Budget Reconciliation: Farm Bill Programs Without a Budget Baseline and Trade Promotion, Research, Horticulture, and Animal Health Programs with a Budget Baseline
The agriculture title of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (Title I of House-passed H.R. 1) and the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Budget Reconciliation Text (June 25, 2025) would provide additional funding for many smaller agricultural programs. These provisions are in addition to the proposed increases for farm safety net programs and reductions to nutrition assistance programs that are most of the agricultural budget effect. See other CRS products about nutrition assistance, farm safety net, agricultural conservation, and horticulture programs in the reconciliation bill.
Funding would be provided for farm bill programs without a budget baseline ("orphan programs"; CRS In Focus IF12115, Farm Bill Primer: Programs Without a Budget Baseline). Funding would also be provided for programs with a budget baseline for trade promotion, research, horticulture, and animal health (CRS In Focus IF12233, Farm Bill Primer: Budget Dynamics). In these areas, H.R. 1 and the Senate committee text would provide the same amounts.
H.R. 1 and the Senate committee text would provide $1.014 billion to 19 agricultural programs without baseline, including 18 of the 21 programs without baseline in the 2018 farm bill and one new program, Assistive Technology Program for Farmers with Disabilities (Table 1, Figure 1). Funding generally ends after FY2031. The bill also would add $5.7 billion of budget authority over nine years for four programs that have permanent baseline and create baseline for two new programs (Table 2). Funding extends through the full budget window. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) score for H.R. 1 does not detail annual outlays at the program level. Outlays may differ from budget authority and be less in total.
These specific increases would be more than offset by nutrition program reductions and conservation rescissions. The CBO score for H.R. 1 Title I is a net reduction of $238 billion over 10 years to meet House budget reconciliation instructions, including a reduction of $295 billion from nutrition programs and an increase of $57 billion for agricultural programs. CBO has not publicly released a score for the Senate committee text.
Table 1. Farm Bill Programs Without a Budget Baseline in the Budget Reconciliation Bill
($ millions)
|
Program |
Section in H.R. 1 |
Section in Senate Cmte. text |
Provision Description |
Budget Authority FY2025-FY2031 |
||
|
Farm to Food Bank |
10013 |
10603 |
$4 million each year FY2025-FY2031 |
|
||
|
Implementation |
10101(o) |
10314 |
$50 million after enactment |
|
||
|
Grassroots Source Water Protection |
10102(a) |
10601(c) |
$1 million in FY026 |
|
||
|
Voluntary Public Access and Habitat Incentive |
10102(b) |
10601(d) |
$70 million for FY2025-FY2031 (Senate) |
|
||
|
Feral Swine Eradication and Control |
10102(c) |
10601(f) |
$105 million for FY2025-FY2031 (Senate) |
|
||
|
Urban, Indoor, and Other Emerging Agricultural Production Research, Education, and Extension Initiative |
10104(a) |
10604(a) |
$2 million each year FY2025-FY2031 |
|
||
|
Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research |
10104(b) |
10604(b) |
$37 million after enactment |
|
||
|
Scholarships for Students at 1890 Institutions |
10104(c) |
10604(c) |
$60 million in FY2026 |
|
||
|
Assistive Technology Program for Farmers with Disabilities |
10104(d) |
10604(d) |
$8 million after enactment |
|
||
|
Bioenergy Program for Advanced Biofuels |
10106 |
10605 |
$7 million each year FY2025-FY2031 |
|
||
|
Organic Production and Market Data Initiative |
10107(c) |
10606(c) |
$10 million for FY2026-FY2031 |
|
||
|
Organic Certification, Trade Tracking and Data |
10107(d) |
10606(d) |
$5 million for FY2026 |
|
||
|
National Organic Certification Cost-Share |
10107(e) |
10606(e) |
$8 million each year FY2025-FY2031 |
|
||
|
Multiple Crop and Pesticide Use Survey |
10107(f) |
10606(f) |
$5 million for FY2026 |
|
||
|
Sheep Production and Marketing Grant |
10108(b) |
10607(b) |
$3 million for FY2026 |
|
||
|
Pima Agriculture Cotton Trust Fund |
10108(c)(1) |
10607(c) |
$16 million each year FY2025-FY2031 |
|
||
|
Agriculture Wool Apparel Manufacturers Trust Fund |
10108(c)(2) |
10607(d) |
$30 million each year FY2025-FY2031 |
|
||
|
Wool Research and Promotion |
10108(c)(3) |
10607(e) |
$2.25 million each year FY2025-FY2031 |
|
||
|
Emergency Citrus Disease Research and Development |
10108(c)(4) |
10607(f) |
$25 million each year FY2025-FY2031 |
|
||
|
Total |
|
Source: CRS analysis of Title I of H.R. 1 and Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Budget Reconciliation Text, June 25, 2025.
Notes: Includes programs that would receive funding but would have no budget baseline beyond FY2031, using the methodology in CRS In Focus IF12115, Farm Bill Primer: Programs Without a Budget Baseline. H.R. 1 and the Senate committee text provide the same amounts.
|
Figure 1. Farm Bill Programs Without a Budget Baseline in the Budget Reconciliation Bill |
|
Source: CRS analysis of Title I of H.R. 1 and Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Budget Reconciliation Text, June 25, 2025. Notes: Includes programs that would receive funding but would have no budget baseline beyond FY2031, using the methodology in CRS In Focus IF12115, Farm Bill Primer: Programs Without a Budget Baseline. H.R. 1 and the Senate committee text provide the same amounts. |
Table 2. Farm Bill Programs with a Budget Baseline for Trade Promotion, Agricultural Research, Horticulture, and Animal Health in the Budget Reconciliation Bill
($ millions)
|
Program |
Section in H.R. 1 |
Section in Senate Cmte. text |
Provision Description |
Increase in Budget Authority FY2026-FY2034 |
|
Supplemental Agricultural Trade Promotion Program |
10103 |
10602 |
Creates a new Supplemental Trade Promotion Program with funding of $285 million/year beginning in FY2027 |
2,280 |
|
Specialty Crop Research Initiative |
10104(e) |
10604(e) |
Increases existing budget authority by $95 million/year (from $80 million/year to $175 million/year) beginning in FY2026 |
855 |
|
Research Facilities Act |
10104(f) |
10604(f) |
Creates new funding for the Research Facilities Act of $125 million/year beginning in FY2026 |
1,125 |
|
Plant Pest and Disease Management and Disaster Prevention |
10107(a) |
10606(a) |
Increases existing budget authority by $15 million/year (from $75 million to $90 million) beginning in FY2026 |
135 |
|
Specialty Crop Block Grants |
10107(b) |
10606(b) |
Increases existing budget authority by $15 million/year (from $85 million to $100 million) beginning in FY2026 |
135 |
|
Animal Disease Prevention and Management |
10108(a) |
10607(a) |
Increases existing budget authority by $203 million/year for five years, FY2026-FY2030 (from $30 million to $233 million), and by $45 million/year beginning in 2031 (from $30 million to $75 million) |
1,195 |
|
Total |
5,725 |
Source: CRS analysis of Title I of H.R. 1 and Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Budget Reconciliation Text, June 25, 2025.
Notes: Excludes farm safety net, conservation, and nutrition assistance programs. H.R. 1 and the Senate committee text provide the same amounts.