). Authorizes the
President to transfer limited funds from Economic Support Funds to Peacekeeping to
CRS-29
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
respond to an unforeseen emergency (subsection (c); added in 1979).
Chapter 7—Air Base Construction in Israel
Sec. 561 (22 U.S.C. 2349) through §563 (2349b)
Sec. 561. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2349; added in 1979.) “The President is
authorized ... to construct such air bases in Israel...to replace the...airbases located
at Etzion and Etam on the Sinai peninsula that are to be evacuated” (para. (1)), and
“to furnish...defense articles and defense services” (para. (2)).
Sec. 562. Authorization and Utilization of Funds. (22 U.S.C. 2349a; added in
Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1979 (P.L. 96-35; 93 Stat. 103) provided $800 million.
1979.) Authorizes $800 million, to remain available until expended (subsection (a)).
Chapter 8—Antiterrorism Assistance
Title IV—International Security Assistance
Sec. 571 (22 U.S.C. 2349aa) through §575 (22 U.S.C. 2349aa-5)
Department of State
Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining and Related Programs
Appropriates $754 million to carry out chapter 8, chapter 9 (below), §504 of the
FREEDOM Support Act, §23 of the Arms Export Control Act, or other sections of the
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 that apply to demining, clearance of ordnance,
destruction of small arms, and related activities. Of the total, not to exceed 475 million
is available for the Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund, not more than $500
thousand is available for public-private partnerships relating to conventional weapons
and mines, and not to exceed $700 thousand is available for the administration of
demining (123 Stat. 3336).
Sec. 2110 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 178) provides $740 million.
See also, for terms and conditions: §7015, reprogramming notification requirements
(123 Stat. 3349); §7019, al ocations (123 Stat. 3351); §7046, Colombia (123 Stat. 3375)
(for which §2120(l) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 184) substituted $459 million for
$521.88 million for FY2011); §7070(b), Africa (123 Stat. 3385) (except subsection
(b) is made not to apply to FY2011, pursuant to P.L. 112-10, §2120(d)(5));
§7073, independent states of the former Soviet Union (123 Stat. 3392); and §7080,
extradition (123 Stat. 3396).
Sec. 2111 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 178) provides $740 million for FY2011.
Sec. 571. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2349aa; added in 1983.) The “President
is authorized to furnish ... assistance to foreign countries in order to enhance the
ability of their law enforcement personnel to deter terrorists and terrorist groups
from engaging in international terrorist acts...” notwithstanding most other
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Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
provisions of law.
Sec. 574. Authorizations of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2349aa-4; added in
1983, with substantial amendments thereafter.) Authorizes funds for fiscal years 2001
through 2003.
Chapter 9—Nonproliferation and Export Control Assistance
See chapter 8, above.
Sec. 581 (22 U.S.C. 2349bb) through §586 (22 U.S.C. 2349bb-4)
Sec. 582. Authorization of Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2349bb-1; added in 2000.) The
“President is authorized to furnish ... assistance ... [for] training services and the
provision of funds, equipment, and other commodities related to the detection,
deterrence, monitoring, interdiction, and prevention or countering of proliferation,
the establishment of effective nonproliferation laws and regulations, and the
apprehension of those individuals involved in acts of proliferation of such weapons.”
Sec. 584. International Nonproliferation Export Control Training. (22
U.S.C. 2349bb-2a; added in 2002.) “The President is authorized to furnish ...
education and training to appropriate military and civilian personnel of foreign
countries for the purpose of enhancing the nonproliferation and export control
capabilities of such personnel...” (subsection (a)).
Sec. 586. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2349bb-4; added in
2000, substantial y updated in 2002.) Authorizes funds for fiscal year 2003.
Part III
Chapter 1—General Provisions
Sec. 601 (22 U.S.C. 2351) through §620J (22 U.S.C. 2378d)
Chapter 2—Administrative Provisions
Sec. 621 (22 U.S.C. 2381) through §640C (22 U.S.C. 2399d)
Sec. 635. General Authorities. (22 U.S.C. 2395; in original act.) “The President
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
may make loans, advances, and grants to, make and perform agreements and
Funds Appropriated to the President
contracts with, or enter into other transactions with, any individual, corporation, or
other body of persons, friendly government or government agency, whether within
Development Credit Authority
or without the United States and international organizations in furtherance of the
Appropriates, for section 256 relating to microenterprise development credits and §635,
purposes and with in the limitations of this Act” (subsection (b)).
up to $25 million to be derived by transfer from funds appropriated for Part I, and from
funds intended for “Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia” (123 Stat. 3327).
Sec. 2115(b) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 180) substitutes $30 million for $25
million for FY2011.
CRS-31
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
Appropriates $8,600,000 for administrative expenses incurred in carrying out credit
programs will remain available until September 30, 2012.
Sec. 2115(b) of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 180) substitutes $8.3 million for $8.6
million for FY2011.
Sec. 637. Administrative Expenses. (22 U.S.C. 2397; in original act.) Authorizes
Last appropriated for in fiscal year 1975 (P.L. 93-240).
appropriations, in “such amounts as may be necessary from time to time for
administrative expenses” of the State Department for functions in this act and in
“unrepealed provisions of the Mutual Security Act of 1954 [predecessor to the
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961]” (subsection (b)).
Chapter 3—Miscel aneous Provisions
Sec. 641 (22 U.S.C. 2401) through §667 (22 U.S.C. 2427)
Sec. 661. Trade and Development Agency. (22 U.S.C. 2421; added in 1974,
Title VI—Export and Investment Assistance
substantively restated in 1992.) Establishes the Trade and Development Agency
(TDA) and authorizes its director to provide funds for TDA programs (subsection
Funds Appropriated to the President
(a)). Authorizes funds for fiscal year 2000 and “such sums as may be necessary for
Trade and Development Agency
each fiscal year thereafter” (subsection (f)).
Appropriates $55.2 million, to remain available until September 30, 2011 (123 Stat.
3343).
See also, for conditions and terms: §7015, reprogramming notification requirements
(123 Stat. 3349); §7023, authorization requirement (123 Stat. 3353); and §7073,
independent states of the former Soviet Union (123 Stat. 3392).
Sec. 2114 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 179) provides $50 million for FY2011.
Sec. 667. Operating Expenses. (22 U.S.C. 2427; added in 1975, substantively
Title II—United States Agency for International Development
restated in 1977.) Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 for the
Funds Appropriated to the President
administration of part I of the act—covering development assistance and other
nonmilitary assistance programs.
Operating Expenses
Appropriates $1,388.8 million, of which up to $105 million may remain available until
September 30, 2011, and of funds made available for capital investments related to the
Development Leadership Initiative up to $245 million may remain available until
September 30, 2014 (123 Stat. 3321).
Sec. 2107 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 177) provides $1,350.0 million for FY2011.
Civilian Stabilization Initiative
CRS-32
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
Appropriates $30 million, to remain available until expended, to “to support, maintain,
mobilize, and deploy a Civilian Response Corps in coordination with the Department of
State, and for related reconstruction and stabilization assistance to prevent or respond
to conflict or civil strife in foreign countries or regions, or to enable transition from
such strife…Provided, That not later than 45 days after enactment of this Act, the
Secretary of State and the USAID Administrator shall submit a coordinated joint
spending plan” for each agency’s Civilian Stabilization Initiative (123 Stat. 3322). Title I of
the act, funding Department of State programs, appropriates $120 million, to remain
available until expended, “For necessary expenses to support, maintain, mobilize, and
deploy a civilian response corps in coordination with the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID), and for related reconstruction and stabilization
assistance to prevent or respond to conflict or civil strife in foreign countries or
regions, or to enable transition from such strife” (123 Stat. 3313).
Sec. 2107 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 177) provides $5 million for FY2011.
Capital Investment Fund
Appropriates $185 million, to remain available until expended, for overseas construction
and related costs, of which not more than $134.5 million may be made available to
implement the Capital Security Cost-Sharing Program (123 Stat. 3323).
Sec. 2107 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 178), however, provides $130 million for
FY2011.
Office of Inspector General
Appropriates $46.5 million, to remain available until September 30, 2011 (123 Stat.
3323).
Sec. 2107 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 178) provides $45 million for FY2011.
Title III, paragraph appropriating funds for Development Credit Authority, provides that
$8.6 million may be transferred to, and merged with, operating expenses funds and
remain available until September 30, 2012.
See also, for terms and conditions: §7015, reprogramming notification requirements
(123 Stat. 3349); §7059, USAID management (123 Stat. 3380) for which §2121(l) of
P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 186) substitutes “should” for “may” in subsection (c),
and substitutes “65” for “30” for the number of persons USAID may hire
under the Democratic Leadership Initiative, and §7087, disability programs (123
Stat. 3404).
CRS-33
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
Part IV—Enterprise for the Americas Initiative
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Sec. 701 (22 U.S.C. 2430) through §710 (22 U.S.C. 2430i)
Department of the Treasury
Debt Restructuring
Appropriates $60 million, to remain available until September 30, 2012, for this part,
part V (below), authorities in the Food for Peace Act (P.L. 83-480), the Foreign
Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs appropriations Act, 1989 (P.L. 100-
461), the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 (P.L. 79-173), and the Miscel aneous
appropriations in the Consolidated appropriations, Fiscal Year 2000 (P.L. 106-113; H.R.
3424, as enacted) (123 Stat. 3333).
Sec. 2109 of P.L. 112-10 (125 Stat. 178) provides $50 million for FY2011;
§2121(k) of that act (125 Stat. 185) substitutes “should” for “shall” in the
first proviso.
Title V—Multilateral Assistance
Funds Appropriated to the President
Contribution to the Enterprise for the Americas Multilateral Investment Fund
Appropriates $25 million, to remain available until expended (123 Stat. 3340).
See also, for conditions and terms: §7032, authority to engage in debt buybacks or sales
(123 Stat. 3358).
Sec. 704. Reduction of Certain Debt. (22 U.S.C. 2430c; added in 1992.) “The
President may reduce the amount owed to the United States ... as a result of
concessional loans made to an eligible country...” in the form of Development
Assistance or other nonmilitary aid, Economic Support Fund, or earlier forms of
foreign aid. “The authority provided by this section may be exercised only in such
amounts or to such extent as is provided in advance by appropriations Acts.”
(subsection (a)).
Sec. 708. Americas Framework Agreements. (22 U.S.C. 2430g; added in
1992.) “The Secretary of State is authorized ... to enter into an Americas Framework
Agreement with any eligible country concerning the operations and use of the
Americas Fund for that country” (subsection (a)). The Americas Fund is established
under §707 (22 U.S.C. 2430f).
Part V—Debt Reduction for Developing Countries with Tropical Forests
See Part IV, above.
Sec. 801 (22 U.S.C. 2151 note) through §813 (22 U.S.C. 2431k)
CRS-34
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 (Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312),
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
as continued by §1101(a)(6) of the Department of Defense and Full-Year
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; 125 Stat. 38)
Sec. 806. Reduction of Debt Owed to the United States as a Result of
Concessional Loans under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. (22 U.S.C.
2431d; added in 1997.) “The President may reduce the amount owed to the United
States ... as a result of concessional loans made to an eligible county...” in the form of
Development Assistance or other nonmilitary aid, Economic Support Fund, or earlier
forms of foreign aid. Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1999 through 2001 (subsection
(a)). Further authorizes funds to reduce debt under this section or under §807,
relating to Food for Peace credits, for fiscal years 2002 through 2007 (subsection
(d)). Program conducted under the Tropical Forest Facility, established in §804 (22
U.S.C. 2431b).
Sec. 807. Reduction of Debt Owed to the United States as a Result of
Credits Extended Under Title I of the Food for Peace Act. (22 U.S.C. 2431e;
added in 1997.) The President is authorized to reduce debt as a result of credits
extended under the Food for Peace program (7 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.). Authorizes
funds for fiscal years 1999 through 2001 (subsection (a)).
Sec. 808. Authority to Engage in Debt-For-Nature Swaps and Debt
Buybacks. (22 U.S.C. 2431f; added in 1997.) The President is authorized to swap or
reduce debt in exchange for a recipient country’s investment in its natural resources
(subsection (a)).
Sec. 809. Tropical Forest Agreement. (22 U.S.C. 2431g; added in 1997.) “The
Secretary of State is authorized ... to enter into a Tropical Forest Agreement with
any eligible country concerning the operation and use of the Fund for that country.”
(subsection (a)). Authorizes making funds available for various natural resource-
related investments (subsection (d)). The Tropical Forest Fund is established under
§810 (22 U.S.C. 2431h).
Source: Compiled by CRS.
CRS-35
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations
Author Contact Information
Dianne E. Rennack
Susan G. Chesser
Specialist in Foreign Policy Legislation
Information Research Specialist
drennack@crs.loc.gov, 7-7608
schesser@crs.loc.gov, 7-9547
Congressional Research Service
36