The Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014 (WIFIA 2014, Title V, Subtitle C, of P.L. 113-121, as amended; 33 U.S.C. §§3901-3915) authorized the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to provide credit assistance—direct loans or loan guarantees—for water resource projects. USACE's program is called the Corps Water Infrastructure Financing Program (CWIFP). WIFIA 2014 also authorized an analogous Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) program for water projects outside of USACE mission areas.
WIFIA 2014 authorized USACE credit assistance for projects that
USACE describes borrowers' benefits as interest rates near U.S. Treasury rates, possible matching of repayment schedules with anticipated cash flows, and repayment periods up to 35 years after construction completion. In FY2021, Congress created a USACE Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Program (WIFIP) account and funded CWIFP to provide credit assistance. Of the $118 million in enacted funding to date, Congress has indicated that a portion of funding is for nonfederal dam safety projects, some funds are for either nonfederal dam safety or nonfederal levee projects, and other funds are for program administration (see Table 1). Eligible dams are those identified as nonfederally owned in the National Inventory of Dams.
Table 1. Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Program (WIFIP) Account
(dollars in millions, nominal)
Public Law Funding WIFIP Account and FY2026 Request |
Support for Credit Assistance |
Program Administration |
Project Type Statutory Limitations for Credit Assistance |
$81.0 |
$15.4 |
Nonfederal dam safety projects |
|
$0 |
$7.2 |
— |
|
$2.2 |
$5.0 |
Nonfederal dam safety and levee projectsa |
|
$2.2 |
$5.0 |
Nonfederal dam safety and levee projectsa |
|
FY2026 Budget request |
$0 |
$0 |
— |
Source: CRS.
a. Congressional direction specifies credit in accordance with 85 Federal Register 39189.
In May 2023, USACE published a final CWIFP implementation rule (88 Federal Register 32661). Under the rule, eligibility is limited to nonfederal dam safety projects as required by CWIFP appropriations through FY2023. In September 2023, USACE solicited preliminary CWIFP applications for nonfederal dam safety projects (88 Federal Register 64892). After evaluating the preliminary applications, USACE in September 2024 invited 18 prospective borrowers to complete their applications for an estimated almost $3.19 billion in loans. Three other applications are pending. Applicants are responsible for application fees, and prospective borrowers are responsible for fees to process CWIFP credit assistance and loan payments (33 U.S.C. §3908(b)(7)).
The 2023 rule clarifies that CWIFP-eligible entities include state, local, and tribal government entities and various private entities (e.g., corporations, partnerships, and trusts) that are publicly sponsored (33 U.S.C. §3907(a)(4)); federal entities are ineligible. An eligible project needs to cost more than $20 million and be creditworthy, technically sound, economically justified, and environmentally acceptable. USACE's rule identifies dam removal as eligible. For a project, CWIFP credit assistance supports up to 49% of eligible project costs, or up to 80% for projects serving economically disadvantaged communities.
The volume of credit assistance that CWIFP can provide is determined primarily by the total appropriated amount to support credit assistance (i.e., the amount appropriated to pay the credit subsidy costs of loans) and the credit subsidy cost for each loan. Under the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (FCRA; P.L. 101-508), appropriations for federal credit programs primarily cover long-term credit subsidy costs (2 U.S.C. §661a). Subsidy costs reflect potential losses to the government from loan defaults. Various assumptions and estimates are used to determine subsidy costs (e.g., credit ratings of the project borrower, estimated default and recovery rates, loan amount and interest). Projects with lower credit risk would consume less credit subsidy than higher credit risk projects. USACE calculates subsidy costs on a project-by-project basis.
CWIFP policy issues include future funding for the program and the budgetary treatment of certain projects as nonfederal.
Another bill in the 119th Congress, S. 570, if enacted, would require that projects receiving assistance under CWIFP and EPA's WIFIA programs have "payment and performance security."