Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets,
November 17, 2022January 23, 2024
Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption: Gary Guenther
1988 to 20232024
Analyst in Public Finance
Analyst in Public Finance
This report tracks changes in federal individual income tax brackets, the standard deduction, and
This report tracks changes in federal individual income tax brackets, the standard deduction, and
the personal exemption since 1988. All three the personal exemption since 1988. All three
tax items have been indexed for inflation since have been indexed for inflation since
1981. The 1981. The
report also explains how report also explains how
certain tax provisions are adjusted for inflation. The table below shows tax provisions are adjusted for inflation. The table below shows
the levels that will apply in the levels that will apply in
20232024. .
Current statutory tax rates have evolved from the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86; P.L. 99-514)
Current statutory tax rates have evolved from the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86; P.L. 99-514)
and several tax laws and several tax laws
enacted since then. Of particular importance enacted since then. Of particular importance
arehave been the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA90; P.L. 101-508), the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA90; P.L. 101-508),
the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (OBRA93; P.L. 103-66),the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (OBRA93; P.L. 103-66),
the Economic Growth and Tax Relief the Economic Growth and Tax Relief
Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA; P.L. 107-16), the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA; P.L. 107-16), the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job
Creation Act of 2010 (TRUC; P.L. 111-312),Creation Act of 2010 (TRUC; P.L. 111-312),
the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA, P.L. 112-240),the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA, P.L. 112-240),
and the tax and the tax
rate changes in the 2017 tax revision (P.L. 115-97). rate changes in the 2017 tax revision (P.L. 115-97).
As shown in the table below, sevenSeven statutory individual income tax rates are in effect from 2018 to 2025: 10%, 12%, 22%, statutory individual income tax rates are in effect from 2018 to 2025: 10%, 12%, 22%,
24%, 32%, 35%, and 37%. Starting in 2026, these rates will revert to their 2017 levels. Each rate applies to a different range 24%, 32%, 35%, and 37%. Starting in 2026, these rates will revert to their 2017 levels. Each rate applies to a different range
of income, and that of income, and that
combination makes uprange constitutes a tax bracket. A taxpayer’s tax liability is the sum total of the tax from a tax bracket. A taxpayer’s tax liability is the sum total of the tax from
the portion of her or hiseach of the tax brackets his or her taxable taxable
income coversincome that falls within each applicable tax bracket. This means that someone’s average tax rate (i.e., . This means that someone’s average tax rate (i.e.,
total tax owed divided by total income) is less than her or his total tax owed divided by total income) is less than her or his
top marginal tax rate (i.e., the tax on an additional dollar of marginal tax rate (i.e., the tax on an additional dollar of
income), with the exception ofincome); the marginal and average tax rates are the same (10%) for taxpayers subject to the lowest taxpayers subject to the lowest
marginal tax of 10%tax bracket. For example, if the federal income tax . For example, if the federal income tax
had no deductions, exemptions, exclusions, and credits, and Mary has a taxable income of $20,000 and half of that amount is had no deductions, exemptions, exclusions, and credits, and Mary has a taxable income of $20,000 and half of that amount is
taxed at 10% and half at 15%, her tax liability would equal [($10,000 x 0.10) + ($10,000taxed at 10% and half at 15%, her tax liability would equal [($10,000 x 0.10) + ($10,000
x x 0.15)], or $2,500. Mary’s average 0.15)], or $2,500. Mary’s average
tax rate would be 12.5%, while tax rate would be 12.5%, while
herher top marginal rate would be 15%. marginal rate would be 15%.
Over 50 federal income tax provisions are indexed for inflation. These include the tax brackets, the personal exemption
Over 50 federal income tax provisions are indexed for inflation. These include the tax brackets, the personal exemption
(which is unavailable until 2026 under current law), and the standard deduction. Indexation (which is unavailable until 2026 under current law), and the standard deduction. Indexation
helps prevent a process known asreduces the risk of bracket creep, which happens when someone’s tax liability increases because of , which happens when someone’s tax liability increases because of
rises in his or hera larger increase in that taxpayer’s nominal income nominal income
whilethan his his
or her real incomeor her real income
remains unchanged. Until 2018, indexation of these items was based on annual changes in the Consumer . Until 2018, indexation of these items was based on annual changes in the Consumer
Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Under P.L. 115-97,Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Under P.L. 115-97,
however, Congress permanently switched the inflation adjustment Congress permanently switched the inflation adjustment
mechanism to the Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (C-CPI-U), starting in 2018. Some experts to the Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (C-CPI-U), starting in 2018. Some experts
believe that the latter index provides a more accurate measure of inflation among consumer goods and services than the CPI-believe that the latter index provides a more accurate measure of inflation among consumer goods and services than the CPI-
U. U.
Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized Deductions, Personal
Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 20232024
Personal Exemption and Phaseout
$0
$0
Threshold:
(suspended through the end of 2025)
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$
$
27,70029,200
Single
Single
$
$
13,85014,600
Head of Household
Head of Household
$
$
20,80021,900
Additional Standard Deduction for the Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Individual
Individual
$1,
$1,
500550
Individual who is unmarried and not a surviving
Individual who is unmarried and not a surviving
$1,
$1,
850950
spouse
spouse
Congressional Research Service
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
Suspended through the end of 2025
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 20232024
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $
$0 to $
22,00023,200
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $
over $
22,000 to $89,450
$2,20023,200 to $94,300
$2,320 + 12% of the amount over $ + 12% of the amount over $
22,00023,200
over $
over $
89,450 to $190,750
$10,29494,300 to $201,050
$10,852 + 22% of the amount over $ + 22% of the amount over $
89,45094,300
over $
over $
190,750 to $364,200
$32,580201,050 to $383,900
$34,337 + 24% of the amount over $ + 24% of the amount over $
190,750201,050
over $
over $
364,200 to $462,500
$74,208383,900 to $487,450
$78,221 + 32% of the amount over $ + 32% of the amount over $
364,200383,900
over $
over $
462,500 to $693,750
$105,664487,450 to $731,200
$111,357 + 35% of the amount over $ + 35% of the amount over $
462,500487,450
over $
over $
693,750
$186,601731,200
$196,669.50 + 37% of the amount over $ + 37% of the amount over $
693,750731,200
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $11,000
$0 to $11,000
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $11,000 to $
over $11,000 to $
44,72547,150
$1,
$1,
100160 + 12% of the amount over $11,000 + 12% of the amount over $11,000
over $
over $
44,725 to $95,375
$5,14747,150 to $100,525
$5,426 + 22% of the amount over $ + 22% of the amount over $
44,72547,150
over $
over $
95,375 to $182,100
$16,290100,525 to $191,950
$17,168.50 + 24% of the amount over $ + 24% of the amount over $
95,375100,525
over $
over $
182,100 to $231,250
$37,104191,950 to $243,725
$39,110.50 + 32% of the amount over $ + 32% of the amount over $
182,100191,950
over $
over $
231,250 to $578,125
$52,832243,375 to $609,350
$55,678.50 + 35% of the amount over $231,250 + 35% of the amount over $231,250
over $
over $
578,125
$174,238609,350
$183,647.25 + 37% of the amount over $.25 + 37% of the amount over $
578,125609,350
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $
$0 to $
15,70016,550
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $
over $
15,700 to $59,850
$1,57016,550 to $63,100
$1,655 + 12% of the amount over $ + 12% of the amount over $
15,70016,550
over $
over $
59,850 to $95,350
$6,868 63,100 to $100,500
$7,241+ 22% of the amount over $+ 22% of the amount over $
59,85063,100
over $
over $
95,350 to $182,100
$14,678100,500 to $191,950
$15,469 + 24% of the amount over $ + 24% of the amount over $
95,350100,500
over $
over $
182,100 to $231,250
$35,498191,950 to $243,700
$37,417 + 32% of the amount over $ + 32% of the amount over $
182,100191,950
over $
over $
231,250 to $578,100
$51,226243,700 to $609,350
$53,977 + 35% of the amount over $ + 35% of the amount over $
231,250243,700
over $
over $
578,100
$172,623609,350
$181,954.50 + 37% of the amount over $ + 37% of the amount over $
578,100609,350
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure IRS Revenue Procedure
2022-382023-34. .
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Overview of Key Individual Income Tax Elements Items ............................................................................. 2. 1
Tax Rates and Brackets ............................................................................................................. 21
Personal Exemption .................................................................................................................. 2
Itemized Deductions and the Standard Deduction .................................................................... 2
Inflation, Bracket Creep, and Indexation ........................................................................................ 2 3
Tax Tables from 1988 to 2023 2024 ........................................................................................................ 5. 4
Tables
Table 1. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 20232024 .................. 5
Table 2. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, LimitationLimitations on Itemized Deductions,
Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2022 2023 .................. 6
Table 3. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2021 2022 .................. 7
Table 4. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2020 2021 .................. 8
Table 5. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 20192020 .................. 9
Table 6. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 20182019 ................ 10
Table 7. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2017 2018 ............... 12.. 11
Table 8. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2016 2017 ................ 13
Table 9. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2015 2016 ............... 15. 14
Table 10. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2014 2015 ................................................................................................................................. 16
Table 11. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2013 2014 .................................................................................................................. 18............... 17
Table 12. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2012 2013 ................................................................................................................................. 19
Table 13. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 20112012 ................................................................................................................................. 20
Table 14. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2010 2011 ................................................................................................................................. 21
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5352 Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Table 15. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2009 2010 ................................................................................................................................. 22
Table 16. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2008 2009 ...................................................................................................................... 24........... 23
Table 17. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2007 2008 ................................................................................................................................. 25
Table 18. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2006 2007 ................................................................................................................................. 26
Table 19. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2005 2006 ................................................................................................................................. 27
Table 20. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2005 ........................................................................................................................... 28...... 29
Table 2021. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Phaseout of the Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2004 ........................ 30 29
Table 2122. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2003 .............. 3031
Table 2223. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2002 .............................. 33 32
Table 2324. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2001 .............................. 34 33
Table 2425. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2000 .............................. 35 34
Table 2526. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 1999 .............................. 36
Table 2627. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 1998 .......................... 37.... 38
Table 2728. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 1997 .............................. 39 38
Table 2829. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 1996 .............................. 40 39
Table 2930. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized Deductions.
Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 1995 .............................. 41
Table 3031. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 1994 .............................. 43 42
Table 3132. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1993 ...................................................................................................................................... 43...... 44
Table 3233. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 1992 .............................. 45
Table 3334. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized Deductions,
Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 1991 .............................. 46
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Table 35............................. 46
Table 34. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1990 ...................................................................................................................................... 47
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Table 3536. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1989 ............................................................................................................................................ 48
Table 3637. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1988 ............................................................................................................................................ 49
Appendixes
Appendix. Brief Summary of Major Legislation Affecting Individual Statutory Rates
Since 1986 .................................................................................................................................. 51 50
Contacts
Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 55 54
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5657 Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Introduction
U.S. citizens and residents are subject to a federal income tax on their worldwide income.1 Their U.S. citizens and residents are subject to a federal income tax on their worldwide income.1 Their
taxable income is equal to gross income from numerous sources (including taxable income is equal to gross income from numerous sources (including
wages, pass-through business pass-through business
profits, long-term capital gains, and dividends) less certain exclusions, exemptions, and profits, long-term capital gains, and dividends) less certain exclusions, exemptions, and
deductions. deductions.
AAn individual taxpayer’s adjusted gross income (AGI) is determined by subtracting certain taxpayer’s adjusted gross income (AGI) is determined by subtracting certain
“above-the-line” deductions from gross income.2 Taxable income is determined by reducing a “above-the-line” deductions from gross income.2 Taxable income is determined by reducing a
taxpayer’s AGI by the standard deduction or the sum of that person’s itemized deductions, taxpayer’s AGI by the standard deduction or the sum of that person’s itemized deductions,
whicheverwhichever
amount is greater. Taxpayers who own a pass-through business (i.e., partnership, S is greater. Taxpayers who own a pass-through business (i.e., partnership, S
corporation, limited liabilitycorporation, limited liability
company, or sole proprietorship) maycompany, or sole proprietorship) may
also be able to lower their be able to lower their
taxable income by claimingtaxable income by claiming
the deduction for pass-through business income under Internal the deduction for pass-through business income under Internal
Revenue Code (IRC) Section 199A. Then the appropriate marginal tax rate is appliedRevenue Code (IRC) Section 199A. Then the appropriate marginal tax rate is applied
to to
determine an individual’s income tax liability.determine an individual’s income tax liability.
A taxpayer may face additional tax liabilityA taxpayer may face additional tax liability
if she if she
or he is subject to the alternative minimum tax.3 The tax owed may be reduced by any credits or he is subject to the alternative minimum tax.3 The tax owed may be reduced by any credits
(e.g., earned income tax credit and child tax credit) a taxpayer is (e.g., earned income tax credit and child tax credit) a taxpayer is
al owedallowed to claim.
This report provides a brief overview of the role these tax items play in calculating tax liability under the regular income tax. It does not cover situations involving more complicated tax to claim.
This report focuses on several elements of this process. Specifical y, it tracks changes between 1988 and 2023 in statutory individual income tax rates and the income range to which each rate applies (known as tax brackets); the personal exemption and associated limitations for high-income taxpayers; the standard deduction; and limits on itemized deductions for high-income taxpayers. The report is intended to serve as a reference source for federal taxation of individual
income going back to the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-514).
The report begins with a brief overview of the role these elements play in determining tax liability under the regular income tax. (It does not cover situations involving more complicated tax
calculations, such as income subject to the alternative minimum tax or income from long-term calculations, such as income subject to the alternative minimum tax or income from long-term
capital gains.capital gains.
) The report The report
thenalso considers the rationale for indexing these elements for inflation considers the rationale for indexing these elements for inflation
and the current mechanism for doing so. and the current mechanism for doing so.
The final section presentsIt concludes with a year-by-year a year-by-year
looksummary from 1988 from 1988
to 2023 atto 2024 of the personal exemption and limitations the personal exemption and limitations
on it, the standard deduction and limitations on on it, the standard deduction and limitations on
itemized deductions, and statutory tax rates and brackets, through a series of tables. itemized deductions, and statutory tax rates and brackets, through a series of tables.
A
A
n Appendix identifiessummarizes the federal tax laws going back to P.L. 99-514 that introduced the changes in federal tax laws going back to P.L. 99-514 that introduced the changes in
the tax elements examined here. The current federal income tax is a product of the Tax Reform the tax elements examined here. The current federal income tax is a product of the Tax Reform
Act of 1986 and changes in tax law Act of 1986 and changes in tax law
enacted since then.
Overview of Key Individual Income Tax Items
Tax Rates and Brackets At the core of the federal individual income tax are the tax brackets. A bracket refers to an income tax rate and the range of taxable income to which the rate applies. All taxable income within a bracket is taxed at that rate. A taxpayer’s tax liability before credits is the sum total of the tax within each bracket that applies to someone’s taxable income. For example, assume that a single filer has a taxable income of $20,000. The person’s first $10,000 would be taxed at 10% under current law, and the second $10,000 would be taxed at 15%. Her tax liability is $2,500: [($10,000 x 0.1) + ($10,000 x 0.15) = ($1,000 + $1,500) = $2,500]. Consequently, her average tax rate
since then.
1 For more information on the taxation of noncitizen resident, see CRS1 For more information on the taxation of noncitizen resident, see CRS
Report R43840, Report R43840,
Federal Income Taxes and
Noncitizens: Frequently Asked Questions, by Erika K. Lunder and Margot L. Crandall-Hollick. , by Erika K. Lunder and Margot L. Crandall-Hollick.
2 These2 T hese deductions include deductions include
trade or businesstrade or business
expenses, losses from the sale or exchange expenses, losses from the sale or exchange
o fof property, contributions to a property, contributions to a
qualifiedqualified
retirement plan by a self-employed individual,retirement plan by a self-employed individual,
contributions to qualifiedcontributions to qualified
individual individual retirement accounts, and retirement accounts, and
certain education costs. In 2020 and 2021, taxpayers who claim the standard deduction (or nonitemizers) certain education costs. In 2020 and 2021, taxpayers who claim the standard deduction (or nonitemizers)
m aymay be able to be able to
claim a deduction for charitable cash contributions. For more details, seeclaim a deduction for charitable cash contributions. For more details, see
CRS CRS Insight IN11420, Insight IN11420,
Tem porary
Enhancem entsTemporary Enhancements to Charitable Contributions Deductions in the CARES Act, by Jane G., by Jane G.
Gravelle, and CRSGravelle, and CRS
Report Report
R46649, R46649,
The COVID-Related Tax Relief Act of 2020 and Other COVID-Related Tax Provisions in P.L. 116-260, by , by
Molly F. Sherlock et al. Molly F. Sherlock et al.
3 For more information on the alternative minimum tax for individuals, see CRS
3 For more information on the alternative minimum tax for individuals, see CRS
In FocusIn Focus
IF10705, IF10705,
Tax Reform: The
Alternative Minim um Minimum Tax, by Donald J. Marples. , by Donald J. Marples.
Congressional Research Service
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Personal Exemption
Overview of Key Individual Income Tax Elements
Tax Rates and Brackets
At the core of the federal individual income tax are the tax brackets. A bracket denotes an income tax rate and the range of taxable income to which the rate applies. Al taxable income within a bracket is taxed at that rate. A person’s tax liability before credits is the sum total of the tax
liability from each bracket that applies to a person’s taxable income. For example, assume that a single filer has a taxable income in 2020 of $20,000, and her first $10,000 is taxed at 10% and the second $10,000 is taxed at 15%. Her tax liability is $2,500: [($10,000 x 0.1) + ($10,000 x 0.15) = ($1,000 + $1,500) = $2,500]. Consequently, her average tax rate (12.5%) is lower than her top (12.5%) is lower than her top
marginal rate (15%).4 Tax brackets are adjusted for inflation each year, and individual income tax marginal rate (15%).4 Tax brackets are adjusted for inflation each year, and individual income tax
rates are progressive, which means that the rate increases as rates are progressive, which means that the rate increases as
a taxpayer’s income goes up. income goes up.
Personal Exemption
Before 2018, each taxpayer was Before 2018, each taxpayer was
al owedallowed to reduce gross income by a fixed amount (known as an to reduce gross income by a fixed amount (known as an
exemption) for herself or himself, a spouse, and ) for herself or himself, a spouse, and
al qualified all qualified dependents. The amount of the dependents. The amount of the
exemption was the same for every individual and indexed for inflation. In 2017, the amount was exemption was the same for every individual and indexed for inflation. In 2017, the amount was
$4,050 per person. The personal exemption is suspended from 2018 through 2025, but $4,050 per person. The personal exemption is suspended from 2018 through 2025, but
wil will be be
reinstated starting in 2026reinstated starting in 2026
, assuming no change in current law. For al if current tax law is not changed by then. For all but three years (2010-but three years (2010-
2012) from 1991 to 2017, the exemption phased out for taxpayers with income above a threshold 2012) from 1991 to 2017, the exemption phased out for taxpayers with income above a threshold
amount.amount.
Itemized Deductions and the Standard Deduction
In computing taxable income, individualsIn computing taxable income, individuals
are al owed are allowed to reduce their gross income by either the to reduce their gross income by either the
standard deduction or the sum of their itemized deductions, whichever amount is larger. The standard deduction or the sum of their itemized deductions, whichever amount is larger. The
standard deduction varies by filing status and is indexed for inflation. In standard deduction varies by filing status and is indexed for inflation. In
2023, the 2024, the standard deduction is deduction is
$13,850$14,600 for single filers and married persons filing separately, $ for single filers and married persons filing separately, $
20,80021,900 for a head of household, for a head of household,
and $and $
27,70029,200 for a married couple filing jointly and surviving spouses. Taxpayers who are 65 or for a married couple filing jointly and surviving spouses. Taxpayers who are 65 or
older and/or blind are eligibleolder and/or blind are eligible
for an additional standard deduction. In for an additional standard deduction. In
2022024, that amount is $1,, that amount is $1,
500
550 for each spouse among joint filers and $1,for each spouse among joint filers and $1,
850950 for a single filer or head of household. for a single filer or head of household.
In lieu of Instead of taking the standard deduction, a taxpayer may itemize certain deductions. In the standard deduction, a taxpayer may itemize certain deductions. In
2023, 2024, these these
deductions include up to $10,000 for a combination of state and local property taxes and state and deductions include up to $10,000 for a combination of state and local property taxes and state and
local sales or income taxes paid;5 home mortgage interest paid on mortgage debt of $750,000 or local sales or income taxes paid;5 home mortgage interest paid on mortgage debt of $750,000 or
less;6 eligibleless;6 eligible
charitable contributions; certain investment interest; medical expenses above 7.5% charitable contributions; certain investment interest; medical expenses above 7.5%
of a of a
person’s adjusted gross income (AGI)taxpayer’s AGI; and casualty and theft losses related to ; and casualty and theft losses related to
federal y
declared federally declared disasters in excess of both 10% of AGI and $100 per loss.7 Before 2018, taxpayers were disasters in excess of both 10% of AGI and $100 per loss.7 Before 2018, taxpayers were
also also
al owedallowed a deduction for a deduction for
miscel aneousmiscellaneous itemized itemized
deductionsexpenses (e.g., certain job-related expenses (e.g., certain job-related expenses
not paid by an employer) above 2% of AGI, but P.L. 115-97 suspended not paid by an employer) above 2% of AGI, but P.L. 115-97 suspended
itthe deduction from 2018 through from 2018 through
2025. Like the personal exemption, total itemized deductions began to phase out from 2025. Like the personal exemption, total itemized deductions began to phase out from
1991 to 2017 (except in 2010 to 2012) for higher-income taxpayers with income above a threshold amount, which varied by filing status.
Inflation, Bracket Creep, and Indexation Tax brackets, the personal exemption (which is unavailable from 2018 to 2025), and the standard deduction have been indexed for inflation since 1981. Indexing prevents individuals from moving into a higher tax bracket because of inflation, not because of increases in real income. Indexation was done with the Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers (CPI-U) until 2018. Since then, the Chained CPI-U (C-CPI-U) is used to make inflation adjustments. Some maintain that the C-
1991 to
4 For more information on the difference between marginal and average income tax rates, see CRS4 For more information on the difference between marginal and average income tax rates, see CRS
Report R44787, Report R44787,
Statutory, Average, and Effective Marginal Tax Rates in the Federal Individual Incom eIncome Tax: Background and Analysis , ,
by Molly F. Sherlock. by Molly F. Sherlock.
5 See
5 See
CRS CRS Report R46246, Report R46246,
The SALT Cap: Overview and Analysis, by Grant A. Driessen and Joseph S., by Grant A. Driessen and Joseph S.
Hughes. Hughes.
6 For more information, see CRS6 For more information, see CRS
In FocusIn Focus
IF11540, IF11540,
The Mortgage Interest Deduction, by Mark P. Keightley. , by Mark P. Keightley.
7 See7 See
CRS CRS Report R45864, Report R45864,
Tax Policy and Disaster Recovery, by Molly F. Sherlock and Jennifer , by Molly F. Sherlock and Jennifer
T eefyTeefy. .
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Personal Exemption
2017 (except for 2010-2012) for higher-income taxpayers when their income exceeded a
threshold amount. This amount varied by filing status.
Inflation, Bracket Creep, and Indexation
Tax brackets, the personal exemption (which is unavailable from 2018 to 2025), and the standard deduction have been indexed for inflation since 1981. Indexing prevents individuals from moving into a higher tax bracket because of inflation, not because of increases in their real income. The
mechanism for indexation was the Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers (CPI-U) until 2018. Since then, the Chained CPI-U (C-CPI-U) is used to make inflation adjustments. Some maintain that the C-CPI-U provides a more accurate measure of the rate of price change for
CPI-U provides a more accurate measure of the rate of price change for consumer products and services than the CPI-U.8 consumer products and services than the CPI-U.8
During periods of rising or relatively
During periods of rising or relatively
high inflation,high inflation,
such as 2021 and 2022, a progressive an income income
tax based on tax brackets measured only in current (or nominal) dollars could lead to unintended tax based on tax brackets measured only in current (or nominal) dollars could lead to unintended
tax increases. This can happen when nominal incomes rise faster than real incomes, pushing tax increases. This can happen when nominal incomes rise faster than real incomes, pushing
taxpayers into a higher tax bracket through taxpayers into a higher tax bracket through
a process known as bracket creep. The process can . The process can
lead to larger
individual result in larger individual income tax burdens than lawmakers may have intended when they established the income tax burdens than lawmakers may have intended when they established the
statutory rates. Without indexation of key income tax statutory rates. Without indexation of key income tax
elementsitems, many taxpayers , many taxpayers
might bemay have been affected affected
by bracket by bracket
creepcreep, especial y for the 2022 tax year. for the 2022 tax year.
The effects of inflation on income tax liabilities
The effects of inflation on income tax liabilities
can be considerable, even in periods of low can be considerable, even in periods of low
inflation. For example, inflation. For example,
according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, $1,000 in July$1,000 in October 1988 had the 1988 had the
same buying power as $2,same buying power as $2,
500.22 in July 2022560 in October 2023, using the CPI-U to adjust for inflation.9 Year-to-, using the CPI-U to adjust for inflation.9 Year-to-
year changes in general price levels did not exceed 3.4% between 1992 and 2020. But substantial year changes in general price levels did not exceed 3.4% between 1992 and 2020. But substantial
rises in the U.S. inflation rate in 2021 and 2022 have led to a 7rises in the U.S. inflation rate in 2021 and 2022 have led to a 7
.0% increase in the income ranges % increase in the income ranges
for each tax bracket in 2023for each tax bracket in 2023
. As a result (relative to 2022), and a 5.5% increase in 2024 (relative to 2023). Thus, individuals whose , individuals whose
2024 taxable taxable
income is 12.5% greater than their 2022 taxable income would be taxed at the same inflation-adjusted rate in 2022 and 2024. But if 2024 taxable income increases by less than 12.5% relative to 2022, a taxpayer would be taxed at a lower rate in 2024 than in 2022 if his or her 2024 taxable income falls within a lower income tax bracket.10
Congress added indexation to the federal income tax as a part of aincome in 2023 also increases by 7% wil be subject to the same tax rate in 2022 and 2023. But if their taxable income in 2023 increases by less than 7%, they could be taxed at a lower rate in 2023 than in 2022, as their 2023
income may fal within the income range for the next lower tax rate.10
Congress added indexation to the individual income tax as a part of the package of statutory tax package of statutory tax
rate reductions included in the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981. The relatively high U.S. rate reductions included in the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981. The relatively high U.S.
inflation inflation
rate then influencedrate at the time had an effect on congressional deliberations on the benefits of tax congressional deliberations on the benefits of tax
indexation.11 As the Joint Committee on Taxation noted in its explanation of the act: indexation.11 As the Joint Committee on Taxation noted in its explanation of the act:
The Congress believed that “automatic” tax increases resulting from the effects of inflation
The Congress believed that “automatic” tax increases resulting from the effects of inflation
were unfair to taxpayers, since their tax burden as a percentage of income could increase were unfair to taxpayers, since their tax burden as a percentage of income could increase
during intervals between tax reduction legislation, with an adverse effect on incentives to during intervals between tax reduction legislation, with an adverse effect on incentives to
work and invest.work and invest.
In addition, the Federal Government was provided with an automatic increase in its aggregate revenue, which in turn created pressure for further spending.12
8 CRS 12
For tax years before 2018, the inflation adjustment reflected the percentage by which the average CPI-U in the 12 months ending on August 31 of the preceding year exceeded the average CPI-U during a 12-month base period. Not all indexed tax items used the same base period.
Since 2018, a different price index has been used to adjust income tax items for inflation. Under P.L. 115-97, the Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (C-CPI-U) permanently replaced the CPI-U for this purpose.
Some analysts argued that the CPI-U overstated rises in the cost of living because it did not account for changes consumers make in their buying patterns when the prices of certain items in a standard market basket move up or down by significant amounts. In their view, not accounting for
8 CRS Report R43347, Report R43347,
Budgetary and Distributional Effects of Adopting the Chained CPI, by Donald J. Marples. , by Donald J. Marples.
9 Bureau9 Bureau
of Labor Statistics, of Labor Statistics,
CPI Inflation Calculator, http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm/. http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm/.
10 For example, in 2023, incomes of single filers above $578,125 will be taxed at 37%. In 2022, that rate applies to 10 For example, in 2023, incomes of single filers above $578,125 will be taxed at 37%. In 2022, that rate applies to
incomes above $539,900, a difference of $38,225. In 2023, that amount will beincomes above $539,900, a difference of $38,225. In 2023, that amount will be
taxed at 35%, as it falls in the income taxed at 35%, as it falls in the income
range for that tax bracket. range for that tax bracket.
11
11
T heThe CPI-U rose 8.92% in 1981, following a rise of 12.51% in the previous year. By contrast, the average U.S. CPI-U rose 8.92% in 1981, following a rise of 12.51% in the previous year. By contrast, the average U.S.
inflation rate, as measuredinflation rate, as measured
by the CPI-U, from 1980 to 2019 was 2.96%. by the CPI-U, from 1980 to 2019 was 2.96%.
12 U.S.12 U.S.
Congress, Joint Committee on Congress, Joint Committee on
T axationTaxation, ,
General Explanation of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, JCS- JCS-
71-81, December 31, 1981, as redistributed71-81, December 31, 1981, as redistributed
by CCHby CCH
Internet Tax Research NetWork.Internet Tax Research NetWork.
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this substitution effect tended to overstate the impact of inflation on consumer behavior over Personal Exemption
For tax years before 2018, the inflation adjustment reflected the percentage by which the average CPI-U in the 12 months ending on August 31 of the preceding year exceeded the average CPI-U
during a 12-month base period. Not al indexed tax elements used the same base period.
But beginning in 2018, a different price index is being used to adjust the values of income tax elements for inflation. Under P.L. 115-97, the Chained Consumer Price Index for Al Urban
Consumers (C-CPI-U) permanently replaced the CPI-U for this purpose.
Some analysts have argued that the CPI-U overstated rises in the cost of living because it did not account for changes consumers make in their buying patterns when the prices of certain items in the standard market basket move up or down by significant amounts. In their view, not accounting for this substitution effect tended to overstate the impact of inflation on consumers
over time. time.
The C-CPI-U may be better at capturing changes in consumer spending patterns in response to
The C-CPI-U may be better at capturing changes in consumer spending patterns in response to
price price
increases or decreaseschanges.13 The index compares details about what a consumer bought in the .13 The index compares details about what a consumer bought in the
period before a price change with details about what he or she buys in the period after the change. period before a price change with details about what he or she buys in the period after the change.
Using the C-CPI-U, the BLS calculates one measure of inflation for the first-period basket and a Using the C-CPI-U, the BLS calculates one measure of inflation for the first-period basket and a
second measure of inflation for the second-period basket and then takes the average. The C-CPI-second measure of inflation for the second-period basket and then takes the average. The C-CPI-
U does this every month, creating an index that linksU does this every month, creating an index that links
consumer demand changes from month to consumer demand changes from month to
month and tracks shifts in consumer buying patterns over time and among basket items. month and tracks shifts in consumer buying patterns over time and among basket items.
Because the C-CPI-U accounts for the tendency of consumers to substitute cheaper items for
Because the C-CPI-U accounts for the tendency of consumers to substitute cheaper items for
items whose prices have risen, it produces lower estimates of the rate of increase in the cost of items whose prices have risen, it produces lower estimates of the rate of increase in the cost of
livingliving
over time than the CPI-U does. From December over time than the CPI-U does. From December
20122013 to December to December
20212022, for example, the , for example, the
C-CPI-U rose C-CPI-U rose
18.324%, compared to a %, compared to a
21.426% increase in the CPI-U.% increase in the CPI-U.
Using the C-CPI-U to adjust
Using the C-CPI-U to adjust
income tax itemstax elements for inflation raises the concern that bracket creep may for inflation raises the concern that bracket creep may
occur more often than it would occur more often than it would
if the CPI-U were stil used for inflation adjustmentwith the CPI-U. Because the . Because the
C-CPI-U increases more slowly than the CPI-U, tax bracket thresholds are likely to rise by C-CPI-U increases more slowly than the CPI-U, tax bracket thresholds are likely to rise by
smal ersmaller amounts from one year to the next. In this case, more taxpayers would be at risk of amounts from one year to the next. In this case, more taxpayers would be at risk of
moving into higher tax brackets than they would under the CPI-Umoving into higher tax brackets than they would under the CPI-U
, assuming their taxable income increases faster than the C-CPI-U. . Accelerated bracket creep Accelerated bracket creep
would result in an increase in federal tax revenue over time, would result in an increase in federal tax revenue over time,
al all other things being equal. The other things being equal. The
Joint Committee on Taxation estimated that the revenue gain from switching to the C-CPI-U Joint Committee on Taxation estimated that the revenue gain from switching to the C-CPI-U
would total $134 would total $134
bil ion billion from FY2018 to FY2027.14 from FY2018 to FY2027.14
Although indexing
Although indexing
general y complicatesmay make the calculation of the individual the calculation of the individual
income taxincome tax
more complicated, this effect , this effect
is arguably a minor concern compared with indexing’s benefits to taxpayers over time. The year-is arguably a minor concern compared with indexing’s benefits to taxpayers over time. The year-
to-year changes in dollar amounts were relatively to-year changes in dollar amounts were relatively
smal small from 1992 to 2020, perhaps from 1992 to 2020, perhaps
rendering concealing indexing’s benefitsindexing’s benefits
inconspicuous. But now that the U.S. inflation rate . But now that the U.S. inflation rate
is rising at in recent years has reached levels not levels not
experienced since the early 1980s, indexation is reducing the likelihood that taxpayers whose real experienced since the early 1980s, indexation is reducing the likelihood that taxpayers whose real
income stayed the same income stayed the same
in 2021 and 2022 wil between 2022 and 2024 will face large increases in their face large increases in their
tax liability in 2022. 2024 tax liability.
Since 1981, when Congress first authorized indexing of various individual
Since 1981, when Congress first authorized indexing of various individual
income tax income tax
elements items for inflation, the list of indexed elements has expanded and now for inflation, the list of indexed elements has expanded and now
containsencompasses more than 50 tax more than 50 tax
elementsitems. Not . Not
al all of the items pertain to individuals, and not of the items pertain to individuals, and not
al all elements of the individualelements of the individual
income income
tax are indexed for inflation. tax are indexed for inflation.
13 CRS
Tax Tables from 1988 to 2024 The following tables present the personal exemption and phaseout threshold amounts, standard deductions, limitations on itemized deductions, and statutory marginal tax rates schedules for each tax year from 2023 back to 1988.
13 CRS Report RL32293, Report RL32293,
The Chained Consumer Price Index: What Is It and Would It Be Appropriate for Cost-of-
Living Adjustm entsAdjustments?, by Julie, by Julie
M. Whittaker. M. Whittaker.
14 U.S.14 U.S.
Congress, Joint Committee on Congress, Joint Committee on
T axationTaxation, ,
General Explanation of P.L. 115-97, JCS-1-18 (Washington: GPO, P.L. 115-97, JCS-1-18 (Washington: GPO,
2018), p. 434. 2018), p. 434.
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Table 1. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2024
Personal Exemption and Phaseout
$0
Threshold:
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
$29,200
Single
$14,600
Head of Household
$21,900
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Individual
$1,550
Individual who is unmarried and not a
$1,950
surviving spouse
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2023
Joint Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $23,200
10% of the amount over $0
over $23,200 to $94,300
$2,320 + 12% of the amount over $23,200
over $94,300 to $201,050
$10,852 + 22% of the amount over $94,300
over $201,050 to $383,900
$34,337 + 24% of the amount over $201,050
over $383,900 to $487,450
$78,221 + 32% of the amount over $383,900
over $487,450 to $731,200
$111,357 + 35% of the amount over $487,450
over $731,200
$196,669.50 + 37% of the amount over $731,200
Single Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $11,600
10% of the amount over $0
over $11,600 to $47,150
$1,160 + 12% of the amount over $11,600
over $47,150 to $100,525
$5,426 + 22% of the amount over $47,150
over $100,525 to $191,950
$17,168.50 + 24% of the amount over $100,525
over $191,950 to $243,725
$39,110.50 + 32% of the amount over $191,950
over $243,725 to $609,350
$55,678.50 + 35% of the amount over $243,725
over $609,350
$183,647.25 + 37% of the amount over $609,350
Head-of-Household Returns
If taxable income is:
Then, tax is:
$0 to $16,550
10% of the amount over $0
over $16,550 to $63,100
$1,655 + 12% of the amount over $16,550
over $63,100 to $100,500
$7,241 + 22% of the amount over $63,100
over $100,500 to $191,950
$15,469 + 24% of the amount over $100,500
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over $191,950 to $243,700
$37,417 + 32% of the amount over $191,950
over $243,700 to $609,350
$53,997 + 35% of the amount over $243,700
over $609,350
$181,954.50 + 37% of the amount over $609,350
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2023-34.
Table 2. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, LimitationsPersonal Exemption
Tax Tables from 1988 to 2023
The following tables present the personal exemption and phaseout threshold amounts, standard deductions, limitations on itemized deductions, and statutory marginal tax rates schedules for
each tax year from 2022 back to 1988.
Table 1. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2023
Personal Exemption and Phaseout
$0
$0
Threshold:
(suspended through the end of 2025)
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$27,700
$27,700
Single
Single
$13,850
$13,850
Head of Household
Head of Household
$20,800
$20,800
Additional Standard Deduction for the Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Individual
Individual
$1,500
$1,500
Individual who is unmarried and not a
Individual who is unmarried and not a
$1,850
$1,850
surviving spouse
surviving spouse
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
Suspended through the end of 2025
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2023
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $22,000
$0 to $22,000
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $22,000 to $89,450
over $22,000 to $89,450
$2,200 + 12% of the amount over $22,000
$2,200 + 12% of the amount over $22,000
over $89,450 to $190,750
over $89,450 to $190,750
$10,294 + 22% of the amount over $89,450
$10,294 + 22% of the amount over $89,450
over $190,750 to $364,200
over $190,750 to $364,200
$32,580 + 24% of the amount over $190,750
$32,580 + 24% of the amount over $190,750
over $364,200 to $462,500
over $364,200 to $462,500
$74,208 + 32% of the amount over $364,200
$74,208 + 32% of the amount over $364,200
over $462,500 to $693,750
over $462,500 to $693,750
$105,664 + 35% of the amount over $462,500
$105,664 + 35% of the amount over $462,500
over $693,750
over $693,750
$186,601 + 37% of the amount over $693,750
$186,601 + 37% of the amount over $693,750
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $11,000
$0 to $11,000
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $11,000 to $44,725
over $11,000 to $44,725
$1,100 + 12% of the amount over $11,000
$1,100 + 12% of the amount over $11,000
over $44,725 to $95,375
over $44,725 to $95,375
$5,147 + 22% of the amount over $44,725
$5,147 + 22% of the amount over $44,725
over $95,375 to $182,100
over $95,375 to $182,100
$16,290 + 24% of the amount over $95,375
$16,290 + 24% of the amount over $95,375
over $182,100 to $231,250
over $182,100 to $231,250
$37,104 + 32% of the amount over $182,100
$37,104 + 32% of the amount over $182,100
over $231,250 to $578,125
over $231,250 to $578,125
$52,832 + 35% of the amount over $231,250
$52,832 + 35% of the amount over $231,250
over $578,125
over $578,125
$174,238.25 + 37% of the amount over $578,125
$174,238.25 + 37% of the amount over $578,125
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Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $15,700
$0 to $15,700
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $15,700 to $59,850
over $15,700 to $59,850
$1,570 + 12% of the amount over $15,700
$1,570 + 12% of the amount over $15,700
over $59,850 to $95,350
over $59,850 to $95,350
$6,868 + 22% of the amount over $59,850
$6,868 + 22% of the amount over $59,850
over $95,350 to $182,100
over $95,350 to $182,100
$14,678 + 24% of the amount over $95,350
$14,678 + 24% of the amount over $95,350
over $182,100 to $231,250
over $182,100 to $231,250
$35,498 + 32% of the amount over $182,100
$35,498 + 32% of the amount over $182,100
over $231,250 to $578,100
over $231,250 to $578,100
$51,226 + 35% of the amount over $231,250
$51,226 + 35% of the amount over $231,250
over $578,100
over $578,100
$172,623 + 37% of the amount over $578,100
$172,623 + 37% of the amount over $578,100
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2022-38. IRS Revenue Procedure 2022-38.
Table 23. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2022
Personal Exemption and Phaseout:
$0
$0
(suspended through the end of 2025)
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$25,900
$25,900
Single
Single
$12,950
$12,950
Head of Household
Head of Household
$19,400
$19,400
Additional Standard Deduction for the Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,400
$1,400
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,750
$1,750
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
Suspended through the end of 2025
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2022
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $20,550
$0 to $20,550
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $20,550 to $83,550
over $20,550 to $83,550
$2,055 + 12% of the amount over $20,550
$2,055 + 12% of the amount over $20,550
over $83,550 to $178,150
over $83,550 to $178,150
$9,615 + 22% of the amount over $83,550
$9,615 + 22% of the amount over $83,550
over $178,150 to $340,100
over $178,150 to $340,100
$30,427 + 24% of the amount over $178,150
$30,427 + 24% of the amount over $178,150
over $340,100 to $431,900
over $340,100 to $431,900
$69,295 + 32% of the amount over $340,100
$69,295 + 32% of the amount over $340,100
over $431,900 to $647,850
over $431,900 to $647,850
$98,671 + 35% of the amount over $431,900
$98,671 + 35% of the amount over $431,900
over $647,850
over $647,850
$174,253.50 + 37% of the amount over $647,850
$174,253.50 + 37% of the amount over $647,850
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $10,275
$0 to $10,275
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $10,275 to $41,775
over $10,275 to $41,775
$1,027.50 + 12% of the amount over
$1,027.50 + 12% of the amount over
$10,275 $10,275
over $41,775 to $89,075
over $41,775 to $89,075
$4,807.50 + 22% of the amount over
$4,807.50 + 22% of the amount over
$41,775 $41,775
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over $89,075 to $170,050
over $89,075 to $170,050
$15,213.50 + 24% of the amount over $89,075
$15,213.50 + 24% of the amount over $89,075
over $170,050 to $215,950
over $170,050 to $215,950
$34,647.50 + 32% of the amount over $170,050
$34,647.50 + 32% of the amount over $170,050
over $215,950 to $539,900
over $215,950 to $539,900
$49,335.50 + 35% of the amount over $215,950
$49,335.50 + 35% of the amount over $215,950
over $539,900
over $539,900
$162,718 + 37% of the amount over $539,900
$162,718 + 37% of the amount over $539,900
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $14,650
$0 to $14,650
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $14,650 to $55,900
over $14,650 to $55,900
$1,465 + 12% of the amount over $14,650
$1,465 + 12% of the amount over $14,650
over $55,900 to $89,050
over $55,900 to $89,050
$6,415 + 22% of the amount over $55,900
$6,415 + 22% of the amount over $55,900
over $89,050 to $170,050
over $89,050 to $170,050
$13,708 + 24% of the amount over $89,050
$13,708 + 24% of the amount over $89,050
over $170,050 to $215,950
over $170,050 to $215,950
$33,148 + 32% of the amount over $170,050
$33,148 + 32% of the amount over $170,050
over $215,950 to $539,900
over $215,950 to $539,900
$47,836 + 35% of the amount over $215,950
$47,836 + 35% of the amount over $215,950
over $539,900
over $539,900
$161,218.50 + 37% of the amount over $539,900
$161,218.50 + 37% of the amount over $539,900
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2021-45. IRS Revenue Procedure 2021-45.
Table 34. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2021
Personal Exemption and Phaseout:
$0
$0
(suspended through the end of 2025)
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$25,100
$25,100
Single
Single
$12,550
$12,550
Head of Household
Head of Household
$18,800
$18,800
Additional Standard Deduction for the Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,350
$1,350
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,700
$1,700
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
Suspended through the end of 2025
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2021
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $19,900
$0 to $19,900
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $19,900 to $81,050
over $19,900 to $81,050
$1,990 + 12% of the amount over $19,900
$1,990 + 12% of the amount over $19,900
over $81,050 to $172,750
over $81,050 to $172,750
$9,328 + 22% of the amount over $81,050
$9,328 + 22% of the amount over $81,050
over $172,750 to $329,850
over $172,750 to $329,850
$29,502 + 24% of the amount over $172,750
$29,502 + 24% of the amount over $172,750
over $329,850 to $418,850
over $329,850 to $418,850
$67,206 + 32% of the amount over $329,850
$67,206 + 32% of the amount over $329,850
over $418,850 to $628,300
over $418,850 to $628,300
$95,686 + 35% of the amount over $418,850
$95,686 + 35% of the amount over $418,850
over $628,300
over $628,300
$168,993.50 + 37% of the amount over $628,300
$168,993.50 + 37% of the amount over $628,300
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Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $9,950
$0 to $9,950
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,950 to $40,525
over $9,950 to $40,525
$995 + 12% of the amount over $9,950
$995 + 12% of the amount over $9,950
over $40,525 to $86,375
over $40,525 to $86,375
$4,664 + 22% of the amount over $40,525
$4,664 + 22% of the amount over $40,525
over $86,375 to $164,900
over $86,375 to $164,900
$14,751+ 24% of the amount over $86,375
$14,751+ 24% of the amount over $86,375
over $164,900 to $209,400
over $164,900 to $209,400
$33,603 + 32% of the amount over $164,900
$33,603 + 32% of the amount over $164,900
over $209,400 to $523,600
over $209,400 to $523,600
$47,843 + 35% of the amount over $209,400
$47,843 + 35% of the amount over $209,400
over $523,600
over $523,600
$157,804.25 + 37% of the amount over $523,600
$157,804.25 + 37% of the amount over $523,600
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $14,200
$0 to $14,200
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $14,200 to $54,200
over $14,200 to $54,200
$1,420 + 12% of the amount over $14,200
$1,420 + 12% of the amount over $14,200
over $54,200 to $86,350
over $54,200 to $86,350
$6,220 + 22% of the amount over $54,200
$6,220 + 22% of the amount over $54,200
over $86,350 to $164,900
over $86,350 to $164,900
$13,293 + 24% of the amount over $86,350
$13,293 + 24% of the amount over $86,350
over $164,900 to $209,400
over $164,900 to $209,400
$32,415 + 32% of the amount over $164,900
$32,415 + 32% of the amount over $164,900
over $209,400 to $523,600
over $209,400 to $523,600
$46,385 + 35% of the amount over $209,400
$46,385 + 35% of the amount over $209,400
over $523,600
over $523,600
$156,355 + 37% of the amount over $523,600
$156,355 + 37% of the amount over $523,600
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2020-45. IRS Revenue Procedure 2020-45.
Table 45. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2020
Personal Exemption and Phaseout:
$0
$0
(suspended through the end of 2025)
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$24,800
$24,800
Single
Single
$12,400
$12,400
Head of Household
Head of Household
$18,650
$18,650
Additional Standard Deduction for the Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,300
$1,300
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,650
$1,650
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
Suspended through the end of 2025
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2020
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $19,750
$0 to $19,750
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $19,750 to $80,250
over $19,750 to $80,250
$1,975 + 12% of the amount over $19,750
$1,975 + 12% of the amount over $19,750
over $80,250 to $171,050
over $80,250 to $171,050
$9,235 + 22% of the amount over $80,250
$9,235 + 22% of the amount over $80,250
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over $171,050 to $326,600
over $171,050 to $326,600
$29,211 + 24% of the amount over $171,050
$29,211 + 24% of the amount over $171,050
over $326,600 to $414,700
over $326,600 to $414,700
$66,543 + 32% of the amount over $326,600
$66,543 + 32% of the amount over $326,600
over $414,700 to $622,050
over $414,700 to $622,050
$94,735 + 35% of the amount over $414,700
$94,735 + 35% of the amount over $414,700
over $622,050
over $622,050
$167,307.50 + 37% of the amount over $622,050
$167,307.50 + 37% of the amount over $622,050
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $9,875
$0 to $9,875
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,875 to $40,125
over $9,875 to $40,125
$987.50 + 12% of the amount over $9,875
$987.50 + 12% of the amount over $9,875
over $40,125 to $85,525
over $40,125 to $85,525
$4,617.50 + 22% of the amount over
$4,617.50 + 22% of the amount over
$40,125 $40,125
over $85,525 to $163,300
over $85,525 to $163,300
$14,605.50 + 24% of the amount over $85,525
$14,605.50 + 24% of the amount over $85,525
over $163,300 to $207,350
over $163,300 to $207,350
$33,271.50 + 32% of the amount over $163,300
$33,271.50 + 32% of the amount over $163,300
over $207,350 to $518,400
over $207,350 to $518,400
$47,367.50 + 35% of the amount over $207,350
$47,367.50 + 35% of the amount over $207,350
over $518,400
over $518,400
$156,235 + 37% of the amount over $518,400
$156,235 + 37% of the amount over $518,400
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $14,100
$0 to $14,100
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $14,100 to $53,700
over $14,100 to $53,700
$1,410 + 12% of the amount over $14,100
$1,410 + 12% of the amount over $14,100
over $53,700 to $85,500
over $53,700 to $85,500
$6,612 + 22% of the amount over $53,700
$6,612 + 22% of the amount over $53,700
over $85,500 to $163,300
over $85,500 to $163,300
$13,158 + 24% of the amount over $85,500
$13,158 + 24% of the amount over $85,500
over $163,300 to $207,350
over $163,300 to $207,350
$31,830 + 32% of the amount over $163,300
$31,830 + 32% of the amount over $163,300
over $207,350 to $518,400
over $207,350 to $518,400
$45,926 + 35% of the amount over $207,350
$45,926 + 35% of the amount over $207,350
over $518,400
over $518,400
$154,793.50 + 37% of the amount over
$154,793.50 + 37% of the amount over
$518,400 $518,400
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2019-44. IRS Revenue Procedure 2019-44.
Table 56. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2019
Personal Exemption and Phaseout:
$0
$0
(suspended through the end of 2025)
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$24,400
$24,400
Single
Single
$12,200
$12,200
Head of Household
Head of Household
$18,350
$18,350
Additional Standard Deduction for the Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,300
$1,300
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,650
$1,650
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
Suspended through the end of 2025
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Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2019
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $19,400
$0 to $19,400
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $19,400 to $78,950
over $19,400 to $78,950
$1,940 + 12% of the amount over $19,400
$1,940 + 12% of the amount over $19,400
over $78,950 To $168,400
over $78,950 To $168,400
$9,086 + 22% of the amount over $78,950
$9,086 + 22% of the amount over $78,950
over $168,400 to $321,450
over $168,400 to $321,450
$28,675 + 24% of the amount over $168,400
$28,675 + 24% of the amount over $168,400
over $321,450 to $408,200
over $321,450 to $408,200
$65,497 + 32% of the amount over $321,450
$65,497 + 32% of the amount over $321,450
over $408,200 to $612,350
over $408,200 to $612,350
$93,257 + 35% of the amount over $408,200
$93,257 + 35% of the amount over $408,200
over $612,350
over $612,350
$164,709.50 + 37% of the amount over $612,350
$164,709.50 + 37% of the amount over $612,350
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $9,700
$0 to $9,700
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,700 to $39,475
over $9,700 to $39,475
$970 + 12% of the amount over $9,700
$970 + 12% of the amount over $9,700
over $39,475 to $84,200
over $39,475 to $84,200
$4543 + 22% of the amount over $39,475
$4543 + 22% of the amount over $39,475
over $84,200 to $160,725
over $84,200 to $160,725
$14,382.50 + 24% of the amount over $84,200
$14,382.50 + 24% of the amount over $84,200
over $160,725 to $204,100
over $160,725 to $204,100
$32,748.50 + 32% of the amount over $160,725
$32,748.50 + 32% of the amount over $160,725
over $204,100 to $510,300
over $204,100 to $510,300
$46,628.50 + 35% of the amount over $204,100
$46,628.50 + 35% of the amount over $204,100
over $510,300
over $510,300
$153,798.50 + 37% of the amount over $510,300
$153,798.50 + 37% of the amount over $510,300
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $13,850
$0 to $13,850
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $13,850 to $52,850
over $13,850 to $52,850
$1,385 + 12% of the amount over $13,850
$1,385 + 12% of the amount over $13,850
over $52,850 to $84,200
over $52,850 to $84,200
$6,065 + 22% of the amount over $52,850
$6,065 + 22% of the amount over $52,850
over $84,200 to $160,700
over $84,200 to $160,700
$12,962 + 24% of the amount over $84,200
$12,962 + 24% of the amount over $84,200
over $160,700 to $204,100
over $160,700 to $204,100
$31,322 + 32% of the amount over $160,700
$31,322 + 32% of the amount over $160,700
over $204,100 to $510,300
over $204,100 to $510,300
$45,210 + 35% of the amount over $204,100
$45,210 + 35% of the amount over $204,100
over $510,300
over $510,300
$152,380 + 37% of the amount over $510,300
$152,380 + 37% of the amount over $510,300
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2018-57. IRS Revenue Procedure 2018-57.
Table 67. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2018
Personal Exemption and Phaseout:
$0
$0
(suspended through the end of 2025)
(suspended through the end of 2025)
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$24,000
$24,000
Single
Single
$12,000
$12,000
Head of Household
Head of Household
$18,000
$18,000
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Additional Standard Deduction for the Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,300
$1,300
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,600
$1,600
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Suspended through the end of 2025
Suspended through the end of 2025
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2018
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $19,050
$0 to $19,050
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $19,050 to $77,400
over $19,050 to $77,400
$1,905 + 12% of the amount over $19,050
$1,905 + 12% of the amount over $19,050
over $77,400 to $165,000
over $77,400 to $165,000
$8,907 + 22% of the amount over $77,400
$8,907 + 22% of the amount over $77,400
over $165,000 to $315,000
over $165,000 to $315,000
$28,675 + 24% of the amount over $165,000
$28,675 + 24% of the amount over $165,000
over $315,000 to $400,000
over $315,000 to $400,000
$64,179 + 32% of the amount over $315,000
$64,179 + 32% of the amount over $315,000
over $400,000 to $600,000
over $400,000 to $600,000
$91,379 + 35% of the amount over $400,000
$91,379 + 35% of the amount over $400,000
over $600,000
over $600,000
$161,379 + 37% of the amount over $600,000
$161,379 + 37% of the amount over $600,000
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $9,525
$0 to $9,525
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,525 to $38,700
over $9,525 to $38,700
$952.50 + 12% of the amount over $9,525
$952.50 + 12% of the amount over $9,525
over $38,700 to $82,500
over $38,700 to $82,500
$4,453.50 + 22% of the amount over
$4,453.50 + 22% of the amount over
$38,700 $38,700
over $82,500 to $157,500
over $82,500 to $157,500
$14,089.50 + 24% of the amount over $82,500
$14,089.50 + 24% of the amount over $82,500
over $157,500 to $200,000
over $157,500 to $200,000
$32,089.50 + 32% of the amount over $157,500
$32,089.50 + 32% of the amount over $157,500
over $200,000 to $500,000
over $200,000 to $500,000
$45,689.50 + 35% of the amount over $200,000
$45,689.50 + 35% of the amount over $200,000
over $500,000
over $500,000
$150,689.50 + 37% of the amount over $500,000
$150,689.50 + 37% of the amount over $500,000
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $13,600
$0 to $13,600
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $13,600 to $51,800
over $13,600 to $51,800
$1,360 + 12% of the amount over $13,600
$1,360 + 12% of the amount over $13,600
over $51,800 to $82,500
over $51,800 to $82,500
$5,944 + 22% of the amount over $51,800
$5,944 + 22% of the amount over $51,800
over $82,500 to $157,500
over $82,500 to $157,500
$12,698 + 24% of the amount over $82,500
$12,698 + 24% of the amount over $82,500
over $157,500 to $200,000
over $157,500 to $200,000
$30,698 + 32% of the amount over $157,500
$30,698 + 32% of the amount over $157,500
over $200,000 to $500,000
over $200,000 to $500,000
$44,298 + 35% of the amount over $200,000
$44,298 + 35% of the amount over $200,000
over $500,000
over $500,000
$149,298 + 37% of the amount over $500,000
$149,298 + 37% of the amount over $500,000
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure: IRS Revenue Procedure:
2018-18. 2018-18.
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Table 78. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2017
Personal Exemption:
$4,050
$4,050
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts: exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$313,800
$313,800
Single
Single
$261,500
$261,500
Head of Household
Head of Household
$287,650
$287,650
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$12,700
$12,700
Single
Single
$6,350
$6,350
Head of Household
Head of Household
$9,350
$9,350
Additional Standard Deduction for the Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,250
$1,250
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,550
$1,550
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
For taxpayers whose adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded the amounts shown below, the itemizedFor taxpayers whose adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded the amounts shown below, the itemized
deductions deductions
they could claim werethey could claim were
equal to the lesserequal to the lesser
of 80% of the amount of of 80% of the amount of
al owable itemized allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the deductions, or 3% of the
excess of a taxpayer’s AGI above those amounts. Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty losses,excess of a taxpayer’s AGI above those amounts. Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty losses,
and and
investment interest wereinvestment interest were
exempt fromexempt from
the limit.the limit.
Joint
Joint
$313,800
$313,800
Head of Household
Head of Household
$287,650
$287,650
Single
Single
$261,500
$261,500
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2017
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $18,650
$0 to $18,650
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $18,650 to $75,900
over $18,650 to $75,900
$1,865 + 15% of the amount over $18,650
$1,865 + 15% of the amount over $18,650
over $75,900 to $153,100
over $75,900 to $153,100
$10,452.50 + 25% of the amount over $75,900
$10,452.50 + 25% of the amount over $75,900
over $153,100 to $233,350
over $153,100 to $233,350
$28,675 + 28% of the amount over $153,100
$28,675 + 28% of the amount over $153,100
over $233,350 to $416,700
over $233,350 to $416,700
$52,222.50 + 33% of the amount over $233,350
$52,222.50 + 33% of the amount over $233,350
over $416,700 to $470,700
over $416,700 to $470,700
$112,728 + 35% of the amount over $416,700
$112,728 + 35% of the amount over $416,700
over $470,700
over $470,700
$131,628 + 39.6% of the amount over $470,700
$131,628 + 39.6% of the amount over $470,700
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $9,325
$0 to $9,325
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,325 to $37,950
over $9,325 to $37,950
$932.50 + 15% of the amount over $9,325
$932.50 + 15% of the amount over $9,325
over $37,950 to $91,900
over $37,950 to $91,900
$5,226.25 + 25% of the amount over
$5,226.25 + 25% of the amount over
$37,950 $37,950
over $91,900 to $191,650
over $91,900 to $191,650
$18,713.75 + 28% of the amount over $91,900
$18,713.75 + 28% of the amount over $91,900
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over $191,650 to $416,700
over $191,650 to $416,700
$46,643.75 + 33% of the amount over $191,650
$46,643.75 + 33% of the amount over $191,650
over $416,700 to $418,400
over $416,700 to $418,400
$120,910.25 + 35% of the amount over $416,700
$120,910.25 + 35% of the amount over $416,700
over $418,400
over $418,400
$121,505.25 + 39.6% of the amount over $418,400
$121,505.25 + 39.6% of the amount over $418,400
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $13,350
$0 to $13,350
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $13,350 to $50,800
over $13,350 to $50,800
$1,335 + 15% of the amount over $13,350
$1,335 + 15% of the amount over $13,350
over $50,800 to $131,200
over $50,800 to $131,200
$6,952.50 + 25% of the amount over
$6,952.50 + 25% of the amount over
$50,800 $50,800
over $131,200 to $212,500
over $131,200 to $212,500
$27,052.50 + 28% of the amount over $131,200
$27,052.50 + 28% of the amount over $131,200
over $212,500 to $416,700
over $212,500 to $416,700
$49,816.50 + 33% of the amount over $212,500
$49,816.50 + 33% of the amount over $212,500
over $416,700 to $444,550
over $416,700 to $444,550
$117,202.50 + 35% of the amount over $416,700
$117,202.50 + 35% of the amount over $416,700
over $444,550
over $444,550
$126,950 + 39.6% of the amount over $444,550
$126,950 + 39.6% of the amount over $444,550
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2016-55. IRS Revenue Procedure 2016-55.
Table 89. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2016
Personal Exemption:
$4,050
$4,050
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts: exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$311,300
$311,300
Head of household
Head of household
2852,350
2852,350
Single
Single
$259,400
$259,400
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$12,600
$12,600
Single
Single
$6,300
$6,300
Head of Household
Head of Household
$9,300
$9,300
Additional Standard Deduction for the Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,250
$1,250
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,550
$1,550
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
For taxpayers whose adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded the amounts shown below, the itemizedFor taxpayers whose adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded the amounts shown below, the itemized
deductions deductions
they could claim werethey could claim were
equal to the lesserequal to the lesser
of 80% of the amount of of 80% of the amount of
al owable itemized allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the deductions, or 3% of the
excess of a taxpayer’s AGI above those amounts. Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty losses,excess of a taxpayer’s AGI above those amounts. Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty losses,
and and
investment interest wereinvestment interest were
exempt fromexempt from
the limit. the limit.
Joint
Joint
$311,300
$311,300
Head of Household
Head of Household
$285,350
$285,350
Single
Single
$259,400
$259,400
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Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2016
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $18,550
$0 to $18,550
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $18,550 to $75,300
over $18,550 to $75,300
$1,855 + 15% of the amount over $18,550
$1,855 + 15% of the amount over $18,550
over $75,300 to $151,900
over $75,300 to $151,900
$10,162.50 + 25% of the amount over $75,300
$10,162.50 + 25% of the amount over $75,300
over $151,900 to $231,450
over $151,900 to $231,450
$28,925 + 28% of the amount over $151,900
$28,925 + 28% of the amount over $151,900
over $231,450 to $413,350
over $231,450 to $413,350
$50,765 + 33% of the amount over $231,450
$50,765 + 33% of the amount over $231,450
over $413,350 to $466,950
over $413,350 to $466,950
$109,587.50 + 35% of the amount over $413,350
$109,587.50 + 35% of the amount over $413,350
over $466,950
over $466,950
$127,962.50 + 39.6% of the amount over $466,950
$127,962.50 + 39.6% of the amount over $466,950
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $9,275
$0 to $9,275
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,275 to $37,650
over $9,275 to $37,650
$927.50 + 15% of the amount over $9,275
$927.50 + 15% of the amount over $9,275
over $37,650 to $91,150
over $37,650 to $91,150
$5,081.25 + 25% of the amount over
$5,081.25 + 25% of the amount over
$37,650 $37,650
over $91,150 to $190,150
over $91,150 to $190,150
$18,193.75 + 28% of the amount over $91,150
$18,193.75 + 28% of the amount over $91,150
over $190,150 to $413,350
over $190,150 to $413,350
$45,353.75 + 33% of the amount over $190,150
$45,353.75 + 33% of the amount over $190,150
over $413,350 to $415,050
over $413,350 to $415,050
$117,541.25 + 35% of the amount over $413,350
$117,541.25 + 35% of the amount over $413,350
over $415,050
over $415,050
$118,118.75 + 39.6% of the amount over$415,050
$118,118.75 + 39.6% of the amount over$415,050
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $13,250
$0 to $13,250
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $13,250 to $50,200
over $13,250 to $50,200
$1,325 + 15% of the amount over $13,250
$1,325 + 15% of the amount over $13,250
over $50,200 to $130,150
over $50,200 to $130,150
$6,762.50 + 25% of the amount over
$6,762.50 + 25% of the amount over
$50,200 $50,200
over $130,150 to $210,800
over $130,150 to $210,800
$26,300 + 28% of the amount over $130,150
$26,300 + 28% of the amount over $130,150
over $210,800 to $413,350
over $210,800 to $413,350
$48,434 + 33% of the amount over $210,800
$48,434 + 33% of the amount over $210,800
over $413,350 to $441,000
over $413,350 to $441,000
$113,939 + 35% of the amount over $413,350
$113,939 + 35% of the amount over $413,350
over $441,000
over $441,000
$123,424 + 39.6% of the amount over $441,000
$123,424 + 39.6% of the amount over $441,000
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2015-53. IRS Revenue Procedure 2015-53.
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Table 910. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2015
Personal Exemption:
$4,000
$4,000
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts: exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$309,900
$309,900
Single
Single
$258,250
$258,250
Head of Household
Head of Household
$284,050
$284,050
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$12,600
$12,600
Single
Single
$6,300
$6,300
Head of Household
Head of Household
$9,250
$9,250
Additional Standard Deduction for the Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,250
$1,250
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,550
$1,550
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
For taxpayers whose adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded the amounts shown below, the itemizedFor taxpayers whose adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded the amounts shown below, the itemized
deductions deductions
they could claim werethey could claim were
equal to the lesserequal to the lesser
of 80% of the amount of of 80% of the amount of
al owable itemized allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the deductions, or 3% of the
excess of a taxpayer’s AGI above those amounts. Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty losses,excess of a taxpayer’s AGI above those amounts. Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty losses,
and and
investment interest wereinvestment interest were
exempt fromexempt from
the limit.the limit.
Joint
Joint
$309,900
$309,900
Single
Single
$258,250
$258,250
Head of Household
Head of Household
$284,050
$284,050
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2015
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $18,450
$0 to $18,450
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $18,450 to $74,900
over $18,450 to $74,900
$1,845 + 15% of the amount over $18,4500
$1,845 + 15% of the amount over $18,4500
over $74,900 to $151,200
over $74,900 to $151,200
$10,162.50 + 25% of the amount over $74,900
$10,162.50 + 25% of the amount over $74,900
over $151,200 to $230,450
over $151,200 to $230,450
$28,925 + 28% of the amount over $151,200
$28,925 + 28% of the amount over $151,200
over $230,450 to $411,500
over $230,450 to $411,500
$50,765 + 33% of the amount over $230,450
$50,765 + 33% of the amount over $230,450
over $411,500 to $464,850
over $411,500 to $464,850
$109,587.50 + 35% of the amount over $411,500
$109,587.50 + 35% of the amount over $411,500
over $464,850
over $464,850
$127,962.50 + 39.6% of the amount over $464,850
$127,962.50 + 39.6% of the amount over $464,850
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $9,225
$0 to $9,225
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,225 to $37,450
over $9,225 to $37,450
$922.50 + 15% of the amount over $9,225
$922.50 + 15% of the amount over $9,225
over $37,450 to $90,750
over $37,450 to $90,750
$5,081.25 + 25% of the amount over
$5,081.25 + 25% of the amount over
$37,450 $37,450
over $90,750 to $189,300
over $90,750 to $189,300
$18,193.75 + 28% of the amount over $90,750
$18,193.75 + 28% of the amount over $90,750
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over $189,300 to $411,500
over $189,300 to $411,500
$45,353.75 + 33% of the amount over $189,300
$45,353.75 + 33% of the amount over $189,300
over $411,500 to $413,200
over $411,500 to $413,200
$117,541.25 + 35% of the amount over $411,500
$117,541.25 + 35% of the amount over $411,500
over $413,200
over $413,200
$118,118.75 + 39.6% of the amount over $413,200
$118,118.75 + 39.6% of the amount over $413,200
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $13,150
$0 to $13,150
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $13,150 to $50,200
over $13,150 to $50,200
$1,315+ 15% of the amount over $13,150
$1,315+ 15% of the amount over $13,150
over $50,200 to $129,600
over $50,200 to $129,600
$6,762.50 + 25% of the amount over
$6,762.50 + 25% of the amount over
$50,200 $50,200
over $129,600 to $209,850
over $129,600 to $209,850
$26,300 + 28% of the amount over $129,600
$26,300 + 28% of the amount over $129,600
over $209,850 to $411,500
over $209,850 to $411,500
$48,434 + 33% of the amount over $209,850
$48,434 + 33% of the amount over $209,850
over $411,500 to $439,000
over $411,500 to $439,000
$113,939 + 35% of the amount over $411,500
$113,939 + 35% of the amount over $411,500
over $439,000
over $439,000
$123,424 + 39.6% of the amount over $439,000
$123,424 + 39.6% of the amount over $439,000
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2014-61. IRS Revenue Procedure 2014-61.
Table 1011. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2014
Personal Exemption:
$3,950
$3,950
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts: exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$305,050
$305,050
Head of household
Head of household
$279,650
$279,650
Single
Single
$254,200
$254,200
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$12,400
$12,400
Single
Single
$6,200
$6,200
Head of Household
Head of Household
$9,100
$9,100
Additional Standard Deduction for the Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,200
$1,200
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,500
$1,500
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
For taxpayers whose adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded the amounts shown below, the itemizedFor taxpayers whose adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded the amounts shown below, the itemized
deductions deductions
they could claim werethey could claim were
equal to the lesserequal to the lesser
of 80% of the amount of of 80% of the amount of
al owable itemized allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the deductions, or 3% of the
excess of a taxpayer’s AGI above those amounts. Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty losses,excess of a taxpayer’s AGI above those amounts. Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty losses,
and and
investment interest wereinvestment interest were
exempt fromexempt from
the limit. the limit.
Joint
Joint
$305,050
$305,050
Single
Single
$254,200
$254,200
Head of Household
Head of Household
$279,650
$279,650
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Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2014
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $18,150
$0 to $18,150
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $18,150 to $73,800
over $18,150 to $73,800
$1,815 + 15% of the amount over $18,150
$1,815 + 15% of the amount over $18,150
over $73,800 to $148,850
over $73,800 to $148,850
$10,162.50 + 25% of the amount over $73,800
$10,162.50 + 25% of the amount over $73,800
over $148,850 to $226,850
over $148,850 to $226,850
$28,925 + 28% of the amount over $148,850
$28,925 + 28% of the amount over $148,850
over $226,850 to $405,100
over $226,850 to $405,100
$50,765 + 33% of the amount over $226,850
$50,765 + 33% of the amount over $226,850
over $405,100 to $457,600
over $405,100 to $457,600
$109,587.50 + 35% of the amount over $405,100
$109,587.50 + 35% of the amount over $405,100
over $457,600
over $457,600
$127,962.50 + 39.6% of the amount over $457,600
$127,962.50 + 39.6% of the amount over $457,600
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $9,075
$0 to $9,075
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $9,075 to $36,900
over $9,075 to $36,900
$907.50 + 15% of the amount over $9,075
$907.50 + 15% of the amount over $9,075
over $36,900 to $89,350
over $36,900 to $89,350
$5,081.25 + 25% of the amount over
$5,081.25 + 25% of the amount over
$36,900 $36,900
over $89,350 to $186,350
over $89,350 to $186,350
$18,193.75 + 28% of the amount over $89,350
$18,193.75 + 28% of the amount over $89,350
over $186,350 to $405,100
over $186,350 to $405,100
$45,353.75 + 33% of the amount over $186,350
$45,353.75 + 33% of the amount over $186,350
over $405,100 to $406,750
over $405,100 to $406,750
$117,541.25 + 35% of the amount over $405,100
$117,541.25 + 35% of the amount over $405,100
over $406,750
over $406,750
$118,118.75 + 39.6% of the amount over $406,750
$118,118.75 + 39.6% of the amount over $406,750
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $12,950
$0 to $12,950
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $12,950 to $49,400
over $12,950 to $49,400
$1,295 + 15% of the amount over $12,950
$1,295 + 15% of the amount over $12,950
over $49,400 to $127,550
over $49,400 to $127,550
$6,762.50 + 25% of the amount over
$6,762.50 + 25% of the amount over
$49,400 $49,400
over $127,550 to $206,600
over $127,550 to $206,600
$26,300 + 28% of the amount over $127,550
$26,300 + 28% of the amount over $127,550
over $206,600 to $405,100
over $206,600 to $405,100
$48,434 + 33% of the amount over $206,600
$48,434 + 33% of the amount over $206,600
over $405,100 to $432,200
over $405,100 to $432,200
$113,939 + 35% of the amount over $405,100
$113,939 + 35% of the amount over $405,100
over $432,200
over $432,200
$123,424 + 39.6% of the amount over $432,200
$123,424 + 39.6% of the amount over $432,200
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2013-35. IRS Revenue Procedure 2013-35.
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Table 1112. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2013
Personal Exemption
$3,900
$3,900
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts: exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$422,501
$422,501
Head of household
Head of household
$397,501
$397,501
Single
Single
$372,501
$372,501
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$12,200
$12,200
Single
Single
$6,100
$6,100
Head of Household
Head of Household
$8,950
$8,950
Additional Standard Deduction for the Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,200
$1,200
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,500
$1,500
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
For taxpayers whose adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded the amounts shown below, the itemizedFor taxpayers whose adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeded the amounts shown below, the itemized
deductions deductions
they could claim werethey could claim were
equal to the lesserequal to the lesser
of 80% of the amount of of 80% of the amount of
al owable itemized allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the deductions, or 3% of the
excess of a taxpayer’s AGI above those amounts. Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty losses,excess of a taxpayer’s AGI above those amounts. Deductions for medical expenses, theft and casualty losses,
and and
investment interest wereinvestment interest were
exempt fromexempt from
the limit.the limit.
Joint
Joint
$300,000
$300,000
Head of Household
Head of Household
$275,000
$275,000
Single
Single
$250,000
$250,000
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2013
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $17,850
$0 to $17,850
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $17,850 to $72,500
over $17,850 to $72,500
$1,785 + 15% of the amount over $17,850
$1,785 + 15% of the amount over $17,850
over $72,500 to $146,400
over $72,500 to $146,400
$9,982.50 + 25% of the amount over
$9,982.50 + 25% of the amount over
$72,500 $72,500
over $146,400 to $223,050
over $146,400 to $223,050
$28,457.50 + 28% of the amount over $146,400
$28,457.50 + 28% of the amount over $146,400
over $223,050 to $398,350
over $223,050 to $398,350
$49,919.50 + 33% of the amount over $223,050
$49,919.50 + 33% of the amount over $223,050
over $398,350 to $450,000
over $398,350 to $450,000
$107,768.50 + 35% of the amount over $398,350
$107,768.50 + 35% of the amount over $398,350
over $450,000
over $450,000
$125,846 + 39.6% of the amount over $450,000
$125,846 + 39.6% of the amount over $450,000
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $8,925
$0 to $8,925
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $8,925 to $36,250
over $8,925 to $36,250
$892.50 + 15% of the amount over $8,925
$892.50 + 15% of the amount over $8,925
over $36,250 to $87,850
over $36,250 to $87,850
$4,991.25 + 25% of the amount over
$4,991.25 + 25% of the amount over
$36,250 $36,250
over $87,850 to $183,250
over $87,850 to $183,250
$17,891.25 + 28% of the amount over $87,850
$17,891.25 + 28% of the amount over $87,850
Congressional Research Service
Congressional Research Service
1819
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
over $183,250 to $398,350
over $183,250 to $398,350
$44,603.25 + 33% of the amount over $183,250
$44,603.25 + 33% of the amount over $183,250
over $398,350 to $400,000
over $398,350 to $400,000
$115,586.25 + 35% of the amount over $398,350
$115,586.25 + 35% of the amount over $398,350
over $400,000
over $400,000
$116,163.75 + 39.6% of the amount over $400,000
$116,163.75 + 39.6% of the amount over $400,000
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $12,750
$0 to $12,750
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $12,750 to $48,600
over $12,750 to $48,600
$1,275 + 15% of the amount over $12,750
$1,275 + 15% of the amount over $12,750
over $48,600 to $125,450
over $48,600 to $125,450
$6,652.50 + 25% of the amount over
$6,652.50 + 25% of the amount over
$48,600 $48,600
over $125,450 to $203,150
over $125,450 to $203,150
$25,865 + 28% of the amount over $125,450
$25,865 + 28% of the amount over $125,450
over $203,150 to $398,350
over $203,150 to $398,350
$47,621 + 33% of the amount over $203,150
$47,621 + 33% of the amount over $203,150
over $398,350 to $425,000
over $398,350 to $425,000
$112,037 + 35% of the amount over $398,350
$112,037 + 35% of the amount over $398,350
over $425,000
over $425,000
$121,364.50 + 39.6% of the amount over $425,000
$121,364.50 + 39.6% of the amount over $425,000
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2012-41. IRS Revenue Procedure 2012-41.
Table 1213. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2012
Personal Exemption
$3,800
$3,800
Phaseout of personal exemption:
Phaseout of personal exemption:
Ended on Dec.
Ended on Dec.
31, 2009 31, 2009
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$11,900
$11,900
Single
Single
$5,950
$5,950
Head of Household
Head of Household
$8,700
$8,700
Additional Standard Deduction for the Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,150
$1,150
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,450
$1,450
Limitation on itemized deductions:
Ended on Dec.
Ended on Dec.
31, 200931, 2009
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2012
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $17,400
$0 to $17,400
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $17,400 to $70,700
over $17,400 to $70,700
$1,740 + 15% of the amount over $17,400
$1,740 + 15% of the amount over $17,400
over $70,700 to $142,700
over $70,700 to $142,700
$9,500 + 25% of the amount over $70,700
$9,500 + 25% of the amount over $70,700
over $142,700 to $217,450
over $142,700 to $217,450
$27,087.50 + 28% of the amount over $142,700
$27,087.50 + 28% of the amount over $142,700
over $217,450 to $388,350
over $217,450 to $388,350
$47,513.50 + 33% of the amount over $217,450
$47,513.50 + 33% of the amount over $217,450
over $388,350
over $388,350
$102,574 + 35% of the amount over $388,350
$102,574 + 35% of the amount over $388,350
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $8,700
$0 to $8,700
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
Congressional Research Service
Congressional Research Service
1920
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
over $8,700 to $35,350
over $8,700 to $35,350
$870 + 15% of the amount over $8,700
$870 + 15% of the amount over $8,700
over $35,350 to $85,650
over $35,350 to $85,650
$4,750 + 25% of the amount over $35,350
$4,750 + 25% of the amount over $35,350
over $85,650 to $178,650
over $85,650 to $178,650
$17,025 + 28% of the amount over $85,650
$17,025 + 28% of the amount over $85,650
over $178,650 to $388,350
over $178,650 to $388,350
$42,449 + 33% of the amount over $178,650
$42,449 + 33% of the amount over $178,650
over $388,350
over $388,350
$110,016.50 + 35% of the amount over $388,350
$110,016.50 + 35% of the amount over $388,350
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $12,400
$0 to $12,400
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $12,400 to $47,350
over $12,400 to $47,350
$1,240 + 15% of the amount over $12,400
$1,240 + 15% of the amount over $12,400
over $47,350 to $122,300
over $47,350 to $122,300
$6,330 + 25% of the amount over $47,350
$6,330 + 25% of the amount over $47,350
over $122,300 to $198,050
over $122,300 to $198,050
$24,617.50 + 28% of the amount over $122,300
$24,617.50 + 28% of the amount over $122,300
over $198,050 to $388,350
over $198,050 to $388,350
$45,322.50 + 33% of the amount over $198,050
$45,322.50 + 33% of the amount over $198,050
over $388,350
over $388,350
$106,637.50 + 35% of the amount over $388,350
$106,637.50 + 35% of the amount over $388,350
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2011-52. IRS Revenue Procedure 2011-52.
Table 1314. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2011
Personal Exemption:
$3,700
$3,700
Phaseout of personal exemption:
Phaseout of personal exemption:
Ended on Dec.
Ended on Dec.
31, 2009 31, 2009
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$11,600
$11,600
Single
Single
$5,800
$5,800
Head of Household
Head of Household
$8,500
$8,500
Additional Standard Deduction for the Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,150
$1,150
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,450
$1,450
Limitation on itemized deductions:
Ended on Dec.
Ended on Dec.
31, 200931, 2009
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2011
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$ 0 to $17,000
$ 0 to $17,000
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $17,000 to $69,000
over $17,000 to $69,000
$1,700 + 15% of the amount over $17,000
$1,700 + 15% of the amount over $17,000
over $69,000 to $139,350
over $69,000 to $139,350
$9,.500 + 25% of the amount over $69,000
$9,.500 + 25% of the amount over $69,000
over $139,350 to $212,300
over $139,350 to $212,300
$27,087.50 + 28% of the amount over $139,350
$27,087.50 + 28% of the amount over $139,350
over $212,300 to $379,150
over $212,300 to $379,150
$47,513.50 + 33% of the amount over $212,300
$47,513.50 + 33% of the amount over $212,300
over $379,150
over $379,150
$102,574 + 35% of the amount over $379,150
$102,574 + 35% of the amount over $379,150
Congressional Research Service
Congressional Research Service
2021
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $8,500
$0 to $8,500
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $8,500 to $34,500
over $8,500 to $34,500
$850 + 15% of the amount over $8,500
$850 + 15% of the amount over $8,500
over $34,500 to $83,600
over $34,500 to $83,600
$4,750 + 25% of the amount over $34,500
$4,750 + 25% of the amount over $34,500
over $83,600 to $174,400
over $83,600 to $174,400
$17,025 + 28% of the amount over $83,600
$17,025 + 28% of the amount over $83,600
over $174,400 to $379,150
over $174,400 to $379,150
$42,449 + 33% of the amount over $174,400
$42,449 + 33% of the amount over $174,400
over $379,150
over $379,150
$110,016.50 + 35% of the amount over $379,150
$110,016.50 + 35% of the amount over $379,150
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $12,150
$0 to $12,150
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $12,150 to $46,250
over $12,150 to $46,250
$1,215 + 15% of the amount over $12,150
$1,215 + 15% of the amount over $12,150
over $46,250 to $119,400
over $46,250 to $119,400
$6,330 + 25% of the amount over $46,250
$6,330 + 25% of the amount over $46,250
over $119,400 to $193,350
over $119,400 to $193,350
$24,617.50 + 28% of the amount over $119,400
$24,617.50 + 28% of the amount over $119,400
over $193,350 to $379,150
over $193,350 to $379,150
$45,322.50 + 33% of the amount over $193,350
$45,322.50 + 33% of the amount over $193,350
over $379,150
over $379,150
$106,637.50 + 35% of the amount over $379,150
$106,637.50 + 35% of the amount over $379,150
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2011-12. IRS Revenue Procedure 2011-12.
Table 1415. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2010
Personal Exemption:
$3,650
$3,650
Phaseout of personal exemption:
Phaseout of personal exemption:
Ended on Dec.
Ended on Dec.
31, 2009 31, 2009
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$11,400
$11,400
Single
Single
$5,700
$5,700
Head of Household
Head of Household
$8,400
$8,400
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,100
$1,100
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,400
$1,400
Limitation on itemized deductions:
Ended on Dec.
Ended on Dec.
31, 2009 31, 2009
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2010
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $16,750
$0 to $16,750
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $16,750 to $68,000
over $16,750 to $68,000
$1,675 + 15% of the amount over $16,750
$1,675 + 15% of the amount over $16,750
over $68,000 to $137,300
over $68,000 to $137,300
$9,362.50 + 25% of the amount over
$9,362.50 + 25% of the amount over
$68,000 $68,000
over $137,300 to $209,250
over $137,300 to $209,250
$26,687.50 + 28% of the amount over
$26,687.50 + 28% of the amount over
$137,300 $137,300
over $209,250 to $373,650
over $209,250 to $373,650
$46,833.50 + 33% of the amount over $209,250
$46,833.50 + 33% of the amount over $209,250
Congressional Research Service
Congressional Research Service
2122
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
over $373,650
over $373,650
$100,894.50 + 35% of the amount over $373,650
$100,894.50 + 35% of the amount over $373,650
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $8,375
$0 to $8,375
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $8,375 to $34,000
over $8,375 to $34,000
$837.50 + 15% of the amount over $8,375
$837.50 + 15% of the amount over $8,375
over $34,000 to $82,400
over $34,000 to $82,400
$4,681.25 + 25% of the amount over
$4,681.25 + 25% of the amount over
$34,000 $34,000
over $82,400 to $171,850
over $82,400 to $171,850
$16,781.25 + 28% of the amount over $82,400
$16,781.25 + 28% of the amount over $82,400
over $171,850 to $373,650
over $171,850 to $373,650
$41,827.25 + 33% of the amount over $171,850
$41,827.25 + 33% of the amount over $171,850
over $373,650
over $373,650
$108,421.25 + 35% of the amount over $373,650
$108,421.25 + 35% of the amount over $373,650
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $11,950
$0 to $11,950
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $11,950 to $45,550
over $11,950 to $45,550
$1,195 + 15% of the amount over $11,950
$1,195 + 15% of the amount over $11,950
over $45,550 to $117,650
over $45,550 to $117,650
$6,235 + 25% of the amount over $45,550
$6,235 + 25% of the amount over $45,550
over $117,650 to $190,550
over $117,650 to $190,550
$24,215 + 28% of the amount over
$24,215 + 28% of the amount over
$117,650 $117,650
over $190,550 to $373,650
over $190,550 to $373,650
$44,672 + 33% of the amount over $190,550
$44,672 + 33% of the amount over $190,550
over $373,650
over $373,650
$105,095 + 35% of the amount over $373,650
$105,095 + 35% of the amount over $373,650
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2009-50. IRS Revenue Procedure 2009-50.
Table 1516. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2009
Personal Exemption:
$3,650
$3,650
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts: exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$250,200
$250,200
Single
Single
$166,800
$166,800
Head of Household
Head of Household
$208,500
$208,500
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$11,400
$11,400
Single
Single
$5,700
$5,700
Head of Household
Head of Household
$8,350
$8,350
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,100
$1,100
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,400
$1,400
Congressional Research Service
Congressional Research Service
2223
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Limitation on itemized deductions:
$166,800
$166,800
For persons whose adjusted gross income
For persons whose adjusted gross income
(AGI) (AGI)
(for
(for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing separately) persons filing separately)
exceeded the amount shown in the right column, the
exceeded the amount shown in the right column, the
itemizeditemized
deductions they could claimdeductions they could claim
had to be reduced had to be reduced
by the lesserby the lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owable allowable itemized deductions, itemized deductions,
or 3% of the difference between the taxpayer’s AGI and or 3% of the difference between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses,and casualty losses,
and investment interest were and investment interest were
exempt from the limit.exempt from the limit.
Stat Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2009
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $16,700
$0 to $16,700
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $67,900 to $137,050
over $67,900 to $137,050
$1,670 + 15% of the amount over $16,700
$1,670 + 15% of the amount over $16,700
over $137,050 to $208,850
over $137,050 to $208,850
$9,350 + 25% of the amount over $67,900
$9,350 + 25% of the amount over $67,900
$26,637.50 + 28% of the amount over $137,050
$26,637.50 + 28% of the amount over $137,050
over $208,850 to $372,950
over $208,850 to $372,950
$46,741.50 + 33% of the amount over $208,850
$46,741.50 + 33% of the amount over $208,850
over $372,950
over $372,950
$100,894.50 + 35% of the amount over $372,950
$100,894.50 + 35% of the amount over $372,950
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $8,350
$0 to $8,350
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $8,350 to $33,950
over $8,350 to $33,950
$835 + 15% of the amount over $8,350
$835 + 15% of the amount over $8,350
over $33,950 to $82,250
over $33,950 to $82,250
$4,675 + 25% of the amount over $33,950
$4,675 + 25% of the amount over $33,950
over $82,250 to $171,550
over $82,250 to $171,550
$16,750 + 28% of the amount over $82,250
$16,750 + 28% of the amount over $82,250
over $171,550 to $372,950
over $171,550 to $372,950
$41,754 + 33% of the amount over $171,550
$41,754 + 33% of the amount over $171,550
over $372,950
over $372,950
$108,216 + 35% of the amount over $372,950
$108,216 + 35% of the amount over $372,950
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $11,950
$0 to $11,950
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $11,950 to $45,500
over $11,950 to $45,500
$1,195 + 15% of the amount over $11,950
$1,195 + 15% of the amount over $11,950
over $45,500 to $117,450
over $45,500 to $117,450
$6,227.50 + 25% of the amount over
$6,227.50 + 25% of the amount over
$45,500 $45,500
over $117,450 to $190,200
over $117,450 to $190,200
$24,215 + 28% of the amount over $117,450
$24,215 + 28% of the amount over $117,450
over $190,200 to $372,950
over $190,200 to $372,950
$44,585 + 33% of the amount over $190,200
$44,585 + 33% of the amount over $190,200
over $372,950
over $372,950
$104,892.50 + 35% of the amount over $372,950
$104,892.50 + 35% of the amount over $372,950
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2008-66. IRS Revenue Procedure 2008-66.
Congressional Research Service
Congressional Research Service
2324
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Table 1617. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2008
Personal Exemption
$3,500
$3,500
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts: exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$239,950
$239,950
Single
Single
$159,950
$159,950
Head of Household
Head of Household
$199,900
$199,900
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$10,900
$10,900
Single
Single
$5,450
$5,450
Head of Household
Head of Household
$8,000
$8,000
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,050
$1,050
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,350
$1,350
Limitation on itemized deductions:
$159,950
$159,950
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income (AGI) exceeded income (AGI) exceeded
(for
(for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing separately) persons filing separately)
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
deductions that could be claimeddeductions that could be claimed
had to be reduced by had to be reduced by
the lesserthe lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owableallowable itemized itemized
deductions, or deductions, or
3% of the difference3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses,and casualty losses,
and investment interest were and investment interest were
exempt from the limit.exempt from the limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2008
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $16,050
$0 to $16,050
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $16,050 to $65,100
over $16,050 to $65,100
$1,605 + 15% of the amount over $16,050
$1,605 + 15% of the amount over $16,050
over $65,100 to $131,450
over $65,100 to $131,450
$8,962.50 + 25% of the amount over
$8,962.50 + 25% of the amount over
$65,100 $65,100
over $131,450 to $200,300
over $131,450 to $200,300
$25,550 + 28% of the amount over $131,450
$25,550 + 28% of the amount over $131,450
over $200,300 to $357,700
over $200,300 to $357,700
$44,828 + 33% of the amount over $200,300
$44,828 + 33% of the amount over $200,300
over $357,700
over $357,700
$96,770 + 35% of the amount over $357,700
$96,770 + 35% of the amount over $357,700
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $8,025
$0 to $8,025
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $8,025 to $32,550
over $8,025 to $32,550
$802.50 + 15% of the amount over $8,025
$802.50 + 15% of the amount over $8,025
over $32,550 to $78,850
over $32,550 to $78,850
$4,481.25 + 25% of the amount over
$4,481.25 + 25% of the amount over
$32,550 $32,550
over $78,850 to $164,550
over $78,850 to $164,550
$16,056.25 + 28% of the amount over $78,850
$16,056.25 + 28% of the amount over $78,850
over $164,550 to $357,700
over $164,550 to $357,700
$40,052.25 + 33% of the amount over $164,550
$40,052.25 + 33% of the amount over $164,550
over $357,700
over $357,700
$103,791.75 + 35% of the amount over $357,700
$103,791.75 + 35% of the amount over $357,700
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Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $11,450
$0 to $11,450
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $11,450 to $43,650
over $11,450 to $43,650
$1,145 + 15% of the amount over $11,450
$1,145 + 15% of the amount over $11,450
over $43,650 to $112,650
over $43,650 to $112,650
$5,975 + 25% of the amount over $43,650
$5,975 + 25% of the amount over $43,650
over $112,650 to $182,400
over $112,650 to $182,400
$23,225 + 28% of the amount over $112,650
$23,225 + 28% of the amount over $112,650
over $182,400 to $357,700
over $182,400 to $357,700
$42,755 + 33% of the amount over $182,400
$42,755 + 33% of the amount over $182,400
over $357,700
over $357,700
$100,604 + 35% of the amount over $357,700
$100,604 + 35% of the amount over $357,700
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2007-66. IRS Revenue Procedure 2007-66.
Table 1718. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2007
Personal Exemption:
$3,400
$3,400
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts: exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$234,600
$234,600
Single
Single
$156,400
$156,400
Head of Household
Head of Household
$195,500
$195,500
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$10,700
$10,700
Single
Single
$5,350
$5,350
Head of Household
Head of Household
$7,850
$7,850
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,050
$1,050
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,300
$1,300
Limitation on itemized deductions:
$156,400
$156,400
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income (AGI) exceeded income (AGI) exceeded
(for
(for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing separately) persons filing separately)
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
deductions that could be claimeddeductions that could be claimed
had to be reduced by had to be reduced by
the lesserthe lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owable itemized allowable itemized deductions, or deductions, or
3% of the difference3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses,and casualty losses,
and investment interest were and investment interest were
exempt from the limit. exempt from the limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2007
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $15,650
$0 to $15,650
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $15,650 to $63,700
over $15,650 to $63,700
$1,565 + 15% of the amount over $15,650
$1,565 + 15% of the amount over $15,650
over $63,700 to $128,500
over $63,700 to $128,500
$8,773 + 25% of the amount over $63,700
$8,773 + 25% of the amount over $63,700
over $128,500 to $195,850
over $128,500 to $195,850
$24,973 + 28% of the amount over $128,500
$24,973 + 28% of the amount over $128,500
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over $195,850 to $349,700
over $195,850 to $349,700
$43,831 + 33% of the amount over $195,850
$43,831 + 33% of the amount over $195,850
over $349,700
over $349,700
$94,601 + 35% of the amount over $349,700
$94,601 + 35% of the amount over $349,700
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $7,825
$0 to $7,825
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $7,825 to $31,850
over $7,825 to $31,850
$783 + 15% of the amount over $7,825
$783 + 15% of the amount over $7,825
over $31,850 to $77,100
over $31,850 to $77,100
$4,386 + 25% of the amount over $31,850
$4,386 + 25% of the amount over $31,850
over $77,100 to $160,850
over $77,100 to $160,850
$15,699 + 28% of the amount over $77,100
$15,699 + 28% of the amount over $77,100
over $160,850 to $349,700
over $160,850 to $349,700
$39,149 + 33% of the amount over $160,850
$39,149 + 33% of the amount over $160,850
over $349,700
over $349,700
$101,469 + 35% of the amount over $349,700
$101,469 + 35% of the amount over $349,700
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $11,200
$0 to $11,200
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $11,200 to $42,650
over $11,200 to $42,650
$1,120 + 15% of the amount over $11,200
$1,120 + 15% of the amount over $11,200
over $42,650 to $110,100
over $42,650 to $110,100
$5,838 + 25% of the amount over $42,650
$5,838 + 25% of the amount over $42,650
over $110,100 to $178,350
over $110,100 to $178,350
$22,700 + 28% of the amount over $110,100
$22,700 + 28% of the amount over $110,100
over $178,350 to $349,700
over $178,350 to $349,700
$41,810 + 33% of the amount over $178,350
$41,810 + 33% of the amount over $178,350
over $349,700
over $349,700
$98,356 + 35% of the amount over $349,700
$98,356 + 35% of the amount over $349,700
Table 1819. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2006
Personal Exemption:
$3,300
$3,300
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts: exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$225,750
$225,750
Head of Household
Head of Household
$188,150
$188,150
Single
Single
$150,500
$150,500
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$10,300
$10,300
Single
Single
$5,150
$5,150
Head of Household
Head of Household
$7,550
$7,550
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,000
$1,000
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,250
$1,250
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Limitation on itemized deductions:
$150,500
$150,500
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income (AGI) exceeded income (AGI) exceeded
(for
(for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing separately) persons filing separately)
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
deductions that could be claimeddeductions that could be claimed
had to be reduced by had to be reduced by
the lesserthe lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owable itemized allowable itemized deductions, or deductions, or
3% of the difference3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses,and casualty losses,
and investment interest were and investment interest were
exempt from the limit. exempt from the limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2006
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $15,100
$0 to $15,100
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $15,100 to $61,300
over $15,100 to $61,300
$1,510 + 15% of the amount over $15,100
$1,510 + 15% of the amount over $15,100
over $61,300 to $123,700
over $61,300 to $123,700
$8,440 + 25% of the amount over $61,300
$8,440 + 25% of the amount over $61,300
over $123,700 to $188,450
over $123,700 to $188,450
$24,040 + 28% of the amount over $123,700
$24,040 + 28% of the amount over $123,700
over $188,450 to $336,550
over $188,450 to $336,550
$42,170 + 33% of the amount over $188,450
$42,170 + 33% of the amount over $188,450
over $336,550
over $336,550
$91,043 + 35% of the amount over $336,550
$91,043 + 35% of the amount over $336,550
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $7,550
$0 to $7,550
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $7,550 to $30,650
over $7,550 to $30,650
$755 + 15% of the amount over $7,550
$755 + 15% of the amount over $7,550
over $30,650 to $74,200
over $30,650 to $74,200
$4,220 + 25% of the amount over $30,650
$4,220 + 25% of the amount over $30,650
over $74,200 to $154,800
over $74,200 to $154,800
$15,108 + 28% of the amount over $74,200
$15,108 + 28% of the amount over $74,200
over $154,800 to $336,550
over $154,800 to $336,550
$37,676 + 33% of the amount over
$37,676 + 33% of the amount over
$154,800 $154,800
over $336,550
over $336,550
$97,653 + 35% of the amount over $336,550
$97,653 + 35% of the amount over $336,550
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $10,750
$0 to $10,750
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $10,750 to $41,050
over $10,750 to $41,050
$1,075 + 15% of the amount over $10,750
$1,075 + 15% of the amount over $10,750
over $41,050 to $106,000
over $41,050 to $106,000
$5,620 + 25% of the amount over $41,050
$5,620 + 25% of the amount over $41,050
over $106,000 to $171,650
over $106,000 to $171,650
$21,858 + 28% of the amount over $106,000
$21,858 + 28% of the amount over $106,000
over $171,650 to $336,550
over $171,650 to $336,550
$40,240 + 33% of the amount over $171,650
$40,240 + 33% of the amount over $171,650
over $336,550
over $336,550
$94,657 + 35% of the amount over $336,550
$94,657 + 35% of the amount over $336,550
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2005-70. IRS Revenue Procedure 2005-70.
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Table 1920. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout Thresholds, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 2005
Personal Exemption:
$3,200
$3,200
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of %2 for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of %2 for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts: exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$218,950
$218,950
Single
Single
$145,950
$145,950
Head of Household
Head of Household
$182,450
$182,450
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$10,000
$10,000
Single
Single
$5,000
$5,000
Head of Household
Head of Household
$7,300
$7,300
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind and Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Joint (each spouse)
Joint (each spouse)
$1,000
$1,000
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,250
$1,250
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$145,950 (for
$145,950 (for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing persons filing
separately)
separately)
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income income (AGI) exceeded (AGI) exceeded
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
deductions that could be claimeddeductions that could be claimed
had to be reduced by had to be reduced by
the lesserthe lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owable itemized allowable itemized deductions, or deductions, or
3% of the difference3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses,and casualty losses,
and investment interest were and investment interest were
exempt from the limit.exempt from the limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2005
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $14,600
$0 to $14,600
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $14,600 to $59,400
over $14,600 to $59,400
$1,460 + 15% of the amount over $14,600
$1,460 + 15% of the amount over $14,600
over $59,400 to $119,950
over $59,400 to $119,950
$8,180 + 25% of the amount over $59,400
$8,180 + 25% of the amount over $59,400
over $119,950 to $182,800
over $119,950 to $182,800
$23,318 + 28% of the amount over $119,950
$23,318 + 28% of the amount over $119,950
over $182,800 to $326,450
over $182,800 to $326,450
$40,916 + 33% of the amount over $182,800
$40,916 + 33% of the amount over $182,800
over $326,450
over $326,450
$88,321 + 35% of the amount over $326,450
$88,321 + 35% of the amount over $326,450
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $7,300
$0 to $7,300
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $7,300 to $29,700
over $7,300 to $29,700
$730 + 15% of the amount over $7,300
$730 + 15% of the amount over $7,300
over $29,700 to $71,950
over $29,700 to $71,950
$4,090 + 25% of the amount over $29,700
$4,090 + 25% of the amount over $29,700
over $71,950 to $150,150
over $71,950 to $150,150
$14,653 + 28% of the amount over $71,950
$14,653 + 28% of the amount over $71,950
over $150,150 to $326,450
over $150,150 to $326,450
$36,549 + 33% of the amount over $150,150
$36,549 + 33% of the amount over $150,150
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over $326,450
over $326,450
$94,728 + 35% of the amount over $326,450
$94,728 + 35% of the amount over $326,450
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $10,450
$0 to $10,450
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $10,450 to $39,800
over $10,450 to $39,800
$1,045 + 15% of the amount over $10,450
$1,045 + 15% of the amount over $10,450
over $39,800 to $102,800
over $39,800 to $102,800
$5,448 + 25% of the amount over $39,800
$5,448 + 25% of the amount over $39,800
over $102,800 to $166,450
over $102,800 to $166,450
$21,198 + 28% of the amount over $102,800
$21,198 + 28% of the amount over $102,800
over $166,450 to $326,450
over $166,450 to $326,450
$39,020 + 33% of the amount over $166,450
$39,020 + 33% of the amount over $166,450
over $326,450
over $326,450
$91,820 + 35% of the amount over $326,450
$91,820 + 35% of the amount over $326,450
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2004-71. IRS Revenue Procedure 2004-71.
Table 2021. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of the Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
2004
Personal Exemption:
$3,100
$3,100
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts: income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$214,050
$214,050
Single
Single
$142,700
$142,700
Head of Household
Head of Household
$178,350
$178,350
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$9,700
$9,700
Single
Single
$4,850
$4,850
Head of Household
Head of Household
$7,150
$7,150
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind and Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Joint
Joint
$950
$950
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,200
$1,200
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$142,700 (for
$142,700 (for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing persons filing
separately)
separately)
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income (AGI) exceeded income (AGI) exceeded
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
deductions that could be claimeddeductions that could be claimed
had to be reduced by had to be reduced by
the lesserthe lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owableallowable itemized itemized
deductions, or deductions, or
3% of the difference3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses,and casualty losses,
and investment interest were and investment interest were
exempt from the limit. exempt from the limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2004
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$ 0 to $14,300
$ 0 to $14,300
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
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over $14,300 to $58,100
over $14,300 to $58,100
$1,430 + 15% of the amount over $14,300
$1,430 + 15% of the amount over $14,300
over $58,100 to $117,250
over $58,100 to $117,250
$8,000 + 25% of the amount over $58,100
$8,000 + 25% of the amount over $58,100
over $117,250 to $178,650
over $117,250 to $178,650
$22,788 + 28% of the amount over $117,250
$22,788 + 28% of the amount over $117,250
over $178,650 to $319,100
over $178,650 to $319,100
$39,980 + 33% of the amount over $178,650
$39,980 + 33% of the amount over $178,650
over $319,100
over $319,100
$86,328 + 35% of the amount over $319,100
$86,328 + 35% of the amount over $319,100
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $7,150
$0 to $7,150
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $7,150 to $29,050
over $7,150 to $29,050
$715 + 15% of the amount over $7,150
$715 + 15% of the amount over $7,150
over $29,050 to $70,350
over $29,050 to $70,350
$4,000 + 25% of the amount over $29,050
$4,000 + 25% of the amount over $29,050
over $70,350 to $146,750
over $70,350 to $146,750
$14,325 + 28% of the amount over $70,350
$14,325 + 28% of the amount over $70,350
over $146,750 to $319,100
over $146,750 to $319,100
$35,717 + 33% of the amount over $146,750
$35,717 + 33% of the amount over $146,750
over $319,100
over $319,100
$92,593 + 35% of the amount over $319,100
$92,593 + 35% of the amount over $319,100
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $10,200
$0 to $10,200
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $10,200 to $38,900
over $10,200 to $38,900
$1,020 + 15% of the amount over $10,200
$1,020 + 15% of the amount over $10,200
over $38,900 to $100,500
over $38,900 to $100,500
$5,325 + 25% of the amount over $38,900
$5,325 + 25% of the amount over $38,900
over $100,500 to $162,700
over $100,500 to $162,700
$20,725 + 28% of the amount over $100,500
$20,725 + 28% of the amount over $100,500
over $162,700 to $319,100
over $162,700 to $319,100
$38,141 + 33% of the amount over $162,700
$38,141 + 33% of the amount over $162,700
over $319,100
over $319,100
$89,753 + 35% of the amount over $319,100
$89,753 + 35% of the amount over $319,100
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2003-85. IRS Revenue Procedure 2003-85.
Table 2122. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Personal Exemption Phaseout, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2003
(after enactment of the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act)
(after enactment of the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act)
Personal Exemption:
$3,050
$3,050
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2% for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts: exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$209,250
$209,250
Single
Single
$139,500
$139,500
Head of Household
Head of Household
$174,400
$174,400
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$9,500
$9,500
Single
Single
$4,750
$4,750
Head of Household
Head of Household
$7,000
$7,000
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind and Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
Joint
Joint
$950
$950
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Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,150
$1,150
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$139,500
$139,500
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income (AGI) exceeded income (AGI) exceeded
(for
(for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing separately) persons filing separately)
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
deductions that could be claimeddeductions that could be claimed
had to be reduced by had to be reduced by
the lesserthe lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owableallowable itemized itemized
deductions, or deductions, or
3% of the difference3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses,and casualty losses,
and investment interest were and investment interest were
exempt from the limit. exempt from the limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2003
(after enactment of the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief
(after enactment of the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief
Reconciliation Act) Reconciliation Act)
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $14,000
$0 to $14,000
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $14,000 to $56,800
over $14,000 to $56,800
$1,400 + 15% of the amount over $14,000
$1,400 + 15% of the amount over $14,000
over $56,800 to $114,650
over $56,800 to $114,650
$7,820 + 25% of the amount over $56,800
$7,820 + 25% of the amount over $56,800
over $114,650 to $174,700
over $114,650 to $174,700
$22,283 + 28% of the amount over $114,650
$22,283 + 28% of the amount over $114,650
over $174,700 to $311,950
over $174,700 to $311,950
$39,097 + 33% of the amount over $174,700
$39,097 + 33% of the amount over $174,700
over $311,950
over $311,950
$84,390 + 35% of the amount over $311,950
$84,390 + 35% of the amount over $311,950
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $7,000
$0 to $7,000
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $7,000 to $28,400
over $7,000 to $28,400
$700 + 15% of the amount over $7,000
$700 + 15% of the amount over $7,000
over $28,400 to $68,800
over $28,400 to $68,800
$3,910 + 25% of the amount over $28,400
$3,910 + 25% of the amount over $28,400
over $68,800 to $143,500
over $68,800 to $143,500
$14,010 + 28% of the amount over $68,800
$14,010 + 28% of the amount over $68,800
over $143,500 to $311,950
over $143,500 to $311,950
$34,926 + 33% of the amount over $143,500
$34,926 + 33% of the amount over $143,500
over $311,950
over $311,950
$90,515 + 35% of the amount over $311,950
$90,515 + 35% of the amount over $311,950
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $10,000
$0 to $10,000
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $10,000 to $38,050
over $10,000 to $38,050
$1,000 + 15% of the amount over $10,000
$1,000 + 15% of the amount over $10,000
over $38,050 to $98,250
over $38,050 to $98,250
$5,208 + 25% of the amount over $38,050
$5,208 + 25% of the amount over $38,050
over $98,250 to $159,100
over $98,250 to $159,100
$20,258 + 28% of the amount over $98,250
$20,258 + 28% of the amount over $98,250
over $159,100 to $311,950
over $159,100 to $311,950
$37,296 + 33% of the amount over $159,100
$37,296 + 33% of the amount over $159,100
over $311,950
over $311,950
$87,737 + 35% of the amount over $311,950
$87,737 + 35% of the amount over $311,950
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2002-70. IRS Revenue Procedure 2002-70.
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Table 2223. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
2002
Personal Exemption:
$3,000
$3,000
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts: income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$206,000
$206,000
Single
Single
$137,300
$137,300
Head of Household
Head of Household
$171,650
$171,650
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$7,850
$7,850
Single
Single
$4,700
$4,700
Head of Household
Head of Household
$6,900
$6,900
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
Joint
$900
$900
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,150
$1,150
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$137,300
$137,300
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income (AGI) exceeded income (AGI) exceeded
(for
(for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing separately) persons filing separately)
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
the amount shown in the right column, the itemized
deductions that could be claimeddeductions that could be claimed
had to be reduced by had to be reduced by
the lesserthe lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owable itemized allowable itemized deductions, or deductions, or
3% of the difference3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and between the taxpayer’s AGI and
that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft that amount. Deductions for medical expenses, theft
and casualty losses,and casualty losses,
and investment interest were and investment interest were
exempt from the limit. exempt from the limit.
Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 2002
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $12,000
$0 to $12,000
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $12,000 to $46,700
over $12,000 to $46,700
$1,200 + 15% of the amount over $12,000
$1,200 + 15% of the amount over $12,000
over $46,700 to $112,850
over $46,700 to $112,850
$6,405 + 27% of the amount over $46,700
$6,405 + 27% of the amount over $46,700
over $112,850 to $171,950
over $112,850 to $171,950
$24,266 + 30% of the amount over $112,850
$24,266 + 30% of the amount over $112,850
over $171,950 to $307,050
over $171,950 to $307,050
$41,996 + 35% of the amount over $171,950
$41,996 + 35% of the amount over $171,950
over $307,050
over $307,050
$89,281 + 38.6% of the amount over
$89,281 + 38.6% of the amount over
$307,050 $307,050
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $6,000
$0 to $6,000
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $6,000 to $27,950
over $6,000 to $27,950
$600 + 15% of the amount over $6,000
$600 + 15% of the amount over $6,000
over $27,950 to $67,700
over $27,950 to $67,700
$3,893 + 27% of the amount over $27,950
$3,893 + 27% of the amount over $27,950
over $67,700 to $141,250
over $67,700 to $141,250
$14,626 + 30% of the amount over $67,700
$14,626 + 30% of the amount over $67,700
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over $141,250 to $307,050
over $141,250 to $307,050
$36,691 + 35% of the amount over $141,250
$36,691 + 35% of the amount over $141,250
over $307,050
over $307,050
$94,721 + 38.6% of the amount over
$94,721 + 38.6% of the amount over
$307,050 $307,050
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $10,000
$0 to $10,000
10% of the amount over $0
10% of the amount over $0
over $10,000 to $37,450
over $10,000 to $37,450
$1,000 + 15% of the amount over $10,000
$1,000 + 15% of the amount over $10,000
over $37,450 to $96,700
over $37,450 to $96,700
$5,118 + 27% of the amount over $37,450
$5,118 + 27% of the amount over $37,450
over $96,700 to $156,600
over $96,700 to $156,600
$21,116 + 30% of the amount over
$21,116 + 30% of the amount over
$96,700 $96,700
over $156,600 to $307,050
over $156,600 to $307,050
$39,086 + 35% of the amount over $156,600
$39,086 + 35% of the amount over $156,600
over $307,050
over $307,050
$91,744 + 38.6% of the amount over
$91,744 + 38.6% of the amount over
$307,050 $307,050
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2001-59. IRS Revenue Procedure 2001-59.
Table 2324. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
2001
Personal Exemption:
$2,900
$2,900
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts: income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$199,450
$199,450
Single
Single
$132,950
$132,950
Head of Household
Head of Household
$166,200
$166,200
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$7,600
$7,600
Single
Single
$4,550
$4,550
Head of Household
Head of Household
$6,650
$6,650
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
Joint
$900
$900
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,100
$1,100
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$132,950
$132,950
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income (AGI) exceeded income (AGI) exceeded
(for
(for
al filers all filers except for marriedexcept for married
persons filing persons filing
this amount, the itemized
this amount, the itemized
deductions that could be deductions that could be
separately)
separately)
claimed
claimed
had to be reduced by the lesserhad to be reduced by the lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owableallowable itemized itemized
deductions, or 3% of the difference deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount. between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medicalDeductions for medical
expenses, theft and casualty expenses, theft and casualty
losses,losses,
and investment interest wereand investment interest were
exempt fromexempt from
the the
limit. limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2001
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $45,200
$0 to $45,200
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
over $45,200 to $109,250
over $45,200 to $109,250
$6,780 + 27.5% of the amount over $45,200
$6,780 + 27.5% of the amount over $45,200
over $109,250 to $166,500
over $109,250 to $166,500
$24,394 + 30.5% of the amount over
$24,394 + 30.5% of the amount over
$109,250 $109,250
over $166,500 to $297,350
over $166,500 to $297,350
$41,855 + 35.5% of the amount over $166,500
$41,855 + 35.5% of the amount over $166,500
over $297,350
over $297,350
$88,307 + 39.1% of the amount over
$88,307 + 39.1% of the amount over
$297,350 $297,350
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $27,050
$0 to $27,050
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $27,050 to $65,550
over $27,050 to $65,550
$4,058 + 27.5% of the amount over $27,050
$4,058 + 27.5% of the amount over $27,050
over $65,550 to $136,750
over $65,550 to $136,750
$14,646 + 30.5% of the amount over
$14,646 + 30.5% of the amount over
$65,550 $65,550
over $136,750 to $297,350
over $136,750 to $297,350
$36,362 + 35.5% of the amount over
$36,362 + 35.5% of the amount over
$136,750 $136,750
over $297,350
over $297,350
$93,375 + 39.1% of the amount over
$93,375 + 39.1% of the amount over
$297,350 $297,350
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $36,250
$0 to $36,250
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $36,250 to $93,650
over $36,250 to $93,650
$5,438 + 27.5% of the amount over $36,250
$5,438 + 27.5% of the amount over $36,250
over $93,650 to $151,650
over $93,650 to $151,650
$21,223 + 30.5% of the amount over
$21,223 + 30.5% of the amount over
$93,650 $93,650
over $151,650 to $297,350
over $151,650 to $297,350
$38,913 + 35.5% of the amount over $151,650
$38,913 + 35.5% of the amount over $151,650
over $297,350
over $297,350
$90,637 + 39.1% of the amount over
$90,637 + 39.1% of the amount over
$297,350 $297,350
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2001-13. IRS Revenue Procedure 2001-13.
Table 2425. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
2000
Personal Exemption:
$2,800
$2,800
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
for every $2,500 a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
for every $2,500 a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
exceeded these amounts: exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$193,400
$193,400
Single
Single
$128,950
$128,950
Head of Household
Head of Household
$161,150
$161,150
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$7,350
$7,350
Single
Single
$4,400
$4,400
Head of Household
Head of Household
$6,450
$6,450
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
Joint
$850
$850
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,100
$1,100
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Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$128,950
$128,950
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income (AGI) exceeded income (AGI) exceeded
(for
(for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing separately) persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized
this amount, the itemized
deductions that could be deductions that could be
claimedclaimed
had to be reduced by the lesserhad to be reduced by the lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owableallowable itemized itemized
deductions, or 3% of the difference deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount. between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medicalDeductions for medical
expenses, theft and casualty expenses, theft and casualty
losses,losses,
and investment interest wereand investment interest were
exempt fromexempt from
the the
limit. limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 2000
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $43,850
$0 to $43,850
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $43,850 to $105,950
over $43,850 to $105,950
$6,578 + 28% of the amount over $43,850
$6,578 + 28% of the amount over $43,850
over $105,950 to $161,450
over $105,950 to $161,450
$23,966 + 31% of the amount over $105,950
$23,966 + 31% of the amount over $105,950
over $161,450 to $288,350
over $161,450 to $288,350
$41,171 + 36% of the amount over
$41,171 + 36% of the amount over
$161,450 $161,450
over $288,350
over $288,350
$86,855 + 39.6% of the amount over
$86,855 + 39.6% of the amount over
$288,350 $288,350
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $26,250
$0 to $26,250
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $26,250 to $63,550
over $26,250 to $63,550
$3,938 + 28% of the amount over
$3,938 + 28% of the amount over
$26,250 $26,250
over $63,550 to $132,600
over $63,550 to $132,600
$14,382 + 31% of the amount over $63,550
$14,382 + 31% of the amount over $63,550
over $132,600 to $288,350
over $132,600 to $288,350
$35,787 + 36% of the amount over $132,600
$35,787 + 36% of the amount over $132,600
over $288,350
over $288,350
$91,857 + 39.6% of the amount over
$91,857 + 39.6% of the amount over
$288,350 $288,350
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $35,150
$0 to $35,150
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $35,150 to $90,800
over $35,150 to $90,800
$5,273 + 28% of the amount over $35,150
$5,273 + 28% of the amount over $35,150
over $90,800 to $147,050
over $90,800 to $147,050
$20,855 + 31% of the amount over $90,800
$20,855 + 31% of the amount over $90,800
over $147,050 to $288,350
over $147,050 to $288,350
$38,292 + 36% of the amount over
$38,292 + 36% of the amount over
$147,050 $147,050
over $288,350
over $288,350
$89,160 + 39.6% of the amount over
$89,160 + 39.6% of the amount over
$288,350 $288,350
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 99-42. IRS Revenue Procedure 99-42.
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Table 25Table 26. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1999
Personal Exemption:
$2,750
$2,750
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts: income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$189,950
$189,950
Single
Single
$126,600
$126,600
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Head of Household Head of Household
$158,300
$158,300
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$7,200
$7,200
Single
Single
$4,300
$4,300
Head of Household
Head of Household
$6,350
$6,350
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
Joint
$850
$850
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,050
$1,050
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$126,600
$126,600
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income (AGI) exceeded income (AGI) exceeded
(for
(for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing separately) persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized
this amount, the itemized
deductions that could be deductions that could be
claimedclaimed
had to be reduced by the lesserhad to be reduced by the lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owableallowable itemized itemized
deductions, or 3% of the difference deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount. between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medicalDeductions for medical
expenses, theft and casualty expenses, theft and casualty
losses,losses,
and investment interest wereand investment interest were
exempt fromexempt from
the the
limit. limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1999
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $43,050
$0 to $43,050
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $43,050 to $104,050
over $43,050 to $104,050
$6,458 + 28% of the amount over $43,050
$6,458 + 28% of the amount over $43,050
over $104,050 to $158,550
over $104,050 to $158,550
$23,538 + 31% of the amount over $104,050
$23,538 + 31% of the amount over $104,050
over $158,550 to $283,150
over $158,550 to $283,150
$40,433 + 36% of the amount over
$40,433 + 36% of the amount over
$158,550 $158,550
over $283,150
over $283,150
$85,289 + 39.6% of the amount over
$85,289 + 39.6% of the amount over
$283,150 $283,150
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $25,750
$0 to $25,750
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $25,750 to $62,450
over $25,750 to $62,450
$3,863 + 28% of the amount over $25,750
$3,863 + 28% of the amount over $25,750
over $62,450 to $130,250
over $62,450 to $130,250
$14,139 + 31% of the amount over
$14,139 + 31% of the amount over
$62,450 $62,450
over $130,250 to $283,150
over $130,250 to $283,150
$35,157 + 36% of the amount over $130,250
$35,157 + 36% of the amount over $130,250
over $283,150
over $283,150
$90,201 + 39.6% of the amount over
$90,201 + 39.6% of the amount over
$283,150
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
$283,150
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $34,550
$0 to $34,550
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $34,550 to $89,150
over $34,550 to $89,150
$5,183 + 28% of the amount over $34,550
$5,183 + 28% of the amount over $34,550
over $89,150 to $144,400
over $89,150 to $144,400
$20,471 + 31% of the amount over $89,150
$20,471 + 31% of the amount over $89,150
over $144,400 to $283,150
over $144,400 to $283,150
$37,598 + 36% of the amount over
$37,598 + 36% of the amount over
$144,440 $144,440
over $283,150
over $283,150
$87,548 + 39.6% of the amount over
$87,548 + 39.6% of the amount over
$283,150 $283,150
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 98-61. IRS Revenue Procedure 98-61.
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Table 27Table 26. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1998
Personal Exemption:
$2,700
$2,700
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts: income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$186,800
$186,800
Single
Single
$124,500
$124,500
Head of Household
Head of Household
$155,650
$155,650
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$7,100
$7,100
Single
Single
$4,250
$4,250
Head of Household
Head of Household
$6,250
$6,250
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
Joint
$850
$850
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,050
$1,050
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$124,500
$124,500
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income (AGI) exceeded income (AGI) exceeded
(for
(for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing separately) persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized
this amount, the itemized
deductions that could be deductions that could be
claimedclaimed
had to be reduced by the lesserhad to be reduced by the lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owableallowable itemized itemized
deductions, or 3% of the difference deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount. between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medicalDeductions for medical
expenses, casualty and theft expenses, casualty and theft
losses,losses,
and investment interest wereand investment interest were
exempt fromexempt from
the the
limit. limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1998
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $42,350
$0 to $42,350
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $42,350 to $102,300
over $42,350 to $102,300
$6,353 + 28% of the amount over $42,350
$6,353 + 28% of the amount over $42,350
over $102,300 to $155,950
over $102,300 to $155,950
$23,139 + 31% of the amount over $102,300
$23,139 + 31% of the amount over $102,300
over $155,950 to $278,450
over $155,950 to $278,450
$39,770 + 36% of the amount over
$39,770 + 36% of the amount over
$155,950
Congressional Research Service
37
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
$155,950
over $278,450over $278,450
$83,870 + 39.6% of the amount over
$83,870 + 39.6% of the amount over
$278,450 $278,450
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $25,350
$0 to $25,350
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $25,350 to $61,400
over $25,350 to $61,400
$3,803 + 28% of the amount over $25,350
$3,803 + 28% of the amount over $25,350
over $61,400 to $128,100
over $61,400 to $128,100
$13,897 + 31% of the amount over $61,400
$13,897 + 31% of the amount over $61,400
over $128,100 to $278,450
over $128,100 to $278,450
$34,574 + 36% of the amount over
$34,574 + 36% of the amount over
$128,100 $128,100
over $278,450
over $278,450
$88,700 + 39.6% of the amount over
$88,700 + 39.6% of the amount over
$278,450
Head-of-Household $278,450
Congressional Research Service
38
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $33,950
$0 to $33,950
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $33,950 to $87,700
over $33,950 to $87,700
$5,093 + 28% of the amount over $33,950
$5,093 + 28% of the amount over $33,950
over $87,700 to $142,000
over $87,700 to $142,000
$20,143 + 31% of the amount over $87,700
$20,143 + 31% of the amount over $87,700
over $142,000 to $278,450
over $142,000 to $278,450
$36,976+ 36% of the amount over $142,000
$36,976+ 36% of the amount over $142,000
over $278,450
over $278,450
$86,098 + 39.6% of the amount over
$86,098 + 39.6% of the amount over
$278,450 $278,450
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 97-57. IRS Revenue Procedure 97-57.
Table 2728. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1997
Personal Exemption:
$2,650
$2,650
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts: income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$181,800
$181,800
Single
Single
$121,200
$121,200
Head of Household
Head of Household
$151,500
$151,500
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$6,900
$6,900
Single
Single
$4,150
$4,150
Head of Household
Head of Household
$6,050
$6,050
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
Joint
$800
$800
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,000
$1,000
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$121,200
$121,200
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income (AGI) exceeded income (AGI) exceeded
(for
(for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing separately) persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized
this amount, the itemized
deductions that could be deductions that could be
claimedclaimed
had to be reduced by the lesserhad to be reduced by the lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owable itemized
allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the difference deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount: between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount:
Congressional Research Service
38
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Statutory Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1997
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $41,200
$0 to $41,200
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $41,200 to $99,600
over $41,200 to $99,600
$6,180 + 28% of the amount over $41,200
$6,180 + 28% of the amount over $41,200
over $99,600 to $151,750
over $99,600 to $151,750
$22,532 + 31% of the amount over $99,600
$22,532 + 31% of the amount over $99,600
over $151,750 to $271,050
over $151,750 to $271,050
$38,699 + 36% of the amount over
$38,699 + 36% of the amount over
$151,750 $151,750
over $271,050
over $271,050
$81,647 + 39.6% of the amount over
$81,647 + 39.6% of the amount over
$271,050
$271,050
Congressional Research Service
39
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $ 24,650
$0 to $ 24,650
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $24,650 to $ 59,750
over $24,650 to $ 59,750
$3,698 + 28% of the amount over $24,650
$3,698 + 28% of the amount over $24,650
over $59,750 to $ 124,650
over $59,750 to $ 124,650
$13,526 + 31% of the amount over $59,750
$13,526 + 31% of the amount over $59,750
over $124,650 to $ 271,050
over $124,650 to $ 271,050
$33,645 + 36% of the amount over $124,650
$33,645 + 36% of the amount over $124,650
over $271,050
over $271,050
$86,349 + 39.6% of the amount over
$86,349 + 39.6% of the amount over
$271,050 $271,050
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $33,050
$0 to $33,050
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $33,050 to $83,350
over $33,050 to $83,350
$4,958 + 28% of the amount over $33,050
$4,958 + 28% of the amount over $33,050
over $83,350 to $138,200
over $83,350 to $138,200
$19,602 + 31% of the amount over $85,350
$19,602 + 31% of the amount over $85,350
over $138,200 to $271,050
over $138,200 to $271,050
$35,986 + 36% of the amount over
$35,986 + 36% of the amount over
$138,200 $138,200
over $271,050
over $271,050
$83,812 + 39.6% of the amount over
$83,812 + 39.6% of the amount over
$271,050 $271,050
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 96-63. IRS Revenue Procedure 96-63.
Table 2829. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1996
Personal Exemption:
$2,550
$2,550
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts: income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$176,950
$176,950
Single
Single
$117,950
$117,950
Head of Household
Head of Household
$147,450
$147,450
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$6,700
$6,700
Single
Single
$4,000
$4,000
Head of Household
Head of Household
$5,900
$5,900
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly
or the Blind:
Congressional Research Service
39
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Joint Joint
$800
$800
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$1,000
$1,000
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$117,950
$117,950
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income (AGI) exceeded income (AGI) exceeded
(for
(for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing separately) persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized
this amount, the itemized
deductions that could be deductions that could be
claimed
claimed had to be reduced by the lesserhad to be reduced by the lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owable itemized allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the difference deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount. between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medicalDeductions for medical
expenses, casualty and theft expenses, casualty and theft
losses,losses,
and investment interest wereand investment interest were
exempt fromexempt from
the limit.
Congressional Research Service
40
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
the limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1996
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $40,100
$0 to $40,100
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $40,100 to $96,900
over $40,100 to $96,900
$6,015 + 28% of the amount over $40,100
$6,015 + 28% of the amount over $40,100
over $96,900 to $147,700
over $96,900 to $147,700
$21,919 + 31% of the amount over $96,900
$21,919 + 31% of the amount over $96,900
over $147,700 to $263,750
over $147,700 to $263,750
$37,667 + 36% of the amount over
$37,667 + 36% of the amount over
$147,700 $147,700
over $263,750
over $263,750
$79,445 + 39.6% of the amount over
$79,445 + 39.6% of the amount over
$263,750 $263,750
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $24,000
$0 to $24,000
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $24,000 to $58,150
over $24,000 to $58,150
$3,600 + 28% of the amount over $24,000
$3,600 + 28% of the amount over $24,000
over $58,150 to $121,300
over $58,150 to $121,300
$13,162 + 31% of the amount over $58,150
$13,162 + 31% of the amount over $58,150
over $121,300 to $263,750
over $121,300 to $263,750
$32,739 + 36% of the amount over $121,300
$32,739 + 36% of the amount over $121,300
over $263,750
over $263,750
$84,021 + 39.6% of the amount over
$84,021 + 39.6% of the amount over
$263,750 $263,750
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $32,150
$0 to $32,150
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $32,150 to $83,050
over $32,150 to $83,050
$4,823 + 28% of the amount over $32,150
$4,823 + 28% of the amount over $32,150
over $83,050 to $134,500
over $83,050 to $134,500
$19,075 + 31% of the amount over $83,050
$19,075 + 31% of the amount over $83,050
over $134,500 to $263,750
over $134,500 to $263,750
$35,025 + 36% of the amount over
$35,025 + 36% of the amount over
$134,500 $134,500
over $263,750
over $263,750
$81,555 + 39.6% of the amount over
$81,555 + 39.6% of the amount over
$263,750 $263,750
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 95-53. IRS Revenue Procedure 95-53.
Congressional Research Service
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Table 29Table 30. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions. Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1995
Personal Exemption:
$2,500
$2,500
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts: income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$172,050
$172,050
Single
Single
$114,700
$114,700
Head of Household
Head of Household
$143,350
$143,350
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$6,550
$6,550
Single
Single
$3,900
$3,900
Head of Household
Head of Household
$5,750
$5,750
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Congressional Research Service
41
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
Joint
$750
$750
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$950
$950
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$114,700
$114,700
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income was greaterincome was greater
than than
($57,350 for married
($57,350 for married
persons filing separately) persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized
this amount, the itemized
deductions that could be deductions that could be
claimedclaimed
had to be reduced by the lesserhad to be reduced by the lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owable itemized allowable itemized deductions, or 3% of the difference deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount. between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medicalDeductions for medical
expenses, theft and casualty expenses, theft and casualty
losses,losses,
and investment interest wereand investment interest were
exempt fromexempt from
the the
limit. limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1995
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $39,000
$0 to $39,000
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $39,000 to $94,250
over $39,000 to $94,250
$5,850 + 28% of the amount over
$5,850 + 28% of the amount over
$39,000 $39,000
over $94,250 to $143,600
over $94,250 to $143,600
$21,320 + 31% of the amount over $94,250
$21,320 + 31% of the amount over $94,250
over $143,600 to $256,500
over $143,600 to $256,500
$36,619 + 36% of the amount over
$36,619 + 36% of the amount over
$143,600 $143,600
over $256,500
over $256,500
$77,263 + 39.6% of the amount over
$77,263 + 39.6% of the amount over
$256,500 $256,500
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $23,350
$0 to $23,350
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $23,350 to $56,550
over $23,350 to $56,550
$3,503 + 28% of the amount over $23,350
$3,503 + 28% of the amount over $23,350
over $56,550 to $117,950
over $56,550 to $117,950
$12,799 + 31% of the amount over $56,550
$12,799 + 31% of the amount over $56,550
over $117,950 to $256,500
over $117,950 to $256,500
$31,833 + 36% of the amount over $117,950
$31,833 + 36% of the amount over $117,950
over $256,500
over $256,500
$81,711 + 39.6% of the amount over
$81,711 + 39.6% of the amount over
$256,500
Congressional Research Service
41
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
$256,500
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $31,250
$0 to $31,250
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $31,250 to $80,750
over $31,250 to $80,750
$4,688 + 28% of the amount over $31,250
$4,688 + 28% of the amount over $31,250
over $80,750 to $130,800
over $80,750 to $130,800
$18,548 + 31% of the amount over $80,750
$18,548 + 31% of the amount over $80,750
over $130,800 to $256,500
over $130,800 to $256,500
$34,063 + 36% of the amount over
$34,063 + 36% of the amount over
$130,800 $130,800
over $256,500
over $256,500
$79,315 + 39.6% of the amount over
$79,315 + 39.6% of the amount over
$256,500 $256,500
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 94-72. IRS Revenue Procedure 94-72.
Congressional Research Service
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Table 31Table 30. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1994
Personal Exemption:
$2,450
$2,450
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts: income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$167,700
$167,700
Single
Single
$111,800
$111,800
Head of Household
Head of Household
$139,750
$139,750
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$6,350
$6,350
Single
Single
$3,800
$3,800
Head of Household
Head of Household
$5,600
$5,600
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
Joint
$750
$750
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$950
$950
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$111,800
$111,800
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income (AGI) exceeded income (AGI) exceeded
(for
(for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing separately) persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized
this amount, the itemized
deductions that could be deductions that could be
claimedclaimed
had to be reduced by the lesserhad to be reduced by the lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owableallowable itemized itemized
deductions, or 3% of the difference deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount. between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medicalDeductions for medical
expenses, casualty and theft expenses, casualty and theft
losses,losses,
and investment interest wereand investment interest were
exempt fromexempt from
the the
limit.limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1994
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $38,000
$0 to $38,000
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $38,000 to $91,850
over $38,000 to $91,850
$5,700 + 28% of the amount over $38,000
$5,700 + 28% of the amount over $38,000
over $91,850 to $140,000
over $91,850 to $140,000
$20,778 + 31% of the amount over $91,850
$20,778 + 31% of the amount over $91,850
over $140,000 to $250,000
over $140,000 to $250,000
$35,705 + 36% of the amount over
$35,705 + 36% of the amount over
$140,000
Congressional Research Service
42
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
$140,000
over $250,000over $250,000
$75,305 + 39.6% of the amount over
$75,305 + 39.6% of the amount over
$250,000 $250,000
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $22,750
$0 to $22,750
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $22,750 to $55,100
over $22,750 to $55,100
$3,413 + 28% of the amount over $22,750
$3,413 + 28% of the amount over $22,750
over $55,100 to $115,000
over $55,100 to $115,000
$12,471 + 31% of the amount over $55,100
$12,471 + 31% of the amount over $55,100
over $115,000 to $250,000
over $115,000 to $250,000
$31,040 + 36% of the amount over $115,000
$31,040 + 36% of the amount over $115,000
over $250,000
over $250,000
$79,640 + 39.6% of the amount over
$79,640 + 39.6% of the amount over
$250,000
Head-of-Household $250,000
Congressional Research Service
43
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $30,500
$0 to $30,500
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $30,500 to $78,700
over $30,500 to $78,700
$4,575 + 28% of the amount over $30,500
$4,575 + 28% of the amount over $30,500
over $78,700 to $127,500
over $78,700 to $127,500
$18,071 + 31% of the amount over $78,750
$18,071 + 31% of the amount over $78,750
over $127,500 to $250,000
over $127,500 to $250,000
$33,199 + 36% of the amount over
$33,199 + 36% of the amount over
$127,500 $127,500
over $250,000
over $250,000
$77,299 + 39.6% of the amount over
$77,299 + 39.6% of the amount over
$250,000 $250,000
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 93-49. IRS Revenue Procedure 93-49.
Table 3132. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, and
Statutory Marginal Tax Rates, 1993
Personal Exemption:
$2,350
$2,350
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts: income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$162,700
$162,700
Single
Single
$108,450
$108,450
Head of Household
Head of Household
$135,600
$135,600
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$6,200
$6,200
Single
Single
$3,700
$3,700
Head of Household
Head of Household
$5,450
$5,450
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
Joint
$700
$700
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$900
$900
Congressional Research Service
43
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$108,450
$108,450
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income (AGI) exceeded income (AGI) exceeded
(for
(for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing separately) persons filing separately)
this amount, the itemized
this amount, the itemized
deductions that could be deductions that could be
claimedclaimed
had to be reduced by the lesserhad to be reduced by the lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owableallowable itemized itemized
deductions, or 3% of the difference deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount. between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions for medicalDeductions for medical
expenses, theft and casualty expenses, theft and casualty
losses,losses,
and investment interest wereand investment interest were
exempt fromexempt from
the the
limit. limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1993
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $36,900
$0 to $36,900
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $36,900 to $89,150
over $36,900 to $89,150
$5,535 + 28% of the amount over $36,900
$5,535 + 28% of the amount over $36,900
over $89,150 to $140,000
over $89,150 to $140,000
$20,165 + 31% of the amount over $89,150
$20,165 + 31% of the amount over $89,150
over $140,000 to $250,000
over $140,000 to $250,000
$35,929 + 36% of the amount over $140,000
$35,929 + 36% of the amount over $140,000
over $250,000
over $250,000
$75,529 + 39.6% of the amount over
$75,529 + 39.6% of the amount over
$250,000
$250,000
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $22,100
$0 to $22,100
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $22,100 to $53,500
over $22,100 to $53,500
$3,315 + 28% of the amount over $22,100
$3,315 + 28% of the amount over $22,100
over $53,500 to $115,000
over $53,500 to $115,000
$12,107 + 31% of the amount over $53,500
$12,107 + 31% of the amount over $53,500
over $115,000 to $250,000
over $115,000 to $250,000
$31,172 + 36% of the amount over $115,000
$31,172 + 36% of the amount over $115,000
over $250,000
over $250,000
$79,772 + 39.6% of the amount over
$79,772 + 39.6% of the amount over
$250,000 $250,000
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $29,600
$0 to $29,600
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $29,600 to $76,400
over $29,600 to $76,400
$4,440 + 28% of the amount over $29,600
$4,440 + 28% of the amount over $29,600
over $76,400 to $127,500
over $76,400 to $127,500
$17,544 + 31% of the amount over $76,400
$17,544 + 31% of the amount over $76,400
over $127,500 to $250,000
over $127,500 to $250,000
$33,385 + 36% of the amount over $127,500
$33,385 + 36% of the amount over $127,500
over $250,000
over $250,000
$77,485 + 39.6% of the amount over
$77,485 + 39.6% of the amount over
$250,000 $250,000
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 92-102. IRS Revenue Procedure 92-102.
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Table 32Table 33. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1992
Personal Exemption:
$2,300
$2,300
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts: income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$157,900
$157,900
Single
Single
$105,250
$105,250
Head of Household
Head of Household
$131,550
$131,550
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$6,000
$6,000
Single
Single
$3,600
$3,600
Head of Household
Head of Household
$5,250
$5,250
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
Joint
$700
$700
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$900
$900
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$105,250 (for
$105,250 (for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing persons filing
separately)
separately)
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income (AGI) exceeded income (AGI) exceeded
this amount, the itemizedthis amount, the itemized
deductions that could be deductions that could be
claimedclaimed
had to be reduced by the lesserhad to be reduced by the lesser
of 80% of of 80% of
al owableallowable itemized itemized
deductions, or 3% of the difference deductions, or 3% of the difference
between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount. between the taxpayer’s AGI and that amount.
Deductions medical expenses, casualty and theft losses, Deductions medical expenses, casualty and theft losses,
and investment interestand investment interest
were exempt from the were exempt from the
limitations. limitations.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1992
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $35,800
$0 to $35,800
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $35,800 to $86,500
over $35,800 to $86,500
$5,370 + 28% of the amount over $35,800
$5,370 + 28% of the amount over $35,800
over $86,500
over $86,500
$19,566 + 31% of the amount over $86,500
$19,566 + 31% of the amount over $86,500
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $21,450
$0 to $21,450
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $21,450 to $51,900
over $21,450 to $51,900
$3,218 + 28% of the amount over $21,450
$3,218 + 28% of the amount over $21,450
over $51,900
over $51,900
$11,744 + 31% of the amount over $51,900
$11,744 + 31% of the amount over $51,900
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $28,750
$0 to $28,750
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $28,750 to $74,150
over $28,750 to $74,150
$4,313 + 28% of the amount over $28,750
$4,313 + 28% of the amount over $28,750
over $74,150
over $74,150
$17,235 + 31% of the amount over $74,150
$17,235 + 31% of the amount over $74,150
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 91-65. IRS Revenue Procedure 91-65.
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Table 33Table 34. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, Limitation on Itemized
Deductions, Phaseout of Personal Exemption, and Statutory Marginal Tax Rates,
1991
Personal Exemption:
$2,150
$2,150
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
Personal exemption began to phase out at a rate of 2%
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
for every $2,500 that a taxpayer’s adjusted gross
income exceeded these amounts: income exceeded these amounts:
Joint
Joint
$150,000
$150,000
Single
Single
$100,000
$100,000
Head of Household
Head of Household
$125,000
$125,000
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$5,700
$5,700
Single
Single
$3,400
$3,400
Head of Household
Head of Household
$5,000
$5,000
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Congressional Research Service
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Additional Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
Joint
$650
$650
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$850
$850
Limitation on Itemized Deductions:
$100,000 (for
$100,000 (for
al filers all filers except marriedexcept married
persons filing persons filing
separately) separately)
If an individual’s
If an individual’s
adjusted grossadjusted gross
income exceeded this income exceeded this
amount, the itemizedamount, the itemized
deductions that could be claimed deductions that could be claimed
had to be reduced by the lesser
had to be reduced by the lesser
of al owable of allowable itemized itemized
deductions, or 3% of the difference between the deductions, or 3% of the difference between the
taxpayer’s AGI and that amount. Deductions for taxpayer’s AGI and that amount. Deductions for
medicalmedical
expenses, casualty and theft losses,expenses, casualty and theft losses,
and and
investment interest wereinvestment interest were
exempt fromexempt from
the limit. the limit.
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1991
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $34,000
$0 to $34,000
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $34,000 to $82,150
over $34,000 to $82,150
$5,100 + 28% of the amount over $34,000
$5,100 + 28% of the amount over $34,000
over $82,150
over $82,150
$18,582 + 31% of the amount over $82,150
$18,582 + 31% of the amount over $82,150
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $20,350
$0 to $20,350
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $20,350 to $49,300
over $20,350 to $49,300
$3,052.50 + 28% of the amount over
$3,052.50 + 28% of the amount over
$20,350 $20,350
over $49,300
over $49,300
$11,158.50 + 31% of the amount over $ 49,300
$11,158.50 + 31% of the amount over $ 49,300
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $27,300
$0 to $27,300
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $27,300 to $70,450
over $27,300 to $70,450
$4,095 + 28% of the amount over $27,300
$4,095 + 28% of the amount over $27,300
over $70,450
over $70,450
$16,177 + 31% of the amount over $70,450
$16,177 + 31% of the amount over $70,450
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 90-64. IRS Revenue Procedure 90-64.
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Table 34Table 35. Personal Exemption, Standard Deduction, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 1990
Personal Exemption:
$2,050
$2,050
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$5,450
$5,450
Single
Single
$3,250
$3,250
Head of Household
Head of Household
$4,750
$4,750
Additional Standard Deductions for the Standard Deductions for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
Joint
$650
$650
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$800
$800
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Statutory Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1990
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $32,450
$0 to $32,450
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $32,450 to $78,400
over $32,450 to $78,400
$3,867.50 + 28% of the amount over
$3,867.50 + 28% of the amount over
$32,450 $32,450
over $78,400 to $185,73
over $78,400 to $185,73
0a
$17,733.50 + 33% of the amount over $78,400
$17,733.50 + 33% of the amount over $78,400
over $185,730
over $185,730
$53,152.40 + 28% of the amount over $185,730
$53,152.40 + 28% of the amount over $185,730
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $19,450
$0 to $19,450
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $19,450 to $47,050
over $19,450 to $47,050
$2,917.50 + 28% of the amount over
$2,917.50 + 28% of the amount over
$19,450 $19,450
over $47,050 to $109,10
over $47,050 to $109,10
0a
$10,645.50 + 33% of the amount over $47,050
$10,645.50 + 33% of the amount over $47,050
over $109,100
over $109,100
$31,122.00 + 28% of the amount over $109,100
$31,122.00 + 28% of the amount over $109,100
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $26,050
$0 to $26,050
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $ 26,050 to $67,200
over $ 26,050 to $67,200
$3,907.50 + 28% of the amount over
$3,907.50 + 28% of the amount over
$26,050 $26,050
over $67,200 to $157,89
over $67,200 to $157,89
0a
$15,429.50 + 33% of the amount over $67,200
$15,429.50 + 33% of the amount over $67,200
over $157,890
over $157,890
$45,357.20 + 28% of the amount over $157,890
$45,357.20 + 28% of the amount over $157,890
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 90-7. IRS Revenue Procedure 90-7.
a. Implicit tax bracket, generated by the “tax bubble,” as described in text. The bracket’s upper bound a. Implicit tax bracket, generated by the “tax bubble,” as described in text. The bracket’s upper bound
depends on the number of exemptions
depends on the number of exemptions
claimed by the taxpayer. The example in this table assumesclaimed by the taxpayer. The example in this table assumes
one one
exemption for singleexemption for single
returns, two for the other statuses. returns, two for the other statuses.
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Table 35Table 36. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 1989
Personal Exemption:
$2,000
$2,000
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$5,200
$5,200
Single
Single
$3,100
$3,100
Head of Household
Head of Household
$4,550
$4,550
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
Joint
$600
$600
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$750
$750
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1989
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $30,950
$0 to $30,950
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $30,950 to $ 74,850
over $30,950 to $ 74,850
$4,642.50 + 28% of the amount over
$4,642.50 + 28% of the amount over
$30,950
$30,950
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over $ 74,850 to $177,72over $ 74,850 to $177,72
0a
$16,934.50 + 33% of the amount over $74,850
$16,934.50 + 33% of the amount over $74,850
over $177,720
over $177,720
$50,881.60 + 28% of the amount over $177,720
$50,881.60 + 28% of the amount over $177,720
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $18,550
$0 to $18,550
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $18,550 to $ 44,900
over $18,550 to $ 44,900
$2,782.50 + 28% of the amount over
$2,782.50 + 28% of the amount over
$18,550 $18,550
over $44,900 to $104,30
over $44,900 to $104,30
0a
$10,160.50 + 33% of the amount over $44,900
$10,160.50 + 33% of the amount over $44,900
over $104,300
over $104,300
$29,772.40 + 28% of the amount over $104,300
$29,772.40 + 28% of the amount over $104,300
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $24,850
$0 to $24,850
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $24,850 to $ 64,200
over $24,850 to $ 64,200
$ 3,727.50 + 28% of the amount over $ 24,850
$ 3,727.50 + 28% of the amount over $ 24,850
over $64,200 to $151,21
over $64,200 to $151,21
0a
$14,745.50 + 33% of the amount over $ 64,200
$14,745.50 + 33% of the amount over $ 64,200
over $151,210
over $151,210
$43,458.80 + 28% of the amount over $151,210
$43,458.80 + 28% of the amount over $151,210
Source: IRS Revenue Procedure 88-56. IRS Revenue Procedure 88-56.
a. Implicit tax bracket, generated by the “tax bubble,” as described in text. The bracket’s upper bound a. Implicit tax bracket, generated by the “tax bubble,” as described in text. The bracket’s upper bound
depends on the number of exemptions
depends on the number of exemptions
claimed by the taxpayer. The example in this table assumesclaimed by the taxpayer. The example in this table assumes
one one
exemption for singleexemption for single
returns, two for the other statuses. returns, two for the other statuses.
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Table 36Table 37. Personal Exemptions, Standard Deductions, and Statutory Marginal Tax
Rates, 1988
Personal Exemption:
$1,950
$1,950
Standard Deduction:
Joint
Joint
$5,000
$5,000
Single
Single
$3,000
$3,000
Head of Household
Head of Household
$4,400
$4,400
Additional Standard Deduction for the Elderly Standard Deduction for the Elderly or the Blind:
Joint
Joint
$600
$600
Single/Head of Household
Single/Head of Household
$750
$750
Statutory Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1988
Joint Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $29,750
$0 to $29,750
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $29,750 to $71,900
over $29,750 to $71,900
$4,462.50 + 28% of the amount over
$4,462.50 + 28% of the amount over
$29,750 $29,750
over $71,900 to $171,09
over $71,900 to $171,09
0a
$16,264.50 + 33% of the amount over $71,900
$16,264.50 + 33% of the amount over $71,900
over $171,090
over $171,090
$47,905.20 + 28% of the amount over $171,090
$47,905.20 + 28% of the amount over $171,090
Single Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $17,850
$0 to $17,850
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
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over $17,850 to $43,150 over $17,850 to $43,150
$2,677.50 + 28% of the amount over
$2,677.50 + 28% of the amount over
$17,850 $17,850
over $43,150 to $100,48
over $43,150 to $100,48
0a
$9,761.50 + 33% of the amount over
$9,761.50 + 33% of the amount over
$43,150 $43,150
over $100,480
over $100,480
$28,134.40 + 28% of the amount over $100,480
$28,134.40 + 28% of the amount over $100,480
Head-of-Household Returns
If
If
taxable income is: is:
Then,
Then,
tax is: is:
$0 to $23,900
$0 to $23,900
15% of the amount over $0
15% of the amount over $0
over $23,900 to $61,650
over $23,900 to $61,650
$3,585 + 28% of the amount over $23,900
$3,585 + 28% of the amount over $23,900
over $61,650 to $145,63
over $61,650 to $145,63
0a
$14,155 + 33% of the amount over $61,650
$14,155 + 33% of the amount over $61,650
over $145,630
over $145,630
$40,776.40 + 28% of the amount over $145,630
$40,776.40 + 28% of the amount over $145,630
Source: IRS Form IRS Form
1040 Instructions, 1988. 1040 Instructions, 1988.
a. Implicit tax bracket, generated by the “tax bubble,” as described in text. The bracket’s upper bound a. Implicit tax bracket, generated by the “tax bubble,” as described in text. The bracket’s upper bound
depends on the number of exemptions
depends on the number of exemptions
claimed by the taxpayer. The example in this table assumesclaimed by the taxpayer. The example in this table assumes
one one
exemption for singleexemption for single
returns, two for the other statuses. returns, two for the other statuses.
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Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption
Appendix. Brief Summary of Major Legislation
Affecting Individual Statutory Rates Since 1986
Tax Reform Act of 1986
The current federal individual income tax is largely a product of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 The current federal individual income tax is largely a product of the Tax Reform Act of 1986
(TRA86; P.L. 99-514). Among the many changes it made to the federal tax code, TRA86 (TRA86; P.L. 99-514). Among the many changes it made to the federal tax code, TRA86
simplified the individualsimplified the individual
income tax rate structure for tax years beginning in 1988 by replacing income tax rate structure for tax years beginning in 1988 by replacing
the 14 statutory rates from the 1985 and 1986 tax years with two such rates: 15% and 28%the 14 statutory rates from the 1985 and 1986 tax years with two such rates: 15% and 28%
.. Table
3637 shows key elements of the 1988 tax rate structure. These rates applied shows key elements of the 1988 tax rate structure. These rates applied
equal yequally to capital to capital
income as income as
wel well as to labor income. as to labor income.
In addition, TRA86 established a 5% surcharge on the taxable income of certain upper-income
In addition, TRA86 established a 5% surcharge on the taxable income of certain upper-income
households. This surcharge effectively created a 33% statutory tax rate: a 28% statutory tax rate households. This surcharge effectively created a 33% statutory tax rate: a 28% statutory tax rate
plus a 5% surcharge. plus a 5% surcharge.
Because the surcharge phased in over a certain range of income and then phased out as income
Because the surcharge phased in over a certain range of income and then phased out as income
increased, statutory tax rates rose to 33% but then increased, statutory tax rates rose to 33% but then
fel fell back to 28%, producing an income tax rate back to 28%, producing an income tax rate
“bubble.” The purpose of the surcharge was two-fold: (1) to prevent TRA86 from changing the “bubble.” The purpose of the surcharge was two-fold: (1) to prevent TRA86 from changing the
distribution of the income tax burden among income groups, relative to pre-1986 tax law, and (2) distribution of the income tax burden among income groups, relative to pre-1986 tax law, and (2)
to meet specific revenue targets. to meet specific revenue targets.
More
More
specifical yspecifically, the surcharge erased the tax savings from the 15% tax bracket and the personal , the surcharge erased the tax savings from the 15% tax bracket and the personal
exemption for upper-income households. For joint returns in 1988, the phaseout of the 15% tax exemption for upper-income households. For joint returns in 1988, the phaseout of the 15% tax
rate started when taxable income exceeded $71,900 and ended when it reached $149,250. For rate started when taxable income exceeded $71,900 and ended when it reached $149,250. For
single returns, the 15% tax bracket phased out between $47,050 and $97,620. For heads of single returns, the 15% tax bracket phased out between $47,050 and $97,620. For heads of
households, the phaseout occurred between $67,200 and $134,930.households, the phaseout occurred between $67,200 and $134,930.
The phaseout of the personal exemption started immediately after the phaseout of the 15% tax
The phaseout of the personal exemption started immediately after the phaseout of the 15% tax
bracket and occurred bracket and occurred
sequential ysequentially for each exemption. This meant that the taxable income range for each exemption. This meant that the taxable income range
over which the 5% surcharge offset personal exemptions depended on the number of personal over which the 5% surcharge offset personal exemptions depended on the number of personal
exemptions claimed on the tax return. For example, on a joint return claiming two personal exemptions claimed on the tax return. For example, on a joint return claiming two personal
exemptions, the 5% surcharge would apply to taxable income between $149,250 and $171,090 exemptions, the 5% surcharge would apply to taxable income between $149,250 and $171,090
($149,250 plus two times $10,920). On a joint return with four personal exemptions, the 5% ($149,250 plus two times $10,920). On a joint return with four personal exemptions, the 5%
surcharge would apply to taxable income between $149,250 and $192,930 ($149,250 plus four surcharge would apply to taxable income between $149,250 and $192,930 ($149,250 plus four
times $10,920). times $10,920).
To
To
il ustrateillustrate how the 5% surcharge worked to “phase out” the tax benefits of the 15% tax bracket, how the 5% surcharge worked to “phase out” the tax benefits of the 15% tax bracket,
consider the following example based on a joint return for 1988. The difference between taxing consider the following example based on a joint return for 1988. The difference between taxing
the first $29,750 of taxable income at 28% instead of 15% was $3,867.50 (obtained as $29,750 the first $29,750 of taxable income at 28% instead of 15% was $3,867.50 (obtained as $29,750
multipliedmultiplied
by 13%, the difference between 28% and 15%). Five percent of the difference between by 13%, the difference between 28% and 15%). Five percent of the difference between
the upper and lower phaseout limits also equaled $3,867.50 ($149,250 less $71,900 multiplied by the upper and lower phaseout limits also equaled $3,867.50 ($149,250 less $71,900 multiplied by
5%). Hence, assessing the 5% surcharge on taxable income between $78,400 and $162,770 was 5%). Hence, assessing the 5% surcharge on taxable income between $78,400 and $162,770 was
equivalent to taxing the first $32,450 of taxable income at 28% rather than 15%. equivalent to taxing the first $32,450 of taxable income at 28% rather than 15%.
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990
The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA90, P.L. 99-514) added a third statutory The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA90, P.L. 99-514) added a third statutory
rate to the two rates from previous law. The rates were 15%, 28%, and 31% and applied to tax rate to the two rates from previous law. The rates were 15%, 28%, and 31% and applied to tax
years beginning in 1991 and thereafter (years beginning in 1991 and thereafter (
seesee Table 3334). OBRA90 eliminated. OBRA90 eliminated
the tax rate bubble the tax rate bubble
created by TRA86, and replaced it with a limitationcreated by TRA86, and replaced it with a limitation
on itemized deductions (often referred to as on itemized deductions (often referred to as
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the Pease limitation)
the Pease limitation)
and a different method for phasing out the personal exemption for upper-and a different method for phasing out the personal exemption for upper-
income households. income households.
OBRA90
OBRA90
also reinstated separate tax rates for capital gains income. The act limited the tax on also reinstated separate tax rates for capital gains income. The act limited the tax on
capital gains income to a maximum of 28%, starting in 1991. TRA86 had taxed capital gains as capital gains income to a maximum of 28%, starting in 1991. TRA86 had taxed capital gains as
ordinary income, with a top effective rate of 33%. ordinary income, with a top effective rate of 33%.
OBRA90’s limitation
OBRA90’s limitation
on itemized deductions was based on a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income on itemized deductions was based on a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income
(AGI). From 1991 to 1995, (AGI). From 1991 to 1995,
al owableallowable deductions were reduced by 3% of the amount by which a deductions were reduced by 3% of the amount by which a
taxpayer’s AGI exceeded $100,000 (or $50,000 in the case of married couples filing separate taxpayer’s AGI exceeded $100,000 (or $50,000 in the case of married couples filing separate
returns). For example, if a taxpayer’s AGI in 1991 was $110,000, then her itemized deductions returns). For example, if a taxpayer’s AGI in 1991 was $110,000, then her itemized deductions
were reduced by $300 ($110,000 less $100,000 multiplied by .03). This provision effectively were reduced by $300 ($110,000 less $100,000 multiplied by .03). This provision effectively
raised the marginal tax rate for affected taxpayers by approximately one percentage point. A raised the marginal tax rate for affected taxpayers by approximately one percentage point. A
dollar of income in excess of $100,000 was taxed as if it were $1.03, since in addition to the tax dollar of income in excess of $100,000 was taxed as if it were $1.03, since in addition to the tax
on an extra dollar of income, the taxpayer lost a tax deduction by givingon an extra dollar of income, the taxpayer lost a tax deduction by giving
up $0.03 of itemized up $0.03 of itemized
deductions. deductions.
This limitation
This limitation
was scheduled to expire after 1995 but was later extended. was scheduled to expire after 1995 but was later extended.
Al owableAllowable deductions deductions
for medical expenses, casualty and theft losses, and investment interest were not subject to this for medical expenses, casualty and theft losses, and investment interest were not subject to this
limitation. For tax years after 1991, the $100,000 threshold was indexed for inflation. limitation. For tax years after 1991, the $100,000 threshold was indexed for inflation.
OBRA90 phased out the tax benefits from the personal exemption for higher-income households.
OBRA90 phased out the tax benefits from the personal exemption for higher-income households.
Each personal exemption was phased out by a factor of 2% for each $2,500 (or fraction thereof) Each personal exemption was phased out by a factor of 2% for each $2,500 (or fraction thereof)
by which a taxpayer’s AGI exceeded a given threshold amount. In 1991, the threshold amounts by which a taxpayer’s AGI exceeded a given threshold amount. In 1991, the threshold amounts
were $150,000 for a joint return, $100,000 for a single return, and $125,000 for a head-of- were $150,000 for a joint return, $100,000 for a single return, and $125,000 for a head-of-
household return. Starting in 1992, these amounts were indexed for inflation. The phaseout household return. Starting in 1992, these amounts were indexed for inflation. The phaseout
provision was also scheduled to expire at the end of 1995. provision was also scheduled to expire at the end of 1995.
A simple example can
A simple example can
il ustrateillustrate how the personal exemption phaseout (PEP) increased affected how the personal exemption phaseout (PEP) increased affected
taxpayers’ tax burden. In 1991, a joint household whose AGI was $183,000 would have lost 28% taxpayers’ tax burden. In 1991, a joint household whose AGI was $183,000 would have lost 28%
of their total personal exemptions. The AGI amount in excess of the threshold in this instance of their total personal exemptions. The AGI amount in excess of the threshold in this instance
would have been $33,000, or $183,000 (AGI) minus the $150,000 threshold limit. The $33,000 would have been $33,000, or $183,000 (AGI) minus the $150,000 threshold limit. The $33,000
excess, divided by $2,500, would have produced a factor of 13.2, which would have been excess, divided by $2,500, would have produced a factor of 13.2, which would have been
rounded up to 14. This figure, multiplied by 2%, would have resulted in the final rounded up to 14. This figure, multiplied by 2%, would have resulted in the final
disal owancedisallowance rate of 28%. Hence, if the family had claimed two personal exemptions, which at $2,150 each rate of 28%. Hence, if the family had claimed two personal exemptions, which at $2,150 each
would have totaled $4,300, it would have been would have totaled $4,300, it would have been
al owedallowed to deduct $3,096 ($4,300 total personal to deduct $3,096 ($4,300 total personal
exemptions less the $1,204 exemptions less the $1,204
disal owancedisallowance, which is 28% of the total). , which is 28% of the total).
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993
The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (OBRA93, P.L. 103-66) made several changes The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (OBRA93, P.L. 103-66) made several changes
in the individualin the individual
marginal income tax rate structure. It added two new marginal tax rates: 36% marginal income tax rate structure. It added two new marginal tax rates: 36%
and 39.6%. The 39.6% rate was the result of adding a 10% surtax to the 36% rate for taxpayers and 39.6%. The 39.6% rate was the result of adding a 10% surtax to the 36% rate for taxpayers
with taxable incomes over $250,000 in 1993. with taxable incomes over $250,000 in 1993.
Although OBRA93
Although OBRA93
was enacted in August 1993, the new top two marginal rates were made was enacted in August 1993, the new top two marginal rates were made
effective retroactively to January 1, 1993. Affected taxpayers, however, were not assessed effective retroactively to January 1, 1993. Affected taxpayers, however, were not assessed
penalties for underpayment of 1993 taxes resulting from the retroactive rate increase. Taxpayers penalties for underpayment of 1993 taxes resulting from the retroactive rate increase. Taxpayers
were also were also
al owedallowed to pay any additional to pay any additional
1993 taxes in three equal 1993 taxes in three equal
instal mentsinstallments over two years. over two years.
OBRA93 delayed indexation of the new top income tax brackets for one year. Hence, the dollar
OBRA93 delayed indexation of the new top income tax brackets for one year. Hence, the dollar
amounts for the 36% and 39.6% tax brackets remained the same in 1993 and 1994. amounts for the 36% and 39.6% tax brackets remained the same in 1993 and 1994.
Final y
Finally, OBRA93 made permanent both the Pease limitation and the PEP., OBRA93 made permanent both the Pease limitation and the PEP.
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Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001
The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA, P.L. 107-16) made The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA, P.L. 107-16) made
several major changes to the marginal tax rate structure. Many of the act’s provisions were set to several major changes to the marginal tax rate structure. Many of the act’s provisions were set to
phase in over several years, but subsequent legislation overrode the initialphase in over several years, but subsequent legislation overrode the initial
timeline. timeline.
Al All EGTRRA EGTRRA
provisions, as amended, were set to expire at the end of 2010. provisions, as amended, were set to expire at the end of 2010.
First, the 2001 act created a new 10% bracket. It applied, beginning in 2002, to the first $12,000
First, the 2001 act created a new 10% bracket. It applied, beginning in 2002, to the first $12,000
of taxable income for married couples filing jointly, the first $10,000 of taxable income for heads of taxable income for married couples filing jointly, the first $10,000 of taxable income for heads
of households, and the first $6,000 of taxable income for single individuals. For tax year 2001, of households, and the first $6,000 of taxable income for single individuals. For tax year 2001,
the act created a “rate reduction tax credit,” mimicking the effects of the 10% tax rate bracket for the act created a “rate reduction tax credit,” mimicking the effects of the 10% tax rate bracket for
most taxpayers.15 EGTRRA most taxpayers.15 EGTRRA
gradual ygradually expanded the bracket from 2003 to 2007. expanded the bracket from 2003 to 2007.
Second, the 2001 act
Second, the 2001 act
gradual ygradually reduced the top four marginal income tax rates. Under prior law, reduced the top four marginal income tax rates. Under prior law,
the top four marginal tax rates were 28%, 31%, 36%, and 39.6%. When its provisions were fully the top four marginal tax rates were 28%, 31%, 36%, and 39.6%. When its provisions were fully
phased in, the 2001 act reduced the top four marginal income tax rates to 25%, 28%, 33%, and phased in, the 2001 act reduced the top four marginal income tax rates to 25%, 28%, 33%, and
35%. The reductions were scheduled to phase in between 2001 and 2006; subsequent legislation 35%. The reductions were scheduled to phase in between 2001 and 2006; subsequent legislation
accelerated their phase-in schedule. accelerated their phase-in schedule.
Third, EGTRRA repealed the limitation
Third, EGTRRA repealed the limitation
on itemized deductions and personal exemptions for on itemized deductions and personal exemptions for
high-income taxpayers. The repeal was phased in between 2006 and 2009. The limitation was high-income taxpayers. The repeal was phased in between 2006 and 2009. The limitation was
completely repealed in 2010 but was scheduled to be reinstated in 2011, when EGTRRA’s tax completely repealed in 2010 but was scheduled to be reinstated in 2011, when EGTRRA’s tax
cuts were due to expire. cuts were due to expire.
Fourth, some of the act’s measures designed to reduce the marriage penalty affected the tax
Fourth, some of the act’s measures designed to reduce the marriage penalty affected the tax
bracket structure. The act increased the income range of the 15% tax bracket for married couples bracket structure. The act increased the income range of the 15% tax bracket for married couples
filing joint returns to twice the income range of the 15% tax bracket for single returns. Under filing joint returns to twice the income range of the 15% tax bracket for single returns. Under
EGTRRA, this provision was scheduled to phase in from 2005 to 2008, but subsequent legislation EGTRRA, this provision was scheduled to phase in from 2005 to 2008, but subsequent legislation
sped up the phase-in. Under EGTRRA, the upper dollar limit of the 15% tax bracket for joint sped up the phase-in. Under EGTRRA, the upper dollar limit of the 15% tax bracket for joint
returns was set at 180% of the upper dollar limitreturns was set at 180% of the upper dollar limit
of the 15% tax bracket for single returns in 2005, of the 15% tax bracket for single returns in 2005,
187% of that limit187% of that limit
in 2006, 193% of that limit in 2007, and 200% of that limitin 2006, 193% of that limit in 2007, and 200% of that limit
in 2008 and in 2008 and
subsequent years. subsequent years.
Final yFinally, the 2001 act increased the standard deduction for joint returns to twice the size of the , the 2001 act increased the standard deduction for joint returns to twice the size of the
standard deduction for single returns. standard deduction for single returns.
Initial yInitially, the increase was scheduled to be phased in , the increase was scheduled to be phased in
between 2005 to 2009, but subsequent laws accelerated the process. This had the effect of raising between 2005 to 2009, but subsequent laws accelerated the process. This had the effect of raising
the lower income threshold of the lowest tax bracket for married taxpayers. the lower income threshold of the lowest tax bracket for married taxpayers.
Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003
The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (JGTRRA, P.L. 108-27) accelerated The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (JGTRRA, P.L. 108-27) accelerated
several changes to the individualseveral changes to the individual
income tax rate structure made by EGTRRA. It moved forward income tax rate structure made by EGTRRA. It moved forward
to 2003 the tax rate reductions, the expansion of the 10% tax bracket, and the widening of the to 2003 the tax rate reductions, the expansion of the 10% tax bracket, and the widening of the
15% tax bracket for joint returns to make it double the 15% tax bracket for single returns. Under 15% tax bracket for joint returns to make it double the 15% tax bracket for single returns. Under
EGTRRA, some of these changes would not have been fully phased in until 2009. EGTRRA, some of these changes would not have been fully phased in until 2009.
JGTRRA also lowered the top tax rate for long-term capital gains and dividends to 15% and set a
JGTRRA also lowered the top tax rate for long-term capital gains and dividends to 15% and set a
rate of 0% for certain low-income taxpayers. rate of 0% for certain low-income taxpayers.
15 For more information see archived CRS15 For more information see archived CRS
Report RS21171, Report RS21171,
The Rate Reduction Tax Credit - “The Tax Rebate” - in
the Econom icEconomic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001: A Brief Explanation, by Steven Maguire. , by Steven Maguire.
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Working Families Tax Relief Act of 2004
The Working Families Tax Relief Act of 2004 (WFTRA, P.L. 108-311) extended several tax The Working Families Tax Relief Act of 2004 (WFTRA, P.L. 108-311) extended several tax
provisions of JGTRRA that were scheduled to expire at the end of 2004. It extended the provisions of JGTRRA that were scheduled to expire at the end of 2004. It extended the
expansion of the 10% income tax bracket through 2007, at which point EGTRRA’s provisions expansion of the 10% income tax bracket through 2007, at which point EGTRRA’s provisions
would be fully phased in. would be fully phased in.
WFTRA also extended EGTRRA’s marriage penalty relief from 2005 to 2008. The standard
WFTRA also extended EGTRRA’s marriage penalty relief from 2005 to 2008. The standard
deduction for a married couple filing jointlydeduction for a married couple filing jointly
was set to be double the standard deduction for an was set to be double the standard deduction for an
unmarried single filer over that period. In addition, the act made the size of the 15% tax bracket unmarried single filer over that period. In addition, the act made the size of the 15% tax bracket
for joint filers double that of the tax bracket for single filers from 2005 to 2007. for joint filers double that of the tax bracket for single filers from 2005 to 2007.
Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005
JGTRRA’s reductions in tax rates for long-term capital gains and dividends were scheduled to JGTRRA’s reductions in tax rates for long-term capital gains and dividends were scheduled to
expire at the end of 2008. The Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 (TIPRA, expire at the end of 2008. The Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 (TIPRA,
P.L. 109-222) extended the reduced rates through 2010. P.L. 109-222) extended the reduced rates through 2010.
Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job
Creation Act of 2010
A last-minute agreement in 2010 between President Obama and congressional leaders from both A last-minute agreement in 2010 between President Obama and congressional leaders from both
parties cleared the way for another temporary extension of parties cleared the way for another temporary extension of
al all the Bush-era tax cuts. The Tax the Bush-era tax cuts. The Tax
Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 (TRUC, P.L. Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 (TRUC, P.L.
111-312) extended the cuts through 2012, along with several other tax provisions from previous 111-312) extended the cuts through 2012, along with several other tax provisions from previous
laws.16 laws.16
American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012
Facing a return of pre-EGTRRA statutory tax rates on January 1, 2013, Congress and President Facing a return of pre-EGTRRA statutory tax rates on January 1, 2013, Congress and President
Obama agreed on legislationObama agreed on legislation
(the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, P.L. 112-240) to (the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, P.L. 112-240) to
permanently extend permanently extend
al all of the individualof the individual
income tax rate cuts enacted during the George W. Bush income tax rate cuts enacted during the George W. Bush
presidency, except for the top rate, which returned to 39.6%, its level at the start of Bush’s first presidency, except for the top rate, which returned to 39.6%, its level at the start of Bush’s first
term. term.
The act also permanently extended the repeal of EGTRRA’s phaseout of the personal exemption,
The act also permanently extended the repeal of EGTRRA’s phaseout of the personal exemption,
but only for single filers with AGI of $250,000 or less ($300,000 or less for joint filers). but only for single filers with AGI of $250,000 or less ($300,000 or less for joint filers).
Taxpayers with AGIs above these inflation-adjusted amounts were Taxpayers with AGIs above these inflation-adjusted amounts were
stil still subject to the phaseout. subject to the phaseout.
The same treatment applied to EGTRRA’s repeal of the Pease limitation.The same treatment applied to EGTRRA’s repeal of the Pease limitation.
P.L. 115-97
Individual marginal income tax rates did not change again until the enactment of the 2017 tax Individual marginal income tax rates did not change again until the enactment of the 2017 tax
revision, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA, P.L. 115-97). The law revision, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA, P.L. 115-97). The law
changed a number of individual income tax provisions, including individualchanged a number of individual income tax provisions, including individual
tax rates and the tax rates and the
standard deduction. For tax years beginning in 2018 and ending before 2027, the individual standard deduction. For tax years beginning in 2018 and ending before 2027, the individual
16 For example, see changes made to the earned income tax credit and the child tax credit by the American Recovery 16 For example, see changes made to the earned income tax credit and the child tax credit by the American Recovery
and Reinvestment Act (P.L. 111-5) that TRUC extended. For more information, see CRSand Reinvestment Act (P.L. 111-5) that TRUC extended. For more information, see CRS
Report R44825, Report R44825,
The Earned
Incom eIncome Tax Credit (EITC): Legislative History, by Margot L. Crandall-Hollick, and, by Margot L. Crandall-Hollick, and
CRS CRS Report R45124, Report R45124,
The Child
Tax Credit: Legislative History,,
by Margot L. Crandall-Hollick. by Margot L. Crandall-Hollick.
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income tax rate structure consists of seven brackets: 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35%, and 37%.
income tax rate structure consists of seven brackets: 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35%, and 37%.
(The rates are scheduled to revert to their pre-2018 levels in 2026.)(The rates are scheduled to revert to their pre-2018 levels in 2026.)
For eligible
For eligible
individuals individuals receiving income from pass-through businesses (i.e., partnerships, S receiving income from pass-through businesses (i.e., partnerships, S
corporations, and sole proprietorships), these temporary statutory rates can be further reduced by corporations, and sole proprietorships), these temporary statutory rates can be further reduced by
taking a new temporary deduction created by the 2017 tax revision. Section 199A of the federal taking a new temporary deduction created by the 2017 tax revision. Section 199A of the federal
tax code tax code
al owsallows a pass-through business owner to deduct up to 20% of income from a qualified a pass-through business owner to deduct up to 20% of income from a qualified
trade or business in determining her or his individualtrade or business in determining her or his individual
income tax liability.17 income tax liability.17
The 2017 tax revision also made the following temporary changes in the individual income tax
The 2017 tax revision also made the following temporary changes in the individual income tax
from 2018 to 2025:from 2018 to 2025:
• It suspended the personal exemption. It suspended the personal exemption.
• It increased the standard deduction for nonitemizers in 2018 to $24,000 for joint It increased the standard deduction for nonitemizers in 2018 to $24,000 for joint
filers, $18,000 for head-of-household filers, and $12,000 for single filers and
filers, $18,000 for head-of-household filers, and $12,000 for single filers and
indexed each amount for inflation using the chained consumer price index for indexed each amount for inflation using the chained consumer price index for
urban consumers.18urban consumers.18
• It suspended the itemized deduction for It suspended the itemized deduction for
miscel aneousmiscellaneous expenses. expenses.
• It suspended the Pease limitation on itemized deductions for certain high-income It suspended the Pease limitation on itemized deductions for certain high-income
taxpayers.
taxpayers.
Author Information
Gary Guenther Gary Guenther
Analyst in Public Finance
Analyst in Public Finance
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should
n otnot be relied upon for purposes other be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or
material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to
copy or otherwise use copyrighted material. copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
17 As a result of the adjustment, the effective individual tax rates for qualified17 As a result of the adjustment, the effective individual tax rates for qualified
passthrough businesspassthrough business
income are 8.0%, income are 8.0%,
9.6%, 17.6%, 19.2%, 25.6%, 28.0%, and 29.6% for the 2018 to 2025 tax years. 9.6%, 17.6%, 19.2%, 25.6%, 28.0%, and 29.6% for the 2018 to 2025 tax years.
18 In 2017, the standard deduction was18 In 2017, the standard deduction was
$12,700 for joint filers, $9,350 for head-of-household filers, and $6,350 for $12,700 for joint filers, $9,350 for head-of-household filers, and $6,350 for
singlesingle
filers. filers.
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