Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations
and Corresponding Appropriations
Dianne E. Rennack
Specialist in Foreign Policy Legislation
June 16, 2010
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R40089
CRS Report for Congress
P
repared for Members and Committees of Congress

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Summary
The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.) serves as the
cornerstone for the United States’ foreign assistance policies and programs. Written, passed, and
signed into law at what some consider the height of the Cold War, the Act is seen by some today
as anachronistic. Ironically, when President Kennedy urged the 87th Congress to enact foreign aid
legislation that would exemplify and advance the national interests and security strategies of the
United States post-World War II, he described the existing foreign aid mechanisms as
bureaucratic, fragmented, awkward, and slow. Some have used the same language today, nearly
50 years later, to characterize the legislation he promoted.
The House Committee on Foreign Affairs and Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in the
111th Congress have set out to assess the current body of law that comprises foreign aid policy,
starting with the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. Their goal is to rebuild the United States’
capacity to deliver effective foreign aid, and make aid more transparent and responsive to today’s
quick-changing international challenges. To this end, the Senate has before it the Foreign
Assistance Revitalization and Accountability Act of 2009 (S. 1524; S.Rept. 111-122), which
would establish a Council on Research and Evaluation of Foreign Assistance
to objectively evaluate the impact of U.S. foreign assistance programs and their
contribution to policies, strategies, projects, program goals, and priorities undertaken by
the United States in support of foreign policy objectives. CORE will also cultivate an
integrated research and development program to incorporate best practices from
evaluation studies and analyses and foster and promote innovative programs to improve
the effectiveness of U.S. foreign assistance.
In the House, the Initiating Foreign Assistance Reform Act of 2009 (H.R. 2139; referred to the
Committee on Foreign Affairs) would require the President to
develop and implement, on an interagency basis, a comprehensive national strategy to
further the United States foreign policy objective of reducing poverty and contributing to
broad-based economic growth in developing countries, including responding to
humanitarian crises.
The bill would establish a United States Foreign Assistance Evaluation Advisory Council in the
executive branch to assist in accomplishing these goals.
Also in the House, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act for 2010 and 2011 (H.R. 2410; passed
the House June 10, 2009) calls on the President to conduct an assessment of diplomacy and
development and establish a strategy to achieve improvements in the diplomacy and aid agencies
over the next 10 years, first by identifying “key objectives and missions for United States foreign
policy and foreign assistance policies and programs, including a clear statement on United States
objectives for development assistance.”
This report presents the authorities of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and
correlates those authorities with the operative appropriations measure (division F of P.L. 111-117;
123 Stat. 3312) that funds those authorities. For many years, foreign aid appropriations measures
have waived the requirement that funds must be authorized before they are appropriated and
expended. Understanding the relation between the authorities in the cornerstone Act and
appropriations is key to foreign aid reform.
Congressional Research Service

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Contents
Background ................................................................................................................................ 1
Other Authorizations ............................................................................................................. 3
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorities and Appropriations ................................................. 4
Authorization........................................................................................................................ 5
Appropriation ....................................................................................................................... 5

Tables
Table 1. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as enacted (P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.;
75 Stat. 424)............................................................................................................................. 1
Table 2. Selected Other Authorizations ........................................................................................ 3
Table 3. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended: Authorizations and Corresponding
Appropriations in Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act, 2010 ......................................................................................................... 6

Contacts
Author Contact Information ...................................................................................................... 31

Congressional Research Service

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Background
The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), enacted at the behest
of President Kennedy, sought to organize and implement U.S. foreign assistance programs with a
commitment to long-range economic assistance to the developing world. The President, in a
“Special Message to the Congress on Foreign Aid,” delivered March 22, 1961, described the U.S.
foreign aid programs emerging from World War II as
[b]ureaucratically fragmented, awkward and slow, its administration is diffused over a
haphazard and irrational structure covering at least four departments and several other
agencies. The program is based on a series of legislative measures and administrative
procedures conceived at different times and for different purposes, many of them now
obsolete, inconsistent and unduly rigid and thus unsuited for our present needs and purposes.
Its weaknesses have begun to undermine confidence in our effort both here and abroad.1
President Kennedy went on to note the declining prestige of the United States’ foreign aid
apparatus and the negative impact of that decline on administering and staffing programs abroad.
The President also cited the uneven and undependable short-term financing of programs and the
resulting disincentive for long-term efficient planning. Congress and the executive branch worked
together to enact the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to address these shortcomings at a time when
much of the developing world was emerging as newly independent states, when those new
nations were, “without exception ... under Communist pressure,” and when “the free
industrialized nations” found themselves in a position “to assist the less-developed nations on a
long-term basis ... [as they find themselves] on the threshold of achieving sufficient economic,
social and political strength and self-sustained growth to stand permanently on their own feet.”2
Though the original Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 lengthened the authorization time frame for
funding development assistance to five years, other programs were authorized for shorter periods.
The Act still required occasional reauthorization legislation to renew programs beyond that
original time frame, and Congress retained its role of appropriating funds. The original Act
authorized the funding levels shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as enacted
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.; 75 Stat. 424)
Program Authorization
Funding Levels and Duration
Development assistance
1.2 billion for fiscal year 1962
$1.5 billion “for each of the next four succeeding years” [sec. 202]
Development grants and technical
Not to exceed $380 million “for use beginning in the fiscal year 1962”
cooperation
[sec. 212]
Investment guarantees
Not to exceed $90 million, through June 30, 1964 (fiscal years, at that
time, ran July through June in a given year) [sec. 221]
Surveys of investment opportunities
Not to exceed $5 million “for use beginning in fiscal year 1962” [sec. 232]

1 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy, 1961. “Special Message to the Congress on
Foreign Aid,” March 22, 1961. pp. 203-212.
2 Kennedy, March 22, 1961. p. 205.
Congressional Research Service
1

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Program Authorization
Funding Levels and Duration
Contributions to international
Not to exceed $153.5 million for fiscal year 1962 [sec. 302]
organizations and programs
Supporting assistance
Not to exceed $465 million “for use beginning in the fiscal year 1962”
[sec. 402]
Contingency fund
Not to exceed $300 million for fiscal year 1962 [sec. 451]
Military assistance
Not to exceed $1.7 billion, “for use beginning in the fiscal years 1962 and
1963” [sec. 504]
Through 1985, Congress regularly enacted new authorization legislation or amended the original
Act to update authorization time frames, and to incorporate newer programs and authorities. After
1986, however, Congress turned more frequently to enacting freestanding authorities that did not
amend the 1961 Act, and included language in annual appropriations measures to waive the
requirement to keep authorizations current. Thus, sections in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961,
in many instances, do not refer to authorization beyond fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (unless the
program was added to the Act by an amendment enacted after that period), but programs are
continued through appropriations.3

3 Sec. 10 of the Foreign Military Sales Amendments, 1971 (P.L. 91-672; 22 U.S.C. 2412) requires authorization before
appropriations, stating that “no money appropriated for foreign assistance (including foreign military sales) shall be
available for obligation or expenditure—(1) unless the appropriation thereof has been previously authorized by law; or
(2) in excess of an amount previously prescribed by law.” The section, however, is routinely waived, most recently in
sec. 7023 of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2010 (division F
of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3353), which states “Funds appropriated by this Act, except funds appropriated under the
heading “Trade and Development Agency”, may be obligated and expended notwithstanding section 10 of Public Law
91-672, section 15 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956, section 313 of the Foreign Relations
Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994 and 1995 (P.L. 103-236), and section 504(a)(1) of the National Security Act of
1947 (50 U.S.C. 414(a)(1)).”
The current Department of State and Foreign Operations appropriations also funds a new program—the Complex
Crises Fund—without a corresponding authorization. Title III of the Act provides (at 123 Stat. 3327):
For necessary expenses to carry out the provisions of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to
enable the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), in
consultation with the Secretary of State, to support programs and activities to prevent or respond to
emerging or unforeseen complex crises overseas, $50,000,000, to remain available until expended:
Provided, That funds appropriated under this heading may be made available on such terms and
conditions as the USAID Administrator may determine, in consultation with the Committees on
appropriations, for the purposes of preventing or responding to such crises, except that no funds
shall be made available to respond to natural disasters: Provided further, That funds appropriated
under this heading shall be made available notwithstanding section 10 of Public Law 91-672 and
section 15 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956: Provided further, That the
USAID Administrator may furnish assistance under this heading notwithstanding any other
provision of law, except sections 7007, 7008, and 7018 of this Act and section 620J of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961: Provided further, That funds appropriated under this heading shall be
subject to the regular notification procedures of the Committees on Appropriations, except that
such notifications shall be transmitted at least 5 days in advance of the obligation of funds:
Provided further, That the requirements of the previous proviso may be waived if failure to do so
would pose a substantial risk to human health or welfare: Provided further, That in case of any such
waiver, notification to the Committees on Appropriations shall be provided as early as practicable,
but in no event later than 3 days after taking the action to which such notification requirement was
applicable, in the context of the circumstances necessitating such waiver: Provided further, That
any such notification provided pursuant to such waiver shall contain an explanation of the
emergency circumstances.
Congressional Research Service
2

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Other Authorizations
A few programs are established outside the statutory framework of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961, and thus are not included in detail in this report.4 Reimbursable military exports, for
example, are addressed in the Arms Export Control Act and subsequent Security Assistance Acts.
Since 1985, the last year Congress passed a comprehensive reauthorization of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961, both Congress and the President have promoted a variety of specialized
authorities in freestanding legislation. Some freestanding laws that authorize foreign aid or apply
new conditions to aid authorized in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Selected Other Authorizations
Popular Name: Purpose
Citation
Arms Export Control Act:
P.L. 90-629; 22 U.S.C. 2751
et seq.; signed into law
—authorizes reimbursable military exports (arms sales, leases, loans)
October 22, 1968
Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended:
P.L. 106-386; 22 U.S.C. 7101
et seq.; signed into law
—authorizes $1.5 million for fiscal year 2001, $3 million for each of fiscal years 2002
October 28, 2000
and 2003, $5 million for each of fiscal years 2004 and 2005, and $5.5 million for each
of fiscal years 2006 and 2007 in support of the Task Force also created by the Act
(sec. 113);
—authorizes $10 million for prevention, $15 million for protection, and $10 million
for prosecution for each of fiscal years 2004 through 2007 in bilateral assistance to
combat trafficking (sec. 113);
—authorizes $300 thousand for voluntary contributions to the Organization for
Security and Cooperation in Europe (sec. 113);
—authorizes funds for foreign victim assistance, assistance to foreign countries to
meet minimum standards, and research (sec. 113).
Sudan Peace Act, as amended:
P.L. 107-245; 50 U.S.C. 1701
note; signed into law
—authorizes $100 million for each of the fiscal years 2003 through 2005 to prepare
October 21, 2002
the Sudanese population “not controlled by the Government of Sudan” for “peace
and democratic governance, including support for civil administration,

communications infrastructure, education, health, and agriculture.” (sec. 5);
—authorizes $100 million for fiscal year 2005, and such sums as may be necessary for
fiscal years 2006 and 2007, to support the implementation of a comprehensive peace
agreement, and $200 million for fiscal year 2005 “to address the humanitarian and
human rights crisis in the Darfur region and eastern Chad” (sec. 12).
Afghanistan Freedom Support Act of 2002, as amended:
P.L. 107-327; 22 U.S.C. 7501
et seq.; signed into law
—authorizes $15 million for fiscal years 2003 through 2006 for urgent humanitarian
December 4, 2002
needs, repatriation and resettlement, counternarcotics, and more (sec. 103);
—authorizes $300 million to establish an Enterprise Fund for Afghanistan similar to

4 Still other laws have been enacted to augment the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961—setting limited-term conditions
for aid otherwise provided for in the Act. P.L. 109-159, for example, which provides for the transfer to the Republic of
Korea of obsolete or surplus items with military application, is a freestanding law but draws on the President’s
authority stated in sec. 516 of the Act to transfer excess defense articles. Similarly, Congress has enacted a series of
laws to transfer excess or obsolete naval vessels to U.S. allies. Congress has also enacted acts in recent years
authorizing conditional aid to targeted populations or organizations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan,
North Korea, Afghanistan, and Iran.
Congressional Research Service
3

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Popular Name: Purpose
Citation
those defined in the SEED Act (sec. 103);
—authorizes such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2005 and 2006
(sec. 108);
—authorizes drawdown under sec. 506 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 not to
exceed $550 million (sec. 202).
United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria
P.L. 108-25; 22 U.S.C. 7601
Act of 2003, as amended:
et seq.; signed into law May
27, 2003
—authorizes U.S. contributions to the Global Fund through fiscal year 2013
(sec. 202);
—authorizes funding for programs added to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961
through fiscal year 2013 (sec. 401);
—authorizes “such sums as may be necessary for the fiscal year 2004 and each fiscal
year thereafter to carry out section 1625 of the International Financial Institutions
Act” (relating to debt relief for the most heavily indebted countries) (sec. 503).
Millennium Challenge Act of 2003, as amended:
Title VI of Division D of P.L.
—authorizes “such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2004 and 2005.” 109-188; 22 U.S.C. 7701 et
(sec. 619)
seq.; signed into law January
23, 2004
North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004:
P.L. 108-333; 22 U.S.C. 7801
—authorizes $2 million for each of fiscal years 2005 through 2008 for human rights
et seq.; signed into law
and democracy programs (sec. 102);
October 18, 2004
—authorizes $2 million for each of fiscal years 2005 through 2008 for actions to
promote freedom of information (sec. 104);
—authorizes $20 million for each of fiscal years 2005 through 2008 in assistance to
North Koreans outside of their country (sec. 203).
Iran Freedom Support Act:
P.L. 109-293; 50 U.S.C. 1701
—authorizes financial and political assistance to “foreign and domestic individuals,
note; signed into law
organizations, and entities working for the purpose of supporting and promoting
September 30, 2006
democracy for Iran.” (sec. 302)
Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy
P.L. 109-456; 22 U.S.C. 2151
Promotion Act of 2006:
note; signed into law
—authorizes “at least” $52 million in bilateral assistance for each of fiscal years 2006
December 22, 2006
and 2007 to Congo (sec. 103).
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorities
and Appropriations
Table 3 presents the authorities enacted in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and
the corresponding appropriations that fund those authorities in the current foreign assistance
appropriations Act.
Congressional Research Service
4

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Authorization
The left-side column of Table 3 cites sections of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended,
that authorize programs, and provides the latest year for which authorization is enacted. Sections
that establish a need for such a program—in the form of policy or finding statements, for
example—are not cited. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is organized in a conventional
manner, however, so those sections that state policy, findings, program requirements, or
implementing structure can be found in the text of the law in sections proximate to the
authorizing section. All of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is stated in the United States Code,
beginning at 22 U.S.C. 2151. For each section that states the President’s power to authorize funds,
the relevant U.S. Code citation and year of enactment is included here. In nearly all cases, these
sections have been substantially amended, or rewritten altogether, subsequent to enactment. This
table reflects the language as amended.
Though the sections generally afford the President the authority to furnish whatever assistance the
section establishes, sec. 622(a) and (c) (22 U.S.C. 2382(a), (c)) of the Act states that
[n]othing contained in this Act shall be construed to infringe upon the powers or functions of
the Secretary of State.... Under the direction of the President, the Secretary of State shall be
responsible for the continuous supervision and general direction of economic assistance,
military assistance, and military education and training programs, including but not limited
to determining where there shall be a military assistance (including civic action) or a military
education and training program for a country and the value thereof, to the end that such
programs are effectively integrated both at home and abroad and the foreign policy of the
United States is best served thereby.
In many instances, the President has delegated his authority to the Secretary of State, the
Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, or some other
appropriate office holder. Delegations of authority are to be found, either in whole text or as a
reference, in the U.S. Code, at sections corresponding to the section of the Foreign Assistance Act
of 1961 that states the relevant authority.
Appropriation
The right-side column of Table 3 states appropriations levels that correspond to the authorized
program, as most recently enacted in the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related
Programs Appropriations Act, 2010 (division F of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010;
P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312).
The General Provisions title in an appropriations act usually states conditions for administering
the appropriations. In Table 3, General Provisions sections that state conditionality and terms that
might be applicable to the aid being provided are also listed, and a statute citation is provided to
assist the reader who might wish to read in further detail. General Provisions measures that apply
to the entire appropriations Act, however, are not cited here; they are numerous and would have
to be restated at every authority. So, for example, a General Provisions section that prohibits
assistance to a government of a country the government of which has been overthrown by
military coup, is not cited here, but would apply to all authorities. For those provisions, it is best
to refer to the text of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act.
Congressional Research Service
5

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Table 3. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations in Department of
State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2010
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
Part I
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Chapter 1—Policy; Development Assistance Authorizations
Funds Appropriated to the President
Sec. 101 (22 U.S.C. 2151) through sec. 135 (22 U.S.C. 2152h)
Global Health and Child Survival
For global health activities, appropriates, “in additional to funds otherwise available for
such purposes”: $2,420 million, to remain available until September 30, 2011 (123 Stat.
3323).
In addition, “for the prevention, treatment, and control of, and research on, HIV/AIDS”:
$5,359 million, to remain available until expended (123 Stat. 3325).
Development Assistance
Appropriates $2,520 million, to remain available until September 30, 2011, of which not
less than $265 million is available for microenterprise and microfinance programs, not
less than $23.5 million is available for American Schools and Hospitals Abroad, $10
million is available for cooperative development programs, not less than $315 million is
available for clean water and sanitation projects, and not less than $20 million is available
for women’s leadership programs. Also provides that of all the funding provided as
bilateral economic assistance, not less than $1,169.83 million should be available for
food security and agricultural development, of which, in Development Assistance, $31.5
million is available for Collaborative Research Support Programs and $10 million for a
U.S. contribution to the Global Crop Diversity Trust (123 Stat. 3325).

See also, for conditions and terms: sec. 7011, availability of funds (123 Stat. 3346); sec.
7015, reprogramming notification requirements (123 Stat. 3349); sec. 7018, prohibition
on funding for abortions and involuntary sterilization (123 Stat. 3351); sec. 7019,
al ocations (123 Stat. 3351); sec. 7026, commerce, trade and surplus commodities (123
Stat. 3354); sec. 7027, separate accounts (123 Stat. 3355); sec. 7028, eligibility for
assistance (123 Stat. 3356); sec. 7034, special authorities (123 Stat. 3360); sec, 7045 (c),
Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (123 Stat. 3372); sec. 7047, community-based police
assistance (123 Stat. 3377); sec. 7048, prohibition of payments to U.N. members (123
Stat. 3377); sec. 7059, U.S. Agency for International Development management (123
Stat. 3380); sec. 7060, global health activities (123 Stat. 3382); sec. 7061, Development
Grants Program (123 Stat. 3383); sec. 7062, women in development (123 Stat. 3383);
sec. 7063, gender-based violence (123 Stat. 3383); sec. 7064, education (123 Stat. 3383);
sec. 7065, reconciliation programs (123 Stat. 3384); sec. 7070, Africa (123 Stat. 3385);
sec. 7071, Asia (123 Stat. 3388); sec. 7072, Serbia (123 Stat. 3391); sec. 7073,
CRS-6

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
independent states of the former Soviet Union (123 Stat. 3392); sec. 7074, repression in
the Russian Federation (123 Stat. 3393); sec. 7075, Central Asia (123 Stat. 3393); sec.
7076, Afghanistan (123 Stat. 3393); sec. 7078, U.N. Population Fund (123 Stat. 3395);
sec. 7081, climate change and environment programs (123 Stat. 3397); sec. 7085,
international prison conditions (123 Stat. 3401); sec. 7088, orphans, displaced, and
abandoned children (123 Stat. 3404); and sec. 7089, Sri Lanka (123 Stat. 3404).
Sec. 103. Agriculture, Rural Development, and Nutrition. (22 U.S.C. 2151a;

added to the Act in 1973.) Authorizes the President “to furnish assistance ... for
agriculture, rural development, and nutrition...to alleviate starvation, hunger, and
malnutrition;...to expand...the provision of basic services to rural poor people...to
help create productive farm and off-farm employment in rural areas to provide a
more viable economic base”. Includes authority to strengthen local institutions,
organize financial savings and credit institutions, and improve infrastructure (subsec.
(b)). Authorizes emphasis on forest protection and restoration (subsec. (b)(3); added
in 1979). Authorizes the President to continue U.S. participation in multilateral
institutions related to agricultural development (subsec. (g); added in 1981). Funds
are authorized for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsec. (a)(2)).
Sec. 104. Population and Health. (22 U.S.C. 2151b; added in 1983.) Authorizes
See Part I, above.
the President to furnish assistance “for voluntary population planning.” (subsec. (b)).
Authorizes the President to furnish assistance for health programs (subsec. (c)),
including the special needs of children and mothers (subsec. (c)(2)), including primary
health care, immunization, and rehydration (subsec. (c)(3); added in 1985).
“Appropriations pursuant to [subsec. (c)(2)(B)] may be referred to as the ‘Child
Survival fund’.” (subsec. (c)(2)(C); added in 1984). Funds are authorized for fiscal
years 1986 and 1987 (subsec. (g)).
Sec. 104A. Assistance to Combat HIV/AIDS. (22 U.S.C. 2151b-2; added in

2003.) Authorizes the President to furnish assistance for the prevention, treatment,
and monitoring of HIV/AIDS.
Sec. 104B. Assistance to Combat Tuberculosis. (22 U.S.C. 2151b-3; added in

2003.) Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “for the prevention, treatment,
control, and elimination of tuberculosis” (subsec. (c)).
Sec. 104C. Assistance to Combat Malaria. (22 U.S.C. 2151b-4; added in 2003.)

Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “for the prevention, treatment,
control, and elimination of malaria” (subsec. (c)).
Sec. 105. Education and Human Resources Development. (22 U.S.C. 2151c;

added in 1973.) Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “for education, public
administration, and human resource development” (subsec. (a)). Funds are
CRS-7

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
authorized for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsec. (a)).
Sec. 106. Energy, Private Voluntary Organizations, and Selected

Development Activities. (22 U.S.C. 2151d; added in 1975.) Authorizes the
President to furnish assistance for the development of energy resources, cooperative
programs in energy production and conservation, (subsec. (b)); and a range of
programs of technical cooperation, reconstruction, special development of
infrastructure in the poorest countries, and urban development (subsec. (d)). Funds
are authorized for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsec. (e)); funds are authorized for
appropriations for cooperative projects among the United States, Israel, and
developing countries (subsec. (f); added in 1985).
Sec. 116. Human Rights. (22 U.S.C. 2151n; added in 1975.) The President is

authorized to use not less than $3 million in Development Assistance, Development
Fund for Africa, and Economic Support Fund appropriations “for studies to identify,
and for...carrying out, programs and activities which will encourage or promote
increased adherence to civil and political rights, including the right to free religious
belief and practice” (subsec. (e)).
Sec. 117. Environment and Natural Resources. (22 U.S.C. 2151p; added in

1977.) The President is authorized to furnish assistance “for developing and
strengthening the capacity of developing countries to protect and manage their
environment and natural resources” (subsec. (b)).
Sec. 119. Endangered Species. (22 U.S.C. 2151q; added in 1983.) The President

is authorized to furnish assistance “to assist countries in protecting and maintaining
wildlife habitats and in developing sound wildlife management and plant conservation
programs” (subsec. (b)).
Sec. 122. General Authorities. (22 U.S.C. 2151t; added in 1978.) “In order to

carry out the purposes of this chapter, the President is authorized to furnish
assistance...to countries and areas through programs of grant and loan assistance,
bilaterally or through regional, multilateral, or private entities” (subsec. (a)). “The
President is authorized to make loans...in order to promote the economic
development of countries and areas, with emphasis upon assisting long range plans
and programs designed to develop economic resources and increase productive
capacities” (subsec. (b)).
CRS-8

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
Sec. 129. Program To Provide Technical Assistance To Foreign
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Governments and Foreign Central Banks of Developing or Transitional
Department of the Treasury
Countries. (22 U.S.C. 2151aa; added in 1998.) The Secretary of the Treasury, in
International Affairs Technical Assistance
consultation with the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the U.S. Agency for
International Development (USAID), “is authorized to establish a program to provide Appropriates $25 million, to remain available until September 30, 2012 (123 Stat. 3333).
technical assistance to foreign governments and foreign central banks of developing
countries in transitional countries” (subsec. (a)(1)). Funds are authorized for fiscal
year 1999 (subsec. (j)).
Sec. 130. Assistance for Victims of Torture. (22 U.S.C. 2152; added in 1998.)

The President is authorized to furnish assistance, in the form of grants, for the
rehabilitation of victims of torture.
Sec. 133. Programs To Encourage Good Governance. (22 U.S.C. 2152c;

added in 2000.) “The President is authorized establish programs that combat
corruption, improve transparency and accountability, and promote other forms of
good governance in countries” eligible to receive assistance under the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 or the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of
1989 (subsec. (a)).
Sec. 134. Assistance To Foreign Countries To Meet Minimum Standards

for the Elimination of Trafficking. (22 U.S.C. 2152d; added in 2000.) The
President is authorized to furnish assistance “to foreign countries directly, or
through nongovernmental and multilateral organizations, for programs, projects, and
activities designed to” eliminate the trafficking of persons.
Sec. 135. Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children. (22

U.S.C. 2152f; added in 2005.) The President is authorized to furnish assistance “to
provide basic care and services for orphans and other vulnerable children” (subsec.
(c)). The President “shal establish a monitoring and evaluation system to measure
the effectiveness of United States assistance to orphans and other vulnerable
children” (subsec. (d)). Such sums as may be necessary are authorized for fiscal years
2006 and 2007 (subsec. (f)).
Sec. 135. Assistance To Provide Safe Water and Sanitation. (22 U.S.C.
No appropriations required; funded by the col ection of payments in local currencies
2152b; added in 2005.) “[T]he President is authorized to furnish assistance for
under title I of the Food for Peace Act.
programs in developing countries to provide affordable and equitable access to safe
water and sanitation” (subsec. (b)). “The President may use payments made in local
See Part I, above, however, which appropriates not less than $315 million for safe
currencies...under title I of the Food for Peace Act...to provide assistance under this
drinking water and sanitation programs (123 Stat. 3326).
section” (subsec. (d)).
CRS-9

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
Chapter 2—Other Programs

Sec. 206 through Sec. 300
Title II—American Schools and Hospitals Abroad; Prototype Desalting Plant
Sec. 214 (22 U.S.C. 2174) and sec. 219 (22 U.S.C. 2179)
Sec. 214. American Schools and Hospitals Abroad. (22 U.S.C. 2174; in original See Part I, above, of which not less than $23.5 million is available for American Schools
Act.) The President is authorized to furnish assistance “to schools and libraries
and Hospitals Abroad program (123 Stat. 3325).
outside the United States founded or sponsored by United States citizens and serving
as study and demonstration centers for ideas and practices of the United States”
(subsec. (a)). The President is authorized to furnish assistance to “hospital centers
for medical education and research outside the United States, founded or sponsored
by United States citizens” (subsec. (b)). Funds are authorized for fiscal years 1986 and
1987 (subsec. (c)).
Sec. 219. Prototype Desalting Plant. (22 U.S.C. 2179; added in 1969.) The

President is authorized “to participate in the development of a large-scale water
treatment and desalting prototype plan...in Israel.... Such participation shall include
financial, technical, and such other assistance as the President deems appropriate”
(subsec. (a)).
Title III—Housing and Other Credit Guaranty Programs
See also, for terms and conditions: sec. 7033, special debt relief for the poorest
Sec. 221 (22 U.S.C. 2181) through sec. 226 (22 U.S.C. 2186)
(123 Stat. 3359).
Sec. 222. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2182; added in 1969, original y as a housing

program for Latin America; restated in 1978.) The President is authorized “to issue
guaranties to eligible investors” (subsec. (a)) committed to assisting “developing
countries in marshalling resources for low-cost shelter” (sec. 221). Authority sunsets
at the end of fiscal year 1992.
Sec. 222A. Agricultural and Productive Credit and Self-Help Community

Development Programs. (22 U.S.C. 2182a; added in 1974.) USAIDa is authorized
“to issue guaranties...to private lending institutions, cooperatives, and private
nonprofit development organizations...to carry out agricultural credit and self-help
community development projects” (subsec. (b)). The Inter-American Foundation
plays a role when guaranty coverage is directed to Latin America (subsec. (d)); the
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) plays an administrative role
through mid-1976 (subsec. (f)), and for the transferring of predecessor programs it
initiated (subsec. (g)). Authority sunsets at the end of fiscal year 1988.
CRS-10

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
Sec. 224. Trade Credit Insurance Program for Central America. (22 U.S.C.

2184; added in 1984.) USAIDa is authorized “to provide guarantees to the [Export-
Import] Bank for liabilities to be incurred by the Bank in connection with guarantees
or insurance...for financing for transactions involving the export of goods and services
for the use of the private sector in Central American countries” (subsec. (a)).
Authority sunsets at the end of fiscal year 1991 (subsec. (c)).
Sec. 225. Trade Credit Insurance Program for Poland. (22 U.S.C. 2185;

added in 1989.) The President is authorized “to provide guarantees to the [Export-
Import] Bank” to cover certain liabilities related to “the export goods and services
for the use of the private sector in Poland” (subsec. (a)). Authority sunsets at the end
of fiscal year 1992 (subsec. (l)).
Sec. 226. Loan Guarantees To Israel Program. (22 U.S.C. 2186; added in

1992.) The President is authorized “to issue guarantees against losses incurred in
connection with loans to Israel made as a result of” resettling immigrants from the
former Soviet Union, Ethiopia, and elsewhere (subsecs. (a), (b)). Authority sunsets at
the end of fiscal year 1997 (subsec. (a)).
Title IV—Overseas Private Investment Corporation
Title VI—Export and Investment Assistance
(Sec. 231 (22 U.S.C. 2191) through sec. 240B (22 U.S.C. 2200b))
Overseas Private Investment Corporation
Noncredit account: makes available not to exceed $52.31 million.
Program account: appropriates $29 million, “to be derived by transfer from the
Overseas Private Investment Corporation Noncredit Account”. Funds are available for
direct loan obligations and loan guaranty commitments for fiscal years 2010 through
2012; funds obligated in those fiscal years remain available for disbursement through
2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively (123 Stat. 3342).
See also, for terms and conditions: sec. 7026, commerce, trade, and surplus
commodities (123 Stat. 3354); sec. 7073, independent states of the former Soviet Union
(123 Stat. 3393); and sec. 7079, OPIC (123 Stat. 3396).
Sec. 231. Creation, Purpose, and Policy. (22 U.S.C. 2191; added in 1969.)

Creates the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) “to mobilize and
facilitate the participation of United States private capital and skills in the economic
and social development of less developed countries and areas, and countries in
transition from nonmarket to market economies”, and puts it “under the policy
guidance of the Secretary of State.”
CRS-11

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
Sec. 232. Capital of the Corporation. (22 U.S.C. 2192; added in 1969.) The

President is authorized to pay in capital to stand up OPIC from receipts received
under the Mutual Security Act of 1954, for fiscal years 1970 and 1971.
Sec. 234. Investment Insurance and Other Programs. (22 U.S.C. 2194; added

in 1969.) OPIC is authorized to issue insurance (subsec. (a)), guarantee loans and
investments (subsec. (b)), make direct investments (subsec. (c)), encourage
investment (subsec. (d)), manage special activities (subsec. (e)), finance other
insurance functions (subsec. (f)), establish a pilot program on equity financing, added
in 1988 and to run for 4 years (subsec. (g)), and issue local currencies guarantees
(subsec. (h)).
Sec. 235. Issuing Authority, Direct Investment Authority and Reserves. (22
U.S.C. 2195; added in 1969.) Authority for sec. 234(a), (b), and (c) is stated here, and
“shal continue until 2007”. (subsec. (a)). Establishes a noncredit revolving fund
(subsec. (c)). Authorizes transfers of funds from predecessor authorities (subsec.
(e)). Authorizes funds to replenish or increase the noncredit account revolving fund
(subsec. (f)).
Title VI—Microenterprise Development Assistance
See Part I, above, of which not less than $265 million is available for “microenterprise
Subtitle A—Grant Assistance
and microfinance development programs for the poor, especial y women” (123 Stat.
Sec. 251 (22 U.S.C. 2211) through sec. 255 (22 U.S.C. 2211d)
3325).
Sec. 252. Authorization; Implementation; Targeted Assistance. (22 U.S.C.

2211a; added in 2004.) The President is authorized to provide assistance “for
programs in developing countries to include the availability of credit, savings, and
other services to microfinance and microenterprise clients lacking full access to
capital, training, technical assistance, and business development services” (subsec.
(a)).
Sec. 256. Microenterprise Development Credits. (22 U.S.C. 2212; added in
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
1983 as sec. 108; transferred to Microenterprise title in 2004.) The President is
Funds Appropriated to the President
authorized “to provide assistance to increase the availability of financial services to
microenterprise households lacking full access to credit” (subsec. (a)). Funds are
Development Credit Authority
authorized through fiscal year 2009 (subsec. (f)).
Appropriates, for this section and sec. 635, up to $25 million to be derived by transfer
from funds appropriated for Part I, or from funds intended for “Assistance for Europe,
Eurasia, and Central Asia” (123 Stat. 3327).
Appropriates $8.6 million for administrative expenses for USAID to carry out credit
programs to remain available until September 30, 2012 (123 Stat. 3328).
See also, for conditions and terms: sec. 7011, availability of funds (123 Stat. 3346).
CRS-12

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
Subtitle C—United States Microfinance Loan Facility

Sec. 257 (22 U.S.C. 2213)
Sec. 257. United States Microfinance Loan Facility. (22 U.S.C. 2213; added in

2000.) The USAID Administrator is authorized “to establish a United States
Microfinance Loan Facility...to pool and manage the risk from natural disasters, war
or civil conflict, national financial crisis, or short-term financial movements that
threaten the long-term development of United States-supported microfinance
institutions” (subtitle (a)). Funds are authorized through fiscal year 2009 (subsec. (d)).
Title XII—Famine Prevention and Freedom From Hunger

Sec. 296 (22 U.S.C. 2220a) through sec. 300 (22 U.S.C. 2220e)
Sec. 297. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2220b; added in 1975.) The President is
See Part I, above.
authorized to furnish assistance through U.S. universities to build “capacity and
human resources skills of agriculturally developing countries..., provide long-term
program support..., involve United States universities more fully in the international
network of agricultural science..., and...provide program support for international
agricultural research centers” (subsec. (a)).
Sec. 299. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2220d; added in 1975.)) The President is

authorized to use Development Assistance funds for these purposes.
Chapter 3—International Organizations and Programs
Title IV—Multilateral Assistance
Sec. 301 (22 U.S.C. 2221) through sec. 307 (22 U.S.C. 2227)
Funds Appropriated to the President
International Organizations and Programs
Appropriates $394 million for this chapter, and for sec. 2 of the U.N. Environment
Program Participation Act of 1973 (P.L. 93-188; 87 Stat. 713) (123 Stat. 3339).
See also, for terms and conditions: sec. 7017, limitation on availability of funds for
international organizations and programs (123 Stat. 3351); sec. 7019, al ocations (123
Stat. 3351); sec. 7078, U.N. Population Fund (123 Stat. 3395); and sec. 7086,
transparency and accountability (123 Stat. 3402).
Sec. 301. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2221; in original Act.) The President is

authorized “to make voluntary contributions on a grant basis to international
organizations and ... programs” (subsec. (a)).
CRS-13

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
Sec. 302. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2222; in original Act.) Funds are authorized

for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsec. (a)). Funds for Indus Basin Development are
authorized beginning in fiscal year 1969 (subsec. (b)), and for fiscal years 1974
through 1976 (subsec. (c)). Additional funds are authorized for the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for fiscal years 1976 and 1977 (subsec. (I)). Additional
funds are authorized for multilateral and regional drug abuse control programs for
fiscal year 1989 (subsec. (j)). Additional funds are authorized for U.S. contributions to
the Vaccine Fund, the International AIDS Initiative, and the Malaria Vaccine Initiative,
for fiscal years 2004 through 2008 (subsecs. (k), (l), and (m), respectively).
Chapter 6—Central America Democracy, Peace, and Development Initiative

Sec. 461 (22 U.S.C. 2271) through sec. 466 (22 U.S.C. 2276)
Sec. 465. Authorization for Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989. (22 U.S.C. 2275;

added in 1985.) The President is authorized an additional $1.2 million for fiscal years
1988 and 1989 for nonmilitary assistance for Central American countries.
Chapter 7—Debt-For-Nature Exchanges

Sec. 461 [sic] (22 U.S.C. 2281) through sec. 466 [sic] (22 U.S.C. 2286)
Sec. 462. Assistance for Commercial Debt Exchanges. (22 U.S.C. 2282;

added in 1989.) The USAID Administrator is authorized to furnish assistance to
facilitate debt-for-nature swaps.
Chapter 8—International Narcotics Control
Title IV—International Security Assistance
Sec. 481 (22 U.S.C. 2291) through sec. 490 (22 U.S.C. 2291j)
Department of State
International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement
Appropriates $1,597 million, to remain available until September 30, 2011 (123 Stat.
3335).
See also, for terms and conditions: sec. 7015, reprogramming notification requirements
(123 Stat. 3349); sec. 7019, al ocations (123 Stat. 3351); sec. 7033, special debt relief for
the poorest (123 Stat. 3359); sec. 7044, aircraft transfer and coordination (123 Stat.
3371); sec. 7045, Western Hemisphere (123 Stat. 3372); sec. 7046, Colombia (123 Stat.
3375); sec. 7063, gender-based violence (123 Stat. 3383); sec. 7070, Africa (123 Stat.
3385); sec. 7076, Afghanistan (123 Stat. 3393); and sec. 7080, extradition (123 Stat.
3396).
CRS-14

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
Congress enacted subsequent sections in chapter 9 to authorize additional

international disaster assistance for a short period in response to particular events.
All of the following should be considered historical, though in some sections a finite
period for funds to be available is not stated:
—Sec. 494. Disaster Relief Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2292c; added in 1974.)
Additional funds are authorized for disaster relief and emergency recovery needs in
Pakistan and Nicaragua.
—Sec. 495. Cyprus Relief and Rehabilitation. (22 U.S.C. 2292f; added in 1975.)
Additional funds for relief for “refugees and other needy people”.
—Sec. 495B. Italy Relief and Rehabilitation. (22 U.S.C. 2292h; added in 1976.)
Additional funds for fiscal year 1976 for earthquake relief in Italy (subsec. (a)).
Additional funds for fiscal year 1978 for earthquake relief in Italy (subsec. (b)).
Additional funds for fiscal year 1981 for earthquake relief in Italy (subsec. (d)).
—Sec. 495C. Lebanon Relief and Rehabilitation. (22 U.S.C. 2292i; added in
1976.) Additional funds for relief to “refugees and other needy people in Lebanon” as
a result of civil strife (subsec. (a)).
—Sec. 495D. Romanian Relief and Rehabilitation. (22 U.S.C. 2292j; added in
1977.) Additional funds in fiscal year 1977 for earthquake relief in Romania (subsec.
(a), (b)).
—Sec. 495E. Turkey Relief, Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction. (22 U.S.C.
2292k; added in 1977.) The President is “requested to use ... funds made available
under section 492” for earthquake relief in Turkey.
—Sec. 495F. African Rehabilitation and Resettlement. (22 U.S.C. 2292l;
added in 1978.) Additional fund in fiscal year 1981 for relief to victims of civil strife in
the developing countries of Africa.
—Sec. 495G. Special Caribbean Hurricane Relief Assistance. (22 U.S.C.
2292m; added in 1979.) Additional funds in fiscal year 1980 for relief to Central
American victims of recent hurricanes.
—Sec. 495H. Cambodian Disaster Relief Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2292n; added
in 1979.) Additional funds in response to conditions of disease and famine in
Cambodia.
—Sec. 495I. Assistance for Displaced Persons in Central America. (22
U.S.C. 2292o; added in 1981.) Additional funds in fiscal years 1982 and 1983 for
displaced persons in El Salvador, and for resettlement of Haitians in Belize.
CRS-16

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
Chapter 11—Support for the Economic and Democratic Development of the
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Independent States of the Former Soviet Union
Funds Appropriated to the President
Sec. 498 (22 U.S.C. 2295) through sec. 498C (22 U.S.C. 2295c)
Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia
Appropriates $741.63 million, to remain available until September 30, 2011, for
“provisions of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the FREEDOM Support Act, and the
Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989…which shal be available,
notwithstanding any other provision of law, for assistance and for related programs for
countries identified in section 3 of the FREEDOM Support Act and section 3(c) of the
SEED Act:…Provided further, That notwithstanding any other provision of this or any
other Act, funds appropriated in prior years under the headings ‘Independent States of
the Former Soviet Union’ and similar headings and ‘Assistance for Eastern Europe and
the Baltic States’ and similar headings…shall be available for use in any country for
which funds are made available under this heading without regard to the geographic
limitations of the heading under which such funds were originally appropriated: Provided
further, That funds made available for the Southern Caucasus region may be used for
confidence-building measures and other activities in furtherance of the peaceful
resolution of conflicts, including in Nagorno-Karabakh: Provided further, That of the funds
appropriated under this heading that are available for assistance for the Kyrgyz Republic,
up to $11,500,000 shal be made available for the Joint Development Fund.” (123 Stat.
3330).
See also, for terms and conditions: sec. 7011, availability of funds (123 Stat. 3346); sec.
7015, reprogramming notification requirements (123 Stat. 3349); sec. 7019, al ocations
(123 Stat. 3351); sec. 7028, eligibility for assistance (123 Stat. 3356); sec. 7059, USAID
management (123 Stat. 3380); sec. 7073, independent states of the former Soviet Union
(123 Stat. 3392); sec. 7074, repression in the Russian Federation (123 Stat. 3393); and
sec. 7081, climate change and environment programs (123 Stat. 3397).
Sec. 498. Assistance for the Independent States. (22 U.S.C. 2295; added in

1992.) “The President is authorized to provide assistance to the independent states
of the former Soviet Union” for urgent humanitarian needs, democracy and rule of
law programs, developing an independent media, developing private enterprise,
promoting trade and investment, promoting market-based distribution of agriculture,
strengthening health and human services, reforming education, promoting market-
based pricing for energy, implementing civilian nuclear reactor safety, enhancing
environmental protections and conservation, improving transportation, promoting
illicit drug control, and protecting refugees, migrants and the displaced.
Sec. 498C. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2295c; added in 1992.)

Authorizes funds for fiscal year 1993.
CRS-18

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
Chapter 12—Support for the Economic and Political Independence of the Countries
See authorization in chapter 11, above.
of the South Caucasus and Central Asia
Sec. 499 (22 U.S.C. 2296) through sec. 499F (22 U.S.C. 2296f)

Sec. 499. United States Assistance To Promote Reconciliation And

Recovery From Regional Conflicts. (22 U.S.C. 2296; added in 1999.) “[T]he
President is authorized to provide humanitarian assistance and economic
reconstruction assistance for the countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia”
(subsec. (a)) “(1)...for humanitarian needs of victims of the conflicts; (2) facilitating the
return of refugees and internally displaced persons to their homes; and (3) assisting
in the reconstruction of residential and economic infrastructure destroyed by war”
(subsec. (c)).
Sec. 499A. Economic Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2296a; added in 1999.) The

President is authorized to furnish assistance to the region (subsec. (b)) to “support
the development of the structures and means necessary for the growth of private
sector economies” (subsec. (c)).
Sec. 499B. Development of Infrastructure. (22 U.S.C. 2296b; added in 1999.)

Authorizes the Export-Import Bank, Overseas Private Investment Corporation, and
Trade and Development Agency (subsec. (b)) to support “the participation of United
States companies and investors in the planning, financing, and construction of
infrastructure for communications, transportation,...and energy and trade” (subsec.
(c)).
Sec. 499C. Border Control Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2296c; added in 1999.) The

President is authorized to furnish assistance (subsec. (b)) for maintaining “national
border guards, coast guard, and customs controls” (subsec. (c)).
Sec. 499D. Strengthening, Tolerance, and the Development of Civil

Society. (22 U.S.C. 2296d; added in 1999.) The President is authorized to furnish
assistance for the development of democracy, nongovernmental organizations,
independent media, rule of law, independent judiciary, transparency in both
governance and commerce, international exchanges, the training of professionals, and
adherence to civil and political rights (subsec. (b)).
Part II

Chapter 1—Policy
Sec. 501 (22. U.S.C. 2301) through sec. 502B (22 U.S.C. 2304)
Chapter 2—Military Assistance

Sec. 503 (22 U.S.C. ) through sec. 517 (22 U.S.C. )
CRS-19

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
Chapter 4—Economic Support Fund
Title III—Bilateral Economic Assistance
Sec. 531 (22 U.S.C. 2346) through sec. 534 (22 U.S.C. 2346c)
Funds Appropriated to the President
Economic Support Fund
(123 Stat. 3328)
Appropriates $6,377 million for Economic Support Fund programs to remain available
until September 30, 2011, of which
—$250 million is available to Egypt in grant form, “with the understanding that Egypt
will undertake significant economic and democratic reforms…” and of the amount
al ocated to Egypt, it is further al ocated for democracy, human rights and governance
programs (not less than $25 million); and education (not less than $35 million, of which
$10 million is for scholarships).
—$11 million should be available to Cyprus for scholarships, bicommunal programs,
reunification and peace efforts.
—$12 million is available for Lebanon for education.
—$363 million is available for Jordan.
—$400.4 million may be made available for West Bank and Gaza, of which $not to
exceed $2 million is for USAID administrative expenses, not more than $150 million
shal be for cash transfer assistance.
—Of the ESF funds made available for Pakistan, $2 million shall be directed to the Office
of Inspector General to oversee programs in that country.
—$209.79 million “shall be apportioned directly to USAID for alternative
development/institution building programs in Colombia, and under this heading of the
funds made available to Colombia, not less than $8 million shall be merged with
Migration and Refugee Assistance for “nongovernmental and international organizations
that provide assistance to Colombian refugees in neighboring countries.”
Democracy Fund
Appropriates $120 million for the promotion of democracy globally, to remain available
until September 30, 2011, of which $70 million is for the Human Rights and Democracy
Fund of the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor of the State Department,
and of which $50 million is for the Office of Democracy and Governments of the
Bureau for Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance of USAID (123 Stat.
3329).
CRS-21

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)

International Fund for Ireland
Appropriates $17 million in Economic Support Funds, to remain available until
September 30, 2011, as a contribution to the International Fund for Ireland pursuant to
the Anglo-Irish Agreement Support Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-415) (123 Stat. 3330).
Foreign Military Financing Program
In addition to providing not less than $238 million in Foreign Military Financing to
Pakistan, appropriates up to $60 million in Economic Support Funds in this Act and
prior Acts for Pakistan (123 Stat. 3338).
See also, for terms and conditions: sec. 7009, transfer authority (123 Stat. 3345); sec.
7015, reprogramming notification requirements (123 Stat. 3349); sec. 7019, al ocations
(123 Stat. 3351); sec. 7024, definition of program, project, and activity (123 Stat. 3353);
sec. 7034(h) and (j), special authorities relating to disarmament, demobilization, and
reintegration, and contingencies (123 Stat. 3361, 3362); sec. 7039, assistance for the
West Bank and Gaza (123 Stat. 3366); sec. 7042, Near East (123 Stat. 3368); sec.
7045(e) and (f), Western Hemisphere, relating to Mexico and Central America (123
Stat. 3373); sec. 7046, Colombia (123 Stat. 3375); sec. 7063, gender-based violence (123
Stat. 3383); sec. 7065, reconciliation programs (123 Stat. 3384); sec. 7070(b), Africa,
relating to counter-terrorism programs (123 Stat. 3385); sec. 7071, Asia (123 Stat.
3388); sec. 7076, Afghanistan (123 Stat. 3393); sec. 7081, climate change and
environment programs (123 Stat. 3397); sec. 7086, transparency and accountability (123
Stat. 3402); and sec. 7087, disability programs (123 Stat. 3404).
Sec. 531. Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2346; in original Act as “Supporting Assistance”,

though substantial y restated in 1971 and again in 1978.) The “President is authorized
to furnish assistance to countries and organizations ... in order to promote economic
or political stability.”
Sec. 532. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2346a; in original Act as

“Supporting Assistance”, though substantial y restated in 1971 and again in 1978.)
Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 for Israel and Egypt, and other funds
in the same period the recipients of which to be determined as follows: “The
Secretary of State shall be responsible for policy decisions and justifications for
economic support programs under this chapter, including determination of whether
there will be an economic support program for a country and the amount of the
program for each country. The Secretary shall exercise this responsibility in
cooperation with the Administration of the agency primarily responsible for
administering part I of this Act” (sec. 531(b)).
CRS-22

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
Sec. 533. Emergency Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2346b; added in 1981.) Authorizes

some of the funds defined in sec. 532 to be made available for emergency use “when
the national interests of the United States urgently require economic support to
promote economic or political stability” (subsec. (a)).
Sec. 534. Administration of Justice. (22 U.S.C. 2346c; added in 1985.)

Authorizes the President to furnish assistance “to countries and organizations,
including national and regional institutions, in order to strengthen the administration
of justice in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean” (subsec. (a)).
Chapter 5—International Military Education and Training
Title IV—International Security Assistance
Sec. 541 (22 U.S.C. 2347) through sec. 549 (22 U.S.C. 2347h)
Funds Appropriated to the President
International Military Education and Training
Appropriates $108 million, of which up to $4 million may remain available until
expended (123 Stat. 3337).
See also, for terms and conditions: sec. 7015, reprogramming notification requirements
(123 Stat. 3349); sec. 7020, prohibition of payment of certain expenses (123 Stat. 3352);
sec. 7045(d), Western Hemisphere, relating to Guatemala (123 Stat. 3373); sec. 7046,
Colombia (123 Stat. 3375); sec. 7070(a), Africa (123 Stat. 3385); and sec. 7075, Central
Asia (123 Stat. 3399).
Sec. 541. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2347; added in 1976.) “The President is

authorized to furnish ... military education and training to military and related civilian
personnel of foreign countries.”

Sec. 542. Authorization. (22 U.S.C. 2347a; added in 1976.) Authorizes funds for

fiscal years 1986 and 1987.
Sec. 544. Exchange Training. (22 U.S.C. 2347c; added in 1985.) “The President is

authorized to provide for the attendance of foreign military personnel at professional
military education institutions in the United States (other than service academies)”
(subsec. (a)). “The President may provide for the attendance of foreign military and
civilian defense personnel at flight training schools and programs” (subsec. (b)).
CRS-23

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
Chapter 6—Peacekeeping Operations
Title IV—International Security Assistance
Sec. 551 (22 U.S.C. 2348) through sec. 554 (22 U.S.C. 2348d)
Department of State
Peacekeeping Operations
Appropriates $331.5 million, of which up to $102 million may be made available for
Somalia, and of that up to $55 million may be used to pay assessed expenses of
international peacekeeping activities in that country; and not less than $26 million shall
be made available for a U.S. contribution to the Multinational Force and Observers
mission in Sinai (123 Stat. 3336).
See also, for conditions and terms: sec. 7010, reporting requirement (123 Stat. 3346);
sec. 7015, reprogramming notification requirements (123 Stat. 3349); sec. 7019,
al ocations (123 Stat. 3352); sec. 7034(h), special authorities, relating to disarmament,
demobilization, and reintegration (123 Stat. 3361); sec. 7045(d), Western Hemisphere,
relating to Guatemala (123 Stat. 3373); and sec. 7070, Africa (123 Stat. 3385).
Sec. 551. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2348; added in 1978.) “The President is

authorized to furnish assistance to friendly countries and international organizations
... for peacekeeping operations and other programs carried out in furtherance of the
national security interests of the United States.”
Sec. 552. Authorization of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2348a; added in 1978.)

Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 (subsec. (a)). Authorizes the
President to transfer limited funds from Economic Support Funds to Peacekeeping to
respond to an unforeseen emergency (subsec. (c); added in 1979).
Chapter 7—Air Base Construction in Israel

Sec. 561 (22 U.S.C. 2349) through sec. 563 (2349b)
Sec. 561. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2349; added in 1979.) “The President is

authorized ... to construct such air bases in Israel...to replace the...airbases located at
Etzion and Etam on the Sinai peninsula that are to be evacuated” (para. (1)), and “to
furnish...defense articles and defense services” (para. (2)).
Sec. 562. Authorization and Utilization of Funds. (22 U.S.C. 2349a; added in
Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1979 (P.L. 96-35; 93 Stat. 103) provided $800 million.
1979.) Authorizes $800 million, to remain available until expended (subsec. (a)).
CRS-24

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
Chapter 8—Antiterrorism Assistance
Title IV—International Security Assistance
Sec. 571 (22 U.S.C. 2349aa) through sec. 575 (22 U.S.C. 2349aa-5)
Department of State
Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining and Related Programs
Appropriates $754 million to carry out chapter 8, chapter 9 (below), sec. 504 of the
FREEDOM Support Act, sec. 23 of the Arms Export Control Act, or other sections of
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 that apply to demining, clearance of ordnance,
destruction of small arms, and related activities. Of the total, not to exceed 475 million
is available for the Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund, not more than $500
thousand is available for public-private partnerships relating to conventional weapons
and mines, and not to exceed $700 thousand is available for the administration of
demining (123 Stat. 3336).
See also, for terms and conditions: sec. 7015, reprogramming notification requirements
(123 Stat. 3349); sec. 7019, al ocations (123 Stat. 3351); sec. 7046, Colombia (123 Stat.
3375); sec. 7070(b), Africa (123 Stat. 3385); sec. 7073, independent states of the former
Soviet Union (123 Stat. 3392); and sec. 7080, extradition (123 Stat. 3396).
Sec. 571. General Authority. (22 U.S.C. 2349aa; added in 1983.) The “President

is authorized to furnish ... assistance to foreign countries in order to enhance the
ability of their law enforcement personnel to deter terrorists and terrorist groups
from engaging in international terrorist acts...” notwithstanding most other
provisions of law.
Sec. 574. Authorizations of Appropriations. (22 U.S.C. 2349aa-4; added in

1983, with substantial amendments thereafter.) Authorizes funds for fiscal years 2001
through 2003.
Chapter 9—Nonproliferation and Export Control Assistance
See chapter 8, above.
Sec. 581 (22 U.S.C. 2349bb) through sec. 586 (22 U.S.C. 2349bb-4)
Sec. 582. Authorization of Assistance. (22 U.S.C. 2349bb-1; added in 2000.) The
“President is authorized to furnish ... assistance ... [for] training services and the
provision of funds, equipment, and other commodities related to the detection,
deterrence, monitoring, interdiction, and prevention or countering of proliferation,
the establishment of effective nonproliferation laws and regulations, and the
apprehension of those individuals involved in acts of proliferation of such weapons.”
CRS-25

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended
Appropriations Act, 2010
(P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.)
(Division F of P.L. 111-117; 123 Stat. 3034 at 3312)
Sec. 667. Operating Expenses. (22 U.S.C. 2427; added in 1975, substantively
Title II—United States Agency for International Development
restated in 1977.) Authorizes funds for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 for the
Funds Appropriated to the President
administration of part I of the Act—covering development assistance and other
nonmilitary assistance programs.
Operating Expenses
Appropriates $1,388.8 million, of which up to $105 million may remain available until
September 30, 2011, and of funds made available for capital investments related to the
Development Leadership Initiative up to $245 million may remain available until
September 30, 2014 (123 Stat. 3321).
Civilian Stabilization Initiative
Appropriates $30 million, to remain available until expended, to “to support, maintain,
mobilize, and deploy a Civilian Response Corps in coordination with the Department of
State, and for related reconstruction and stabilization assistance to prevent or respond
to conflict or civil strife in foreign countries or regions, or to enable transition from
such strife…Provided, That not later than 45 days after enactment of this Act, the
Secretary of State and the USAID Administrator shall submit a coordinated joint
spending plan” for each agency’s Civilian Stabilization Initiative (123 Stat. 3322). Title I of
the Act, funding Department of State programs, appropriates $120 million, to remain
available until expended, “For necessary expenses to support, maintain, mobilize, and
deploy a civilian response corps in coordination with the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID), and for related reconstruction and stabilization
assistance to prevent or respond to conflict or civil strife in foreign countries or
regions, or to enable transition from such strife” (123 Stat. 3313).
Capital Investment Fund
Appropriates $185 million, to remain available until expended, for overseas construction
and related costs, of which not more than $134.5 million may be made available to
implement the Capital Security Cost-Sharing Program (123 Stat. 3323).
Office of Inspector General
Appropriates $46.5 million, to remain available until September 30, 2011
(123 Stat. 3323).
Title III, paragraph appropriating funds for Development Credit Authority, provides that
$8.6 million may be transferred to, and merged with, operating expenses funds and
remain available until September 30, 2012.
See also, for terms and conditions: sec. 7015, reprogramming notification requirements
(123 Stat. 3349); sec. 7059, USAID management (123 Stat. 3380), and sec. 7087,
disability programs (123 Stat. 3404).
CRS-28

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations

Author Contact Information

Dianne E. Rennack

Specialist in Foreign Policy Legislation
drennack@crs.loc.gov, 7-7608

Congressional Research Service
31