CRS INSIGHT Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress

INSIGHTi

Corps Water Infrastructure Financing Program (CWIFP)

Updated August 4, 2025 (IN12021)

(CWIFP)

Updated November 21, 2024

The Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014 (WIFIA 2014, Title V, Subtitle C, of P.L. 113-121; , as amended; 33 U.S.C. §§3901-3915, as amended3915) authorized the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to provide credit assistance—direct loans or loan guarantees—for water resource projects. USACE’'s program is called the Corps Water InfrastructureInfrastructure Financing Program (CWIFP). WIFIA 2014 also authorized an analogous Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) program for water projects outside of USACE mission areas.

CWIFP Authority, Implementation, and Funding

WIFIA 2014 authorized USACE credit assistance for projects with the following purposes:

• reduction ofthat reduce riverine or coastal storm flood damage,

• restoration of restore aquatic ecosystems,

• improvement of improve the inland and intracoastal waterways navigation system,

• improvement of improve navigation at a U.S. harbor, or

•support a combination of purposes supportedassisted by USACE and EPA WIFIA authorities (e.g., drinking water, wastewater, and/or stormwater system improvements).

USACE describes benefits for borrowers borrowers' benefits as interest rates near U.S. Treasury rates, possible matching of repayment schedules with anticipated cash flows, and repayment periods up to 35 years after construction completion. In FY2021, Congress created a USACE Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Program (WIFIP) account and first funded thefunded CWIFP to provide credit assistance. Of the $110.8118 million in enacted funding to date, Congress has indicated (see Table 1) that

• $81.0 million supports credit assistance for nonfederal dam safety projects,

• $2.2 million supports credit assistance for that a portion of funding is for nonfederal dam safety projects, some funds are for either nonfederal dam safety andor nonfederal levee projects, and

• $27.6 million supports program administration.

other funds are for program administration (see Table 1). Eligible dams are those identified as nonfederally owned in the National Inventory of Dams. National Inventory of Dams.

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IN12021

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Table 1. Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Program (WIFIP) Account

(dollars in millions, nominal)

Public Law Funding

WIFIP Account and

FY2025 Request

Support for

Credit Assistance

Program

Administration

FY2026 Request

Support for Credit Assistance

Program Administration

Project Type Statutory Limitations for Credit Assistance

P.L. 116-260,^a P.L. 117-58, P.L. 117-103^a

$81.0

$15.4

Nonfederal dam safety projects

P.L. 117-328

$0

$7.2

—

P.L. 118-42

$2.2

$5.0

Nonfederal dam safety and levee projects^a

P.L. 119-4

$2.2

$5.0

Nonfederal dam safety and levee projects^a

FY2026 Budget request

$0

$0

—

Source: CRS.

a.

Project Type Statutory Limitations for

Credit Assistance

P.L. 116-260 $12.0 $2.2 Nonfederal dam safety projects^a

P.L. 117-58 $64.0 $11.0 Nonfederal dam safety projects

P.L. 117-103 $5.0 $2.2 Nonfederal dam safety projects^a

P.L. 117-328 $0 $7.2 —

P.L. 118-42 $2.2 $5.0 Nonfederal dam safety and levee projects^a

FY2025 Budget request $2.0 $5.0 Nonfederal dam safety projects

Source: CRS. a. Congressional direction specifies credit in accordance with 85 Federal Register 39189.

.

In May 2023, USACE published a final CWIFP implementation rule (88 Federal Register 32661). Under the rule, eligibility is limited to nonfederal dam safety projects as required by CWIFP appropriations through FY2023. In September 2023, USACE solicited preliminary applications from prospective CWIFP borrowersCWIFP applications for nonfederal dam safety projects (88 Federal Register 64892). After evaluating the preliminary applications, USACE in September 2024 invited 1818 prospective borrowers to complete theirtheir applications for an estimated $3.186almost $3.19 billion in loans. Three other applications are pending. Applicants are responsible for application fees, and prospective borrowers are responsible for fees to process CWIFP credit assistance and loan payments.

(33 U.S.C. §3908(b)(7)).

The 2023 rule clarifies that CWIFP-eligible entities include state, local, and tribal government entities and various private entities (e.g., corporations, partnerships, and trusts) that are publicly sponsored (33 U.S.C. §3907(a)(4)); federal entities are ineligible. An eligible project needs to cost more than $20 million and be creditworthy, technically sound, economically justified, and environmentally acceptable. USACE’'s rule identifies dam removal as eligible. For a project, CWIFP credit assistance supports up to 49% of eligible project costs, or up to 80% for projects serving economically disadvantaged communities..

Credit Subsidy

The volume of credit assistance that CWIFP can provide is determined primarily by the total appropriated amount to support credit assistance (i.e., the amount appropriated to pay the credit subsidy costs of the loans) and the credit subsidy cost for each loan. Under the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (FCRA; (P.L. 101- 508), appropriations for federal credit programs primarily cover long-term credit subsidy costs (2 U.S.C. §661a). Subsidy costs reflect potential losses to the government from loan defaults. Various assumptions and estimates are used to determine subsidy costs (e.g., credit ratings of the project borrower, estimated default and recovery rates, loan amount and interest). Projects with lower credit risk would consume less credit subsidy than higher credit risk projects. USACE calculatescalculates subsidy costs on a project-by-project basis.

Issues for Congress

Policy issues related to CWIFP include

• implementation (e.g., USACE’s calculation of subsidy costs, pace of loan closures),

• appropriations for CWIFP credit assistance, and

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•

• eligible project types.

Regarding eligible project types,

CWIFP policy issues include future funding for the program and the budgetary treatment of certain projects as nonfederal.

Funding. According to the Trump Administration's FY2026 budget documents, CWIFP funding is proposed to be eliminated because it is "duplicative of other" federal programs, and the program is "arguably outside of the Corps' mission." Early indications in the FY2026 congressional appropriations process suggest support among some Members that CWIFP administration funding continue (see the committee-reported version of H.R. 4553).

Treatment of certain projects as nonfederal. Congress provided that nonfederal levee projects are eligible for the FY2024-funded CWIFP assistance. P.L. 118-42 specified that, to be eligible, a levee must be certified by the Secretary of the Army as not being federally owned. USACE has not advanced its efforts to amend the 2023 CWIFP final rule to incorporate nonfederal levee projects. A related question is whether the nonfederal costs of authorized USACE construction projects are eligible for CWIFP assistance. Many congressionally authorized USACE projects are aligned with the project eligibilities defined in statute (33 U.S.C. §3905(1)) to be eligible a levee must be certified as not being federally owned by the Secretary of the Army. USACE has yet to implement CWIFP for levees. USACE’s future efforts to solicit applications for FY2024 credit assistance may clarify CWIFP eligibility for new nonfederal work on levees originally constructed by USACE and operated by a nonfederal entity. The House Appropriations Committee, in explanatory text accompanying P.L. 116-260, had encouraged the Secretary of the Army to issue “guidance to clarify, as Congress intended … that the financial assistance program authorized in WIFIA applies to all non-Federal projects and any authorized project that is non-federally owned, operated, and maintained.”

A related question is CWIFP eligibility of nonfederal costs of authorized USACE construction projects. Many congressionally authorized USACE projects have purposes that are CWIFP eligible pursuant to WIFIA 2014. Congress has required that nonfederal sponsors share in the cost of many USACE projects and assume responsibility for the projects and their maintenance costs after construction. A June 30, 2020, Federal Register notice―“Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act Program (WIFIA) Criteria Pursuant to the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020” ( (85 Federal Register 39189)―) identified congressionally authorized USACE (and Bureau of Reclamation) projects as federal assets and therefore ineligible for WIFIA assistance. As noted in Table 1, Congress has often referenced the 2020 Federal Register notice when funding USACE’s WIFIP account. The discussion in USACE’s 2023 final ruleThe discussion in USACE's 2023 final rule references the applicability of the 2020 Federal Register notice, thereby maintaining that congressionally authorized USACE projects are considered federal assets. Thus, the 2023 final rule indicates that nonfederal costs for congressionally authorized USACE projects are ineligible for CWIFP assistance.

Author Information

Nicole T. Carter Acting Section Research Manager

Disclaimer

This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

Legislation introduced in the 119^th Congress (e.g., H.R. 3035, S. 1760), if enacted, would change that eligibility. The bills would provide that assistance from CWIFP and EPA's WIFIA to a nonfederal entity, if repaid using nonfederal revenues, is to be considered nonfederal for purposes of budgetary treatment under the FCRA.

Another bill in the 119^th Congress, S. 570, if enacted, would require that projects receiving assistance under CWIFP and EPA's WIFIA programs have "payment and performance security."