Budget Reconciliation: Farm Bill Programs Without a Budget Baseline and Trade Promotion, Research, Horticulture, and Animal Health Programs with a Budget Baseline

Budget Reconciliation: Farm Bill Programs Without a Budget Baseline and Trade Promotion, Research, Horticulture, and Animal Health Programs with a Budget Baseline

Budget Reconciliation: Farm Bill Programs Without a Budget Baseline and Trade Promotion, Research, Horticulture, and Animal Health Programs with a Budget Baseline

Updated June 26, 2025 (IN12573)

The agriculture title of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (Title I of House-passed H.R. 1) and the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Budget Reconciliation Text (June 25, 2025) would provide additional funding for many smaller agricultural programs. These provisions are in addition to the proposed increases for farm safety net programs and reductions to nutrition assistance programs that are most of the agricultural budget effect. See other CRS products about nutrition assistance, farm safety net, agricultural conservation, and horticulture programs in the reconciliation bill.

Funding would be provided for farm bill programs without a budget baseline ("orphan programs"; CRS In Focus IF12115, Farm Bill Primer: Programs Without a Budget Baseline). Funding would also be provided for programs with a budget baseline for trade promotion, research, horticulture, and animal health (CRS In Focus IF12233, Farm Bill Primer: Budget Dynamics). In these areas, H.R. 1 and the Senate committee text would provide the same amounts.

H.R. 1 and the Senate committee text would provide $1.014 billion to 19 agricultural programs without baseline, including 18 of the 21 programs without baseline in the 2018 farm bill and one new program, Assistive Technology Program for Farmers with Disabilities (Table 1, Figure 1). Funding generally ends after FY2031. The bill also would add $5.7 billion of budget authority over nine years for four programs that have permanent baseline and create baseline for two new programs (Table 2). Funding extends through the full budget window. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) score for H.R. 1 does not detail annual outlays at the program level. Outlays may differ from budget authority and be less in total.

These specific increases would be more than offset by nutrition program reductions and conservation rescissions. The CBO score for H.R. 1 Title I is a net reduction of $238 billion over 10 years to meet House budget reconciliation instructions, including a reduction of $295 billion from nutrition programs and an increase of $57 billion for agricultural programs. CBO has not publicly released a score for the Senate committee text.

Table 1. Farm Bill Programs Without a Budget Baseline in the Budget Reconciliation Bill

($ millions)

Program

Section in H.R. 1

Section in Senate Cmte. text

Provision Description

Budget Authority FY2025-FY2031

Farm to Food Bank

10013

10603

$4 million each year FY2025-FY2031

28

Implementation

10101(o)

10314

$50 million after enactment

50

Grassroots Source Water Protection

10102(a)

10601(c)

$1 million in FY026

1

Voluntary Public Access and Habitat Incentive

10102(b)

10601(d)

$70 million for FY2025-FY2031 (Senate)

70

Feral Swine Eradication and Control

10102(c)

10601(f)

$105 million for FY2025-FY2031 (Senate)

105

Urban, Indoor, and Other Emerging Agricultural Production Research, Education, and Extension Initiative

10104(a)

10604(a)

$2 million each year FY2025-FY2031

14

Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research

10104(b)

10604(b)

$37 million after enactment

37

Scholarships for Students at 1890 Institutions

10104(c)

10604(c)

$60 million in FY2026

60

Assistive Technology Program for Farmers with Disabilities

10104(d)

10604(d)

$8 million after enactment

8

Bioenergy Program for Advanced Biofuels

10106

10605

$7 million each year FY2025-FY2031

49

Organic Production and Market Data Initiative

10107(c)

10606(c)

$10 million for FY2026-FY2031

10

Organic Certification, Trade Tracking and Data

10107(d)

10606(d)

$5 million for FY2026

5

National Organic Certification Cost-Share

10107(e)

10606(e)

$8 million each year FY2025-FY2031

56

Multiple Crop and Pesticide Use Survey

10107(f)

10606(f)

$5 million for FY2026

5

Sheep Production and Marketing Grant

10108(b)

10607(b)

$3 million for FY2026

3

Pima Agriculture Cotton Trust Fund

10108(c)(1)

10607(c)

$16 million each year FY2025-FY2031

112

Agriculture Wool Apparel Manufacturers Trust Fund

10108(c)(2)

10607(d)

$30 million each year FY2025-FY2031

210

Wool Research and Promotion

10108(c)(3)

10607(e)

$2.25 million each year FY2025-FY2031

15
.75

Emergency Citrus Disease Research and Development

10108(c)(4)

10607(f)

$25 million each year FY2025-FY2031

175

Total

1,013
.75

Source: CRS analysis of Title I of H.R. 1 and Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Budget Reconciliation Text, June 25, 2025.

Notes: Includes programs that would receive funding but would have no budget baseline beyond FY2031, using the methodology in CRS In Focus IF12115, Farm Bill Primer: Programs Without a Budget Baseline. H.R. 1 and the Senate committee text provide the same amounts.

Figure 1. Farm Bill Programs Without a Budget Baseline in the Budget Reconciliation Bill

Source: CRS analysis of Title I of H.R. 1 and Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Budget Reconciliation Text, June 25, 2025.

Notes: Includes programs that would receive funding but would have no budget baseline beyond FY2031, using the methodology in CRS In Focus IF12115, Farm Bill Primer: Programs Without a Budget Baseline. H.R. 1 and the Senate committee text provide the same amounts.

Table 2. Farm Bill Programs with a Budget Baseline for Trade Promotion, Agricultural Research, Horticulture, and Animal Health in the Budget Reconciliation Bill

($ millions)

Program

Section in H.R. 1

Section in Senate Cmte. text

Provision Description

Increase in Budget Authority FY2026-FY2034

Supplemental Agricultural Trade Promotion Program

10103

10602

Creates a new Supplemental Trade Promotion Program with funding of $285 million/year beginning in FY2027

2,280

Specialty Crop Research Initiative

10104(e)

10604(e)

Increases existing budget authority by $95 million/year (from $80 million/year to $175 million/year) beginning in FY2026

855

Research Facilities Act

10104(f)

10604(f)

Creates new funding for the Research Facilities Act of $125 million/year beginning in FY2026

1,125

Plant Pest and Disease Management and Disaster Prevention

10107(a)

10606(a)

Increases existing budget authority by $15 million/year (from $75 million to $90 million) beginning in FY2026

135

Specialty Crop Block Grants

10107(b)

10606(b)

Increases existing budget authority by $15 million/year (from $85 million to $100 million) beginning in FY2026

135

Animal Disease Prevention and Management

10108(a)

10607(a)

Increases existing budget authority by $203 million/year for five years, FY2026-FY2030 (from $30 million to $233 million), and by $45 million/year beginning in 2031 (from $30 million to $75 million)

1,195

Total

5,725

Source: CRS analysis of Title I of H.R. 1 and Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Budget Reconciliation Text, June 25, 2025.

Notes: Excludes farm safety net, conservation, and nutrition assistance programs. H.R. 1 and the Senate committee text provide the same amounts.