Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption: 1988 to 2024

May 21, 2008 – January 23, 2024 RL34498

Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets,
January 23, 2024
Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption: Gary Guenther
1988 to 2024
Analyst in Public Finance

This report tracks changes in federal individual income tax brackets, the standard deduction, and
the personal exemption since 1988. All three tax items have been indexed for inflation since

1981. The report also explains how tax provisions are adjusted for inflation. The table below
shows the levels that will apply in 2024.
Current statutory tax rates have evolved from the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86; P.L. 99-514) and several tax laws
enacted since then. Of particular importance have been the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA90; P.L. 101-
508), the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (OBRA93; P.L. 103-66), the Economic Growth and Tax Relief
Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA; P.L. 107-16), the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job
Creation Act of 2010 (TRUC; P.L. 111-312), the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA, P.L. 112-240), and the tax
rate changes in the 2017 tax revision (P.L. 115-97).
Seven statutory individual income tax rates are in effect from 2018 to 2025: 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35%, and 37%.
Starting in 2026, these rates will revert to their 2017 levels. Each rate applies to a different range of income, and that range
constitutes a tax bracket. A taxpayer’s tax liability is the sum total of the tax from each of the tax brackets his or her taxable
income covers. This means that someone’s average tax rate (i.e., total tax owed divided by total income) is less than her or
his top marginal tax rate (i.e., the tax on an additional dollar of income); the marginal and average tax rates are the same
(10%) for taxpayers subject to the lowest tax bracket. For example, if the federal income tax had no deductions, exemptions,
exclusions, and credits, and Mary has a taxable income of $20,000 and half of that amount is taxed at 10% and half at 15%,
her tax liability would equal [($10,000 x 0.10) + ($10,000 x 0.15)], or $2,500. Mary’s average tax rate would be 12.5%, while
her top marginal rate would be 15%.
Over 50 federal income tax provisions are indexed for inflation. These include the tax brackets, the personal exemption
(which is unavailable until 2026 under current law), and the standard deduction. Indexation reduces the risk of bracket creep,
which happens when someone’s tax liability increases because of a larger increase in that taxpayer’s nominal income than his
or her real income. Until 2018, indexation of these items was based on annual changes in the Consumer Price Index for All
Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Under P.L. 115-97, however, Congress permanently switched the inflation adjustment to the
Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (C-CPI-U), starting in 2018. Some experts believe that the latter
index provides a more accurate measure of inflation among consumer goods and services than the CPI-U.
Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized Deductions, Personal
Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2024
Personal Exemption and Phaseout
$0
Threshold:
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$29,200
Single
$14,600
Head of Household
$21,900
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Individual
$1,550
Individual who is unmarried and not a surviving
$1,950
spouse
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2024
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $23,200
10% of the amount over $0
over $23,200 to $94,300
$2,320 + 12% of the amount over $23,200
over $94,300 to $201,050
$10,852 + 22% of the amount over $94,300
over $201,050 to $383,900
$34,337 + 24% of the amount over $201,050
over $383,900 to $487,450
$78,221 + 32% of the amount over $383,900
over $487,450 to $731,200
$111,357 + 35% of the amount over $487,450
over $731,200
$196,669.50 + 37% of the amount over $731,200
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $11,000
10% of the amount over $0
over $11,000 to $47,150
$1,160 + 12% of the amount over $11,000
over $47,150 to $100,525
$5,426 + 22% of the amount over $47,150
over $100,525 to $191,950
$17,168.50 + 24% of the amount over $100,525
over $191,950 to $243,725
$39,110.50 + 32% of the amount over $191,950
over $243,375 to $609,350
$55,678.50 + 35% of the amount over $231,250
over $609,350
$183,647.25 + 37% of the amount over $609,350
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $16,550
10% of the amount over $0
over $16,550 to $63,100
$1,655 + 12% of the amount over $16,550
over $63,100 to $100,500
$7,241+ 22% of the amount over $63,100
over $100,500 to $191,950
$15,469 + 24% of the amount over $100,500
over $191,950 to $243,700
$37,417 + 32% of the amount over $191,950
over $243,700 to $609,350
$53,977 + 35% of the amount over $243,700
over $609,350
$181,954.50 + 37% of the amount over $609,350
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2023-34.

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Introduction
U.S. citizens and residents are subject to a federal income tax on their worldwide income.1 Their
taxable income is equal to gross income from numerous sources (including wages, pass-through
business profits, long-term capital gains, and dividends) less certain exclusions, exemptions, and
deductions. An individual taxpayer’s adjusted gross income (AGI) is determined by subtracting
certain “above-the-line” deductions from gross income.2 Taxable income is determined by
reducing a taxpayer’s AGI by the standard deduction or the sum of that person’s itemized
deductions, whichever amount is greater. Taxpayers who own a pass-through business (i.e.,
partnership, S corporation, limited liability company, or sole proprietorship) may be able to lower
their taxable income by claiming the deduction for pass-through business income under Internal
Revenue Code (IRC) Section 199A. Then the appropriate marginal tax rate is applied to
determine an individual’s income tax liability. A taxpayer may face additional tax liability if she
or he is subject to the alternative minimum tax.3 The tax owed may be reduced by any credits
(e.g., earned income tax credit and child tax credit) a taxpayer is allowed to claim.
This report provides a brief overview of the role these tax items play in calculating tax liability
under the regular income tax. It does not cover situations involving more complicated tax
calculations, such as income subject to the alternative minimum tax or income from long-term
capital gains. The report also considers the rationale for indexing these elements for inflation and
the current mechanism for doing so. It concludes with a year-by-year summary from 1988 to
2024 of the personal exemption and limitations on it, the standard deduction and limitations on
itemized deductions, and statutory tax rates and brackets, through a series of tables.
An Appendix summarizes the federal tax laws going back to P.L. 99-514 that introduced the
changes in the tax elements examined here. The current federal income tax is a product of the Tax
Reform Act of 1986 and changes in tax law enacted since then.
Overview of Key Individual Income Tax Items
Tax Rates and Brackets
At the core of the federal individual income tax are the tax brackets. A bracket refers to an income
tax rate and the range of taxable income to which the rate applies. All taxable income within a
bracket is taxed at that rate. A taxpayer’s tax liability before credits is the sum total of the tax
within each bracket that applies to someone’s taxable income. For example, assume that a single
filer has a taxable income of $20,000. The person’s first $10,000 would be taxed at 10% under
current law, and the second $10,000 would be taxed at 15%. Her tax liability is $2,500: [($10,000
x 0.1) + ($10,000 x 0.15) = ($1,000 + $1,500) = $2,500]. Consequently, her average tax rate

1 For more information on the taxation of noncitizen resident, see CRS Report R43840, Federal Income Taxes and
Noncitizens: Frequently Asked Questions, by Erika K. Lunder and Margot L. Crandall-Hollick.
2 These deductions include trade or business expenses, losses from the sale or exchange of property, contributions to a
qualified retirement plan by a self-employed individual, contributions to qualified individual retirement accounts, and
certain education costs. In 2020 and 2021, taxpayers who claim the standard deduction (or nonitemizers) may be able to
claim a deduction for charitable cash contributions. For more details, see CRS Insight IN11420, Temporary
Enhancements to Charitable Contributions Deductions in the CARES Act, by Jane G. Gravelle, and CRS Report
R46649, The COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020 and Other COVID-Related Tax Provisions in P.L. 116-260, by
Molly F. Sherlock et al.
3 For more information on the alternative minimum tax for individuals, see CRS In Focus IF10705, Tax Reform: The
Alternative Minimum Tax, by Donald J. Marples.
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(12.5%) is lower than her top marginal rate (15%).4 Tax brackets are adjusted for inflation each
year, and individual income tax rates are progressive, which means that the rate increases as a
taxpayer’s income goes up.
Personal Exemption
Before 2018, each taxpayer was allowed to reduce gross income by a fixed amount (known as an
exemption) for herself or himself, a spouse, and all qualified dependents. The amount of the
exemption was the same for every individual and indexed for inflation. In 2017, the amount was
$4,050 per person. The personal exemption is suspended from 2018 through 2025, but will be
reinstated starting in 2026 if current tax law is not changed by then. For all but three years (2010-
2012) from 1991 to 2017, the exemption phased out for taxpayers with income above a threshold
amount.
Itemized Deductions and the Standard Deduction
In computing taxable income, individuals are allowed to reduce their gross income by either the
standard deduction or the sum of their itemized deductions, whichever amount is larger. The
standard deduction varies by filing status and is indexed for inflation. In 2024, the standard
deduction is $14,600 for single filers and married persons filing separately, $21,900 for a head of
household, and $29,200 for a married couple filing jointly and surviving spouses. Taxpayers who
are 65 or older and/or blind are eligible for an additional standard deduction. In 2024, that amount
is $1,550 for each spouse among joint filers and $1,950 for a single filer or head of household.
Instead of taking the standard deduction, a taxpayer may itemize certain deductions. In 2024,
these deductions include up to $10,000 for a combination of state and local property taxes and
state and local sales or income taxes paid;5 home mortgage interest paid on mortgage debt of
$750,000 or less;6 eligible charitable contributions; certain investment interest; medical expenses
above 7.5% of a taxpayer’s AGI; and casualty and theft losses related to federally declared
disasters in excess of both 10% of AGI and $100 per loss.7 Before 2018, taxpayers were also
allowed a deduction for miscellaneous itemized expenses (e.g., certain job-related expenses not
paid by an employer) above 2% of AGI, but P.L. 115-97 suspended the deduction from 2018
through 2025. Like the personal exemption, total itemized deductions began to phase out from
1991 to 2017 (except in 2010 to 2012) for higher-income taxpayers with income above a
threshold amount, which varied by filing status.
Inflation, Bracket Creep, and Indexation
Tax brackets, the personal exemption (which is unavailable from 2018 to 2025), and the standard
deduction have been indexed for inflation since 1981. Indexing prevents individuals from moving
into a higher tax bracket because of inflation, not because of increases in real income. Indexation
was done with the Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers (CPI-U) until 2018. Since then,
the Chained CPI-U (C-CPI-U) is used to make inflation adjustments. Some maintain that the C-

4 For more information on the difference between marginal and average income tax rates, see CRS Report R44787,
Statutory, Average, and Effective Marginal Tax Rates in the Federal Individual Income Tax: Background and Analysis,
by Molly F. Sherlock.
5 See CRS Report R46246, The SALT Cap: Overview and Analysis, by Grant A. Driessen and Joseph S. Hughes.
6 For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11540, The Mortgage Interest Deduction, by Mark P. Keightley.
7 See CRS Report R45864, Tax Policy and Disaster Recovery, by Molly F. Sherlock and Jennifer Teefy.
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CPI-U provides a more accurate measure of the rate of price change for consumer products and
services than the CPI-U.8
During periods of rising or relatively high inflation, an income tax based on tax brackets
measured only in current (or nominal) dollars could lead to unintended tax increases. This can
happen when nominal incomes rise faster than real incomes, pushing taxpayers into a higher tax
bracket through a process known as bracket creep. The process can result in larger individual
income tax burdens than lawmakers may have intended when they established the statutory rates.
Without indexation of key income tax items, many taxpayers may have been affected by bracket
creep for the 2022 tax year.
The effects of inflation on income tax liabilities can be considerable, even in periods of low
inflation. For example, $1,000 in October 1988 had the same buying power as $2,560 in October
2023, using the CPI-U to adjust for inflation.9 Year-to-year changes in general price levels did not
exceed 3.4% between 1992 and 2020. But substantial rises in the U.S. inflation rate in 2021 and
2022 have led to a 7.0% increase in the income ranges for each tax bracket in 2023 (relative to
2022), and a 5.5% increase in 2024 (relative to 2023). Thus, individuals whose 2024 taxable
income is 12.5% greater than their 2022 taxable income would be taxed at the same inflation-
adjusted rate in 2022 and 2024. But if 2024 taxable income increases by less than 12.5% relative
to 2022, a taxpayer would be taxed at a lower rate in 2024 than in 2022 if his or her 2024 taxable
income falls within a lower income tax bracket.10
Congress added indexation to the federal income tax as a part of a package of statutory tax rate
reductions included in the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981. The relatively high U.S. inflation
rate then influenced congressional deliberations on the benefits of tax indexation.11 As the Joint
Committee on Taxation noted in its explanation of the act:
The Congress believed that “automatic” tax increases resulting from the effects of inflation
were unfair to taxpayers, since their tax burden as a percentage of income could increase
during intervals between tax reduction legislation, with an adverse effect on incentives to
work and invest.12
For tax years before 2018, the inflation adjustment reflected the percentage by which the average
CPI-U in the 12 months ending on August 31 of the preceding year exceeded the average CPI-U
during a 12-month base period. Not all indexed tax items used the same base period.
Since 2018, a different price index has been used to adjust income tax items for inflation. Under
P.L. 115-97, the Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (C-CPI-U) permanently
replaced the CPI-U for this purpose.
Some analysts argued that the CPI-U overstated rises in the cost of living because it did not
account for changes consumers make in their buying patterns when the prices of certain items in a
standard market basket move up or down by significant amounts. In their view, not accounting for

8 CRS Report R43347, Budgetary and Distributional Effects of Adopting the Chained CPI, by Donald J. Marples.
9 Bureau of Labor Statistics, CPI Inflation Calculator, http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm/.
10 For example, in 2023, incomes of single filers above $578,125 will be taxed at 37%. In 2022, that rate applies to
incomes above $539,900, a difference of $38,225. In 2023, that amount will be taxed at 35%, as it falls in the income
range for that tax bracket.
11 The CPI-U rose 8.92% in 1981, following a rise of 12.51% in the previous year. By contrast, the average U.S.
inflation rate, as measured by the CPI-U, from 1980 to 2019 was 2.96%.
12 U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Taxation, General Explanation of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, JCS-
71-81, December 31, 1981, as redistributed by CCH Internet Tax Research NetWork.
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this substitution effect tended to overstate the impact of inflation on consumer behavior over
time.
The C-CPI-U may be better at capturing changes in consumer spending patterns in response to
price changes.13 The index compares details about what a consumer bought in the period before a
price change with details about what he or she buys in the period after the change. Using the C-
CPI-U, the BLS calculates one measure of inflation for the first-period basket and a second
measure of inflation for the second-period basket and then takes the average. The C-CPI-U does
this every month, creating an index that links consumer demand changes from month to month
and tracks shifts in consumer buying patterns over time and among basket items.
Because the C-CPI-U accounts for the tendency of consumers to substitute cheaper items for
items whose prices have risen, it produces lower estimates of the rate of increase in the cost of
living over time than the CPI-U does. From December 2013 to December 2022, for example, the
C-CPI-U rose 24%, compared to a 26% increase in the CPI-U.
Using the C-CPI-U to adjust income tax items for inflation raises the concern that bracket creep
may occur more often than it would with the CPI-U. Because the C-CPI-U increases more slowly
than the CPI-U, tax bracket thresholds are likely to rise by smaller amounts from one year to the
next. In this case, more taxpayers would be at risk of moving into higher tax brackets than they
would under the CPI-U, assuming their taxable income increases faster than the C-CPI-U.
Accelerated bracket creep would result in an increase in federal tax revenue over time, all other
things being equal. The Joint Committee on Taxation estimated that the revenue gain from
switching to the C-CPI-U would total $134 billion from FY2018 to FY2027.14
Although indexing may make the calculation of the individual income tax more complicated, this
effect is arguably a minor concern compared with indexing’s benefits to taxpayers over time. The
year-to-year changes in dollar amounts were relatively small from 1992 to 2020, perhaps
concealing indexing’s benefits. But now that the U.S. inflation rate in recent years has reached
levels not experienced since the early 1980s, indexation is reducing the likelihood that taxpayers
whose real income stayed the same between 2022 and 2024 will face large increases in their 2024
tax liability.
Since 1981, when Congress first authorized indexing of various individual income tax items for
inflation, the list of indexed elements has expanded and now encompasses more than 50 tax
items. Not all of the items pertain to individuals, and not all elements of the individual income tax
are indexed for inflation.
Tax Tables from 1988 to 2024
The following tables present the personal exemption and phaseout threshold amounts, standard
deductions, limitations on itemized deductions, and statutory marginal tax rates schedules for
each tax year from 2023 back to 1988.

13 CRS Report RL32293, The Chained Consumer Price Index: What Is It and Would It Be Appropriate for Cost-of-
Living Adjustments?, by Julie M. Whittaker.
14 U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Taxation, General Explanation of P.L. 115-97, JCS-1-18 (Washington: GPO,
2018), p. 434.
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Table 1. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2024
Personal Exemption and Phaseout
$0
Threshold:
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$29,200
Single
$14,600
Head of Household
$21,900
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Individual
$1,550
Individual who is unmarried and not a
$1,950
surviving spouse
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2023
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $23,200
10% of the amount over $0
over $23,200 to $94,300
$2,320 + 12% of the amount over $23,200
over $94,300 to $201,050
$10,852 + 22% of the amount over $94,300
over $201,050 to $383,900
$34,337 + 24% of the amount over $201,050
over $383,900 to $487,450
$78,221 + 32% of the amount over $383,900
over $487,450 to $731,200
$111,357 + 35% of the amount over $487,450
over $731,200
$196,669.50 + 37% of the amount over $731,200
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $11,600
10% of the amount over $0
over $11,600 to $47,150
$1,160 + 12% of the amount over $11,600
over $47,150 to $100,525
$5,426 + 22% of the amount over $47,150
over $100,525 to $191,950
$17,168.50 + 24% of the amount over $100,525
over $191,950 to $243,725
$39,110.50 + 32% of the amount over $191,950
over $243,725 to $609,350
$55,678.50 + 35% of the amount over $243,725
over $609,350
$183,647.25 + 37% of the amount over $609,350
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $16,550
10% of the amount over $0
over $16,550 to $63,100
$1,655 + 12% of the amount over $16,550
over $63,100 to $100,500
$7,241 + 22% of the amount over $63,100
over $100,500 to $191,950
$15,469 + 24% of the amount over $100,500
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over $191,950 to $243,700
$37,417 + 32% of the amount over $191,950
over $243,700 to $609,350
$53,997 + 35% of the amount over $243,700
over $609,350
$181,954.50 + 37% of the amount over $609,350
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2023-34.
Table 2. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitations on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2023
Personal Exemption and Phaseout
$0
Threshold:
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$27,700
Single
$13,850
Head of Household
$20,800
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Individual
$1,500
Individual who is unmarried and not a
$1,850
surviving spouse
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2023
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $22,000
10% of the amount over $0
over $22,000 to $89,450
$2,200 + 12% of the amount over $22,000
over $89,450 to $190,750
$10,294 + 22% of the amount over $89,450
over $190,750 to $364,200
$32,580 + 24% of the amount over $190,750
over $364,200 to $462,500
$74,208 + 32% of the amount over $364,200
over $462,500 to $693,750
$105,664 + 35% of the amount over $462,500
over $693,750
$186,601 + 37% of the amount over $693,750
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $11,000
10% of the amount over $0
over $11,000 to $44,725
$1,100 + 12% of the amount over $11,000
over $44,725 to $95,375
$5,147 + 22% of the amount over $44,725
over $95,375 to $182,100
$16,290 + 24% of the amount over $95,375
over $182,100 to $231,250
$37,104 + 32% of the amount over $182,100
over $231,250 to $578,125
$52,832 + 35% of the amount over $231,250
over $578,125
$174,238.25 + 37% of the amount over $578,125
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Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $15,700
10% of the amount over $0
over $15,700 to $59,850
$1,570 + 12% of the amount over $15,700
over $59,850 to $95,350
$6,868 + 22% of the amount over $59,850
over $95,350 to $182,100
$14,678 + 24% of the amount over $95,350
over $182,100 to $231,250
$35,498 + 32% of the amount over $182,100
over $231,250 to $578,100
$51,226 + 35% of the amount over $231,250
over $578,100
$172,623 + 37% of the amount over $578,100
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2022-38.
Table 3. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2022
Personal Exemption and Phaseout:
$0
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$25,900
Single
$12,950
Head of Household
$19,400
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,400
Single/Head of Household
$1,750
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2022
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $20,550
10% of the amount over $0
over $20,550 to $83,550
$2,055 + 12% of the amount over $20,550
over $83,550 to $178,150
$9,615 + 22% of the amount over $83,550
over $178,150 to $340,100
$30,427 + 24% of the amount over $178,150
over $340,100 to $431,900
$69,295 + 32% of the amount over $340,100
over $431,900 to $647,850
$98,671 + 35% of the amount over $431,900
over $647,850
$174,253.50 + 37% of the amount over $647,850
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $10,275
10% of the amount over $0
over $10,275 to $41,775
$1,027.50 + 12% of the amount over $10,275
over $41,775 to $89,075
$4,807.50 + 22% of the amount over $41,775
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over $89,075 to $170,050
$15,213.50 + 24% of the amount over $89,075
over $170,050 to $215,950
$34,647.50 + 32% of the amount over $170,050
over $215,950 to $539,900
$49,335.50 + 35% of the amount over $215,950
over $539,900
$162,718 + 37% of the amount over $539,900
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $14,650
10% of the amount over $0
over $14,650 to $55,900
$1,465 + 12% of the amount over $14,650
over $55,900 to $89,050
$6,415 + 22% of the amount over $55,900
over $89,050 to $170,050
$13,708 + 24% of the amount over $89,050
over $170,050 to $215,950
$33,148 + 32% of the amount over $170,050
over $215,950 to $539,900
$47,836 + 35% of the amount over $215,950
over $539,900
$161,218.50 + 37% of the amount over $539,900
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2021-45.
Table 4. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2021
Personal Exemption and Phaseout:
$0
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$25,100
Single
$12,550
Head of Household
$18,800
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,350
Single/Head of Household
$1,700
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2021
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $19,900
10% of the amount over $0
over $19,900 to $81,050
$1,990 + 12% of the amount over $19,900
over $81,050 to $172,750
$9,328 + 22% of the amount over $81,050
over $172,750 to $329,850
$29,502 + 24% of the amount over $172,750
over $329,850 to $418,850
$67,206 + 32% of the amount over $329,850
over $418,850 to $628,300
$95,686 + 35% of the amount over $418,850
over $628,300
$168,993.50 + 37% of the amount over $628,300
Congressional Research Service

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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $9,950
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,950 to $40,525
$995 + 12% of the amount over $9,950
over $40,525 to $86,375
$4,664 + 22% of the amount over $40,525
over $86,375 to $164,900
$14,751+ 24% of the amount over $86,375
over $164,900 to $209,400
$33,603 + 32% of the amount over $164,900
over $209,400 to $523,600
$47,843 + 35% of the amount over $209,400
over $523,600
$157,804.25 + 37% of the amount over $523,600
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $14,200
10% of the amount over $0
over $14,200 to $54,200
$1,420 + 12% of the amount over $14,200
over $54,200 to $86,350
$6,220 + 22% of the amount over $54,200
over $86,350 to $164,900
$13,293 + 24% of the amount over $86,350
over $164,900 to $209,400
$32,415 + 32% of the amount over $164,900
over $209,400 to $523,600
$46,385 + 35% of the amount over $209,400
over $523,600
$156,355 + 37% of the amount over $523,600
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2020-45.
Table 5. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2020
Personal Exemption and Phaseout:
$0
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$24,800
Single
$12,400
Head of Household
$18,650
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,300
Single/Head of Household
$1,650
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2020
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $19,750
10% of the amount over $0
over $19,750 to $80,250
$1,975 + 12% of the amount over $19,750
over $80,250 to $171,050
$9,235 + 22% of the amount over $80,250
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

over $171,050 to $326,600
$29,211 + 24% of the amount over $171,050
over $326,600 to $414,700
$66,543 + 32% of the amount over $326,600
over $414,700 to $622,050
$94,735 + 35% of the amount over $414,700
over $622,050
$167,307.50 + 37% of the amount over $622,050
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $9,875
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,875 to $40,125
$987.50 + 12% of the amount over $9,875
over $40,125 to $85,525
$4,617.50 + 22% of the amount over $40,125
over $85,525 to $163,300
$14,605.50 + 24% of the amount over $85,525
over $163,300 to $207,350
$33,271.50 + 32% of the amount over $163,300
over $207,350 to $518,400
$47,367.50 + 35% of the amount over $207,350
over $518,400
$156,235 + 37% of the amount over $518,400
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $14,100
10% of the amount over $0
over $14,100 to $53,700
$1,410 + 12% of the amount over $14,100
over $53,700 to $85,500
$6,612 + 22% of the amount over $53,700
over $85,500 to $163,300
$13,158 + 24% of the amount over $85,500
over $163,300 to $207,350
$31,830 + 32% of the amount over $163,300
over $207,350 to $518,400
$45,926 + 35% of the amount over $207,350
over $518,400
$154,793.50 + 37% of the amount over $518,400
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2019-44.
Table 6. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2019
Personal Exemption and Phaseout:
$0
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$24,400
Single
$12,200
Head of Household
$18,350
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,300
Single/Head of Household
$1,650
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2019
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $19,400
10% of the amount over $0
over $19,400 to $78,950
$1,940 + 12% of the amount over $19,400
over $78,950 To $168,400
$9,086 + 22% of the amount over $78,950
over $168,400 to $321,450
$28,675 + 24% of the amount over $168,400
over $321,450 to $408,200
$65,497 + 32% of the amount over $321,450
over $408,200 to $612,350
$93,257 + 35% of the amount over $408,200
over $612,350
$164,709.50 + 37% of the amount over $612,350
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $9,700
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,700 to $39,475
$970 + 12% of the amount over $9,700
over $39,475 to $84,200
$4543 + 22% of the amount over $39,475
over $84,200 to $160,725
$14,382.50 + 24% of the amount over $84,200
over $160,725 to $204,100
$32,748.50 + 32% of the amount over $160,725
over $204,100 to $510,300
$46,628.50 + 35% of the amount over $204,100
over $510,300
$153,798.50 + 37% of the amount over $510,300
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $13,850
10% of the amount over $0
over $13,850 to $52,850
$1,385 + 12% of the amount over $13,850
over $52,850 to $84,200
$6,065 + 22% of the amount over $52,850
over $84,200 to $160,700
$12,962 + 24% of the amount over $84,200
over $160,700 to $204,100
$31,322 + 32% of the amount over $160,700
over $204,100 to $510,300
$45,210 + 35% of the amount over $204,100
over $510,300
$152,380 + 37% of the amount over $510,300
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2018-57.
Table 7. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2018
Personal Exemption and Phaseout:
$0
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$24,000
Single
$12,000
Head of Household
$18,000
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,300
Single/Head of Household
$1,600
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2018
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $19,050
10% of the amount over $0
over $19,050 to $77,400
$1,905 + 12% of the amount over $19,050
over $77,400 to $165,000
$8,907 + 22% of the amount over $77,400
over $165,000 to $315,000
$28,675 + 24% of the amount over $165,000
over $315,000 to $400,000
$64,179 + 32% of the amount over $315,000
over $400,000 to $600,000
$91,379 + 35% of the amount over $400,000
over $600,000
$161,379 + 37% of the amount over $600,000
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $9,525
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,525 to $38,700
$952.50 + 12% of the amount over $9,525
over $38,700 to $82,500
$4,453.50 + 22% of the amount over $38,700
over $82,500 to $157,500
$14,089.50 + 24% of the amount over $82,500
over $157,500 to $200,000
$32,089.50 + 32% of the amount over $157,500
over $200,000 to $500,000
$45,689.50 + 35% of the amount over $200,000
over $500,000
$150,689.50 + 37% of the amount over $500,000
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $13,600
10% of the amount over $0
over $13,600 to $51,800
$1,360 + 12% of the amount over $13,600
over $51,800 to $82,500
$5,944 + 22% of the amount over $51,800
over $82,500 to $157,500
$12,698 + 24% of the amount over $82,500
over $157,500 to $200,000
$30,698 + 32% of the amount over $157,500
over $200,000 to $500,000
$44,298 + 35% of the amount over $200,000
over $500,000
$149,298 + 37% of the amount over $500,000
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure: 2018-18.
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Table 8. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2017
Personal Exemption:
$4,050
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$313,800
Single
$261,500
Head of Household
$287,650
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$12,700
Single
$6,350
Head of Household
$9,350
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,250
Single/Head of Household
$1,550
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
For taxpayers whose adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded the amounts shown below, the itemized deductions
they could claim were equal to the lesser of 80% of the amount of allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the
excess of a taxpayer’s AGI above those amounts. Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty losses, and
investment interest were exempt from the limit.
Joint
$313,800
Head of Household
$287,650
Single
$261,500
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2017
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $18,650
10% of the amount over $0
over $18,650 to $75,900
$1,865 + 15% of the amount over $18,650
over $75,900 to $153,100
$10,452.50 + 25% of the amount over $75,900
over $153,100 to $233,350
$28,675 + 28% of the amount over $153,100
over $233,350 to $416,700
$52,222.50 + 33% of the amount over $233,350
over $416,700 to $470,700
$112,728 + 35% of the amount over $416,700
over $470,700
$131,628 + 39.6% of the amount over $470,700
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $9,325
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,325 to $37,950
$932.50 + 15% of the amount over $9,325
over $37,950 to $91,900
$5,226.25 + 25% of the amount over $37,950
over $91,900 to $191,650
$18,713.75 + 28% of the amount over $91,900
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

over $191,650 to $416,700
$46,643.75 + 33% of the amount over $191,650
over $416,700 to $418,400
$120,910.25 + 35% of the amount over $416,700
over $418,400
$121,505.25 + 39.6% of the amount over $418,400
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $13,350
10% of the amount over $0
over $13,350 to $50,800
$1,335 + 15% of the amount over $13,350
over $50,800 to $131,200
$6,952.50 + 25% of the amount over $50,800
over $131,200 to $212,500
$27,052.50 + 28% of the amount over $131,200
over $212,500 to $416,700
$49,816.50 + 33% of the amount over $212,500
over $416,700 to $444,550
$117,202.50 + 35% of the amount over $416,700
over $444,550
$126,950 + 39.6% of the amount over $444,550
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2016-55.
Table 9. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2016
Personal Exemption:
$4,050
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$311,300
Head of household
2852,350
Single
$259,400
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$12,600
Single
$6,300
Head of Household
$9,300
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,250
Single/Head of Household
$1,550
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
For taxpayers whose adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded the amounts shown below, the itemized deductions
they could claim were equal to the lesser of 80% of the amount of allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the
excess of a taxpayer’s AGI above those amounts. Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty losses, and
investment interest were exempt from the limit.
Joint
$311,300
Head of Household
$285,350
Single
$259,400
Congressional Research Service

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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2016
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $18,550
10% of the amount over $0
over $18,550 to $75,300
$1,855 + 15% of the amount over $18,550
over $75,300 to $151,900
$10,162.50 + 25% of the amount over $75,300
over $151,900 to $231,450
$28,925 + 28% of the amount over $151,900
over $231,450 to $413,350
$50,765 + 33% of the amount over $231,450
over $413,350 to $466,950
$109,587.50 + 35% of the amount over $413,350
over $466,950
$127,962.50 + 39.6% of the amount over $466,950
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $9,275
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,275 to $37,650
$927.50 + 15% of the amount over $9,275
over $37,650 to $91,150
$5,081.25 + 25% of the amount over $37,650
over $91,150 to $190,150
$18,193.75 + 28% of the amount over $91,150
over $190,150 to $413,350
$45,353.75 + 33% of the amount over $190,150
over $413,350 to $415,050
$117,541.25 + 35% of the amount over $413,350
over $415,050
$118,118.75 + 39.6% of the amount over$415,050
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $13,250
10% of the amount over $0
over $13,250 to $50,200
$1,325 + 15% of the amount over $13,250
over $50,200 to $130,150
$6,762.50 + 25% of the amount over $50,200
over $130,150 to $210,800
$26,300 + 28% of the amount over $130,150
over $210,800 to $413,350
$48,434 + 33% of the amount over $210,800
over $413,350 to $441,000
$113,939 + 35% of the amount over $413,350
over $441,000
$123,424 + 39.6% of the amount over $441,000
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2015-53.
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Table 10. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2015
Personal Exemption:
$4,000
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$309,900
Single
$258,250
Head of Household
$284,050
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$12,600
Single
$6,300
Head of Household
$9,250
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,250
Single/Head of Household
$1,550
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
For taxpayers whose adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded the amounts shown below, the itemized deductions
they could claim were equal to the lesser of 80% of the amount of allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the
excess of a taxpayer’s AGI above those amounts. Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty losses, and
investment interest were exempt from the limit.
Joint
$309,900
Single
$258,250
Head of Household
$284,050
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2015
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $18,450
10% of the amount over $0
over $18,450 to $74,900
$1,845 + 15% of the amount over $18,4500
over $74,900 to $151,200
$10,162.50 + 25% of the amount over $74,900
over $151,200 to $230,450
$28,925 + 28% of the amount over $151,200
over $230,450 to $411,500
$50,765 + 33% of the amount over $230,450
over $411,500 to $464,850
$109,587.50 + 35% of the amount over $411,500
over $464,850
$127,962.50 + 39.6% of the amount over $464,850
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $9,225
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,225 to $37,450
$922.50 + 15% of the amount over $9,225
over $37,450 to $90,750
$5,081.25 + 25% of the amount over $37,450
over $90,750 to $189,300
$18,193.75 + 28% of the amount over $90,750
Congressional Research Service

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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

over $189,300 to $411,500
$45,353.75 + 33% of the amount over $189,300
over $411,500 to $413,200
$117,541.25 + 35% of the amount over $411,500
over $413,200
$118,118.75 + 39.6% of the amount over $413,200
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $13,150
10% of the amount over $0
over $13,150 to $50,200
$1,315+ 15% of the amount over $13,150
over $50,200 to $129,600
$6,762.50 + 25% of the amount over $50,200
over $129,600 to $209,850
$26,300 + 28% of the amount over $129,600
over $209,850 to $411,500
$48,434 + 33% of the amount over $209,850
over $411,500 to $439,000
$113,939 + 35% of the amount over $411,500
over $439,000
$123,424 + 39.6% of the amount over $439,000
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2014-61.
Table 11. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2014
Personal Exemption:
$3,950
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$305,050
Head of household
$279,650
Single
$254,200
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$12,400
Single
$6,200
Head of Household
$9,100
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,200
Single/Head of Household
$1,500
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
For taxpayers whose adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded the amounts shown below, the itemized deductions
they could claim were equal to the lesser of 80% of the amount of allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the
excess of a taxpayer’s AGI above those amounts. Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty losses, and
investment interest were exempt from the limit.
Joint
$305,050
Single
$254,200
Head of Household
$279,650
Congressional Research Service

17

Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2014
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $18,150
10% of the amount over $0
over $18,150 to $73,800
$1,815 + 15% of the amount over $18,150
over $73,800 to $148,850
$10,162.50 + 25% of the amount over $73,800
over $148,850 to $226,850
$28,925 + 28% of the amount over $148,850
over $226,850 to $405,100
$50,765 + 33% of the amount over $226,850
over $405,100 to $457,600
$109,587.50 + 35% of the amount over $405,100
over $457,600
$127,962.50 + 39.6% of the amount over $457,600
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $9,075
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,075 to $36,900
$907.50 + 15% of the amount over $9,075
over $36,900 to $89,350
$5,081.25 + 25% of the amount over $36,900
over $89,350 to $186,350
$18,193.75 + 28% of the amount over $89,350
over $186,350 to $405,100
$45,353.75 + 33% of the amount over $186,350
over $405,100 to $406,750
$117,541.25 + 35% of the amount over $405,100
over $406,750
$118,118.75 + 39.6% of the amount over $406,750
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $12,950
10% of the amount over $0
over $12,950 to $49,400
$1,295 + 15% of the amount over $12,950
over $49,400 to $127,550
$6,762.50 + 25% of the amount over $49,400
over $127,550 to $206,600
$26,300 + 28% of the amount over $127,550
over $206,600 to $405,100
$48,434 + 33% of the amount over $206,600
over $405,100 to $432,200
$113,939 + 35% of the amount over $405,100
over $432,200
$123,424 + 39.6% of the amount over $432,200
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2013-35.
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Table 12. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2013
Personal Exemption
$3,900
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$422,501
Head of household
$397,501
Single
$372,501
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$12,200
Single
$6,100
Head of Household
$8,950
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,200
Single/Head of Household
$1,500
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
For taxpayers whose adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded the amounts shown below, the itemized deductions
they could claim were equal to the lesser of 80% of the amount of allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the
excess of a taxpayer’s AGI above those amounts. Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty losses, and
investment interest were exempt from the limit.
Joint
$300,000
Head of Household
$275,000
Single
$250,000
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2013
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $17,850
10% of the amount over $0
over $17,850 to $72,500
$1,785 + 15% of the amount over $17,850
over $72,500 to $146,400
$9,982.50 + 25% of the amount over $72,500
over $146,400 to $223,050
$28,457.50 + 28% of the amount over $146,400
over $223,050 to $398,350
$49,919.50 + 33% of the amount over $223,050
over $398,350 to $450,000
$107,768.50 + 35% of the amount over $398,350
over $450,000
$125,846 + 39.6% of the amount over $450,000
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $8,925
10% of the amount over $0
over $8,925 to $36,250
$892.50 + 15% of the amount over $8,925
over $36,250 to $87,850
$4,991.25 + 25% of the amount over $36,250
over $87,850 to $183,250
$17,891.25 + 28% of the amount over $87,850
Congressional Research Service

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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

over $183,250 to $398,350
$44,603.25 + 33% of the amount over $183,250
over $398,350 to $400,000
$115,586.25 + 35% of the amount over $398,350
over $400,000
$116,163.75 + 39.6% of the amount over $400,000
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $12,750
10% of the amount over $0
over $12,750 to $48,600
$1,275 + 15% of the amount over $12,750
over $48,600 to $125,450
$6,652.50 + 25% of the amount over $48,600
over $125,450 to $203,150
$25,865 + 28% of the amount over $125,450
over $203,150 to $398,350
$47,621 + 33% of the amount over $203,150
over $398,350 to $425,000
$112,037 + 35% of the amount over $398,350
over $425,000
$121,364.50 + 39.6% of the amount over $425,000
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2012-41.
Table 13. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2012
Personal Exemption
$3,800
Phaseout of personal exemption:
Ended on Dec. 31, 2009
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$11,900
Single
$5,950
Head of Household
$8,700
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,150
Single/Head of Household
$1,450
Limitation on itemized deductions:
Ended on Dec. 31, 2009
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2012
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $17,400
10% of the amount over $0
over $17,400 to $70,700
$1,740 + 15% of the amount over $17,400
over $70,700 to $142,700
$9,500 + 25% of the amount over $70,700
over $142,700 to $217,450
$27,087.50 + 28% of the amount over $142,700
over $217,450 to $388,350
$47,513.50 + 33% of the amount over $217,450
over $388,350
$102,574 + 35% of the amount over $388,350
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $8,700
10% of the amount over $0
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

over $8,700 to $35,350
$870 + 15% of the amount over $8,700
over $35,350 to $85,650
$4,750 + 25% of the amount over $35,350
over $85,650 to $178,650
$17,025 + 28% of the amount over $85,650
over $178,650 to $388,350
$42,449 + 33% of the amount over $178,650
over $388,350
$110,016.50 + 35% of the amount over $388,350
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $12,400
10% of the amount over $0
over $12,400 to $47,350
$1,240 + 15% of the amount over $12,400
over $47,350 to $122,300
$6,330 + 25% of the amount over $47,350
over $122,300 to $198,050
$24,617.50 + 28% of the amount over $122,300
over $198,050 to $388,350
$45,322.50 + 33% of the amount over $198,050
over $388,350
$106,637.50 + 35% of the amount over $388,350
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2011-52.
Table 14. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2011
Personal Exemption:
$3,700
Phaseout of personal exemption:
Ended on Dec. 31, 2009
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$11,600
Single
$5,800
Head of Household
$8,500
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,150
Single/Head of Household
$1,450
Limitation on itemized deductions:
Ended on Dec. 31, 2009
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2011
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$ 0 to $17,000
10% of the amount over $0
over $17,000 to $69,000
$1,700 + 15% of the amount over $17,000
over $69,000 to $139,350
$9,.500 + 25% of the amount over $69,000
over $139,350 to $212,300
$27,087.50 + 28% of the amount over $139,350
over $212,300 to $379,150
$47,513.50 + 33% of the amount over $212,300
over $379,150
$102,574 + 35% of the amount over $379,150
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $8,500
10% of the amount over $0
over $8,500 to $34,500
$850 + 15% of the amount over $8,500
over $34,500 to $83,600
$4,750 + 25% of the amount over $34,500
over $83,600 to $174,400
$17,025 + 28% of the amount over $83,600
over $174,400 to $379,150
$42,449 + 33% of the amount over $174,400
over $379,150
$110,016.50 + 35% of the amount over $379,150
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $12,150
10% of the amount over $0
over $12,150 to $46,250
$1,215 + 15% of the amount over $12,150
over $46,250 to $119,400
$6,330 + 25% of the amount over $46,250
over $119,400 to $193,350
$24,617.50 + 28% of the amount over $119,400
over $193,350 to $379,150
$45,322.50 + 33% of the amount over $193,350
over $379,150
$106,637.50 + 35% of the amount over $379,150
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2011-12.
Table 15. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2010
Personal Exemption:
$3,650
Phaseout of personal exemption:
Ended on Dec. 31, 2009
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$11,400
Single
$5,700
Head of Household
$8,400
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,100
Single/Head of Household
$1,400
Limitation on itemized deductions:
Ended on Dec. 31, 2009
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2010
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $16,750
10% of the amount over $0
over $16,750 to $68,000
$1,675 + 15% of the amount over $16,750
over $68,000 to $137,300
$9,362.50 + 25% of the amount over $68,000
over $137,300 to $209,250
$26,687.50 + 28% of the amount over $137,300
over $209,250 to $373,650
$46,833.50 + 33% of the amount over $209,250
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

over $373,650
$100,894.50 + 35% of the amount over $373,650
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $8,375
10% of the amount over $0
over $8,375 to $34,000
$837.50 + 15% of the amount over $8,375
over $34,000 to $82,400
$4,681.25 + 25% of the amount over $34,000
over $82,400 to $171,850
$16,781.25 + 28% of the amount over $82,400
over $171,850 to $373,650
$41,827.25 + 33% of the amount over $171,850
over $373,650
$108,421.25 + 35% of the amount over $373,650
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $11,950
10% of the amount over $0
over $11,950 to $45,550
$1,195 + 15% of the amount over $11,950
over $45,550 to $117,650
$6,235 + 25% of the amount over $45,550
over $117,650 to $190,550
$24,215 + 28% of the amount over $117,650
over $190,550 to $373,650
$44,672 + 33% of the amount over $190,550
over $373,650
$105,095 + 35% of the amount over $373,650
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2009-50.
Table 16. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2009
Personal Exemption:
$3,650
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$250,200
Single
$166,800
Head of Household
$208,500
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$11,400
Single
$5,700
Head of Household
$8,350
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,100
Single/Head of Household
$1,400
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Limitation on itemized deductions:
$166,800
For persons whose adjusted gross income (AGI)
(for all filers except married persons filing separately)
exceeded the amount shown in the right column, the
itemized deductions they could claim had to be reduced
by the lesser of 80% of allowable itemized deductions,
or 3% of the difference between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses, and investment interest were
exempt from the limit.
Stat Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2009
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $16,700
10% of the amount over $0
over $67,900 to $137,050
$1,670 + 15% of the amount over $16,700
over $137,050 to $208,850
$9,350 + 25% of the amount over $67,900

$26,637.50 + 28% of the amount over $137,050
over $208,850 to $372,950
$46,741.50 + 33% of the amount over $208,850
over $372,950
$100,894.50 + 35% of the amount over $372,950
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $8,350
10% of the amount over $0
over $8,350 to $33,950
$835 + 15% of the amount over $8,350
over $33,950 to $82,250
$4,675 + 25% of the amount over $33,950
over $82,250 to $171,550
$16,750 + 28% of the amount over $82,250
over $171,550 to $372,950
$41,754 + 33% of the amount over $171,550
over $372,950
$108,216 + 35% of the amount over $372,950
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $11,950
10% of the amount over $0
over $11,950 to $45,500
$1,195 + 15% of the amount over $11,950
over $45,500 to $117,450
$6,227.50 + 25% of the amount over $45,500
over $117,450 to $190,200
$24,215 + 28% of the amount over $117,450
over $190,200 to $372,950
$44,585 + 33% of the amount over $190,200
over $372,950
$104,892.50 + 35% of the amount over $372,950
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2008-66.
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Table 17. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2008
Personal Exemption
$3,500
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$239,950
Single
$159,950
Head of Household
$199,900
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$10,900
Single
$5,450
Head of Household
$8,000
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,050
Single/Head of Household
$1,350
Limitation on itemized deductions:
$159,950
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
(for all filers except married persons filing separately)
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
deductions that could be claimed had to be reduced by
the lesser of 80% of allowable itemized deductions, or
3% of the difference between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses, and investment interest were
exempt from the limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2008
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $16,050
10% of the amount over $0
over $16,050 to $65,100
$1,605 + 15% of the amount over $16,050
over $65,100 to $131,450
$8,962.50 + 25% of the amount over $65,100
over $131,450 to $200,300
$25,550 + 28% of the amount over $131,450
over $200,300 to $357,700
$44,828 + 33% of the amount over $200,300
over $357,700
$96,770 + 35% of the amount over $357,700
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $8,025
10% of the amount over $0
over $8,025 to $32,550
$802.50 + 15% of the amount over $8,025
over $32,550 to $78,850
$4,481.25 + 25% of the amount over $32,550
over $78,850 to $164,550
$16,056.25 + 28% of the amount over $78,850
over $164,550 to $357,700
$40,052.25 + 33% of the amount over $164,550
over $357,700
$103,791.75 + 35% of the amount over $357,700
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $11,450
10% of the amount over $0
over $11,450 to $43,650
$1,145 + 15% of the amount over $11,450
over $43,650 to $112,650
$5,975 + 25% of the amount over $43,650
over $112,650 to $182,400
$23,225 + 28% of the amount over $112,650
over $182,400 to $357,700
$42,755 + 33% of the amount over $182,400
over $357,700
$100,604 + 35% of the amount over $357,700
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2007-66.
Table 18. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2007
Personal Exemption:
$3,400
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$234,600
Single
$156,400
Head of Household
$195,500
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$10,700
Single
$5,350
Head of Household
$7,850
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,050
Single/Head of Household
$1,300
Limitation on itemized deductions:
$156,400
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
(for all filers except married persons filing separately)
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
deductions that could be claimed had to be reduced by
the lesser of 80% of allowable itemized deductions, or
3% of the difference between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses, and investment interest were
exempt from the limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2007
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $15,650
10% of the amount over $0
over $15,650 to $63,700
$1,565 + 15% of the amount over $15,650
over $63,700 to $128,500
$8,773 + 25% of the amount over $63,700
over $128,500 to $195,850
$24,973 + 28% of the amount over $128,500
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

over $195,850 to $349,700
$43,831 + 33% of the amount over $195,850
over $349,700
$94,601 + 35% of the amount over $349,700
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $7,825
10% of the amount over $0
over $7,825 to $31,850
$783 + 15% of the amount over $7,825
over $31,850 to $77,100
$4,386 + 25% of the amount over $31,850
over $77,100 to $160,850
$15,699 + 28% of the amount over $77,100
over $160,850 to $349,700
$39,149 + 33% of the amount over $160,850
over $349,700
$101,469 + 35% of the amount over $349,700
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $11,200
10% of the amount over $0
over $11,200 to $42,650
$1,120 + 15% of the amount over $11,200
over $42,650 to $110,100
$5,838 + 25% of the amount over $42,650
over $110,100 to $178,350
$22,700 + 28% of the amount over $110,100
over $178,350 to $349,700
$41,810 + 33% of the amount over $178,350
over $349,700
$98,356 + 35% of the amount over $349,700
Table 19. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2006
Personal Exemption:
$3,300
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$225,750
Head of Household
$188,150
Single
$150,500
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$10,300
Single
$5,150
Head of Household
$7,550
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,000
Single/Head of Household
$1,250
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Limitation on itemized deductions:
$150,500
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
(for all filers except married persons filing separately)
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
deductions that could be claimed had to be reduced by
the lesser of 80% of allowable itemized deductions, or
3% of the difference between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses, and investment interest were
exempt from the limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2006
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $15,100
10% of the amount over $0
over $15,100 to $61,300
$1,510 + 15% of the amount over $15,100
over $61,300 to $123,700
$8,440 + 25% of the amount over $61,300
over $123,700 to $188,450
$24,040 + 28% of the amount over $123,700
over $188,450 to $336,550
$42,170 + 33% of the amount over $188,450
over $336,550
$91,043 + 35% of the amount over $336,550
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $7,550
10% of the amount over $0
over $7,550 to $30,650
$755 + 15% of the amount over $7,550
over $30,650 to $74,200
$4,220 + 25% of the amount over $30,650
over $74,200 to $154,800
$15,108 + 28% of the amount over $74,200
over $154,800 to $336,550
$37,676 + 33% of the amount over $154,800
over $336,550
$97,653 + 35% of the amount over $336,550
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $10,750
10% of the amount over $0
over $10,750 to $41,050
$1,075 + 15% of the amount over $10,750
over $41,050 to $106,000
$5,620 + 25% of the amount over $41,050
over $106,000 to $171,650
$21,858 + 28% of the amount over $106,000
over $171,650 to $336,550
$40,240 + 33% of the amount over $171,650
over $336,550
$94,657 + 35% of the amount over $336,550
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2005-70.
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Table 20. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2005
Personal Exemption:
$3,200
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of %2 for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$218,950
Single
$145,950
Head of Household
$182,450
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$10,000
Single
$5,000
Head of Household
$7,300
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind and Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Joint (each spouse)
$1,000
Single/Head of Household
$1,250
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$145,950 (for all filers except married persons filing
separately)
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
deductions that could be claimed had to be reduced by
the lesser of 80% of allowable itemized deductions, or
3% of the difference between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses, and investment interest were
exempt from the limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2005
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $14,600
10% of the amount over $0
over $14,600 to $59,400
$1,460 + 15% of the amount over $14,600
over $59,400 to $119,950
$8,180 + 25% of the amount over $59,400
over $119,950 to $182,800
$23,318 + 28% of the amount over $119,950
over $182,800 to $326,450
$40,916 + 33% of the amount over $182,800
over $326,450
$88,321 + 35% of the amount over $326,450
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $7,300
10% of the amount over $0
over $7,300 to $29,700
$730 + 15% of the amount over $7,300
over $29,700 to $71,950
$4,090 + 25% of the amount over $29,700
over $71,950 to $150,150
$14,653 + 28% of the amount over $71,950
over $150,150 to $326,450
$36,549 + 33% of the amount over $150,150
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

over $326,450
$94,728 + 35% of the amount over $326,450
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $10,450
10% of the amount over $0
over $10,450 to $39,800
$1,045 + 15% of the amount over $10,450
over $39,800 to $102,800
$5,448 + 25% of the amount over $39,800
over $102,800 to $166,450
$21,198 + 28% of the amount over $102,800
over $166,450 to $326,450
$39,020 + 33% of the amount over $166,450
over $326,450
$91,820 + 35% of the amount over $326,450
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2004-71.
Table 21. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of the Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
2004
Personal Exemption:
$3,100
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%

for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$214,050
Single
$142,700
Head of Household
$178,350
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$9,700
Single
$4,850
Head of Household
$7,150
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind and Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Joint
$950
Single/Head of Household
$1,200
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$142,700 (for all filers except married persons filing
separately)
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
deductions that could be claimed had to be reduced by
the lesser of 80% of allowable itemized deductions, or
3% of the difference between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses, and investment interest were
exempt from the limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2004
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$ 0 to $14,300
10% of the amount over $0
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

over $14,300 to $58,100
$1,430 + 15% of the amount over $14,300
over $58,100 to $117,250
$8,000 + 25% of the amount over $58,100
over $117,250 to $178,650
$22,788 + 28% of the amount over $117,250
over $178,650 to $319,100
$39,980 + 33% of the amount over $178,650
over $319,100
$86,328 + 35% of the amount over $319,100
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $7,150
10% of the amount over $0
over $7,150 to $29,050
$715 + 15% of the amount over $7,150
over $29,050 to $70,350
$4,000 + 25% of the amount over $29,050
over $70,350 to $146,750
$14,325 + 28% of the amount over $70,350
over $146,750 to $319,100
$35,717 + 33% of the amount over $146,750
over $319,100
$92,593 + 35% of the amount over $319,100
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $10,200
10% of the amount over $0
over $10,200 to $38,900
$1,020 + 15% of the amount over $10,200
over $38,900 to $100,500
$5,325 + 25% of the amount over $38,900
over $100,500 to $162,700
$20,725 + 28% of the amount over $100,500
over $162,700 to $319,100
$38,141 + 33% of the amount over $162,700
over $319,100
$89,753 + 35% of the amount over $319,100
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2003-85.
Table 22. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2003
(after enactment of the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act)
Personal Exemption:
$3,050
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$209,250
Single
$139,500
Head of Household
$174,400
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$9,500
Single
$4,750
Head of Household
$7,000
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind and Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Joint
$950
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Single/Head of Household
$1,150
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$139,500
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
(for all filers except married persons filing separately)
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
deductions that could be claimed had to be reduced by
the lesser of 80% of allowable itemized deductions, or
3% of the difference between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses, and investment interest were
exempt from the limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2003
(after enactment of the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act)
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $14,000
10% of the amount over $0
over $14,000 to $56,800
$1,400 + 15% of the amount over $14,000
over $56,800 to $114,650
$7,820 + 25% of the amount over $56,800
over $114,650 to $174,700
$22,283 + 28% of the amount over $114,650
over $174,700 to $311,950
$39,097 + 33% of the amount over $174,700
over $311,950
$84,390 + 35% of the amount over $311,950
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $7,000
10% of the amount over $0
over $7,000 to $28,400
$700 + 15% of the amount over $7,000
over $28,400 to $68,800
$3,910 + 25% of the amount over $28,400
over $68,800 to $143,500
$14,010 + 28% of the amount over $68,800
over $143,500 to $311,950
$34,926 + 33% of the amount over $143,500
over $311,950
$90,515 + 35% of the amount over $311,950
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $10,000
10% of the amount over $0
over $10,000 to $38,050
$1,000 + 15% of the amount over $10,000
over $38,050 to $98,250
$5,208 + 25% of the amount over $38,050
over $98,250 to $159,100
$20,258 + 28% of the amount over $98,250
over $159,100 to $311,950
$37,296 + 33% of the amount over $159,100
over $311,950
$87,737 + 35% of the amount over $311,950
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2002-70.
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Table 23. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
2002
Personal Exemption:
$3,000
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%

for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$206,000
Single
$137,300
Head of Household
$171,650
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$7,850
Single
$4,700
Head of Household
$6,900
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
$900
Single/Head of Household
$1,150
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$137,300
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
(for all filers except married persons filing separately)
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
deductions that could be claimed had to be reduced by
the lesser of 80% of allowable itemized deductions, or
3% of the difference between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses, and investment interest were
exempt from the limit.
Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2002
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $12,000
10% of the amount over $0
over $12,000 to $46,700
$1,200 + 15% of the amount over $12,000
over $46,700 to $112,850
$6,405 + 27% of the amount over $46,700
over $112,850 to $171,950
$24,266 + 30% of the amount over $112,850
over $171,950 to $307,050
$41,996 + 35% of the amount over $171,950
over $307,050
$89,281 + 38.6% of the amount over $307,050
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $6,000
10% of the amount over $0
over $6,000 to $27,950
$600 + 15% of the amount over $6,000
over $27,950 to $67,700
$3,893 + 27% of the amount over $27,950
over $67,700 to $141,250
$14,626 + 30% of the amount over $67,700
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

over $141,250 to $307,050
$36,691 + 35% of the amount over $141,250
over $307,050
$94,721 + 38.6% of the amount over $307,050
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $10,000
10% of the amount over $0
over $10,000 to $37,450
$1,000 + 15% of the amount over $10,000
over $37,450 to $96,700
$5,118 + 27% of the amount over $37,450
over $96,700 to $156,600
$21,116 + 30% of the amount over $96,700
over $156,600 to $307,050
$39,086 + 35% of the amount over $156,600
over $307,050
$91,744 + 38.6% of the amount over $307,050
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2001-59.
Table 24. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
2001
Personal Exemption:
$2,900
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%

for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$199,450
Single
$132,950
Head of Household
$166,200
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$7,600
Single
$4,550
Head of Household
$6,650
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
$900
Single/Head of Household
$1,100
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$132,950
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
(for all filers except for married persons filing
this amount, the itemized deductions that could be
separately)
claimed had to be reduced by the lesser of 80% of
allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty
losses, and investment interest were exempt from the
limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2001
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $45,200
15% of the amount over $0
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

over $45,200 to $109,250
$6,780 + 27.5% of the amount over $45,200
over $109,250 to $166,500
$24,394 + 30.5% of the amount over $109,250
over $166,500 to $297,350
$41,855 + 35.5% of the amount over $166,500
over $297,350
$88,307 + 39.1% of the amount over $297,350
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $27,050
15% of the amount over $0
over $27,050 to $65,550
$4,058 + 27.5% of the amount over $27,050
over $65,550 to $136,750
$14,646 + 30.5% of the amount over $65,550
over $136,750 to $297,350
$36,362 + 35.5% of the amount over $136,750
over $297,350
$93,375 + 39.1% of the amount over $297,350
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $36,250
15% of the amount over $0
over $36,250 to $93,650
$5,438 + 27.5% of the amount over $36,250
over $93,650 to $151,650
$21,223 + 30.5% of the amount over $93,650
over $151,650 to $297,350
$38,913 + 35.5% of the amount over $151,650
over $297,350
$90,637 + 39.1% of the amount over $297,350
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2001-13.
Table 25. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
2000
Personal Exemption:
$2,800
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%

for every $2,500 a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$193,400
Single
$128,950
Head of Household
$161,150
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$7,350
Single
$4,400
Head of Household
$6,450
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
$850
Single/Head of Household
$1,100
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$128,950
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
(for all filers except married persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized deductions that could be
claimed had to be reduced by the lesser of 80% of
allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty
losses, and investment interest were exempt from the
limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2000
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $43,850
15% of the amount over $0
over $43,850 to $105,950
$6,578 + 28% of the amount over $43,850
over $105,950 to $161,450
$23,966 + 31% of the amount over $105,950
over $161,450 to $288,350
$41,171 + 36% of the amount over $161,450
over $288,350
$86,855 + 39.6% of the amount over $288,350
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $26,250
15% of the amount over $0
over $26,250 to $63,550
$3,938 + 28% of the amount over $26,250
over $63,550 to $132,600
$14,382 + 31% of the amount over $63,550
over $132,600 to $288,350
$35,787 + 36% of the amount over $132,600
over $288,350
$91,857 + 39.6% of the amount over $288,350
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $35,150
15% of the amount over $0
over $35,150 to $90,800
$5,273 + 28% of the amount over $35,150
over $90,800 to $147,050
$20,855 + 31% of the amount over $90,800
over $147,050 to $288,350
$38,292 + 36% of the amount over $147,050
over $288,350
$89,160 + 39.6% of the amount over $288,350
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 99-42.
Table 26. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1999
Personal Exemption:
$2,750
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%

for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$189,950
Single
$126,600
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Head of Household
$158,300
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$7,200
Single
$4,300
Head of Household
$6,350
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
$850
Single/Head of Household
$1,050
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$126,600
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
(for all filers except married persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized deductions that could be
claimed had to be reduced by the lesser of 80% of
allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty
losses, and investment interest were exempt from the
limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1999
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $43,050
15% of the amount over $0
over $43,050 to $104,050
$6,458 + 28% of the amount over $43,050
over $104,050 to $158,550
$23,538 + 31% of the amount over $104,050
over $158,550 to $283,150
$40,433 + 36% of the amount over $158,550
over $283,150
$85,289 + 39.6% of the amount over $283,150
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $25,750
15% of the amount over $0
over $25,750 to $62,450
$3,863 + 28% of the amount over $25,750
over $62,450 to $130,250
$14,139 + 31% of the amount over $62,450
over $130,250 to $283,150
$35,157 + 36% of the amount over $130,250
over $283,150
$90,201 + 39.6% of the amount over $283,150
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $34,550
15% of the amount over $0
over $34,550 to $89,150
$5,183 + 28% of the amount over $34,550
over $89,150 to $144,400
$20,471 + 31% of the amount over $89,150
over $144,400 to $283,150
$37,598 + 36% of the amount over $144,440
over $283,150
$87,548 + 39.6% of the amount over $283,150
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 98-61.
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Table 27. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1998
Personal Exemption:
$2,700
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%

for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$186,800
Single
$124,500
Head of Household
$155,650
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$7,100
Single
$4,250
Head of Household
$6,250
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
$850
Single/Head of Household
$1,050
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$124,500
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
(for all filers except married persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized deductions that could be
claimed had to be reduced by the lesser of 80% of
allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medical expenses, casualty and theft
losses, and investment interest were exempt from the
limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1998
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $42,350
15% of the amount over $0
over $42,350 to $102,300
$6,353 + 28% of the amount over $42,350
over $102,300 to $155,950
$23,139 + 31% of the amount over $102,300
over $155,950 to $278,450
$39,770 + 36% of the amount over $155,950
over $278,450
$83,870 + 39.6% of the amount over $278,450
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $25,350
15% of the amount over $0
over $25,350 to $61,400
$3,803 + 28% of the amount over $25,350
over $61,400 to $128,100
$13,897 + 31% of the amount over $61,400
over $128,100 to $278,450
$34,574 + 36% of the amount over $128,100
over $278,450
$88,700 + 39.6% of the amount over $278,450
Congressional Research Service

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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $33,950
15% of the amount over $0
over $33,950 to $87,700
$5,093 + 28% of the amount over $33,950
over $87,700 to $142,000
$20,143 + 31% of the amount over $87,700
over $142,000 to $278,450
$36,976+ 36% of the amount over $142,000
over $278,450
$86,098 + 39.6% of the amount over $278,450
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 97-57.
Table 28. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1997
Personal Exemption:
$2,650
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%

for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$181,800
Single
$121,200
Head of Household
$151,500
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$6,900
Single
$4,150
Head of Household
$6,050
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
$800
Single/Head of Household
$1,000
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$121,200
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
(for all filers except married persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized deductions that could be
claimed had to be reduced by the lesser of 80% of
allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount:
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1997
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $41,200
15% of the amount over $0
over $41,200 to $99,600
$6,180 + 28% of the amount over $41,200
over $99,600 to $151,750
$22,532 + 31% of the amount over $99,600
over $151,750 to $271,050
$38,699 + 36% of the amount over $151,750
over $271,050
$81,647 + 39.6% of the amount over $271,050
Congressional Research Service

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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $ 24,650
15% of the amount over $0
over $24,650 to $ 59,750
$3,698 + 28% of the amount over $24,650
over $59,750 to $ 124,650
$13,526 + 31% of the amount over $59,750
over $124,650 to $ 271,050
$33,645 + 36% of the amount over $124,650
over $271,050
$86,349 + 39.6% of the amount over $271,050
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $33,050
15% of the amount over $0
over $33,050 to $83,350
$4,958 + 28% of the amount over $33,050
over $83,350 to $138,200
$19,602 + 31% of the amount over $85,350
over $138,200 to $271,050
$35,986 + 36% of the amount over $138,200
over $271,050
$83,812 + 39.6% of the amount over $271,050
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 96-63.
Table 29. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1996
Personal Exemption:
$2,550
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%

for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$176,950
Single
$117,950
Head of Household
$147,450
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$6,700
Single
$4,000
Head of Household
$5,900
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly

or the Blind:
Joint
$800
Single/Head of Household
$1,000
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$117,950
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
(for all filers except married persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized deductions that could be
claimed had to be reduced by the lesser of 80% of
allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medical expenses, casualty and theft
losses, and investment interest were exempt from the
limit.
Congressional Research Service

40

Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1996
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $40,100
15% of the amount over $0
over $40,100 to $96,900
$6,015 + 28% of the amount over $40,100
over $96,900 to $147,700
$21,919 + 31% of the amount over $96,900
over $147,700 to $263,750
$37,667 + 36% of the amount over $147,700
over $263,750
$79,445 + 39.6% of the amount over $263,750
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $24,000
15% of the amount over $0
over $24,000 to $58,150
$3,600 + 28% of the amount over $24,000
over $58,150 to $121,300
$13,162 + 31% of the amount over $58,150
over $121,300 to $263,750
$32,739 + 36% of the amount over $121,300
over $263,750
$84,021 + 39.6% of the amount over $263,750
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $32,150
15% of the amount over $0
over $32,150 to $83,050
$4,823 + 28% of the amount over $32,150
over $83,050 to $134,500
$19,075 + 31% of the amount over $83,050
over $134,500 to $263,750
$35,025 + 36% of the amount over $134,500
over $263,750
$81,555 + 39.6% of the amount over $263,750
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 95-53.
Table 30. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions. Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1995
Personal Exemption:
$2,500
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%

for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$172,050
Single
$114,700
Head of Household
$143,350
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$6,550
Single
$3,900
Head of Household
$5,750
Congressional Research Service

41

Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
$750
Single/Head of Household
$950
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$114,700
If an individual’s adjusted gross income was greater than
($57,350 for married persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized deductions that could be
claimed had to be reduced by the lesser of 80% of
allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty
losses, and investment interest were exempt from the
limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1995
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $39,000
15% of the amount over $0
over $39,000 to $94,250
$5,850 + 28% of the amount over $39,000
over $94,250 to $143,600
$21,320 + 31% of the amount over $94,250
over $143,600 to $256,500
$36,619 + 36% of the amount over $143,600
over $256,500
$77,263 + 39.6% of the amount over $256,500
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $23,350
15% of the amount over $0
over $23,350 to $56,550
$3,503 + 28% of the amount over $23,350
over $56,550 to $117,950
$12,799 + 31% of the amount over $56,550
over $117,950 to $256,500
$31,833 + 36% of the amount over $117,950
over $256,500
$81,711 + 39.6% of the amount over $256,500
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $31,250
15% of the amount over $0
over $31,250 to $80,750
$4,688 + 28% of the amount over $31,250
over $80,750 to $130,800
$18,548 + 31% of the amount over $80,750
over $130,800 to $256,500
$34,063 + 36% of the amount over $130,800
over $256,500
$79,315 + 39.6% of the amount over $256,500
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 94-72.
Congressional Research Service

42

Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption

Table 31. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1994
Personal Exemption:
$2,450
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%

for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$167,700
Single
$111,800
Head of Household
$139,750
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$6,350
Single
$3,800
Head of Household
$5,600
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
$750
Single/Head of Household
$950
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$111,800
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
(for all filers except married persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized deductions that could be
claimed had to be reduced by the lesser of 80% of
allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medical expenses, casualty and theft
losses, and investment interest were exempt from the
limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1994
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $38,000
15% of the amount over $0
over $38,000 to $91,850
$5,700 + 28% of the amount over $38,000
over $91,850 to $140,000
$20,778 + 31% of the amount over $91,850
over $140,000 to $250,000
$35,705 + 36% of the amount over $140,000
over $250,000
$75,305 + 39.6% of the amount over $250,000
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $22,750
15% of the amount over $0
over $22,750 to $55,100
$3,413 + 28% of the amount over $22,750
over $55,100 to $115,000
$12,471 + 31% of the amount over $55,100
over $115,000 to $250,000
$31,040 + 36% of the amount over $115,000
over $250,000
$79,640 + 39.6% of the amount over $250,000
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Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $30,500
15% of the amount over $0
over $30,500 to $78,700
$4,575 + 28% of the amount over $30,500
over $78,700 to $127,500
$18,071 + 31% of the amount over $78,750
over $127,500 to $250,000
$33,199 + 36% of the amount over $127,500
over $250,000
$77,299 + 39.6% of the amount over $250,000
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 93-49.
Table 32. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, and
Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 1993
Personal Exemption:
$2,350
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%

for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$162,700
Single
$108,450
Head of Household
$135,600
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$6,200
Single
$3,700
Head of Household
$5,450
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
$700
Single/Head of Household
$900
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$108,450
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
(for all filers except married persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized deductions that could be
claimed had to be reduced by the lesser of 80% of
allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty
losses, and investment interest were exempt from the
limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1993
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $36,900
15% of the amount over $0
over $36,900 to $89,150
$5,535 + 28% of the amount over $36,900
over $89,150 to $140,000
$20,165 + 31% of the amount over $89,150
over $140,000 to $250,000
$35,929 + 36% of the amount over $140,000
over $250,000
$75,529 + 39.6% of the amount over $250,000
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Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $22,100
15% of the amount over $0
over $22,100 to $53,500
$3,315 + 28% of the amount over $22,100
over $53,500 to $115,000
$12,107 + 31% of the amount over $53,500
over $115,000 to $250,000
$31,172 + 36% of the amount over $115,000
over $250,000
$79,772 + 39.6% of the amount over $250,000
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $29,600
15% of the amount over $0
over $29,600 to $76,400
$4,440 + 28% of the amount over $29,600
over $76,400 to $127,500
$17,544 + 31% of the amount over $76,400
over $127,500 to $250,000
$33,385 + 36% of the amount over $127,500
over $250,000
$77,485 + 39.6% of the amount over $250,000
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 92-102.
Table 33. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1992
Personal Exemption:
$2,300
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%

for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$157,900
Single
$105,250
Head of Household
$131,550
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$6,000
Single
$3,600
Head of Household
$5,250
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
$700
Single/Head of Household
$900
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Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$105,250 (for all filers except married persons filing
separately)
If an individual’s adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded
this amount, the itemized deductions that could be
claimed had to be reduced by the lesser of 80% of
allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions medical expenses, casualty and theft losses,
and investment interest were exempt from the
limitations.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1992
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $35,800
15% of the amount over $0
over $35,800 to $86,500
$5,370 + 28% of the amount over $35,800
over $86,500
$19,566 + 31% of the amount over $86,500
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $21,450
15% of the amount over $0
over $21,450 to $51,900
$3,218 + 28% of the amount over $21,450
over $51,900
$11,744 + 31% of the amount over $51,900
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $28,750
15% of the amount over $0
over $28,750 to $74,150
$4,313 + 28% of the amount over $28,750
over $74,150
$17,235 + 31% of the amount over $74,150
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 91-65.
Table 34. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1991
Personal Exemption:
$2,150
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%

for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
$150,000
Single
$100,000
Head of Household
$125,000
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$5,700
Single
$3,400
Head of Household
$5,000
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Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
$650
Single/Head of Household
$850
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$100,000 (for all filers except married persons filing
separately)
If an individual’s adjusted gross income exceeded this
amount, the itemized deductions that could be claimed

had to be reduced by the lesser of allowable itemized
deductions, or 3% of the difference between the
taxpayer’s AGI and that amount. Deductions for
medical expenses, casualty and theft losses, and
investment interest were exempt from the limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1991
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $34,000
15% of the amount over $0
over $34,000 to $82,150
$5,100 + 28% of the amount over $34,000
over $82,150
$18,582 + 31% of the amount over $82,150
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $20,350
15% of the amount over $0
over $20,350 to $49,300
$3,052.50 + 28% of the amount over $20,350
over $49,300
$11,158.50 + 31% of the amount over $ 49,300
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $27,300
15% of the amount over $0
over $27,300 to $70,450
$4,095 + 28% of the amount over $27,300
over $70,450
$16,177 + 31% of the amount over $70,450
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 90-64.
Table 35. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 1990
Personal Exemption:
$2,050
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$5,450
Single
$3,250
Head of Household
$4,750
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
$650
Single/Head of Household
$800
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Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1990
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $32,450
15% of the amount over $0
over $32,450 to $78,400
$3,867.50 + 28% of the amount over $32,450
over $78,400 to $185,730a
$17,733.50 + 33% of the amount over $78,400
over $185,730
$53,152.40 + 28% of the amount over $185,730
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $19,450
15% of the amount over $0
over $19,450 to $47,050
$2,917.50 + 28% of the amount over $19,450
over $47,050 to $109,100a
$10,645.50 + 33% of the amount over $47,050
over $109,100
$31,122.00 + 28% of the amount over $109,100
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $26,050
15% of the amount over $0
over $ 26,050 to $67,200
$3,907.50 + 28% of the amount over $26,050
over $67,200 to $157,890a
$15,429.50 + 33% of the amount over $67,200
over $157,890
$45,357.20 + 28% of the amount over $157,890
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 90-7.
a. Implicit tax bracket, generated by the “tax bubble,” as described in text. The bracket’s upper bound
depends on the number of exemptions claimed by the taxpayer. The example in this table assumes one
exemption for single returns, two for the other statuses.
Table 36. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 1989
Personal Exemption:
$2,000
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$5,200
Single
$3,100
Head of Household
$4,550
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
$600
Single/Head of Household
$750
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1989
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $30,950
15% of the amount over $0
over $30,950 to $ 74,850
$4,642.50 + 28% of the amount over $30,950
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over $ 74,850 to $177,720a
$16,934.50 + 33% of the amount over $74,850
over $177,720
$50,881.60 + 28% of the amount over $177,720
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $18,550
15% of the amount over $0
over $18,550 to $ 44,900
$2,782.50 + 28% of the amount over $18,550
over $44,900 to $104,300a
$10,160.50 + 33% of the amount over $44,900
over $104,300
$29,772.40 + 28% of the amount over $104,300
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $24,850
15% of the amount over $0
over $24,850 to $ 64,200
$ 3,727.50 + 28% of the amount over $ 24,850
over $64,200 to $151,210a
$14,745.50 + 33% of the amount over $ 64,200
over $151,210
$43,458.80 + 28% of the amount over $151,210
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 88-56.
a. Implicit tax bracket, generated by the “tax bubble,” as described in text. The bracket’s upper bound
depends on the number of exemptions claimed by the taxpayer. The example in this table assumes one
exemption for single returns, two for the other statuses.
Table 37. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 1988
Personal Exemption:
$1,950
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$5,000
Single
$3,000
Head of Household
$4,400
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
$600
Single/Head of Household
$750
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1988
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $29,750
15% of the amount over $0
over $29,750 to $71,900
$4,462.50 + 28% of the amount over $29,750
over $71,900 to $171,090a
$16,264.50 + 33% of the amount over $71,900
over $171,090
$47,905.20 + 28% of the amount over $171,090
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $17,850
15% of the amount over $0
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over $17,850 to $43,150
$2,677.50 + 28% of the amount over $17,850
over $43,150 to $100,480a
$9,761.50 + 33% of the amount over $43,150
over $100,480
$28,134.40 + 28% of the amount over $100,480
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $23,900
15% of the amount over $0
over $23,900 to $61,650
$3,585 + 28% of the amount over $23,900
over $61,650 to $145,630a
$14,155 + 33% of the amount over $61,650
over $145,630
$40,776.40 + 28% of the amount over $145,630
Source: IRS Form 1040 Instructions, 1988.
a. Implicit tax bracket, generated by the “tax bubble,” as described in text. The bracket’s upper bound
depends on the number of exemptions claimed by the taxpayer. The example in this table assumes one
exemption for single returns, two for the other statuses.

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Appendix. Brief Summary of Major Legislation
Affecting Individual Statutory Rates Since 1986
Tax Reform Act of 1986
The current federal individual income tax is largely a product of the Tax Reform Act of 1986
(TRA86; P.L. 99-514). Among the many changes it made to the federal tax code, TRA86
simplified the individual income tax rate structure for tax years beginning in 1988 by replacing
the 14 statutory rates from the 1985 and 1986 tax years with two such rates: 15% and 28%. Table
37 shows key elements of the 1988 tax rate structure. These rates applied equally to capital
income as well as to labor income.
In addition, TRA86 established a 5% surcharge on the taxable income of certain upper-income
households. This surcharge effectively created a 33% statutory tax rate: a 28% statutory tax rate
plus a 5% surcharge.
Because the surcharge phased in over a certain range of income and then phased out as income
increased, statutory tax rates rose to 33% but then fell back to 28%, producing an income tax rate
“bubble.” The purpose of the surcharge was two-fold: (1) to prevent TRA86 from changing the
distribution of the income tax burden among income groups, relative to pre-1986 tax law, and (2)
to meet specific revenue targets.
More specifically, the surcharge erased the tax savings from the 15% tax bracket and the personal
exemption for upper-income households. For joint returns in 1988, the phaseout of the 15% tax
rate started when taxable income exceeded $71,900 and ended when it reached $149,250. For
single returns, the 15% tax bracket phased out between $47,050 and $97,620. For heads of
households, the phaseout occurred between $67,200 and $134,930.
The phaseout of the personal exemption started immediately after the phaseout of the 15% tax
bracket and occurred sequentially for each exemption. This meant that the taxable income range
over which the 5% surcharge offset personal exemptions depended on the number of personal
exemptions claimed on the tax return. For example, on a joint return claiming two personal
exemptions, the 5% surcharge would apply to taxable income between $149,250 and $171,090
($149,250 plus two times $10,920). On a joint return with four personal exemptions, the 5%
surcharge would apply to taxable income between $149,250 and $192,930 ($149,250 plus four
times $10,920).
To illustrate how the 5% surcharge worked to “phase out” the tax benefits of the 15% tax bracket,
consider the following example based on a joint return for 1988. The difference between taxing
the first $29,750 of taxable income at 28% instead of 15% was $3,867.50 (obtained as $29,750
multiplied by 13%, the difference between 28% and 15%). Five percent of the difference between
the upper and lower phaseout limits also equaled $3,867.50 ($149,250 less $71,900 multiplied by
5%). Hence, assessing the 5% surcharge on taxable income between $78,400 and $162,770 was
equivalent to taxing the first $32,450 of taxable income at 28% rather than 15%.
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990
The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA90, P.L. 99-514) added a third statutory
rate to the two rates from previous law. The rates were 15%, 28%, and 31% and applied to tax
years beginning in 1991 and thereafter (see Table 34). OBRA90 eliminated the tax rate bubble
created by TRA86, and replaced it with a limitation on itemized deductions (often referred to as
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the Pease limitation) and a different method for phasing out the personal exemption for upper-
income households.
OBRA90 also reinstated separate tax rates for capital gains income. The act limited the tax on
capital gains income to a maximum of 28%, starting in 1991. TRA86 had taxed capital gains as
ordinary income, with a top effective rate of 33%.
OBRA90’s limitation on itemized deductions was based on a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
(AGI). From 1991 to 1995, allowable deductions were reduced by 3% of the amount by which a
taxpayer’s AGI exceeded $100,000 (or $50,000 in the case of married couples filing separate
returns). For example, if a taxpayer’s AGI in 1991 was $110,000, then her itemized deductions
were reduced by $300 ($110,000 less $100,000 multiplied by .03). This provision effectively
raised the marginal tax rate for affected taxpayers by approximately one percentage point. A
dollar of income in excess of $100,000 was taxed as if it were $1.03, since in addition to the tax
on an extra dollar of income, the taxpayer lost a tax deduction by giving up $0.03 of itemized
deductions.
This limitation was scheduled to expire after 1995 but was later extended. Allowable deductions
for medical expenses, casualty and theft losses, and investment interest were not subject to this
limitation. For tax years after 1991, the $100,000 threshold was indexed for inflation.
OBRA90 phased out the tax benefits from the personal exemption for higher-income households.
Each personal exemption was phased out by a factor of 2% for each $2,500 (or fraction thereof)
by which a taxpayer’s AGI exceeded a given threshold amount. In 1991, the threshold amounts
were $150,000 for a joint return, $100,000 for a single return, and $125,000 for a head-of-
household return. Starting in 1992, these amounts were indexed for inflation. The phaseout
provision was also scheduled to expire at the end of 1995.
A simple example can illustrate how the personal exemption phaseout (PEP) increased affected
taxpayers’ tax burden. In 1991, a joint household whose AGI was $183,000 would have lost 28%
of their total personal exemptions. The AGI amount in excess of the threshold in this instance
would have been $33,000, or $183,000 (AGI) minus the $150,000 threshold limit. The $33,000
excess, divided by $2,500, would have produced a factor of 13.2, which would have been
rounded up to 14. This figure, multiplied by 2%, would have resulted in the final disallowance
rate of 28%. Hence, if the family had claimed two personal exemptions, which at $2,150 each
would have totaled $4,300, it would have been allowed to deduct $3,096 ($4,300 total personal
exemptions less the $1,204 disallowance, which is 28% of the total).
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993
The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (OBRA93, P.L. 103-66) made several changes
in the individual marginal income tax rate structure. It added two new marginal tax rates: 36%
and 39.6%. The 39.6% rate was the result of adding a 10% surtax to the 36% rate for taxpayers
with taxable incomes over $250,000 in 1993.
Although OBRA93 was enacted in August 1993, the new top two marginal rates were made
effective retroactively to January 1, 1993. Affected taxpayers, however, were not assessed
penalties for underpayment of 1993 taxes resulting from the retroactive rate increase. Taxpayers
were also allowed to pay any additional 1993 taxes in three equal installments over two years.
OBRA93 delayed indexation of the new top income tax brackets for one year. Hence, the dollar
amounts for the 36% and 39.6% tax brackets remained the same in 1993 and 1994.
Finally, OBRA93 made permanent both the Pease limitation and the PEP.
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Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001
The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA, P.L. 107-16) made
several major changes to the marginal tax rate structure. Many of the act’s provisions were set to
phase in over several years, but subsequent legislation overrode the initial timeline. All EGTRRA
provisions, as amended, were set to expire at the end of 2010.
First, the 2001 act created a new 10% bracket. It applied, beginning in 2002, to the first $12,000
of taxable income for married couples filing jointly, the first $10,000 of taxable income for heads
of households, and the first $6,000 of taxable income for single individuals. For tax year 2001,
the act created a “rate reduction tax credit,” mimicking the effects of the 10% tax rate bracket for
most taxpayers.15 EGTRRA gradually expanded the bracket from 2003 to 2007.
Second, the 2001 act gradually reduced the top four marginal income tax rates. Under prior law,
the top four marginal tax rates were 28%, 31%, 36%, and 39.6%. When its provisions were fully
phased in, the 2001 act reduced the top four marginal income tax rates to 25%, 28%, 33%, and
35%. The reductions were scheduled to phase in between 2001 and 2006; subsequent legislation
accelerated their phase-in schedule.
Third, EGTRRA repealed the limitation on itemized deductions and personal exemptions for
high-income taxpayers. The repeal was phased in between 2006 and 2009. The limitation was
completely repealed in 2010 but was scheduled to be reinstated in 2011, when EGTRRA’s tax
cuts were due to expire.
Fourth, some of the act’s measures designed to reduce the marriage penalty affected the tax
bracket structure. The act increased the income range of the 15% tax bracket for married couples
filing joint returns to twice the income range of the 15% tax bracket for single returns. Under
EGTRRA, this provision was scheduled to phase in from 2005 to 2008, but subsequent legislation
sped up the phase-in. Under EGTRRA, the upper dollar limit of the 15% tax bracket for joint
returns was set at 180% of the upper dollar limit of the 15% tax bracket for single returns in 2005,
187% of that limit in 2006, 193% of that limit in 2007, and 200% of that limit in 2008 and
subsequent years.
Finally, the 2001 act increased the standard deduction for joint returns to twice the size of the
standard deduction for single returns. Initially, the increase was scheduled to be phased in
between 2005 to 2009, but subsequent laws accelerated the process. This had the effect of raising
the lower income threshold of the lowest tax bracket for married taxpayers.
Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003
The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (JGTRRA, P.L. 108-27) accelerated
several changes to the individual income tax rate structure made by EGTRRA. It moved forward
to 2003 the tax rate reductions, the expansion of the 10% tax bracket, and the widening of the
15% tax bracket for joint returns to make it double the 15% tax bracket for single returns. Under
EGTRRA, some of these changes would not have been fully phased in until 2009.
JGTRRA also lowered the top tax rate for long-term capital gains and dividends to 15% and set a
rate of 0% for certain low-income taxpayers.

15 For more information see archived CRS Report RS21171, The Rate Reduction Tax Credit - “The Tax Rebate” - in
the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001: A Brief Explanation, by Steven Maguire.
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Working Families Tax Relief Act of 2004
The Working Families Tax Relief Act of 2004 (WFTRA, P.L. 108-311) extended several tax
provisions of JGTRRA that were scheduled to expire at the end of 2004. It extended the
expansion of the 10% income tax bracket through 2007, at which point EGTRRA’s provisions
would be fully phased in.
WFTRA also extended EGTRRA’s marriage penalty relief from 2005 to 2008. The standard
deduction for a married couple filing jointly was set to be double the standard deduction for an
unmarried single filer over that period. In addition, the act made the size of the 15% tax bracket
for joint filers double that of the tax bracket for single filers from 2005 to 2007.
Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005
JGTRRA’s reductions in tax rates for long-term capital gains and dividends were scheduled to
expire at the end of 2008. The Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 (TIPRA,
P.L. 109-222) extended the reduced rates through 2010.
Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job
Creation Act of 2010
A last-minute agreement in 2010 between President Obama and congressional leaders from both
parties cleared the way for another temporary extension of all the Bush-era tax cuts. The Tax
Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 (TRUC, P.L.
111-312) extended the cuts through 2012, along with several other tax provisions from previous
laws.16
American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012
Facing a return of pre-EGTRRA statutory tax rates on January 1, 2013, Congress and President
Obama agreed on legislation (the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, P.L. 112-240) to
permanently extend all of the individual income tax rate cuts enacted during the George W. Bush
presidency, except for the top rate, which returned to 39.6%, its level at the start of Bush’s first
term.
The act also permanently extended the repeal of EGTRRA’s phaseout of the personal exemption,
but only for single filers with AGI of $250,000 or less ($300,000 or less for joint filers).
Taxpayers with AGIs above these inflation-adjusted amounts were still subject to the phaseout.
The same treatment applied to EGTRRA’s repeal of the Pease limitation.
P.L. 115-97
Individual marginal income tax rates did not change again until the enactment of the 2017 tax
revision, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA, P.L. 115-97). The law
changed a number of individual income tax provisions, including individual tax rates and the
standard deduction. For tax years beginning in 2018 and ending before 2027, the individual

16 For example, see changes made to the earned income tax credit and the child tax credit by the American Recovery
and Reinvestment Act (P.L. 111-5) that TRUC extended. For more information, see CRS Report R44825, The Earned
Income Tax Credit (EITC): Legislative History, by Margot L. Crandall-Hollick, and CRS Report R45124, The Child
Tax Credit: Legislative History, by Margot L. Crandall-Hollick.
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income tax rate structure consists of seven brackets: 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35%, and 37%.
(The rates are scheduled to revert to their pre-2018 levels in 2026.)
For eligible individuals receiving income from pass-through businesses (i.e., partnerships, S
corporations, and sole proprietorships), these temporary statutory rates can be further reduced by
taking a new temporary deduction created by the 2017 tax revision. Section 199A of the federal
tax code allows a pass-through business owner to deduct up to 20% of income from a qualified
trade or business in determining her or his individual income tax liability.17
The 2017 tax revision also made the following temporary changes in the individual income tax
from 2018 to 2025:
• It suspended the personal exemption.
• It increased the standard deduction for nonitemizers in 2018 to $24,000 for joint
filers, $18,000 for head-of-household filers, and $12,000 for single filers and
indexed each amount for inflation using the chained consumer price index for
urban consumers.18
• It suspended the itemized deduction for miscellaneous expenses.
• It suspended the Pease limitation on itemized deductions for certain high-income
taxpayers.

Author Information

Gary Guenther

Analyst in Public Finance

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17 As a result of the adjustment, the effective individual tax rates for qualified passthrough business income are 8.0%,
9.6%, 17.6%, 19.2%, 25.6%, 28.0%, and 29.6% for the 2018 to 2025 tax years.
18 In 2017, the standard deduction was $12,700 for joint filers, $9,350 for head-of-household filers, and $6,350 for
single filers.
Congressional Research Service
RL34498 · VERSION 30 · UPDATED
55

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