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Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2020

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Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2019

Updated September 3, 2019 (R45329)
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Summary

Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and August 19, 2020 Legislation 2017-2020 Clayton Thomas For nearly two decades, Congress has helped shape the U.S. approach to Afghanistan and the Analyst in Middle Eastern ongoing conflict there. This product provides a summary of legislative proposals considered in the 115th and 116th Affairs the 115th and 116th Congresses that relate to U.S. policy in Afghanistan. These address a number of issues, including the following:

  • The size of, and legal authorization for, the U.S. military presence in the country.
  • Executive branch transparency and regular reporting requirements.
  • The purposes for U.S. aid, and conditions under which it can be obligated.
  • The role of women in Afghan society, government, and the military.

While Pakistan is a key player in the Afghan conflict, this report does not discuss measures primarily related to Pakistan, though many such proposals reference the war in Afghanistan. This report also does not include legislative proposals related to special immigrant visas for Afghan nationals who work for or on behalf of the U.S. government in Afghanistan. For more on that program, see CRS Report R43725, Iraqi and Afghan Special Immigrant Visa Programs, by Andorra Bruno.

For more information on U.S. policy in Afghanistan, see CRS Report R45818, Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy and CRS Report R45122, Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy In Brief .

Overview: U.S. Policy in Afghanistan, 2001-Present

Congressional Research Service link to page 4 link to page 5 link to page 6 link to page 7 link to page 8 link to page 8 link to page 9 link to page 10 link to page 11 link to page 12 link to page 25 link to page 39 link to page 41 Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2020 Contents Overview: U.S. Policy in Afghanistan, 2001-Present ..................................................................... 1 Trump Administration Policy .................................................................................................... 2 Areas of Congressional Engagement on Afghanistan ..................................................................... 3 U.S. Military Presence .............................................................................................................. 4 Authorization for Use of Military Force ................................................................................... 5 Reporting and Oversight ........................................................................................................... 5 Aid Directives and Conditionality............................................................................................. 6 Executive Branch Transparency ................................................................................................ 7 Status of Afghan Women and Girls ........................................................................................... 8 Tables Table 1. Proposed Legislation on Afghanistan in the 116th Congress as of July 2020 .................... 9 Table 2. Proposed Legislation on Afghanistan in the 115th Congress............................................ 22 Table 3. U.S. Assistance to Afghanistan ........................................................................................ 36 Contacts Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 38 Congressional Research Service Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2020 Overview: U.S. Policy in Afghanistan, 2001-Present Afghanistan has been a central U.S. foreign policy concern since American forces, in the wake of the attacks on September 11, 2001, helped lead a military campaign against Al Qaeda and the Taliban government that harbored it. Since then, the United States, along with NATO and other international partners, has deployed hundreds of thousands of troops and provided tens of billions of dollars in foreign assistance to Afghanistan. The overarching goal of these efforts has been to support the elected Afghan government and bolster its security forces against a resilient insurgency by the Taliban and others, including (since 2014) an active affiliate of the Islamic State (IS-Khorasan Province, also known as ISKP or ISIS-K).

After a coalition of armed opposition groups known as the Northern Alliance drove the Taliban government out of the capital, Kabul, with the help of American airpower and a small number of U.S. special forces, the U.N. convened Afghan leaders in Bonn, Germany in December 20112001 to lay out a roadmap for the creation of a democratic government in Afghanistan. Taliban representatives were not invited to participate in the meetings in Bonn. That conference established an interim administration headed by Hamid Karzai, and called for a June 2002 emergency loya jirga (a traditional Afghan consultative assembly) that confirmed Karzai as President of the Afghan Transitional Administration. Another loya jirga was convened in late 2003 to endorse a new constitution, which was ratified in January 2004. Afghanistan held its first presidential election in October 2004, electing Karzai with 55% of the vote. The first parliamentary elections followed in September 2005.

Sporadic Taliban attacks continued during this time, with U.S. intelligence collecting evidence of an "“organized Taliban revival"” by early 2004.11 Under intense U.S. military pressure, most Al Qaeda and Taliban fighters had fled into Pakistan, where they helped to inspire an Islamist insurgency that would later drive the Pakistani state into full-scale crisis. As they battled Al Qaeda and other Islamist militants at home, Pakistan'’s security institutions aided the Afghan Taliban, including by providing safe haven to much of its leadership, a legacy of Pakistan's ’s formal recognition of the group from 1996 to 2001. By 2007, despite nascent democratic development and improvements in most Afghans'’ quality of life, the American effort in Afghanistan, once described as "“the good war,"” appeared "“off course,"” with security deteriorating, narcotics production increasing, and levels of Taliban violence steadily rising.2

2 In response, President Barack Obama increased the number of American forces (from approximately 36,000 in 2009 to about 100,000 in 2011) as part of an effort to combat the Taliban insurgency and increase the capacity of the Afghan government and security forces. Most security metrics improved during the "“surge,"” but uncertainty rose as Afghan forces took the lead for security nationwide (in mid-2013) amidst a steady drawdown of U.S. and international forces as part of a planned withdrawal. That uncertainty was compounded by Afghanistan'’s 2014 presidential election, which was marred by widespread allegations of fraud and was only resolved with the creation of a fragile unity government formed after months of U.S. mediation. Still, the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF, 2003-2014) mission was replaced by Resolute Support Mission (RSM, 2015-present)—a NATO-led campaign to train, advise, and assist Afghan forces—at the end of 2014 as scheduled.

1 Steve Coll, Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America’s Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan (Penguin Press, 2018) p. 199. 2 David Rohde and David E. Sanger, “How a ‘Good War’ in Afghanistan Went Bad,” New York Times, August 12, 2007. Congressional Research Service 1 Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2020 The killing of Taliban leader Mullah Mansour (successor to original leader Mullah Omar, who died of natural causes in 2013) in a May 2016 U.S. airstrike in Pakistan demonstrated continued Taliban vulnerabilities to U.S. military and intelligence capabilities. Meanwhile, the Taliban expanded their control and influence in rural areas while pressuring urban centers (as evidenced by their brief seizure of the provincial capital of Kunduz in 2015).

Trump Administration Policy

President Donald Trump expressed few policy positions on Afghanistan during the 2016 presidential campaign, though he had previously conveyed skepticism about the American effort there. After months of debate within the Administration, President Trump announced a new strategy for Afghanistan and South Asia in a nationwide address on August 21, 2017. The strategy featuresfeatured a tougher line against Pakistan and a larger role for India; no set timetables for policy adjustments or personnel withdrawals; expanded targeting authorities for U.S. forces; and around 3,000 additional troops, bringing the total number of U.S. forces in the country to approximately 14,000-15,000.3

President Trump, who criticized his predecessor'’s use of "“arbitrary timetables,"” did not specify which conditions might necessitate or allow for alterations to the strategy going forward.43 Some characterized the Trump strategy as "“short on details"” and serving "“only to perpetuate a dangerous status quo."5”4 Others welcomed the strategy, contrasting it favorably with proposed alternatives such as a full withdrawal of U.S. forces—which President Trump described as his "“original instinct"”—or a strategy that relied heavily on contractors.65 The strategy evidently did not change security dynamics in the country over the following months, as U.S. officials continued to describe the war as a stalemate.

In part due to the President'’s reported frustration with the military situation, the Administration authorized U.S. officials to seek out direct talks with the Taliban in July 2018.76 Those talks, ongoing since were led after October 2018 underby Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation Zalmay Khalilzad, representKhalilzad and represented a reversal of U.S. policy, which had previously encouraged negotiations between Kabul and Taliban representatives. The Taliban have long refused to negotiate with representatives of the Afghan government, which they characterize as a corrupt and illegitimate puppet of foreign powers.7 On February 29, 2020, after more than a year of official negotiations between U.S. and Taliban representatives, the two sides concluded an agreement laying the groundwork for the withdrawal of U.S. armed forces from Afghanistan, and for talks between Kabul and the Taliban. As part of the U.S.-Taliban agreement, which is about three and a half pages, the United States agreed to draw down its forces from 13,000 to 8,600 within 135 days, with proportionate decreases in allied force levels, and remove all U.S. forces in the country within 14 months (April 2021). Other U.S. commitments included working to facilitate a prisoner exchange between the Taliban and the 3 The White House, Remarks by President Trump on the Strategy in Afghanistan and South Asia, August 21, 2017. 4 Rebecca Kheel, “Dems: Trump ‘has no strategy’ for Afghanistan,” The Hill, August 21, 2017. 5 Philip Rucker and Robert Costa, “‘It's a hard problem’: Inside Trump's decision to send more troops to Afghanistan,” Washington Post, August 21, 2017. For more on one such proposal, see Tara Copp, “Here’s the blueprint for Erik Prince’s $5 billion plan to privatize the Afghanistan war,” Military Times, September 5, 2018. 6 Mujib Mashal and Eric Schmitt, “White House Orders Direct Taliban Talks to Jump-Start Afghan Negotiations,” New York Times, July 15, 2018. 7 “Letter of the Islamic Emirate to the American people!” February 14, 2018. Available at http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/world/taliban-attempts-to-appeal-to-us-audience-in-new-letter/2770/. Congressional Research Service 2 Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2020 Afghan government and removing U.S. sanctions on Taliban members by August 27, 2020. The sanctions removal is contingent upon the start of intra-Afghan negotiations. In exchange, the Taliban committed to not allow members or other groups, including Al Qaeda, to use Afghan soil to threaten the U.S. or its allies, including by preventing recruiting, training, and fundraising. CENTCOM Commander General Kenneth McKenzie confirmed on June 18 that U.S. forces were reduced to the 8,600 level nearly a month ahead of schedule.8 While U.S. officials continue to describe the withdrawal as “conditions-based,” Administration officials have given conflicting signals about the extent to which the U.S. withdrawal is contingent upon various developments, arguably the most significant of these being the Taliban holding talks with Kabul.9 U.S. officials have also differed on the extent to which the Taliban is fulfilling its counterterrorism commitments with regard to Al Qaeda, with which the Taliban have long had close ties. Secretary Pompeo said on July 1 that he had seen indications that the Taliban are actively combatting Al Qaeda, while U.S. CENTCOM Commander General Kenneth McKenzie said on July 15 that “right now, it is simply unclear to me that the Taliban has taken any positive steps” with regard to Al Qaeda.10 While the U.S. withdrawal is proceeding as of July 2020, the intra-Afghan talks seen as necessary to resolve the war in Afghanistan have not yet been held or scheduled amid a number of complications including political disputes and a halting prisoner exchange. In a January 2019 televised address, Afghan President Ashraf Ghani warned that any agreement to withdraw U.S. forces that did not include Kabul’s participation could lead to “catastrophe,” pointing to the 1990s-era civil strife following the fall of the Soviet-backed government that led to the rise of the Taliban.11 Afghans opposed to the Taliban doubt the group’s trustworthiness, and express concern that the group will have little incentive to comply with the terms of an agreement in the absence of U.S. troops.12 Areas of Congressional Engagement on Afghanistan In the decade before the September 11, 2001, terror attacks, Afghanistan was not a major focus of congressional attention.13 Since then, Congress has taken an active role in shaping U.S. policy toward Afghanistan. Major initiatives and areas of congressional interest are described below. 8 Robert Burns, “US has hit agreed troop-cut target of 8,600 in Afghanistan,” Associated Press, June 18, 2020. 9 In a February 27 briefing ahead of the agreement signing, one unnamed senior U.S. official said, “if the political settlement fails, if the talks fail, there is nothing that obliges the United States to withdraw troops;” another said, “the withdrawal timeline is related to counterterrorism, not political outcomes. Office of the Spokesperson, “Briefing with Senior Administration Officials on Next Steps Toward an Agreement on Bringing Peace to Afghanistan,” U.S. Department of State, February 29, 2020. Additionally, Deputy U.S. negotiator Molly Phee said in mid-February, “We will not prejudge the outcome of intra-Afghan negotiations, but we are prepared to support whatever consensus the Afghans are able to reach about their future political and governing arrangements.” Molly Phee, remarks at “Ending Our Endless War in Afghanistan,” United States Institute of Peace, February 18, 2020. 10 U.S. Department of State, Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo with Bret Baier of Fox News Special Report, July 1, 2020; Carla Babb, “VOA Exclusive: CENTCOM chief says US can do job in Iraq with fewer forces,” VOA, July 15, 2020. 11 Hasib Danish Alikozai and Mohammad Habibzada, “Afghans Worry as US Makes Progress in Taliban Talks,” Voice of America, January 29, 2019. 12 Pamela Constable, “Afghans voice fears that the U.S. is undercutting them in deal with the Taliban,” Washington Post, August 17, 2019. 13 Traditional levers of congressional influence, such as foreign aid, were limited or nonexistent in Afghanistan under the five-year rule of the Taliban. The United States contributed tens of millions of dollars in humanitarian assistance to Congressional Research Service 3 Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2020 U.S. Military Presence14 and illegitimate puppet of foreign powers.8 To date, Kabul has not been directly involved in the ongoing U.S.-Taliban negotiations. In a January 2019 televised address, Afghan President Ashraf Ghani warned that any agreement to withdraw U.S. forces that did not include Kabul's participation could lead to "catastrophe," pointing to the 1990s-era civil strife following the fall of the Soviet-backed government that led to the rise of the Taliban.9 Some have called for the United States to suspend talks until the Taliban agree to a ceasefire or talks with the Afghan government.10 Nevertheless, in March 2019, Khalilzad announced that an agreement "in draft" had been reached on unspecified counterterrorism assurances and U.S. troop withdrawal. Reports in late August 2019 indicate that negotiators are "close" to concluding an agreement on those issues.11

Critics have expressed concerns that the United States will prioritize a military withdrawal over a complex political settlement that preserves some of the social, political, and humanitarian gains made since 2001. Some U.S. analysts argue that the President's publicly stated desire for a U.S. withdrawal undermines negotiations, with one observer asking, "Why would the Taliban give up anything in exchange for something the president has already said he wants to do?"12 In July 2019, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said that his "directive" from President Trump was to bring about the reduction of U.S. troops before the 2020 U.S. presidential election; he later stated that "there is no deadline" for the U.S. military mission.13 Afghans opposed to the Taliban doubt the group's trustworthiness, and express concern that the group will have little incentive to comply with the terms of an agreement in the absence of U.S. troops.14

At the same time, U.S. military operations in support of the Afghan government continue apace as Operation Freedom's Sentinel (OFS), which comprises two "complementary missions." 15 Of the approximately 14,000 U.S. troops serving in Afghanistan, some 8,500 are part of RSM's train, advise, and assist efforts. The remaining U.S. forces conduct and support counterterrorism operations. In 2018, Afghanistan became U.S. Central Command's "main effort" as U.S. operations in Iraq and Syria wound down.16

Since at least early 2017, U.S. military officials have publicly stated that the conflict is "largely stalemated."17 Arguably complicating that assessment, the extent of territory controlled or contested by the Taliban has steadily grown in recent years by U.S. measures. In its January 2019 report to Congress, the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) relayed data indicating that the share of districts under government control or influence had fallen to 53.8% as of October 2018, the lowest level recorded by SIGAR since tracking began in November 2015. 12% of districts were classified as under insurgent control or influence, with the remaining 34% contested. According to SIGAR's April 2019 quarterly report, the U.S. military is no longer tracking that metric because it "was of limited decision-making value to the [U.S.] Commander."18

Beyond the Taliban, a significant share of U.S. operations are aimed at IS-Khorasan Province. ISKP and Taliban forces have sometimes fought over control of territory or because of political or other differences.19 U.S. officials are reportedly tracking attempts by IS fighters fleeing Iraq and Syria to enter Afghanistan, which may represent a more permissive operating environment.20 ISKP has claimed responsibility for a number of large-scale attacks in Afghanistan, many targeting the country's Shia minority. Some raise the prospect of defections of Taliban hardliners to ISKP in the event that Taliban leaders agree to a political settlement or to a continued U.S. counterterrorism presence.21 The U.N. reports that Al Qaeda views Afghanistan as a "continuing safe haven for its leadership, relying on its long-standing and strong relationship with the Taliban leadership."22

Areas of Congressional Engagement on Afghanistan

In the decade before the September 11, 2001, terror attacks, Afghanistan was not a major focus of congressional attention.23 Since then, Congress has taken an active role in shaping U.S. policy toward Afghanistan. Major initiatives and areas of congressional interest are described below.

U.S. Military Presence24

For years, Members have introduced legislation to condition, limit, or end the U.S. military presence in Afghanistan. While no such measure has ever passed either chamber, support for such proposals in the House of Representatives generally grew from 2009 to 2014, the period in which most such measures were introduced; for example:

  • House bills calling for a "“responsible end to the war in Afghanistan"” attracted 33 cosponsors in 2010 and 72 cosponsors in 2011;
  • A resolution directing the President to remove U.S. forces from Afghanistan within 30 days pursuant to the War Powers Resolution gained 93 votes in 2011;
  • National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) amendments that would have cut off funding for U.S. operations (other than the withdrawal of U.S. forces) attracted 113 and 153 votes in 2012 and 2014, respectively.25

15 Sporadic legislative efforts to curtail or terminate U.S. operations in Afghanistan have continued. Introduced in the 115th115th Congress, H.R. 1666 would have prohibited funding for U.S. activities in Afghanistan (other than U.S. Embassy operations or intelligence gathering) one year after enactment, with a waiver available under certain conditions. In the 116th116th Congress, S.J.Res. 12, , the "“AFGHAN Service Act,"” was introduced in March 2019 and would, among other provisions, require the removal of all U.S. forces from Afghanistan within a year of enactment.

In July 2020, the House voted 284-129 not to include an amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA, H.R. 6395) that would have mandated the removal of all U.S. troops within a year. At the same time, some legislative efforts in the 116th116th Congress have shown support for continued U.S. presence:

  • In February 2019, in reaction to reports that the Trump Administration was contemplating a military drawdown in Afghanistan (perhaps as part of ongoing U.S.-Taliban negotiations), the Senate passed  S. 1, which includes language (Section 408) warning against a "“precipitous withdrawal"” of U.S. forces from Afghanistan (and Syria).
  • In April 2019, H.R. 2060, the "“Ensuring a Secure Afghanistan Act,"” was introduced to, among other provisions, prohibit the use of funds to reduce the number of U.S. forces below 10,000 unless the Director of National Intelligence certifies to Congress that various conditions have been met, including the Taliban'Taliban’s disavowal of Al Qaeda and commitment to protect women'’s rights.  A bipartisan group of Representatives introduced H.R. 7343, the Afghanistan Partnership and Transparency Act, which would prohibit the Department of Defense from using FY2020 or FY2021 funds to draw U.S. forces in Afghanistan below either 8,000 or 5,000 (depending on certain circumstances). The Armed Afghanistan before 2001, but without a U.S. diplomatic presence (the U.S. embassy was closed from 1989 to 2002), that aid was administered by the U.N. and non-governmental organizations. “U.S. gives $43 million to Afghanistan,” CNN, May 17, 2001. Congressional engagement was mostly limited to resolutions calling for the return of representative government to Afghanistan (e.g., H.Con.Res. 414, S.Con.Res. 150), condemning the Taliban’s treatment of women (e.g., S.Res. 68), and expressing concern for the human rights situation in the country (e.g., H.Con.Res. 156). 14 For a more general discussion of constitutional war powers provisions and Congress’s ability to shape or end military operations, including historical examples, see CRS Report R41989, Congressional Authority to Limit Military Operations, by Jennifer K. Elsea, Michael John Garcia, and Thomas J. Nicola. 15 Those measures, respectively, are: H.R. 6045, H.R. 780, H.Con.Res. 28, H.Amdt. 1103, and H.Amdt. 928. Congressional Research Service 4 Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2020 Services Committee voted on July 1, 2020, to include a version of the bill into the FY2021 NDAA as Section 1213. s rights.

Authorization for Use of Military Force

U.S. military forces deployed to Afghanistan under the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF,  P.L. 107-40), which allows the President "“to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided"” the September 11, 2001, attacks as well as any entities that harbored them. While the Taliban regime collapsed after about two months of major combat operations, U.S. operations in Afghanistan against a resilient Taliban insurgency, residual Al Qaeda elements, and the local Islamic State affiliate (which U.S. officials characterize as a legally permissible target under the 2001 AUMF) continue under that resolution.

Some Members have proposed measures to repeal the 2001 AUMF or to replace it with a new authorization that would alter the legal basis for U.S. military engagement in Afghanistan.2616 At least seven such replacements were introduced in the 115th Congress, all of which would have authorized the use of military force against groups in Afghanistan, specifically including the Taliban (which was not named in the 2001 AUMF).2717 In the 116th116th Congress, several bills have been introduced that would repeal the 2001 AUMF without replacement. On June 19, 2019, the House passed H.R. 2740, an omnibus appropriations measure that includes the FY2020 Defense Appropriations Act. Section 9025 of that act would repeal the 2001 AUMF without replacement within 240 days of enactment.

Reporting and Oversight

; that provision was not maintained in the enacted FY2020 defense appropriations measure. Similarly, Section 9028 of the FY2021 defense appropriations measure passed by the House in July 2020 would repeal the 2001 AUMF within 240 days. Reporting and Oversight Congress has mandated a number of executive branch reports on Afghanistan, which remain among the most detailed sources of information on U.S. efforts in the country. One of the most significant congressional oversight actions was the 2008 establishment of a Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR), modeled in part on a similar office overseeing reconstruction in Iraq.2818 Congress directed that SIGAR publish quarterly reports detailing the obligation and expenditure of funds appropriated for Afghan reconstruction. Congress also required periodic audits and investigations of specific projects and funds.

The FY2008 NDAA added more reporting requirements. Section 1230 of the Act directed the President, through the Department of Defense, to submit a biannual report on "“Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan."” The first report was submitted under that title in June 2009. In Section 1225 of the FY2015 NDAA, Congress required a report on "“Enhancing Security and Stability in Afghanistan,"” among other reporting requirements, and biannual reports have been submitted under that title since June 2015 (most recently on July 12, 2019). Sections 1231 and 1531 of the FY2016 NDAA and FY2017 NDAA, respectively, mandated additional categories of information to be included in these reports (often referred to as "“Section 1225 reports" 16 For more, see CRS Report R43983, 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force: Issues Concerning Its Continued Application, by Matthew C. Weed. 17 For a list of these resolutions, see CRS Report R45329, Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2019, by Clayton Thomas. 18 SIGAR was established by Section 1229 of the FY2008 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 110-181). The FY2008 NDAA stipulates that SIGAR will be terminated 180 days after unexpended funds for reconstruction in Afghanistan reach less than $250 million. Congressional Research Service 5 Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2020 reports”). Congress also has regularly mandated the submission of one-time reports on specific issues in appropriations and defense authorization bills. Individual report directives proposed and included in legislation can be found below.

Aid Directives and Conditionality

Congress has appropriated more than $132137 billion for reconstruction and related activities in Afghanistan since FY2002, according to the most recent (July 2019April 2020) SIGAR quarterly report. During Hamid Karzai'’s presidency (2004-2014), , the United States and other international donors "and other international donors “increasingly sought to condition assistance funds for Afghanistan…as a result of inadequate reforms."29 ”19 A 2014 report  by majority staff  staff of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee also Committee also recommended that "“a higher proportion of U.S. assistance should be conditioned based on specific reforms by the Afghan government."30

”20 Congress has imposed directives and conditions on the use of both security and development development assistance to Afghanistan (e.g.,  Economic Support Fund, ESF, and International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement, INCLE) for years. Most of those statutory conditions have been enacted through appropriations  measures. Echoing provisions from prior years, the FY2019 omnibus appropriations  bill (H.J.Res 31) prohibits the use of funds for activities that involve individuals suspected of participating in corruption, narcotics trafficking, or human rights violations. The House Appropriations Committee-passed FY2019 State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs appropriations bill (H.R. 6385) ) would have required the Secretary of State to certify  to certify that the Afghan government  is governing democratically, protecting women's rights, and publicly reporting its national budget (among other conditions)  before obligating funds; that provision was not included in the final FY2019 Consolidated Appropriations Act. 

(P.L. 116-6). There are a number of  additional conditions on U.S. assistance applicable but not specific to Afghanistan, such as the Leahy Laws  (10 USC 362) prohibiting security assistance to foreign security forces that have committed a gross violation of human rights.31 21 According to media accounts, as well as a 2017 SIGAR report, some Afghan forces  may have committed such violations.3222 Section 9022 of the FY2018 Defense Appropriations Act (Division C of PLP.L. 115-141) allows the use of funds to assist Afghan forces that would otherwise be prohibited from receiving U.S. assistance due to the Leahy Laws if the Secretary of Defense certifies to Congress that denial of such assistance would undermine U.S. national security and that the Afghan government is taking corrective steps. (The latter provision aligns with a measure in the Leahy Laws enabling the Department of Defense (DOD) to provide assistance that would otherwise be withheld if the Secretary of Defense determines that the government in question "“has taken all necessary corrective steps"” in response to abuse allegations.) That provision was maintained in the FY 2019has been maintained, most recently in the FY2020 Defense Appropriations Act (P.L. 116-93) as Section 9021. 19 Trent Ruder, “Donor Aid Challenges in Shaping Incentive Programs and Spurring Afghan Reform,” United States Institute of Peace, November 2014. 20 “Afghanistan in Transition: U.S. Civilian Presence and Assistance post-2014,” Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, October 27, 2014. The July 2015 SIGAR quarterly report contains a lengthy treatment of the benefits, limitations, and challenges of aid conditionality. 21 See CRS In Focus IF10575, Human Rights Issues: Security Forces Vetting (“Leahy Laws”), by Liana W. Rosen. 22 Joseph Goldstein, “U.S. Soldiers Told to Ignore Sexual Abuse of Boys by Afghan Allies,” New York Times, September 20, 2015; “Child Sexual Assault in Afghanistan: Implementation of the Leahy Laws and Reports of Assault by Afghan Security Forces,” SIGAR, June 2017. The SIGAR report was declassified in January 2018. Congressional Research Service 6 link to page 39 Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2020 Defense Appropriations Act (H.R. 6157) and in the House-passed FY2020 Defense Appropriations Act (Division C of H.R. 2740).

U.S. spending, both in general as well as on specific projects, has also been the subject of multiple congressional hearings. For information on the Trump Administration'’s budget requests and congressional action on U.S. funding levels in Afghanistan, see Table 3.

Executive Branch Transparency

In both legislation and public statements, some Members have expressed concern over the decline in the types and amount of information provided by the executive branch, including once-publicly available information related to Afghan military performance. John Sopko, the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, said in an April 2019 interview, "“What we are finding is now almost every indicia, metric for success or failure is now classified or nonexistent. Over time it'it’s been classified or it'’s no longer being collected"” and that "“the classification in some areas is needless."33”23 This trend is not newbegan years earlier. In October 2017, SIGAR reported that "“in a significant development,"” U.S. officials "“classified or otherwise restricted information"” SIGAR had previously reported. That information includes metrics such as casualty rates, personnel strength, and attrition of Afghan forces. Administration officials cited a request from the Afghan government as justification for the 2017 decision.34 A May 2018 amendment to the FY2019 NDAA would have required24 After similar amendments in prior years were not made in order, an amendment requiring the Secretary of Defense to make public all previously released data related to Afghan military performance; the amendment was not made in order. The accompanying report (H.Rept. 115-874) states that

...the conferees are disappointed by recent public decisions regarding a lack of transparency on basic information such as kinetic strike data, ANDSF [Afghan National Defense and Security Forces] development, retention, and casualty rates… The restriction of information in this manner undermines public confidence, hinders necessary congressional oversight, and raises legitimate questions about the efficacy of current U.S. efforts in Afghanistan.

metrics related to the war and Afghan military performance, known as the Afghanistan Security and Reconstruction Act, was adopted as Section 1299S in the House-passed FY2021 NDAA (H.R. 6395). U.S. troop levels are another area of congressional interest, particularly since the Trump Administration decision to withhold information about troop deployments in Afghanistan and other conflict zones starting in December 2017. President Trump had previously declared, "“we will not talk about numbers of troops or our plans for further military activities."35”25 Some Members of Congress have since engaged with Administration officials at hearings, written letters to Administration officials, and introduced legislative measures to require the Secretary of Defense to rescind the decision to withhold troop numbers, but as of August 2019July 2020 the Defense Manpower Data Center quarterly reports still lack data for Afghanistan (as well as Syria and Iraq).26 Iraq).36

Concern among some Members regarding executive branch transparency extends beyond war-related data to U.S.-Taliban negotiations. In a March 2019 hearing, some Members pressed Secretary of State Pompeo to confirm that Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation Khalilzad would brief the committeeHouse Foreign Affairs Committee on U.S.-Taliban negotiations, as requested by House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Eliot Engel and Ranking Member Michael McCaul in February. Pompeo refused to commit, citing the sensitivity of ongoing talks and the need "“to make sure that the contents of those negotiations remain in a very small circle."37”27 Some Members of the Committee then wrote a letter to Secretary Pompeo in April 2019, describing Pompeo's ’s refusal to commit to a briefing from Khalilzad as "unacceptable" and "“unacceptable” and “perplexing in light of the fact that [Khalilzad] has engaged in a number of on-the-record interactions that outline the parameters of these negotiations."38

23 Katie Bo Williams, “It’s Getting Harder to Track US Progress in Afghanistan.” Defense One, April 24, 2019. 24 Merrit Kennedy, “U.S. Military Withholds Key Measures Of Afghan War,” NPR, October 31, 2017. 25 Remarks by President Trump on the Strategy in Afghanistan and South Asia, The White House, August 21, 2017. 26 David Welna, “Pentagon Questioned Over Blackout On War Zone Troop Numbers,” NPR, July 3, 2018; see also House Rules Committee Amendment 255 to H.R. 5515, submitted May 21, 2018 (not made in order). 27 House Foreign Affairs Committee Holds Hearing on U.S. Foreign Policy and the State Department Fiscal 2020 Budget Request, CQ Transcripts, March 27, 2019. Congressional Research Service 7 Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2020 parameters of these negotiations.”28 Reports accompanying FY2021 appropriations legislation in the House direct the Administration to submit regular reports on the status of intra-Afghan negotiations and on the Taliban’s adherence to the February 29, 2020, U.S.-Taliban agreement. Status of Afghan Women and Girls Status of Afghan Women and Girls

The plight of women and girls in Afghanistan has attracted significant congressional attention, particularly in light of ongoingthe February 2020 U.S.-Taliban negotiationsagreement and ongoing U.S. military withdrawal, which some observers warn could lead to a political arrangement in which women's ’s rights could be compromised. The treatment of women under the Taliban, who effectively "“forced Afghan women to disappear entirely from public view"” during their rule, attracted nearly universal condemnation from the international community; one prominent scholar attributes the turnaround in U.S. policy toward the Taliban in the late 1990s to domestic backlash over the issue.3929 Improving conditions for Afghan women was an integral objective of U.S. development efforts from the outset, as evidenced by the 2001 Afghan Women and Children Relief Act (P.L. 107-81), which authorized education and health assistance for Afghan women and required biannual reporting on those activities. Various congressional subcommittees have held hearings related to Afghan women.40

Some Members appear to have become more engaged on Afghan women'’s rights since 2018, as U.S. negotiationswhen the U.S. began talks with the Taliban, who have reportedly given unclear and contradictory signs about their current stance, proceed.4130 After three Senators sent letters on the issue to Secretary of State Pompeo in February 2019, 77 Representatives wrote to Pompeo in June 2019 to urge him to ensure that women are included in peace talks and that any potential settlement protects their rights.42, consistent with the requirements of the Women Peace and Security Act of 2017 (P.L. 115-68).31 In July 2019, several of the signatories of that House letter introduced the Afghan Women'’s Inclusion in Negotiations Act (H.R. 4097), which would, among other provisions, require the submission of regular reports on the participation of women in peace talks and of an executive branch strategy to protect women'’s rights after an agreement is reached. FY2020 authorizing and appropriating legislation contains directives that the Secretary of State ensure the “meaningful participation” of Afghan women in intra-Afghan negotiations. Additionally, Congress has regularly set aside a portion of the Department of Defense-administered Afghanistan Security Forces Fund (ASFF) for the recruitment and retention of women in the force. 28 “House Foreign Affairs Committee Democrats Demand State Department Transparency on Afghanistan,” Representative Eliot Engel, April 8, 2019. 29 Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 105, 176-182. 30 Ben Farmer, “Taliban say women’s rights to be protected under Islam, but must not threaten Afghan values,” Telegraph, February 5, 2019; Masuda Sultan, “I Met the Taliban. Women Were the First to Speak,” New York Times, June 4, 2019. 31 See the text of the letter at https://frankel.house.gov/uploadedfiles/afghan_women_letter_final_6.6.19.pdf. Congressional Research Service 8 Table 1. Proposed Legislation on Afghanistan in the 116th Congress as of July 2020 Chronologically ordered by date of introduction Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status Resolutions and Stand–alone Legislation H.R. 324 s rights after an agreement is reached.

Some Members express skepticism about the Administration's commitment to securing protections for Afghan women. In May 2019, Senator Bob Menendez expressed alarm at Secretary Pompeo's statement that he hoped Afghan women "will make their voices heard," remarking "As if that's all it takes. As if the women of Afghanistan hadn't thought of that before…We are not bystanders here…The United States needs to be present and play a role in defending these rights."43 Some Members have also focused on the role of women in the ANDSF, regularly setting aside a portion of the Department of Defense-administered Afghanistan Security Forces Fund (ASFF) for the recruitment and retention of women in the force.

Table 1. Proposed Legislation on Afghanistan in the 116th Congress as of September 2019

Bill Number

Sponsor

Summary

Status

Resolutions and Stand–alone Legislation

H.R. 324

Rep. Lee (D-CA)

Rep. Lee (D-CA) No More Ghost Money Act – would prohibit payments from U.S. employees Introduced in the House on to foreign officials for the purposes of bribery or coercion; would also require 1/8/2019 and referred to the within 180 days of enactment the submission of a report from the Director of the Committee on Intelligence CIA on all monetary payments made by the CIA to Afghan officials since September 11, 2001.

Introduced in the House on 1/8/19 and referred to the Committee on Intelligence (Permanent Select)

(Permanent Select) and the September 11, 2001. Committee on Oversight and Reform S.Amdt. 65 to S. 1

S. 1 Sen. McConnell (R-KY)

Sense of the Senate on Withdrawals of United States Forces from Introduced in the Senate Syria and Afghanistan – found that, among other findings, Iran has supported 1/29/2019; amendment, as the Taliban; warned against "“a precipitous withdrawal"” of U.S. forces; amended, agreed to in acknowledged Special Representative Khalilzad'’s efforts; and called upon the Senate by 70-26 vote on Administration to "“certify that conditions have been met for the enduring defeat 2/4/2019 of Al Qaeda and ISIS"” before withdrawing U.S. forces from Afghanistan.

Introduced in the Senate 1/29/19; amendment, as amended, agreed to in Senate by 70-26 vote on 2/4/19; S. 1 passed by Senate 77-23 on 2/5/2019 S.J.Res. 12 on 2/5/19.

S.J.Res. 12

Sen. Paul (R-KY)

Sen. Paul (R-KY) AFGHAN Service Act – would require the Secretary of Defense to formulate, Introduced in the Senate on within 45 days of enactment, a plan for military withdrawal from Afghanistan; 3/4/2019 and referred to the require the removal of all U.S. armed forces from Afghanistan within a year of Committee on Foreign enactment; award all military personnel deployed in support of the "“Global War Relations on Terror"” with a $2,500 bonus; and repeal the 2001 AUMF (P.L. 107-40).

Introduced in the Senate on 3/4/2019 and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations

H.R. 2060

). H.R. 2060 Rep. Banks (R-IN)

Ensuring a Secure Afghanistan Act – would require the Secretary of State to Introduced in the House on provide monthly briefings on the status of U.S.-Taliban talks to the foreign affairs, 4/3/2019 and referred to the armed services, and intelligence committees of both chambers; would also Committee on Armed prohibit the use of funds to reduce U.S. forces in Afghanistan below 10,000 unless Services and the Committee the Director of National Intelligence certifies that the Taliban have met a number on Foreign Affairs of conditions, including severing all ties with Al Qaeda, recognizing the Afghan constitution, and committing to uphold women'’s rights. s rights.

Introduced in the House on 4/3/19 and referred to the Committee on Armed Services

H.R. 4097

Rep. Keating (D-MA)

Afghan Women'’s Inclusion in Negotiations Act – would express the sense Introduced in the House on of Congress that representatives of Afghan women should be part of U.S.-Taliban 7/30/2019 and referred to negotiations; require the Secretary of State to submit a report within 30 days of the Subcommittee on Asia, the conclusion of each round of Afghan peace negotiations including information the Pacific and on the participation of Afghan women in those talks; and require the Secretary of Nonproliferation on 10/08/2019 CRS-9 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status State to submit within 120 days of a final settlement agreement a strategy for post-conflict U.S. support for Afghan women.

Introduced in the House on July 30, 2019.

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020

House NDAA: H.R. 2500

H.R. 2500

S.Res. 344 Sen. Shaheen (D-NH) A resolution expressing support for a credible, inclusive, and transparent Introduced in the Senate on presidential election in Afghanistan on September 28, 2019. 9/26/2019 and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations S.J.Res. 59 Sen. McConnell (R-KY) A joint resolution expressing the sense of Congress on the precipitous Introduced in the Senate withdrawal of United States Armed Forces from Syria and Afghanistan, and 10/22/2019 and placed on Turkey's unprovoked incursion into Syria. Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 259 S. 2953 Sen. Menendez (D-NJ) Ensuring a Durable Afghanistan Peace Act of 2019 – would direct the Introduced in the Senate on Secretary of State to submit to certain congressional committees the text of any 11/21/2019 and referred to agreement with the Taliban within 30 days of such an agreement; would direct the Committee on Foreign the Secretary of Defense to submit within 60 days of an agreement an assessment Relations of Taliban compliance and whether the Taliban have broken with Al Qaeda; and would direct the President to submit within 180 days of an agreement (and at least every 180 days thereafter) a report on Taliban compliance, the status of human rights in Afghanistan, and other dynamics. H.R. 6908 Rep. Lynch (D-MA) Afghanistan Security and Reconstruction Transparency Act – would Introduced in the House on require the Department of Defense to release publicly a number of recently 5/15/2020 and referred to classified metrics related to the war in Afghanistan and the performance of the Committee on Armed Afghan government forces. Services and the Committee on Foreign Affairs Incorporated in H.R. 6395 as Sec. 1299S H.R. 7343 Rep. Crow (D-CO) Afghanistan Partnership and Transparency Act – would prohibit the Introduced in the House on obligation of DOD funds authorized to be appropriated for FY2020 or FY2021 to 6/25/2020. reduce the number of U.S. armed forces in Afghanistan below the lesser of either Similar provisions 8,000 or the total number of forces on the date of enactment, or to reduce the incorporated in H.R. 6395 as number of U.S. armed forces in Afghanistan below 5,000, until the submission of a Section 1213 report by the Secretary of Defense (in concurrence with other specified senior U.S. officials) on the impact of a U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and certification that such a withdrawal wil not harm U.S. national security interests, CRS-10 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status among other conditions. Secretary of Defense may waive that limitation with written justification to Congress. National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 House NDAA: HR 6395 H.R. 6395 Rep. Smith (D-WA) Rep. Smith (D-WA)

Sec. 1211 – would extend, for one year, authority to provide Coalition Support Introduced in the House Funds for U.S. military operations and increasedecrease the amount authorized by $100 million, to $450 million.

Sec 1213 – would extend authority to transfer defense articles and provide defense services to Afghan forces.

Sec 1214 – would extend authority to acquire products produced in countries along Afghan supply routes and add a requirement to report on the use of that authority by March 1, 2020.

Sec 1215 – would authorize $5 million for ex gratia payments for Afghanistan and other theaters.

Sec 1216 – would extend a semiannual DOD reporting requirement.

Sec 1521 – would direct that up to $45 million (and at least $10 million) of to $180 03/29/2020; reported by the mil ion. House Armed Services Sec. 1213 – would prohibit the obligation of DOD funds authorized to be Committee, 7/9/2020 appropriated for FY2020 or FY2021 to reduce the number of U.S. armed forces (H.Rept. 116-442); passed by in Afghanistan below the lesser of either 8,000 or the total number of forces on the Yeas and Nays: 295 - the date of enactment, or to reduce the number of U.S. armed forces in 125 (Rol no. 152) Afghanistan below 4,000, until the submission of a report by the Secretary of Sec. 1213 approved in Defense (in concurrence with other specified senior U.S. officials) on the impact Committee on Armed of a U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and certification that such a withdrawal wil Services Rol Cal Vote No. not harm U.S. national security interests, among other conditions. Secretary of 10, 45-11 Defense may waive that limitation with written justification to Congress. Sec. 1214 – would require within 90 days of enactment a report to the congressional armed services committees on the costs of Operation Freedom’s Sentinel, including specific direct war costs and the cost of activities in and outside of Afghanistan Sec. 1521 – would direct that a goal of $29.1 mil ion (and at least $10 mil ion) of ASFF be used for recruitment and retention of women in the Afghan security forces; mandate a DOD assessment within 180 days of Afghan progress toward security objectives and efforts to manage and sustain equipment by June 2020; and; direct the Secretary of Defense to withhold $480 million401.5 mil ion in assistance to the government of Afghanistan if the Department determines that it has made insufficient progress (subject to national security waiver authority).

Reported by the House Armed Services Committee, 6/19/19

H.R. 2500

Rep Lynch (D-MA)

House Rules Committee Amendment 429 – would require DOD to make public data related to Afghanistan, including ANDSF casualty figures.

Not made in order by the Rules Committee.

H.R. 2500

Rep. Keating (D-MA)

House Rules Committee Amendment 471 – would direct the Secretary of Defense to guarantee the meaningful participation of Afghan women in the peace process.

Made in order.

Incorporated into the bill as Sec. 1218

H.R. 2500

Rep. Welch (D-VT)

House Rules Committee Amendment 583 – would add to the semiannual DOD report on Afghanistan a requirement to include information on monitoring and evaluation measures related to ASFF.

Made in order.

Incorporated into the bill as Sec. 1216(2).

H.R. 2500

Rep. Welch (D-VT)

House Rules Committee Amendment 584 – would require the Administration to submit with its FY2021 budget request the amount of government-to-government funding provided for the ANDSF in FY2019 and FY2020, and to explain any difference between the two.

Made in order.

Incorporated into the bill as Sec. 1521(e)

H.R. 2500

Rep. Davidson (R-OH)

House Rules Committee Amendment 587 – would cut ASFF by half ($2.25 billion) and cut FY2020 Overseas Contingency Operations funding for Operation Freedom's Sentinel by half.

Not made in order by the Rules Committee.

H.R. 2500

Rep. Smith (D-WA)

; and authorize the Secretary to accept materiel procured with ASFF that is intended for but not accepted by the ANDSF (subject to certain conditions and reporting requirements). H.R. 6395 Rep. Clarke (D-NY) House Rules Committee Amendment 24 – would require the Secretary of Not made in order Defense to notify Congress within seven days of becoming aware of bounties paid by a foreign country in connection with attacks on U.S. troops, including in Afghanistan. CRS-11 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status H.R. 6395 Rep. Yoho (R-FL) House Rules Committee Amendment 106 – would require a report within Made in order as 180 days (and annually thereafter) on civilian casualties caused by the Taliban and Amendment 399 (H.Rept. ANDSF. 116-457) Adopted by voice vote as part of amendments en bloc no. 2 (Smith) on 7/20/2020 Incorporated as Section 1218 H.R. 6395 Rep. Davidson (R-OH) House Rules Committee Amendment 108 – would cut ASFF by half ($1.76 Not made in order bil ion) and cut FY2020 Overseas Contingency Operations funding for Operation Freedom’s Sentinel by half. H.R. 6395 Rep. Lynch (D-MA) House Rules Committee Amendment 156 – would reauthorize the Made in order as Commission on Wartime Contracting. Amendment 237 (H.Rept. 116-457) Adopted by voice vote as part of amendments en bloc no. 2 (Smith) on 7/20/2020 Incorporated as Section 849 H.R. 6395 Rep. Biggs (R-AZ) House Rules Committee Amendment 199 – would repeal the 2001 AUMF; Not made in order require a plan within 45 days of enactment for the orderly withdrawal of U.S. forces from Afghanistan within one year; and would direct the Secretary of Defense to provide $2,500 “bonus” to all U.S. armed service personnel who deployed in support of the Global War on Terror. H.R. 6395 Rep. Brooks (R-AL) House Rules Committee Amendment 270 – would prohibit the use of Not made in order funds to support U.S. armed forces or other DOD employees in Afghanistan after May 31, 2021, except for diplomatic security. H.R. 6395 Rep. Lynch (D-MA) House Rules Committee Amendment 273 – would require the Secretary Made in order as of Defense to make public within 90 days of enactment various metrics related to Amendment 238 (H.Rept. ANDSF performance and district-level stability assessments. 116-457) Adopted by voice vote as part of amendments en bloc no. 2 (Smith) on 7/20/2020 Incorporated as Section 1299S CRS-12 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status H.R. 6395 Rep. Johnson (R-LA) House Rules Committee Amendment 600 – would allow ASFF programs Not made in order to include materials related to the advancement of women and religious minorities H.R. 6395 Rep. Johnson (R-LA) House Rules Committee Amendment 605 – would add to the report Made in order as required by Sec. 1521 an assessment of the extent to which the Afghan Amendment 190 (H.Rept. government has prioritized human rights and promoted religious freedom. 116-457) Adopted by voice vote as part of amendments en bloc no. 2 (Smith) on 7/20/2020 Incorporated as Section 1251(N) and (O) H.R. 6395 Rep. Omar (D-MN) House Rules Committee Amendment 614 – would strike Sec. 1213 and set Made in order as as U.S. policy the “accelerated transition” of U.S. combat operations to the Amendment 5 (H.Rept. 116- Afghan government by April 29, 2021; and would express the sense of Congress 457) that if the President determines that U.S. military presence after April 2021 is Failed 129-284 on 07/21/20 necessary, Congress should authorize such a mission by a separate vote before (Rol Call number 144) October 7, 2021. H.R. 6395 Rep. Keating (D-A) House Rules Committee Amendment 626 – would direct the Secretary of Made in order as State to submit within 120 days of a final Afghan reconciliation agreement a Amendment 194 (H.Rept. strategy for post-conflict U.S. engagement in Afghanistan to promote women’s 116-457) rights. Adopted by voice vote as part of amendments en bloc no. 2 (Smith) on 7/20/2020 Incorporated as Section 1216 H.R. 6395 Rep. Malinowski (D-NJ) House Rules Committee Amendment 636 – would require the President Made in order as to submit within 90 days of enactment (and every 120 days thereafter) a report Amendment 241 (H.Rept. verifying the U.S.-Taliban agreement is being honored. 116-457) Adopted by voice vote as part of amendments en bloc no. 2 (Smith) on 7/20/2020 Incorporated as Section 1217 CRS-13 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status H.R. 6395 Rep. Keating (D-MA) House Rules Committee Amendment 643 – would establish immunity from Made in order as seizure under judicial process for culturally significant objects temporarily loaned Amendment 28 (H.Rept. from Afghanistan to US institutions, under specified conditions. 116-457) Adopted as part of amendments en bloc no. 1 (Smith) by Yea-Nay Vote 336-71 on 7/20/2020 Incorporated as Section 1215 H.R. 6395 Rep. Gabbard (D-HI) House Rules Committee Amendment 725 – would strike Sec. 1213. Not made in order Senate NDAA: S. 4049 S. 4049 Sen. Inhofe (R-OK) Sec. 1211 – would extend, for one year, authority to provide Coalition Support Introduced in the Senate on Funds for U.S. military operations and decrease the amount authorized to $180 6/23/2020 mil ion. Passed Senate with an Sec. 1212 – would extend authorization for the Commander’s Emergency amendment by Yea-Nay Response Program (CERP) at $2 mil ion. Vote 86 - 14 (Record Vote Sec. 1213 – would extend and modify authority to provide support for Number: 140) 7/23/2020 reconciliation activities of which the Afghan government is a part, and would prohibit obligations in support of such until submission of the report required by (b) in P.L. 116-92. Sec. 1215 – would require report by September 1, 2020 on external threats from Afghanistan, U.S. citizens detained in Afghanistan, plans for the transition of all U.S.-led security activities to Afghan forces, and other matters. Sec. 1531 – would authorize ASFF through FY2021; would direct the Secretary of Defense to report to Congress on the Afghan government’s anticorruption measures and ANDSF development; would direct the Secretary to withhold between 5% and 15% of funds for the ANDSF in the event of insufficient progress, subject to national security waiver. Sec. 1532 – would transfer SIGAR responsibilities, authorities, and activities to the lead Inspector General for Operation Freedom’s Sentinel. S.Amdt. 1704 to S. Sen. Menendez (D-NJ) Senate Amendment 1704– would direct the Secretary of State to submit Submitted 6/24/2020 4049 within 90 days of enactment, and every 120 days thereafter, a report on Taliban compliance with the February 29, 2020, U.S.-Taliban agreement. CRS-14 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status S.Amdt. 1961 to S. Sen. Menendez (D-NJ) Senate Amendment 1961 – alteration of S.Amdt. 1704 (above). Submitted 6/25/2020 4049 S.Amdt. 2011 to S. Sen. Paul (R-KY) Senate Amendment 2011 – would require the Secretary of Defense to Motion to table agreed to in 4049 formulate, within 45 days of enactment, a plan for military withdrawal from Senate 60-33 on 7/1/2020 Afghanistan; require the removal of all U.S. armed forces from Afghanistan within (Record Vote Number 129) a year of enactment; award all military personnel deployed in support of the “Global War on Terror” with a $2,500 bonus; and repeal the 2001 AUMF (P.L. 107-40). S.Amdt. 2165 to S. Sen. Thune (R-SD) Senate Amendment 2165 – would prohibit the use of funds to transfer or Submitted 6/25/2020 4049 release any detainees held at United States Naval Station Guantanamo Bay in connection with the U.S.-Taliban agreement. FY2021 Defense Appropriations House Defense Appropriations: H.R. 7617 H.R. 7617 Rep. Visclosky (D-IN) Sec. 9003 - would al ow obligation of administrative costs for ASFF-funded Introduced and reported by construction projects at the time that the contract is awarded. the House Appropriations Sec. 9005 – would reauthorize CERP at $2 mil ion. Committee, 7/16/2020 Sec. 9006 – would allow DOD funds to provide supplies and support to allied Passed/agreed to in House forces participating in operations in Afghanistan. by the Yeas and Nays: 217 - 197 (Rol no. 178) Sec. 9007 – would prohibit the use of funds for the purpose of providing for the 07/31/2020 permanent stationing of U.S. troops in Afghanistan (as well as Iraq). Sec. 9009 – would prohibit the obligation of ASFF funds prior to the approval of a financial and activity plan by the Afghanistan Resources Oversight Council at DOD. Sec. 9012 – would prohibit the use of ASFF to procure man-portable air defense systems Sec. 9020 – would prohibit the transfer of C-130s to Afghanistan. Sec. 9021 – would allow the use of ASFF funds for Afghan forces that would otherwise be prohibited by 10 USC 362 (“Leahy Law”) if the Secretary certifies that doing so is in U.S. national security interests. Sec. 9022 – would only allow funding for Taliban participation in reconciliation activities that do not restrict the participation of women. CRS-15 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status H.Rept. 116-453 Rep. Visclosky (D-IN) CERP – the Committee directs the Secretary of Defense to transition CERP accompanying H.R. programs to the Afghan government or other U.S. government agencies and to 7617 phase out the program during FY2021 Reports – the Committee directs the submission of two reports within 30 days: 1. The current conditions of the conflict in Afghanistan, including Taliban compliance with the February 29, 2020, agreement 2. Russia’s malign activities in Afghanistan, including any directed against U.S. forces FY2021 State Department, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) Appropriations House SFOPS Appropriations: H.R. 7608 H.R. 7608 Rep. Lowey (D-NY) Sec. 7044 – would make funds available for reconciliation and reintegration Introduced and reported by activities and for an endowment to empower Afghan women and girls; would the Committee on prohibit the use of funds to enter into permanent basing agreement with the Appropriations 7/13/2020 Afghan government; and would direct the Secretary of State to submit within 45 Passed/agreed to in House days a comprehensive, multi-year strategy for diplomatic and development by the Yeas and Nays: 224 - engagement with Afghanistan. 189 (Rol no. 166) 07/24/2020 H.Rept. 116-444 Rep. Lowey (D-NY) Reports – the Committee directs the submission of two reports within 30 days accompanying H.R. (and every 90 days thereafter): 7608 1. The number of personnel in Afghanistan under COM authority. 2. The status of intra-Afghan peace negotiations. House NDAA: H.R. 2500 H.R. 2500 Rep. Smith (D-WA) Sec. 1211 – would extend, for one year, authority to provide Coalition Support Reported by the House Sec. 1211 – would extend, for one year, authority to provide Coalition Support Funds for U.S. military operations and increase the amount authorized by $100 million to $450 million.

Sec. Armed Services Committee, mil ion, to $450 mil ion. 6/19/2019 Sec 1213 – would extend, for two years, authority to transfer defense articles Passed by the House 220- and provide defense services to Afghan forces.

Sec. 197 on 7/12/2019 Sec 1214 – would extend authority to acquire products produced in countries along Afghan supply routes and addsadd a requirement to report on the use of that authority by March 1, 2020.

Sec. CRS-16 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status Sec 1215 – would authorize $5 millionmil ion for ex gratia payments for Afghanistan and other theaters. Sec

Sec. 1216 – would extend a semiannual DOD reporting requirement. Secsemiannual DOD reporting requirement, and expand categories of information to be included.

Sec. 1218 – would direct the Secretary of Defense to guarantee the meaningful participation of Afghan women in the peace process.

Sec. 1521 – would 1521 – would direct that up to $45 million (and minimum of $10 millionmil ion (and at least $10 mil ion) of ASFF be used for recruitment and retention of women in the Afghan security forces; would mandate a DOD assessment by June 1, 2020 of Afghan progress toward security objectives and efforts to manage and sustain equipment by June 2020; and; would direct the Secretary of Defense to withhold $480 millionmil ion in assistance to the government of Afghanistan if the Department determines the Afghan governmentthat it has made insufficient progress (with(subject to national security waiver authority); and would require the . H.R. 2500 Rep Lynch (D-MA) House Rules Committee Amendment 429 – would require DOD to make Not made in order by the public data related to Afghanistan, including ANDSF casualty figures. Rules Committee H.R. 2500 Rep. Keating (D-MA) House Rules Committee Amendment 471 – would direct the Secretary of Made in order Defense to guarantee the meaningful participation of Afghan women in the peace Incorporated into the bil as process. Sec. 1218 H.R. 2500 Rep. Welch (D-VT) House Rules Committee Amendment 583 – would add to the semiannual Made in order DOD report on Afghanistan a requirement to include information on monitoring Incorporated into the bil as and evaluation measures related to ASFF. Sec. 1216(2) H.R. 2500 Rep. Welch (D-VT) House Rules Committee Amendment 584 – would require the Made in order Administration to submit with its FY2021 budget request the amount of Incorporated into the bil as Administration to submit with its FY2021 budget request the amount of government-to-government funding provided for the ANDSF in FY2019, FY2020, and the reason for any difference between the two.

Passed by the House 220-197 on 7/12/19

H.Rept. 116-120 to H.R. 2500

and Sec. 1521(e) FY2020, and to explain any difference between the two. H.R. 2500 Rep. Davidson (R-OH) House Rules Committee Amendment 587 – would cut ASFF by half ($2.25 Not made in order bil ion) and cut FY2020 Overseas Contingency Operations funding for Operation Freedom’s Sentinel by half. H.Rept. 116-120 Rep. Smith (D-WA) Rep. Smith (D-WA)

Briefing on Afghanistan Reconciliation – directs the Secretary of Defense to As reported by the House accompanying H.R. provide a briefing to the House Armed Services Committee by October 1, 2019 Armed Services Committee 2500 on the status of U.S.-Taliban talks.

As reported by the House Armed Services Committee on 6/19/19

on 6/19/2019 Senate NDAA: S. 1790

S. 1790

S. 1790 S. 1790 Sen. Inhofe (R-OK)

Sec. 804 – would extend, for two years, authority to acquire products produced in countries along Afghan supply routes.

Reported to the Senate by in countries along Afghan supply routes. the Senate Armed Services Sec. 1211 – would extend, for one year, authority to transfer defense articles Committee on 6/11/2019 and provide defense services to Afghan forces.

CRS-17 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status Sec. 1212 – would direct that up to $45 millionmil ion (and at least $10 millionmil ion) of Passed by the Senate 86-8 ) of ASFF be used for recruitment and retention of women in the Afghan security on 6/27/2019 forces; would mandate a DOD assessment within 90 days of Afghan progress.

Before passage, amount of Sec.1213 – would reauthorize the Commander'’s Emergence Response Program funding directed in Section (CERP). 1212 was reduced from $45 Sec. 1214 – would extend, for one year, authority to provide Coalition Support mil ion to $25 mil ion and Funds to Afghanistan operations. rule of construction added to Section 1215 Sec.1215 – would authorize $15 mil ions Emergence Response Program (CERP).

Sec. 1214 – would extend, for one year, authority to provide Coalition Support Funds to Afghanistan operations.

Sec.1215 – would authorize $15 million to be provided for persons or entities within Afghanistan (or Pakistan if notified) for reconciliation support activities led by the Afghan government by the Afghan government

As reported to the Senate by the Senate Armed Services Committee on 6/11/19

S. 1790, , S.Amdt. S.Amdt. 267

Sen. Shaheen (D-NH)

Sen. Shaheen (D-NH) Senate Amendment 267 – would direct the Secretary of State to ensure the meaningful participation of women in the Afghan peace process.

Submitted on 6/12/19.

Submitted on 6/12/2019 267 meaningful participation of women in the Afghan peace process. S. 1790, , S.Amdt. S.Amdt. 403

Sen. Bennett (D-CO)

Sen. Bennett (D-CO) Senate Amendment 403 – would add reporting requirements to semiannual DOD reports.

Submitted on 6/13/19.

Submitted on 6/13/2019 403 DOD reports. S. 1790, , S.Amdt. S.Amdt. 646

Sen. Shaheen (D-NH)

Sen. Shaheen (D-NH) Senate Amendment 646 – alteration of S.Amdt. 267 (above)

(above) Submitted on 6/18/19; 2019; 646 included as Sec. 6215 as passed by the Senate.

S. 1790, , S.Amdt. S.Amdt. 673

Sen. Bennett (D-CO)

Sen. Bennett (D-CO) Senate Amendment 673 – alteration of S.Amdt. 403 (above)

(above) Submitted on 6/18/19; 2019; 673 included as Sec. 6217 as passed by Senate passed by Senate.

S. 1790, , S.Amdt. S.Amdt. 720

Sen. Paul (R-KY)

Sen. Paul (R-KY) Senate Amendment 720 – would withdraw U.S. forces from Afghanistan Submitted 6/18/2019 720 (same as Afghan SERVICE Act, S.J.Res. 12, above).

Submitted 6/18/19.

S. 1790

, above). Final NDAA (P.L. 116-92) S. 1790 Sen. Inhofe (R-OK) Sec. 1208 – reauthorizes CERP at $2.5 mil ion; eliminates authority for Signed into law 12/20/2019 payments to redress injury and loss in Afghanistan (and other countries) Sec. 1210A – authorizes DOD to provide support for State Department- and USAID-administered stabilization activities in Afghanistan (and three other countries) Sec. 1211 – extendsSen. Inhofe (R-OK)

Sec. 804 – would extend, for two years, authority to acquire products produced in countries along Afghan supply routes.

Sec. 1211 – would extend, for one year, authority to transfer defense articles and provide defense services to the ANDSF. CRS-18 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status Sec. 1212 - extends authority to acquire products produced in countries along Afghan supply routes and adds requirement to report on the use of that authority by March 1, 2020. Sec. 1213 – authorizes $3 mil ion annually for ex gratia payments for Afghanistan and other theaters, with quarterly reporting requirement on use of the authority. Sec. 1214 – extends semiannual DOD reporting requirement, and expands categories of information to be included. Sec. 1216 – directs the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, to guarantee the meaningful participation of Afghan women in the peace process; directs the Secretary to submit a report within 180 of enactment on steps taken to fulfil that directive. Sec. 1217 – extends through 2020 authority to provide Coalition Support Funds for U.S. military operations and increases amount authorized by $100 mil ion to $450 mil ion. Sec. 1218 – authorizes $15 mil ion to be provided for persons or entities within Afghanistan (or Pakistan if notified)to Afghan forces.

Sec. 1212 – would direct that up to $25 million (and minimum of $10 million) of ASFF be used for recruitment and retention of women in the Afghan security forces; would mandate a DOD assessment within 90 days of Afghan progress.

Sec.1213 – would reauthorize the Commander's Emergence Response Program.

Sec. 1214 – would extend, for one year, authority to provide Coalition Support Funds to Afghanistan operations.

Sec.1215 – would authorize $15 million for reconciliation support activities led by the Afghan government. Sec. 1520 – reauthorizes the ASFF; sets as a goal that $45.5 mil ion (and a minimum of $10 mil ion) of ASFF be used for recruitment and retention of women in the Afghan security forces; mandates a DOD assessment by June 1, 2020 of Afghan progress toward security objectives and efforts to manage and sustain equipment; directs the Secretary of Defense to withhold $480 mil ion if the Department determines the Afghan government has made insufficient progress (with national security waiver authority); and requires the Administration to submit with its FY2021 budget request the amount of government-to-government funding provided for the ANDSF in FY2019, FY2020, and the reason for any difference between the two. FY2020 Defense Appropriations House: Afghan government to designated persons or entities within Afghanistan, or Pakistan if notified, with rule of construction to not violate 8 USC 2339, 2339A, or 2339B (providing support to terrorism).

Sec. 6215 – would direct the Secretary of Defense to ensure the meaningful participation of Afghan women in the ongoing peace process, and would require report within 180 days on steps taken to fulfill that directive.

Sec. 6217 – would add to semiannual DOD reporting requirements information on counterterrorism and DOD support for reconciliation efforts

Passed by the Senate 86-8 on 6/27/19.

FY2020 Defense Appropriations

Introduced as H.R. 2968; passed as Division C of H.R. 2740

H.R. 2968

Introduced as H.R. 2968; passed as Division C of H.R. 2740 H.R. 2968 Rep. Visclosky (D-IN) Rep. Visclosky (D-IN)

Sec. 9005 – would appropriate up to $5 millionmil ion for CERP.

Approved by Defense Sec. 9006 – would allow DOD funds to provide supplies and support to allied forces participating in operations in Afghanistan.

Subcommittee on 5/15/2019 forces participating in operations in Afghanistan. Passed by the House 226-203 on 6/19/2019 CRS-19 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status Sec. 9007 – would prohibit the use of funds for the purpose of providing for the permanent stationing of U.S. troops in Afghanistan (as well as Iraq).

Sec. 9009 – would prohibit the obligation of ASFF funds prior to the approval of a financial and activity plan by the Afghanistan Resources Oversight Council at DOD.

the Department of Defense. Sec. 9020 – would prohibit the transfer of C-130s to Afghanistan until DOD reports on Afghan airlift requirements.

Sec. 9021 – would allow the use of ASFF funds for Afghan forces that would otherwise be prohibited by 10 USC 362 ("“Leahy Law"”) if the Secretary certifies that doing so is in U.S. national security interests.

Sec. 9022 – would prohibit the use of funds to pay Taliban expenses to participate in meetings that do not include Afghan government representatives or that restrict women'’s participation. H.R. 2968 s participation.

Approved by Defense Subcommittee on 5/15/19

H.R. 2968

Rep. Lee (D-CA)

Rep. Lee (D-CA) Amendment to Defense Appropriations Bill – would repeal the 2001 Approved in ful Committee AUMF (PL 107-40) 240 days after enactment.

Approved in full Committee 30-22 (Roll Rol Call 2), 5/21/2019 5/21/19

Incorporated into the bill bil as Section 9025 Senate: S. 2474 S. 2474 Sen. Shelby (R-AL) Sec. 9003 – would allow obligation of administrative costs for ASFF-funded Introduced 9/12/2019 construction projects at the time that the contract is awarded. Section 9025.

H.R. 2740

Rep. DeLauro (D-CT)

Sec. 9005 – would appropriate up to $5 millionmil ion for CERP.

Sec. 9006 – would allow DOD funds to provide supplies and support to allied forces participating in operations in Afghanistan.

Sec. 9007 – would prohibit the use of funds for the purpose of providing for the permanent stationing of U.S. troops in Afghanistan (as well as Iraq).

Sec. 9009 – would prohibit the obligation of ASFF funds prior to the approval of a financial and activity plan by the Afghanistan Resources Oversight Council at the Department of Defense.

Sec. 90209015 – would prohibit the transfer of C-130s to Afghanistan until DOD reports on Afghan airlift requirements.

Sec. 90219016 – would allow the use of ASFF funds for Afghan forces that would otherwise be prohibited by 10 USC 362 ("“Leahy Law"”) if the Secretary certifies that doing so is in U.S. national security interests.

Sec. 9022 – would prohibit the use of funds to pay Taliban expenses to participate in meetings that do not include Afghan government representatives or that restrict women's participation.

Sec. 9025 – would repeal the 2001 AUMF (PL 107-40) within 240 days of enactment.

Passed by the House 226-203 on 6/19/19

FY2020 State Department, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations
 

 

Introduced as H.R. 2839; passed as Division D of H.R. 2740

  

H.R. 2839

CRS-20 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status Enacted Bill (P.L. 116-93) H.R. 1158 Sec. 9003 – would allow obligation of administrative costs for ASFF-funded Signed into law 12/20/2019 construction projects at the time that the contract is awarded. Sec. 9005 – would appropriate up to $5 mil ion for CERP. Sec. 9006 – would allow DOD funds to provide supplies and support to allied forces participating in operations in Afghanistan. Sec. 9007 – would prohibit the use of funds for the purpose of providing for the permanent stationing of U.S. troops in Afghanistan (as well as Iraq). Sec. 9009 – would prohibit the obligation of ASFF funds prior to the approval of a financial and activity plan by the Afghanistan Resources Oversight Council at the Department of Defense. Sec. 9020 – would prohibit the transfer of C-130s to Afghanistan until DOD reports on Afghan airlift requirements. Sec. 9021 – would allow the use of ASFF funds for Afghan forces that would otherwise be prohibited by 10 USC 362 (“Leahy Law”) if the Secretary certifies that doing so is in U.S. national security interests. Sec. 9022 – would prohibit the use of funds to pay Taliban expenses to participate in meetings that do not include Afghan government representatives or that restrict women’s participation. FY2020 State Department, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations House: Introduced as H.R. 2839; passed as Division D of H.R. 2740 H.R. 2839 Rep. Lowey (D-NY) Rep. Lowey (D-NY)

Sec. 7044 – would make funds available for reconciliation and reintegration Reported to the House by activities and for an endowment to empower Afghan women and girls; and would the House Appropriations prohibit the use of funds to enter into permanent basing agreement with the Afghan government.

Reported to the House by the House Appropriations Committee 5/20/19

H. Rept 116-78

  

Committee 5/20/2019 Afghan government. Passed by the House 226-203 on 6/19/2019 H.Rept. 116-78 SIGAR drawdown -- the Committee recommendation includes funding to begin reductions to the SIGAR operations in fiscal year 2020 and directs SIGAR to submit, within 180 days, a plan for a "“complete drawdown"” by the end of FY2021. H.R. 2740 Rep. Davidson (R-OH) HouseFY2021.

Reported to the House by the House Appropriations Committee 5/20/19

H.R. 2740

Rep. Davidson (R-OH)

House Rules Committee Amendment 5 – would reduce OCO funding for Not made in order Afghanistan to a maximum of $9.3 bil ion. CRS-21 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status H.R. 2740 Afghanistan to a maximum of $9.3 billion.

Not made in order.

H.R. 2740

Rep. Davidson (R-OH)

Rep. Davidson (R-OH) House Rules Committee Amendment 66 – would reduce ASFF by half Not made in order ($2.25 bil ion). Senate: S. 2583 S. 2583 Sen. Graham (R-SC) Sec. 7034 – would make funds available to support, among other objectives, the Reported to the Senate U.S. South Asia Strategy and programs for Afghan women and girls, including in 9/26/2019 law enforcement; would also prohibit the use of funds for projects that the Afghan government cannot sustain. Also would direct the Secretary of State to promote the meaningful participation of Afghan women in reconciliation processes. S.Rept. 116-126 Sen. Graham (R-SC) Afghanistan Peace Process Study Group – recommends $750,000 at the U.S. Institute of Peace to create an Afghanistan Peace Process Study Group. Enacted bill: P.L. 116-94 H.R. 1865 Sec. 7044 – makes funds available to support, among other objectives, the U.S. Signed into law 12/20/2019 South Asia Strategy and programs for Afghan women and girls, including in law enforcement; would also prohibit the use of funds for projects that the Afghan government cannot sustain. Also directs the Secretary of State to promote the meaningful participation of Afghan women in reconciliation processes. Source: Congress.gov, House Rules Committee, Senate Amendment Tracking System Table 2. Proposed Legislation on Afghanistan in the 115th Congress Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status Resolutions and Stand–alone Legislation H.R. 1666 – would reduce ASFF by half ($2.25 billion).

Not made in order.

H.R. 2740

Rep. DeLauro (D-CT)

Sec. 7044 – would make funds available for reconciliation and reintegration activities and for an endowment to empower Afghan women and girls; and would prohibit the use of funds to enter into permanent basing agreement with Afghan government.

Passed by the House 226-203 on 6/19/19

Note: Congress also passed the FY2019 State Department, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations in the 116th Congress (see below)

Source: Congressional Research Service

Table 2. Proposed Legislation on Afghanistan in the 115th Congress

Bill Number

Sponsor

Summary

Status

Resolutions and Stand–alone Legislation

H.R. 1666

Rep. Jones (R-NC)

Rep. Jones (R-NC) To Prohibit the Availability of Funds for Activities in the Islamic Introduced on 3/22/2018 and Republic of Afghanistan and for Other Purposes – would prohibit funding referred to the Committee for U.S. activities in Afghanistan (other than U.S. Embassy operations or on Foreign Affairs intelligence gathering) one year after enactment, unless the President submits a Sponsor introductory national security certification waiver and Congress, within 30 days of receipt of remarks were given on that waiver, enacts a joint resolution authorizing the use of funds for purposes 4/27/2018 described in the certification (under expedited procedures).

Introduced on 3/22/18 and referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs

Sponsor introductory remarks were given on 4/27/18.

H.R. 330

H.R. 330 Rep. Lee (D-CA) Rep. Lee (D-CA)

No More Ghost Money Act – would prohibit payments from U.S. employees Introduced on 1/5/2017 in to foreign officials for the purposes of bribery or coercion; would also require the House and referred to CRS-22 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status within 180 days after enactment the submission of a report from the Director of the Committee on the CIA on all monetary payments made by the CIA to Afghan officials since Intelligence September 11, 2001. S. 1891 Sen. Cardin (D-MD) September 11, 2001.

Introduced on 1/5/17 in the House and referred to the Committee on Intelligence

S. 1891

Sen. Cardin (D-MD)

Promoting Peace and Justice for the People of Afghanistan Act of 2017 Introduced in the Senate on – would require the President to submit within 60 days after enactment the U.S. 9/28/2017 and referred to strategy for engagement in Afghanistan; authorize the creation of the Afghanistan the Committee on Foreign Peace and Justice Initiative for FY2018 and FY2019; require two reports within Relations 180 days after enactment and annually thereafter on (1) U.S. diplomatic engagement to bring about a negotiated settlement and (2) Afghan and U.S. efforts to address corruption and abuses by Afghan civilian security forces.

Introduced in the Senate on 9/28/17 and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations.

Authorizations for the Use of Military Force (AUMF) H.J.Res. 89 Rep. Banks (R-IN) AUMF Military Force (AUMF)

H.J.Res. 89

Rep. Banks (R-IN)

AUMF Against al-Qaeda, the Taliban, and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Introduced on 3/15/2017 in Syria – would authorize the use of force against Al Qaeda and the Taliban (in the House and referred to addition to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, or ISIL), as well as "wel as “successor the House Committee on successor organizations, and associated forces"”; and would mandate a report every 60 days Foreign Affairs on actions taken pursuant to the authorities granted in the joint resolution.

Introduced on 3/15/17 in the House and referred to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs.

H.J.Res. 100

H.J.Res. 100 Rep. Schiff (D-CA)

Consolidated AUMF Resolution of 2017 – would authorize for three years Introduced in the House on the use of force against Al Qaeda and "“the Afghan Taliban"” (in addition to ISIL), 4/27/2017 and referred to as well as associated groups engaged in hostilities against the United States.

Introduced in the House on 4/27/17 and referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs.

H.J.Res. 112

the Committee on Foreign Affairs H.J.Res. 112 Rep. Perry (R-PA) Rep. Perry (R-PA)

AUMF Against Islamic Extremism – would authorize the use of force Introduced in the House and against Al Qaeda, the Haqqani Network, and the Taliban (among other groups), referred to the House as well as "“any substantial supporters, associated forces, or closely related successor entities."

Introduced in the House on 7/20/17 and referred to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on the same day.

H.J.Res. 118

Committee on Foreign successor entities.” Affairs on 7/20/2017 H.J.Res. 118 Rep. Coffman (R-CO) Rep. Coffman (R-CO)

AUMF Against al Qaeda, the Taliban, and the Islamic State of Iraq and Introduced in the House and Syria – would authorize for five years the use of force against Al Qaeda and the referred to the House Taliban (in addition to ISIL), as well as "“any person…that is a part of, or Committee on Foreign substantially supports"” those groups. Affairs on 10/21/2017 S.J.Res. 31 Sen. Young (R-IN) AUMF those groups.

Introduced in the House on 10/21/17 and referred to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on the same day.

S.J.Res. 31

Sen. Young (R-IN)

AUMF Against al-Qaeda, the Taliban, and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Introduced in the Senate and Syria – would authorize the use of force against Al Qaeda and the Taliban (in referred to Committee on addition to ISIL), as well as "“successor organizations, and associated forces;" ” Foreign Relations on would mandate a report every 60 days on actions taken pursuant to the 3/2/2017 authorities granted in the joint resolution.

Introduced in the Senate on 3/2/17 and referred to Committee on Foreign Relations.

CRS-23 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status S.J.Res. 59 S.J.Res. 59

Sen. Corker (R-TN)

Sen. Corker (R-TN) AUMF of 2018 – would authorize for four years the use of force against Al Introduced in the House and Qaeda and the Taliban (in addition to ISIL), as well as associated forces, including referred to the Committee the Haqqani Network (among others) and any other groups designated by the on Foreign Relations on President and confirmed by Congress under expedited procedures.

Introduced in the House on 4/16/18 to the Committee on Foreign Relations. 4/16/2018 Committees on Foreign Relations and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs held hearings on 5/16/182018 and 6/6/18, respectively.

S.J.Res. 61

2018, respectively S.J.Res. 61 Sen. Merkley (D-OR)

Constitutional Consideration for Use of Force Resolution – Would Introduced in the Senate and authorize the use of force against Al Qaeda and the Taliban (in addition to ISIL) in referred to the Committee order to protect the United States "“and its compelling interests"” from attack by on Foreign Relations on those groups; would mandate semiannual certification by the President that groups remain a threat.

Introduced in the Senate on 5/23/18 and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations.

5/23/2018 groups remain a threat. National Defense AuthorizationAuthorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019

House NDAA: H.R. 5515

H.R. 5515

H.R. 5515 H.R. 5515 Rep. Thornberry (R-TX)

Sec. 1211 – would extend authority to transfer defense articles and provide services to the ANDSF.

Introduced on 4/13/2018 services to the ANDSF. Reported by the House Sec. 1213 – would extend (and expand geographic range of) CERP.

Armed Services Committee Sec. 1521 – would extend authorities and reporting requirements regarding the on 5/15/2018 with H.Rept. use of ASFF; also directs that at least $10 millionmil ion of ASFF be used for recruitment 115-676 and retention of women in the Afghan security forces; also directs the submission of a report on the Afghan government'’s ability to manage equipment provided through the ASFF and would allow withholding of such assistance in the event that the Afghan government is determined to have made insufficient progress toward maintaining the equipment. H.R. 5515 Rep. McGovern (D-MA), Rep. House Rules Committee Amendment 173 – Would have required the Introduced on 5/15/2018 Jones (R-NC), Rep. Lee (D- President to notify Congress of any increase in U.S. force levels in Afghanistan Defeated in Rules CA), Rep. Garamendi (D-CA), after September 30, 2018, including the number, purpose, and duration of such Committee Record Vote Rep. Kildee (D-MI), Rep. deployments, and allow for the passage, within 30 days of the presidential No. 218, 4-9 Welch (D-VT) determination, of a joint resolution to disapprove of such increases. CRS-24 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status H.R. 5515 Rep. Welch (D-VT), Rep. House Rules Committee Amendment 214 – Would have required the Submitted on 05/15/2018 Jones (R-NC), Rep. Lee (D- Secretary of Defense to develop sustainment plans for projects funded through Not made in order by Rules CA) the Afghanistan Infrastructure Fund and submit those plans to appropriate Committee congressional committees. H.R. 5515 Rep. Lee (D-CA), Rep. Jones House Rules Committee Amendment 231 toward maintaining the equipment.

As reported in the House by the House Armed Services Committee on 5/15/18

H.R. 5515

Rep. McGovern (D-MA), Rep. Jones (R-NC), Rep. Lee (D-CA), Rep. Garamendi (D-CA), Rep. Kildee (D-MI), Rep. Welch (D-VT)

House Rules Committee Amendment 173 – Would have required the President to notify Congress of any increase in U.S. force levels in Afghanistan after September 30, 2018, including the number, purpose, and duration of such deployments, and allow for the passage, within 30 days of the presidential determination, of a joint resolution to disapprove of such increases.

Introduced on 5/15/18.

Defeated in Rules Committee Record Vote No. 218, 4-9.

H.R. 5515

Rep. Welch (D-VT), Rep. Jones (R-NC), Rep. Lee (D-CA)

House Rules Committee Amendment 214 – Would have required the Secretary of Defense to develop sustainment plans for projects funded through the Afghanistan Infrastructure Fund and submit those plans to appropriate congressional committees.

Submitted on 05/15/18.

Not made in order by Rules Committee.

H.R. 5515

Rep. Lee (D-CA), Rep. Jones (R-NC)

House Rules Committee Amendment 231 – Would have required the – Would have required the Submitted on 05/16/2018 (R-NC) Secretary of Defense to submit within 90 days of passage, and annually thereafter Made in order as until 2020, an unclassified report on progress made by the Afghan government in Amendment 76 in H.Rept. achieving the benchmarks outlined in the Kabul Compact.

115-698 Joint Explanatory Statement – "“The conferees welcome the introduction of Adopted by voice vote as the bilateral U.S.-Afghanistan Compact, and the focus on the four pillars of pil ars of part of en bloc H.Amdt. 643 governance, economics, peace and reconciliation, and security. However, the Incorporated as Section conferees are disappointed by the lack of transparency provided by the 1230B and engrossed in the Department of Defense and the Department of State on the central tenants of the Compact and associated benchmarks."

Submitted on 05/16/18.

Made in order as Amendment 76 in H.Rept. 115-698.

Adopted by voice vote as part of en bloc H.Amdt. 643.

Incorporated as Section 1230B and engrossed in the House on 5/24/18.

House on 5/24/2018 the Compact and associated benchmarks.” House receded in conference, not incorporated into final bill, bil , but addressed in Joint Explanatory Statement H.R. 5515 Rep. Lynch (D-MA), Rep. House Rules Committee Amendment 255 – Would have required the Submitted on 05/15/2018 Cummings (D-MD), Rep. Secretary of Defense to rescind the decision to redact troop levels for Not made in order by Rules Welch (D-VT) Explanatory Statement.

H.R. 5515

Rep. Lynch (D-MA), Rep. Cummings (D-MD), Rep. Welch (D-VT)

House Rules Committee Amendment 255 – Would have required the Secretary of Defense to rescind the decision to redact troop levels for Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria in the quarterly Defense Manpower Data Center Committee report, and to publish troop numbers based on deployment location instead of permanently-assigned unit location. H.R. 5515 Rep. Lynch (D-MA), Rep. permanently-assigned unit location.

Submitted on 05/15/18

Not made in order by Rules Committee.

H.R. 5515

Rep. Lynch (D-MA), Rep. Welch (D-VT)

House Rules Committee Amendment 256 – Would have required the Submitted on 05/21/2018 Welch (D-VT) Secretary of Defense to "“facilitate meaningful access and assistance"” to Members Not made in order by Rules of the committees of jurisdiction traveling to Afghanistan, Iraq, Kuwait, and Syria Committee as part of congressional oversight efforts. H.R. 5515 Rep. Lynch (D-MA), Rep. House Rules Committee Amendment 257 – Would have directed the Submitted on 05/15/2018 Cummings (D-MD), Rep. Secretary of Defense to make public all performance data about the Afghan Not made in order by Rules Welch (D-VT) National Defense and Security Forces that have not been publicly available since Committee, but addressed in October 2017. Joint Explanatory Statement Joint Explanatory Statement: “as part of congressional oversight efforts.

Submitted on 05/21/18

Not made in order by Rules Committee.

H.R. 5515

Rep. Lynch (D-MA), Rep. Cummings (D-MD), Rep. Welch (D-VT)

House Rules Committee Amendment 257 – Would have directed the Secretary of Defense to make public all performance data about the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces that have not been publicly available since October 2017.

Joint Explanatory Statement: "The conferees are disappointed by recent public decisions regarding a lack of transparency on basic information such as kinetic strike data, [and] ANDSF development, retention, and casualty CRS-25 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status rates…The restriction of information in this manner undermines public confidence, hinders necessary congressional oversight, and raises legitimate questions about the efficacy of current U.S. efforts in Afghanistan."

Submitted on 05/15/18

Not made in order by Rules Committee, but addressed in Joint Explanatory Statement.

H.R. 5515

” H.R. 5515 Rep. Engel (D-NY)

House Rules Committee Amendment 449 – Would have directed the Submitted on 05/14/2018 Secretary of State to establish an office (of at least three fullful -time employees) for Not made in order by Rules peace and reconciliation in Afghanistan to lead and coordinate U.S. efforts to seek Committee a negotiated settlement to the war. H.R. 5515 Rep. Boyle (D-PA) Housea negotiated settlement to the war.

Submitted on 05/14/18

Not made in order by Rules Committee.

H.R. 5515

Rep. Boyle (D-PA)

House Rules Committee Amendment 522 – Would have required the Submitted 5/21/2018 State Department and Department of Defense to report on Russia'’s support of the Taliban in Afghanistan.

Made in order as the Taliban in Afghanistan. Amendment 35 in H.Rept. Joint Explanatory Statement – "“The conferees note with deep concern Russia' 115-702 Russia’s destabilizing activities in Afghanistan… To better understand the nature Adopted by voice vote as of these activities, the conferees direct the appropriate agency within the part of en bloc H.Amdt. 645 Department of Defense, in conjunction with the Intelligence Community, to Incorporated as Section provide a report to the congressional defense and foreign relations committees 1242 and engrossed in the no later than January 31st, 2019. The required report should be made at the House on 5/24/2018 classified level with an unclassified summary and should address Russian destabilizing activities in the region over the past 10 years, an articulation of House receded, not Russian goals in executing such activities and an assessment of their abilities and incorporated into final bil potential to affect future operations that run counter to U.S. and Afghan goals in the region."

Submitted 5/21/18.

Made in order as Amendment 35 in H.Rept. 115-702.

Adopted by voice vote as part of en bloc H.Amdt. 645.

Incorporated as Section 1242 and engrossed in the House on 5/24/18.

House receded, not incorporated into final bill but Joint Explanatory but Joint Explanatory the region.” Statement directs submission of related report. H.R. 5515 Sen. Merkley (D-OR) of related report.

H.R. 5515

S.Amdt. 2656

Sen. Merkley (D-OR)

Senate Amendment 2656 – Would have directed the Secretary of Defense to Submitted on 6/11/2018 S.Amdt. 2656 submit within 180 days a report on U.S. diplomatic, defense and security, and development strategies in Afghanistan.

Submitted on 6/11/18.

Not considered.

H.R. 5515

S.Amdt. 2775

Not considered development strategies in Afghanistan. H.R. 5515 Sen. Durbin (D-IL), Sen. Sen. Durbin (D-IL), Sen. Duckworth (D-IL)

Senate Amendment 2775 – Would have directed the Secretary of Defense to Submitted on 6/11/2018 S.Amdt. 2775 Duckworth (D-IL) submit within a year of enactment an assessment of security cooperation Not considered programs in Afghanistan (along with nine other countries).

Submitted on 6/11/18

Not considered.

H.R. 5515

S.Amdt. 2779

H.R. 5515 Sen. Bennet (D-CO)

Senate Amendment 2779 – Would have established an eight-member "“Long Submitted on 6/11/2018 S.Amdt. 2779 Long Wars Study Group"” to examine U.S. involvement in the wars in Afghanistan and Not considered Iraq; the working group would produce a final report, including lessons learned and recommendations, within two years of enactment. FY2019 National Defense Authorization Act, P.L. 115-232 CRS-26 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status H.R. 5515 Sec. 1221 – extends authority to transfer defense articles and provide services Signed by the President on to the ANDSF. 8/13/2019, P.L. 115-232 and recommendations, within two years of enactment.

Submitted on 6/11/18

Not considered

FY2019 National Defense Authorization Act, P.L. 115-232

H.R. 5515

 

Sec. 1221 – extends authority to transfer defense articles and provide services to the ANDSF.

Sec. 1223 – extends authorities and reporting requirements regarding the use of ASFF; directs that at least $10 millionmil ion of ASFF (with a goal of $25 millionmil ion) be used for recruitment and retention of women in the Afghan security forces; directs the Administration to submit a report on the Afghan government'’s ability to manage equipment provided through the ASFF and would allow withholding of such assistance in the event that the Afghan government is determined to have made insufficient progress toward maintaining the equipment (with waiver authority).

Sec. 1224 – extends (and expands geographic range of) CERP authority for one year.

Signed by the President on 8/13/19, P.L. 115-232

FY2019 year. FY2019 Defense Appropriations

H.R. 6157

H.R. 6157

Appropriations H.R. 6157 H.R. 6157 Rep. Granger (R-TX) Rep. Granger (R-TX)

Sec. 9005 – would appropriate up to $10 millionmil ion for CERP in Afghanistan.

As reported in the House on Sec. 9006 – would make funds available to provide supplies, transportation, and 6/20/2018 and engrossed on services to allies supporting U.S. operations in Afghanistan.

6/23/2018 Sec. 9007 – would prohibit the use of funds to provide for permanent stationing of U.S. troops in Afghanistan.

Sec. 9009 – would, among other purposes, prohibit the obligation of ASFF funds prior to approval of financial and activity plan by the Afghanistan Resources Oversight Council at DOD.

Sec. 9019 – would prohibit the use of funds to transfer C-130s to Afghanistan.

Sec. 9021 – would allow for ASFF funds to be used in training and equipping units for which assistance would otherwise be prohibited by Leahy Laws (10 U.S.C. 362) if the Secretary of State certifies that denial of such assistance would harm U.S. national security, among other conditions.

As reported in the House on 6/20/18 and engrossed on 6/23/18

H.R. 6157

H.R. 6157 Rep. Khanna (D-CA)

House Rules Amendment 76 – would have prohibited the use of funds to Submitted on 6/20/2018 increase the U.S. force presence in Afghanistan above current levels.

Submitted on 620/18.

Not made in order by the Rules Committee S. 3159 S. 3159 Rules Committee.

S. 3159

S. 3159

Sen. Shelby (R-AL)

Sen. Shelby (R-AL) Sec. 9005 – would appropriate up to $5 millionmil ion for CERP in Afghanistan.

As reported to the Senate by the Senate CRS-27 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status Sec. 9006 – would make funds available to provide supplies, transportation, and Appropriations Committee services to allies supporting U.S. operations in Afghanistan.

on 6/23/2018 Sec. 9007 – would prohibit the use of funds to provide for permanent stationing of U.S. troops in Afghanistan.

Sec. 9009 – would, among other purposes, prohibit the obligation of ASFF funds prior to approval of financial and activity plan by the Afghanistan Resources Oversight Council at DOD.

Sec. 9012 – would prohibit the use of funds to transfer C-130s to Afghanistan.

Sec. 9014 – would allow for ASFF funds to be used in training and equipping units for which assistance would otherwise be prohibited by Leahy Laws (10 U.S.C. 362) if the Secretary of State certifies that denial of such assistance would harm U.S. national security, among other conditions.

As reported to the Senate by the Senate Appropriations Committee on 6/23/18

H.R. 6157 (P.L. 115-245)

H.R. 6157

H.R. 6157 (P.L. 115-245) H.R. 6157 Rep. Granger (R-TX) Rep. Granger (R-TX)

Sec. 9005 – would appropriate up to $10 millionmil ion for CERP in Afghanistan.

Signed by the President on Sec. 9006 – would make funds available to provide supplies, transportation, and 9/28/2018, P.L. 115-245 services to allies supporting U.S. operations in Afghanistan.

Sec. 9007 – would prohibit the use of funds to provide for permanent stationing of U.S. troops in Afghanistan.

Sec. 9009 – would, among other purposes, prohibit the obligation of ASFF funds prior to approval of financial and activity plan by the Afghanistan Resources Oversight Council at DOD.

Sec. 9020 – would prohibit the use of funds to transfer C-130s to Afghanistan.

Sec. 9022 – would allow for ASFF funds to be used in training and equipping units for which assistance would otherwise be prohibited by Leahy Laws (10 U.S.C. 362) if the Secretary of State certifies that denial of such assistance would harm U.S. national security, among other conditions. FY2019 State Department, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) Appropriations House: H.R. 6385 CRS-28 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status H.R. 6385 harm U.S. national security, among other conditions.

Signed by the President on 9/28/18, PL 115 -245

FY2019 State Department, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations

H.R. 6385

H.R. 6385

Rep. Rogers (R-KY)

Rep. Rogers (R-KY) Sec. 7013 – prohibits the use of funds to provide foreign assistance unless a Reported by the House bilateral agreement guarantees that U.S. assistance will wil be exempt from taxation by the foreign government.

Committee on by the foreign government. Appropriations on NOTE: while this provision does not refer to Afghanistan in particular, the only 7/16/2018 reference to it in the bill bil with respect to a specific country occurs in Section 7044 (see below).

Sec. Sec. 7044 – (1) prohibits the use of ESF and INCLE funds in projects/activities in which individuals suspected of narcotics production, human rights violations, or corrupt practices are participating or for projects in areas where resource disbursement monitoring cannot be performed (with national security certification waiver); (2) requires the Secretary of State to certify that ESF and INCLE funds are used to advance civil society, women'’s rights, transparency, and other U.S. goals, and report on the status of related goals and benchmarks within 90 days and biannually thereafter (with national security waiver); (3) makes funds available for programs to assist women and girls, help the Afghan government develop its financial system, and expand regional linkages, among other purposes; (4) requires the Secretary to certify that the United States and Afghanistan have agreement in place to guarantee compliance with Sec. 7013 (above); and (5) prohibits the use of any funds to enter into a permanent basing rights agreement between the United States and Afghanistan H.Rept. 115-829 House Committee on Directs the submission of two reports: Reported by the House accompanying H.R. Appropriations  Committee on rights agreement between the United States and Afghanistan

Reported by the House Committee on Appropriations on 7/16/18.

H.Rept. 115-829 to H.R. 6385

House Committee on Appropriations

Directs the submission of two reports:

  • A report on progress made in achieving a political settlement with the 6385 Taliban and detailed information on specific steps to encourage a political Appropriations on resolution (within 90 days of enactment); and
  • 7/16/2018  A report on the number of personnel in Afghanistan under Chief of Mission authority (within 30 days of enactment, and every 120 days thereafter through FY2020)

Additionally, directs that funds be made available for programs that support children of imprisoned Afghan mothers. Senate: S. 3108 CRS-29 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status S. 3108 children of imprisoned Afghan mothers.

Reported by the House Committee on Appropriations on 7/16/18.

S. 3108

S. 3108

Sen. Graham (R-SC)

Sen. Graham (R-SC) Sec. 7044 – (1) authorizes the use of funds to reestablish one or more Reported by the Senate Embassy Branch Offices in Afghanistan; (2) authorizes the use of up to $2.8 million Appropriations Committee mil ion in ESF for the Office of Inspector General to conduct oversight on on 6/21/2018 assistance for Afghanistan; (3) prohibits the use of funds for projects in which individuals or entities suspected of involved in corruption, narcotics, or human rights violations are participants; and (4) requires the Secretary to certify that the United States and Afghanistan have agreements in place to guarantee compliance with Sec. 7013 (same as the House provision above) and that U.S. companies and organizations are not subjected to Afghan taxes or fees.

Reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee on 6/21/18.

S.Rept. 115-282 to S. 3108

Senate Committee on Appropriations

Directs the submission of two reports:

  • S.Rept. 115-282 Senate Committee on Directs the submission of two reports: Reported by the Senate accompanying S. Appropriations  Appropriations Committee A report on monitoring and evaluation procedures for U.S. assistance 3108 programs in Afghanistan (within 45 days of the submission of the FY2020 budget request); and
  • on 6/21/2018 budget request); and  A report assessing progress made in preparing for parliamentary and presidential elections, including recommendations (within 90 days of enactment). enactment).

Reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee on 6/21/18.

Division F of H.J.Res 31 (P.L. 116-6)

Division F of H.J.Res 31

Rep. Roybal-Allard
  • (P.L. 116-6) Division F of Rep. Roybal-Allard (D-CA) Sec. 7044 – (1) makes funds available to support U.S. South Asia Strategy and Signed by the President on H.J.Res 31 for programs and strengthen women'’s rights; (2) prohibits the use of funds for 2/15/2019, P.L. 116-6 activities that cannot be sustained by the Afghan government, that are not Note: H.J.Res 31 was accessible for U.S. oversight, that initiate new, major infrastructure passed by and enacted development; or that involve individuals credibly accused of involvement in during the 116th corruption, narcotics, or human rights violations; and (3) prohibits the use of Congress. funds to enter into permanent basing rights agreement with Afghanistan

Signed by the President on 2/15/19, P.L. 116-6.

Note: H.J.Res 31 was passed by and enacted during the 116th Congress.

National Defense AuthorizationAuthorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 H.R. 2810 Act for Fiscal Year 2018

H.R. 2810 (NDAA)/P.L. 115-91

Rep. Khanna (D-CA)

Rep. Khanna (D-CA) House Rules Committee Amendment 72 – requires the Secretary of Submitted on 7/6/2017 Defense to conduct a cost-benefit analysis when entering into a contract for uniforms for Afghan forces.

Submitted on 7/6/17.

Made in order as Made in order as uniforms for Afghan forces. Amendment 24 in H.Rept. 115-212 115-212.

Adopted by voice vote as part of en bloc H.Amdt. 173.

Incorporated as Section 344 in final bil CRS-30 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status H.R. 2810 in final bill.

H.R. 2810 (NDAA)/P.L. 115-91

Rep. Kildee (D-MI)

Rep. Kildee (D-MI) House Rules Committee Amendment 153 – would have added projected Submitted on 7/10/2017 casualties and costs, as well as objectives, of U.S. deployments to Afghanistan to Made in order as list of metrics in Section 1212 (requiring a report on U.S. strategy in Afghanistan).

Amendment 68 in H.Rept. Joint Explanatory Statement – "“The conferees direct the Secretary of 115-217 Defense, in coordination with the Secretary of State, to provide a report on the Adopted by voice vote as Afghanistan strategy no later than February 15, 2018. The report should include a part of en bloc H.Amdt. 193 description of U.S. security interests and objectives; the current and planned military efforts to support such objectives; the anticipated timeline necessary to Incorporated as part of achieve such objectives; a description of the projected long-term U.S. military Section 1212. Engrossed in role in Afghanistan; an analysis of the risk to force, including green on blue the House on 7/17/2017 attacks, and the efforts to mitigate such risks; an accounting of the costs Struck in conference but associated with accomplishing the security objectives over the projected timeline; incorporated in altered form a description of the interests, objectives, and activities of other regional actors in in Joint Explanatory Afghanistan, including Russia, Iran, Pakistan, China, India, and any other country Statement the Secretary believes to be influencing Afghanistan'’s stability and security.” H.R. 2810 Rep. McGovern (D-MA), Rep. House Rules Committee Amendment 165 – would have required the Submitted on 07/12/2017 Jones (R-NC), Rep. Lee (D- President to notify Congress of any increase in U.S. force levels in Afghanistan Defeated in Rules CA), Rep. Massie (R-KY), Rep. s stability and security."

Submitted on 7/10/17.

Made in order as Amendment 68 in H.Rept. 115-217.

Adopted by voice vote as part of en bloc H.Amdt. 193.

Incorporated as part of Section 1212. Engrossed in the House on 7/17/17.

Struck in conference but incorporated in altered form in Joint Explanatory Statement.

H.R. 2810 (NDAA)/P.L. 115-91

Rep. McGovern (D-MA), Rep. Jones (R-NC), Rep. Lee (D-CA), Rep. Massie (R-KY), Rep. Garamendi (D-CA), Rep. Welch (D-VT), Rep. Kildee (D-MD)

House Rules Committee Amendment 165 – would have required the President to notify Congress of any increase in U.S. force levels in Afghanistan after September 30, 2018, including the number, purpose, and duration of such after September 30, 2018, including the number, purpose, and duration of such Committee Record Vote Garamendi (D-CA), Rep. deployments, and allow for the passage, within 30 days of the presidential determination, of a joint resolution to disapprove of such increases.

Submitted on 07/12/2017.

Defeated in Rules Committee Record Vote No. 71 2-8.

H.R. 2810 (NDAA)/P.L. 115-91

Rep. Gallego (D-AZ)

House No. 71 2-8 Welch (D-VT), Rep. Kildee determination, of a joint resolution to disapprove of such increases. (D-MD) H.R. 2810 Rep. Gallego (D-AZ) House Rules Committee Amendment 271 – would have added a Submitted on 07/12/2017 description of foreign support (from Russia, Iran, Pakistan, and others) to the Made in order as Taliban and other extremist groups to the list of matters included in a report on Amendment 60 in H.Rept. U.S. strategy in Afghanistan submitted by the Secretary of Defense.

115-212 Not agreed to in Conference- House recedes, Section 1212 of House bill bil Adopted by voice vote as struck from NDAA but incorporated into Explanatory Statement directive to part of en bloc H Amdt 175. Secretary of Defense to provide report on Afghanistan strategy by February 15, 2018 (see above).

Submitted on 07/12/17.

Made in order as Amendment 60 in H.Rept. 115-212.

Adopted by voice vote as part of en bloc H Amdt 175. Incorporated as part of Section 1212.

Incorporated as part of 2018 (see above). Section 1212 Struck in conference, but incorporated into Joint Explanatory Statement directive H.R. 2810 Rep. Connol y (D-VA) Explanatory Statement directive.

H.R. 2810 (NDAA)/P.L. 115-91

Rep. Connolly (D-VA)

House Rules Committee Amendment 357 – Requires a review of DOD Submitted on 07/12/2017 civilian personnel air travel to and from Afghanistan, and requires the Secretary to issue updated guidelines regarding the use of commercial or alternative forms of air transportation.

Submitted on 07/12/17.

Made in order as CRS-31 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status to issue updated guidelines regarding the use of commercial or alternative forms Made in order as of air transportation. Amendment 79 in H.Rept. 115-217 115-217.

Adopted by voice vote as part of en bloc H Amdt 194.

Incorporated as Section 1081 and engrossed in the House on 7/14/17.

2017 Incorporated as Section 1098 in final bil H.R. 2810 Rep. Lee (D-CA), Rep. Jones 1098 in final bill.

H.R. 2810 (NDAA)/P.L. 115-91

Rep. Lee (D-CA), Rep. Jones (R-NC)

House Rules Committee Amendment 381 – Would have transferred $28 million from ASFF to the Office of Suicide Prevention.

Submitted on 07/12/17.

Not made in order by Rules Committee.

H.R. 2810 (NDAA)/P.L. 115-91

381 – Would have transferred $28 Submitted on 07/12/2017 (R-NC) mil ion from ASFF to the Office of Suicide Prevention. Not made in order by Rules Committee H.R. 2810 Rep. Thornberry (R-TX) Rep. Thornberry (R-TX)

Sec. 1521 – Extends authorities and reporting requirements regarding the use of Engrossed in the House on ASFF; also would have directed that at least $41 millionmil ion of ASFF be used for 7/14/2017 recruitment and retention of women in the Afghan security forces; also directs Agreed to in conference and the submission of a report by the Secretary of Defense on steps the Afghan incorporated in modified government is taking to reduce corruption in the ANDSF and on the extent to form as Section 1531 in final which extent ANDSF capabilities are improving.

bil Agreed to in Conference – House version directed $41 millionmil ion for recruitment and retention of women in ANDSF (compared to a $25 million "goal"mil ion “goal” in the Senate billbil , Section 1531); final bill bil language directs at least $10 millionmil ion, with the goal of $41 millionmil ion, be directed to that purpose. H.R. 2810 , be directed to that purpose.

Engrossed in the House on 7/14/17. Agreed to in conference and incorporated in modified form as Section 1531 in final bill.

H.R. 2810 (NDAA)/P.L. 115-91

Rep. Thornberry (R-TX)

Rep. Thornberry (R-TX) Sec. 923 – Would have expressed the sense of the House that force Engrossed in the House on management levels in Afghanistan necessitate the substitution of costlier contract 7/14/2017 support in place of military personnel; also would have required a briefing by The Senate engrossed DOD on steps by the Secretary to revise deployment guidelines to "“avoid to the amendment contained no extent practicable these costly practices in the future."

” similar provision. The House Joint Explanatory Statement – "“the conferees understand the Department of receded in conference, but Defense is revaluating the practice of substituting contractor personnel,"” but directive maintained in Joint but directs a briefing on the topic by March 31, 2018.

Engrossed in the House on 7/14/17. The Senate engrossed amendment contained no similar provision. The House receded in conference, but directive maintained in Joint Explanatory Statement.

H.R. 2810 (NDAA)/P.L. 115-91

S.Amdt. 511

Sen. Sullivan (R-AK), Sen. Peters (D-MI), Sen. Cornyn (R-TX), Sen. Warner (D-VA)

directs a briefing on the topic by March 31, 2018. Explanatory Statement S.Amdt. 511 to H.R. Sen. Sul ivan (R-AK), Sen. Senate Amendment 511 – would have directed the Secretary of Defense to work with the Afghan and Indian governments to establish priorities and Submitted on 7/27/2017 2810 Peters (D-MI), Sen. Cornyn work with the Afghan and Indian governments to establish priorities and Not considered (R-TX), Sen. Warner (D-VA) opportunities for investment in Afghanistan; identify gaps in Afghan military capacity; and improve delivery of humanitarian assistance.

Submitted on 7/27/17.

Not considered.

H.R. 2810 (NDAA)/P.L. 115-91

S.Amdt. 529

Sen. Leahy (D-VT)

CRS-32 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status S.Amdt. 529 to H.R. Sen. Leahy (D-VT) Senate Amendment 529 – authorizes the Secretary of Defense to create one Submitted on 7/27/2017 2810 or more permanent positions to oversee and support human rights vetting with Engrossed in Senate regard to the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces.

Submitted on 7/27/17.

Engrossed in Senate amendment on 9/18/17 as Section 6203.

2017 as Section 6203 Incorporated as Section 1216 in final bil S.Amdt. 609 to H.R. 1216 in final bill.

H.R. 2810 (NDAA)/P.L. 115-91

S.Amdt. 609

Sen. McCain (R-AZ)

Sen. McCain (R-AZ) Senate Amendment 609 – would have expressed the sense of Congress that Submitted on 7/27/2017 2810 the United States should pursue an "“integrated civil-military"” strategy in Not considered Afghanistan. H.R. 2810 Sen. McCain (R-AZ) Sec. strategy in Afghanistan.

Submitted on 7/27/17.

Not considered.

H.R. 2810 (NDAA)/P.L. 115-91

Sen. McCain (R-AZ)

Sec. 1215 – Extends the semiannual reporting requirement on enhancing Engrossed in Senate security and stability in Afghanistan (in place since 2015 NDAA) through December 2020.

Engrossed in Senate amendment on 9/18/17. amendment on 9/18/2017 December 2020. House contained no similar provision; House receded in conference and incorporated into final bill bil as Section 1215 as Section 1215.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FY2018 Defense Appropriations

Defense Appropriations H.R.3219 – Make America Secure Appropriations Act, 2018 (Defense Appropriations)

H.R. 3219

H.R. 3219 Rep. Brownley (D-CA)

House Rules Committee Amendment 21 (version 1) – would have Introduced on 7/21/2017 required the Secretary of Defense to submit a report on steps being taken by Not made in order Afghan forces to end sexual abuse, sex slavery, and rape.

Introduced on 7/21/17.

Not made in order.

H.R. 3219

H.R. 3219 Rep. Davis (D-CA)

House Rules Committee Amendment 77 (version 3) – broadens use of Introduced on 7/26/2017 funds from “recruitment”funds from "recruitment" of Afghan women in the ANDSF to "“recruitment, Revised; made in order and retention, and training.” recruitment, retention, and training."

Introduced on 7/26/17.

Revised; made in order and incorporated in revised form under "“Afghanistan Security Forces Fund."

” Incorporated into H.R. 1625.

H.R. 3219

Rep. Welch (D-VT), Rep. Lee (D-CA), Rep. Khanna (D-CA), Rep. Jones (R-NC), Rep. Walberg (R-MI)

House Rules Committee Amendment 111 (version 1) – Would have prohibited the use of ASFF funds to procure uniforms for the Afghan National Army.

Introduced on 7/21/17. Made in order as H.R. 1625 H.R. 3219 Rep. Welch (D-VT), Rep. Lee House Rules Committee Amendment 111 (version 1) – Would have Introduced on 7/21/2017 (D-CA), Rep. Khanna (D-CA), prohibited the use of ASFF funds to procure uniforms for the Afghan National Made in order as Rep. Jones (R-NC), Rep. Army. Amendment 40 in H.Rept. 115-261.

H.Rept. Walberg (R-MI) 115-261 CRS-33 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status Engrossed in the House on 7/27/172017 as Section 10004.

Not incorporated into H.R. 1625.

H.R. 3219

H.R. 1625 H.R. 3219 Rep. Nolan (D-MN)

House Rules Committee Amendment 130 (version 2) – Would have decreased ASFF funding by $12 million.

Introduced on 7/26/17. Introduced on 7/26/2017 decreased ASFF funding by $12 mil ion. Made in order as Amendment 53 in H.Rept. 115-261. Engrossed in the House as 7/27/172017 under "“Afghanistan Security Forces Fund."

Fund” H.R. 1625 reduced ASFF by more than $12 millionmil ion below the level in H.R. 3219.

Division C of H.R. 1625 (Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2018)

H.R. 3219 Division C of H.R. Rep. Granger (R-TX)

Sec. 9005 – Authorizes $5 millionmil ion for CERP in Afghanistan.

Signed by the President on 1625 (Consolidated Sec. 9006 – would authorize provision of services, transportation, and logistical 3/23/2018 as P.L. 115-141 Appropriations Act, support to allied and coalition forces supporting U.S. operations in Afghanistan.

FY2018) Sec. 9007 – Prohibits the use of funds for, among other purposes, establishing any base that provides for "“permanent stationing"” of U.S. forces in Afghanistan.

Sec. 9009 – Among other purposes, prohibits the obligation of ASFF funds prior to approval of financial and activity plan by the Afghanistan Resources Oversight Council at DOD.

Sec. 9019 – prohibits the use of funds to transfer additional C–130 cargo aircraft to Afghan forces until DOD provides a report on Afghan airlift requirements.

Sec. 9020 9020 – Rescinds $100 millionmil ion in 2017/2018 ASFF funds.

Sec. 9022 – allows for ASFF funds to be used in training and equipping units for which assistance would otherwise be prohibited by Leahy Laws (10 U.S.C. 362) if the Secretary of State certifies that denial of such assistance would harm U.S. national security, among other conditions. FY2018 State Department, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations CRS-34 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status H.R. 3362 national security, among other conditions.

Signed by the President on 3/23/18 as P.L. 115-141

FY2018 State Department, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations

H.R. 3362

Rep. Rogers (R-KY)

Rep. Rogers (R-KY) Sec. 7044 – (1) Directs the Secretary of State to submit a report on the Approved by House number of personnel in Afghanistan under Chief of Mission authority; (2) Appropriations Committee prohibits the use of ESF and INCLE funds in projects/activities in which on 7/19/2017 individuals suspected of narcotics production, human rights violations, or H.R. 1625 does not include corrupt practices are participating; (3) requires the Secretary of State to certify required reporting on U.S. that ESF and INCLE funds are used to advance civil society, women'’s rights, personnel in Afghanistan, s rights, transparency, and other U.S. goals, among other conditions; (4) requires the but the directive is included Secretary to submit a report on progress toward goals and benchmarks of U.S. in the Joint Explanatory assistance; (5) makes funds available for programs to assist women and girls, Statement help the Afghan government develop its financial system, and expand regional linkages, among other purposes; (6) requires the Secretary to certify that U.S. companies and organizations implementing U.S. foreign aid programs are not subjected to taxation by the Afghan government and (7) prohibits the use of any funds to enter into a permanent basing rights agreement between the United States and Afghanistan. Division G of H.R. Rep. Rosen (D-NV), Rep. House Rules Committee Amendment 93 (version 1) – Would have Introduced 9/5/2017 3354 (minibus) Gal ego (D-AZ) prohibited the use of funds to close or merge the Office of the Special Not made in order Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan. S. 1780 States and Afghanistan.

Approved by House Appropriations Committee on 7/19/17.

H.R. 1625 does not include required reporting on U.S. personnel in Afghanistan, but the directive is included in the Joint Explanatory Statement.

Division G of H.R. 3354 (minibus)

Rep. Rosen (D-NV), Rep. Gallego (D-AZ)

House Rules Committee Amendment 93 (version 1) – Would have prohibited the use of funds to close or merge the Office of the Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Introduced 9/5/17.

Not made in order.

S. 1780

Sen. Graham (R-SC)

Sen. Graham (R-SC) Sec. 7044 – (1) prohibits the use of ESF and INCLE funds for projects/activities Introduced and reported by in which individuals suspected of narcotics production, human rights violations, Senate Appropriations or corrupt practices are participating or for projects in areas where resource Committee on 9/7/2017 disbursement monitoring cannot be performed (with national security with written report S.Rept. certification waiver); (2) requires the Secretary to submit a report on progress 115-152 toward goals and benchmarks of U.S. assistance; (3) reconciliation and reintegration activities. CRS-35 link to page 40 link to page 40 link to page 40 Bill Number Sponsor Summary Status Division K of H.R. reintegration activities.

Approved by Senate Appropriations Committee on 9/7/17.

Division K of H.R. 1625 (Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2018)

Rep. Royce (R-CA)

Rep. Royce (R-CA) Sec. 7044 – (1) prohibits the use of ESF and INCLE funds for projects/activities Signed by the President on 1625 (Consolidated in which individuals suspected of narcotics production, human rights violations, 3/23/2018 as P.L. 115-141 Appropriations or corrupt practices are participating or for projects in areas where resource Act, FY2018) disbursement monitoring cannot be performed (with national security certification waiver); (2) requires the Secretary of State to certify that ESF and INCLE funds are used to advance civil society, women'’s rights, transparency, and other U.S. goals, among other conditions; (3) requires the Secretary to submit a biannual report on progress toward goals and benchmarks of U.S. assistance; (4) makes funds available for programs to assist women and girls, help the Afghan government develop its financial system, and expand regional linkages, among other purposes; (5) requires the Secretary to certify that U.S. companies and organizations implementing U.S. foreign aid programs are not subjected to taxation by the Afghan government and (6) prohibits the use of any funds to enter into a permanent basing rights agreement between the United States and Afghanistan. Source: Congress.gov, House Rules Committee, Senate Amendment Tracking System States and Afghanistan.

Signed by the President on 3/23/18 as P.L. 115-141

Source: Congressional Research Service


Table 3. U.S. Assistance to Afghanistan

Table 3. U.S. Assistance to Afghanistan ($ in thousands) FY2018 FY2019 FY2020 President’s Senatea Houseb Final President’s Senate Houseb Final President’s Senate House Final Budget Budget Budget ESF 650,000 500,000 - 500,000 500,000 500,000 - 400,000 NADR 37,000 37,000 - 36,600 (not 37,000 - 36,600 requested by country) INCLE 95,000 160,000 - 160,000 95,000 160,000 - 95,000 IMET 800 800 - 800 800 800 800 CRS-36 link to page 40 OFS 47,100,000 - - - 46,300,000 - - - (not (through broken OCO)c out) ASFF 4,937,515 4,178,815 4,937,515 4,666,815 5,199,450 4,666,815 5,199,450 4,920,000 4,803,978 4,803,978 4,503,978 4,503,978 a. Draft FY2018 Defense Appropriations bil and accompanying report published Nov. 21, 2017 by the chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee, at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/fy2018-defense-appropriations-bil -released. b. In reports accompanying its State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations bil s($ in thousands)

 

FY2018

FY2019

FY2020

  

 

 

President's Budget

Senatea

Houseb

Final allocation

President's Budget

Senate

Houseb

Final allocation

President's Budget

Senate

House

Economic Support Fund

650,000

500,000

-

500,000

500,000

500,000

-

  

400,000

  

 

Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining and Related Programs

37,000

37,000

-

36,600

(not requested by country)

37,000

-

  

36,600

  

 

International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement

95,000

160,000

-

160,000

95,000

160,000

-

  

95,000

  

 

International Military Education and Training

800

800

-

800

800

800

  

 

800

  

 

Operation Freedom's Sentinel (through OCO)c

47,100,000

-

-

-

46,300,000

-

-

-

(not broken out)

  

 

Afghanistan Security Forces Fund

4,937,515

4,178,815

4,937,515

4,666,815

5,199,450

4,666,815

5,199,450

4,920,000

4,803,978

4,803,978

4,503,978

a. Draft FY2018 Defense Appropriations bill and accompanying report published Nov. 21, 2017 by the chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee, at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/fy2018-defense-appropriations-bill-released.

b. In reports accompanying its State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations bills for both FY2018 and FY2019, the House Appropriations for both FY2018 and FY2019, the House Appropriations Committee stated that "“The Committee understands that the staffing and programming requirements in [Afghanistan and Pakistan] will remain under continuous review and, for that reason, has not designated specific funding recommendations."” Additionally, while Congress authorizes and appropriates ASFF levels, they do not otherwise allocate funding for specific operations, including Operation Freedom'’s Sentinel.

c. c. OFS numbers from President'’s budget requests; Congress does not direct specific breakouts (i.e., by operation) of OCO spending, except for the Afghanistan Security Forces Fund.

Source: Congressional Research Service CRS-37 Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2020 Author Information Clayton Thomas Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs Acknowledgments Sarah Collins provided considerable support in updating this report. Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material. Congressional Research Service R45329 · VERSION 5 · UPDATED 38 Source: Congressional Research Service

Author Contact Information

Clayton Thomas, Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])

Acknowledgments

Sarah Collins provided considerable support in updating this report.

Footnotes

1.

Steve Coll, Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan (Penguin Press, 2018) p. 199.
2.

David Rhode and David E. Sanger, "How a 'Good War' in Afghanistan Went Bad," New York Times, August 12, 2007.
3.

President Trump delegated the authority to set force levels, with increases reportedly limited to around 3,900 additional troops, to former Secretary of Defense James Mattis in June 2017. Jim Garamone, "President Gives Mattis Authority to Set U.S. Troop Strength in Afghanistan," Department of Defense, June 14, 2017. In August 2017 it was reported that due to units rotating in and out of theater, the actual number of U.S. troops in Afghanistan was between 11,000 and 12,000 on any given day, in contrast to a previously disclosed level of 8,400 troops, a cap set by the Obama Administration. Gordon Lubold and Nancy Youssef, "U.S. Has More Troops in Afghanistan Than Publicly Disclosed," Wall Street Journal, August 22, 2017. Some media sources report that there are currently around 15,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan; the figure cited in U.S. government sources is usually 14,000. In April 2018, the Pentagon removed troop statistics for Afghanistan (as well as Iraq and Syria) from its quarterly reporting. Kathryn Watson, "Pentagon takes down troop numbers in Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan: Report," CBS News, April 10, 2018. For more on the debate around the merits of disclosing troop levels, see Jon Donnelly, "Analysis: Why Won't Trump Discuss Troop Numbers?" CQ News, August 23, 2017.
4.

The White House, Remarks by President Trump on the Strategy in Afghanistan and South Asia, August 21, 2017.
5.

Rebecca Kheel, "Dems: Trump 'has no strategy' for Afghanistan," The Hill, August 21, 2017.
6.

Philip Rucker and Robert Costa, "'It's a hard problem': Inside Trump's decision to send more troops to Afghanistan," Washington Post, August 21, 2017. For more on one such proposal, see Tara Copp, "Here's the blueprint for Erik Prince's $5 billion plan to privatize the Afghanistan war," Military Times, September 5, 2018.
7.

Mujib Mashal and Eric Schmitt, "White House Orders Direct Taliban Talks to Jump-Start Afghan Negotiations," New York Times, July 15, 2018.
8.

"Letter of the Islamic Emirate to the American people!" February 14, 2018. Available at http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/world/taliban-attempts-to-appeal-to-us-audience-in-new-letter/2770/.
9.

Hasib Danish Alikozai and Mohammad Habibzada, "Afghans Worry as US Makes Progress in Taliban Talks," Voice of America, January 29, 2019.
10.

Ryan Crocker, "I Was Ambassador to Afghanistan. This Deal is a Surrender," Washington Post, January 29, 2019; Husain Haqqani, "The Taliban Smell Blood," Wall Street Journal, July 16, 2019.
11.

Shereena Qazi, "US and Taliban 'close' to a peace deal: Afghan group's spokesman," Al Jazeera, August 28, 2019.
12.

Wesley Morgan, "How Trump trips up his own Afghan peace efforts," Politico, August 16, 2019.
13.

Leo Shane, "Pompeo backtracks on Afghanistan withdrawal by fall 2020," Military Times, July 31, 2019.
14.

Pamela Constable, "Afghans voice fears that the U.S. is undercutting them in deal with the Taliban," Washington Post, August 17, 2019.
15.

"Operation Freedom's Sentinel, Quarterly Report to Congress, July 1 to September 30, 2018," Lead Inspector General for Overseas Contingency Operations, November 19, 2018.
16.

Department of Defense Press Briefing By Major General Hecker via Teleconference from Kabul, February 7, 2018.

17.

Ellen Mitchell, "Afghanistan War at a Stalemate, Top General Tells Lawmakers," The Hill, December 4, 2018.
18.

SIGAR, Quarterly Report to the United States Congress, April 30, 2019.
19.

See, for example, Amira Jadoon et al., "Challenging the ISK Brand in Afghanistan-Pakistan: Rivalries and Divided Loyalties," CTC Sentinel, Vol. 11, Issue 4, April 26, 2018.
20.

"ISIS terrorists heading to Afghanistan from Syria and Iraq to plot attacks," Khaama Press, April 30, 2019. In April 2018, a U.S. air strike killed the ISKP leader (himself a former Taliban commander) in northern Jowzjan province, which NATO described as "the main conduit for external support and foreign fighters from Central Asian states into Afghanistan." NATO Resolute Support Media Center, "Top IS-K Commander Killed in Northern Afghanistan," April 9, 2018
21.

David Ignatius, "Uncertainty clouds the path forward in Afghanistan." Washington Post, July 22, 2019.
22.

Twenty-fourth report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team submitted pursuant to resolution 2368 (2017) concerning ISIL (Da'esh), Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities, S/2019/570, July 15, 2019.
23.

Traditional levers of congressional influence, such as foreign aid, were limited or nonexistent in Afghanistan under the rule of the Taliban. The United States contributed tens of millions of dollars in humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan before 2001, but without a U.S. diplomatic presence (the U.S. embassy was closed from 1989 to 2002), that aid was administered by the U.N. and non-governmental organizations. "U.S. gives $43 million to Afghanistan," CNN, May 17, 2001. Congressional engagement was mostly limited to resolutions calling for the return of representative government to Afghanistan (e.g., H.Con.Res. 414, S.Con.Res. 150), condemning the Taliban's treatment of women (e.g., S.Res. 68), and expressing concern for the human rights situation in the country (e.g., H.Con.Res. 156).

24.

For a more general discussion of constitutional war powers provisions and Congress's ability to shape or end military operations, including historical examples, see CRS Report R41989, Congressional Authority to Limit Military Operations, by Jennifer K. Elsea, Michael John Garcia, and Thomas J. Nicola.
25.

Those measures, respectively, are: H.R. 6045, H.R. 780, H.Con.Res. 28, H.Amdt. 1103, and H.Amdt. 928.
26.

For more, see CRS Report R43983, 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force: Issues Concerning Its Continued Application, by Matthew C. Weed.

27.

For a list of these resolutions, see CRS Report R45329, Afghanistan: Legislation in the 115th Congress, by Clayton Thomas.
28.

SIGAR was established by Section 1229 of the FY2008 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 110-181). The FY2008 NDAA stipulates that SIGAR will be terminated 180 days after unexpended funds for reconstruction in Afghanistan reach less than $250 million.
29.

Trent Ruder, "Donor Aid Challenges in Shaping Incentive Programs and Spurring Afghan Reform," United States Institute of Peace, November 2014.
30.

"Afghanistan in Transition: U.S. Civilian Presence and Assistance post-2014," Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, October 27, 2014. The July 2015 SIGAR quarterly report contains a lengthy treatment of the benefits, limitations, and challenges of aid conditionality.
31.

See CRS In Focus IF10575, Human Rights Issues: Security Forces Vetting ("Leahy Laws"), by Liana W. Rosen.

32.

Joseph Goldstein, "U.S. Soldiers Told to Ignore Sexual Abuse of Boys by Afghan Allies," New York Times, September 20, 2015; "Child Sexual Assault in Afghanistan: Implementation of the Leahy Laws and Reports of Assault by Afghan Security Forces," SIGAR, June 2017. The SIGAR report was declassified in January 2018.
33.

Katie Bo Williams, "It's Getting Harder to Track US Progress in Afghanistan." Defense One, April 24, 2019.
34.

Merrit Kennedy, "U.S. Military Withholds Key Measures Of Afghan War," NPR, October 31, 2017.
35.

Remarks by President Trump on the Strategy in Afghanistan and South Asia, The White House, August 21, 2017.
36.

David Welna, "Pentagon Questioned Over Blackout On War Zone Troop Numbers," NPR, July 3, 2018; see also House Rules Committee Amendment 255 to H.R. 5515, submitted May 21, 2018 (not made in order).
37.

House Foreign Affairs Committee Holds Hearing on U.S. Foreign Policy and the State Department Fiscal 2020 Budget Request, CQ Transcripts, March 27, 2019.
38.

"House Foreign Affairs Committee Democrats Demand State Department Transparency on Afghanistan," Representative Eliot Engel, April 8, 2019.
39.

Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 105, 176-182.
40.

These hearings include House Armed Services Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations hearings in April and October 2013 on protecting Afghan women.
41.

Ben Farmer, "Taliban say women's rights to be protected under Islam, but must not threaten Afghan values," Telegraph, February 5, 2019; Masuda Sultan, "I Met the Taliban. Women Were the First to Speak," New York Times, June 4, 2019.
42.

See the text of the letter at https://frankel.house.gov/uploadedfiles/afghan_women_letter_final_6.6.19.pdf.
43.

Menendez Opening Remarks at Classified Hearing on Afghanistan Peace Talks, May 22, 2019. Available at https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/ranking/release/menendez-opening-remarks-at-classified-hearing-on-afghanistan-peace-talks