Child Care Access Means Parents in Schools (CCAMPIS): In Brief
Child Care Access Means Parents in Schools
January 23, 2024
(CCAMPIS): In Brief
Adam K. Edgerton
Child Care Access Means Parents in School (CCAMPIS) grants are provided to institutions of
Analyst in Education Policy
higher education (IHEs) by the federal government to support or establish campus-based child
care services that primarily serve the needs of low-income students. CCAMPIS grants were first
funded in FY1999 after enactment of the Higher Education Amendments of 1998 (P.L. 105-244).
According to a nationally representative survey in academic year 2015-2016, 22% of undergraduate students and 31% of
graduate students were parents. Of the 3.8 million undergraduate students raising children while in college, 1.1 million were
Pell Grant recipients. The majority of undergraduate students who paid any child care costs spent $500 or less per month.
CCAMPIS grants are authorized by Title IV, Part A, Subpart 7 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA; P.L. 89-329, as
amended). Grants may be used for before- or after-school services, and low-income student-parents may receive CCAMPIS
benefits in addition to other federal child care benefits. For eligibility purposes, a low-income student-parent is any
undergraduate student-parent eligible to receive a federal Pell Grant, as well as any student-parent who would be eligible to
receive a Pell Grant except that they are enrolled in a graduate or professional degree program, or are a temporary visa
student.
The Department of Education (ED) conducts CCAMPIS grant competitions every four years. To be eligible, IHEs must
adhere to all Title IV requirements, and the total amount of Pell Grant funds awarded to students enrolled for the preceding
fiscal year must equal or exceed $250,000 when CCAMPIS appropriations exceed $20 million. Appropriations have
exceeded this amount since FY2018. To maximize the number of families served, grantees must leverage significant
institutional resources and use a sliding scale fee system. Applicants must submit plans for the child care facilities included in
their applications to become accredited within three years of receiving funds. The accreditation requirement is unique to
CCAMPIS compared to other federal child care programs, such as those authorized under the Child Care and Development
Block Grant of 1990 (CCDBG Act; P.L. 101-508, as amended), which do not typically mandate accreditation.
According to a 2019 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report using data from AY2016-2017, CCAMPIS helped
about 3,300 students who were parents pay for child care, and more than 4,000 children were on waiting lists. The median
monthly payment for students-parents was about $160, after receiving about $385 per month in CCAMPIS subsidies. After
years of fairly level funding from FY2011 to FY2017, CCAMPIS appropriations have been increasing, rising from $15
million in FY2017 to $75 million in FY2023. ED awarded 300 new awards in FY2022, which averaged $150,000 annually.
In the 117th Congress, two bills would have amended the program. H.R. 1911 would have increased the maximum award
from 1% to 2% of all Pell Grants awarded to enrolled students, increased the duration of grants from four to five years, and
created performance bonuses based on graduation rates and credits accumulated by beneficiaries. Performance reporting
would have become publicly available. S. 2625 would have increased the minimum amount to $75,000 (compared to $30,000
currently) and established a $2 million maximum (compared to no maximum currently). The legislation would have replaced
the use of a minimum amount of Pell Grant dollars awarded with a minimum number of 150 Pell recipients to establish
institutional eligibility.
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Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Characteristics of Undergraduate Pell Grant Recipient Student-Parents......................................... 1
CCAMPIS Awards ........................................................................................................................... 3
CCAMPIS Application Process ................................................................................................ 4
Grant Amounts .......................................................................................................................... 5
Uses of Grant Funds .................................................................................................................. 5
Accreditation and Licensure ..................................................................................................... 5
Annual Reporting ...................................................................................................................... 6
CCAMPIS Outcomes ...................................................................................................................... 6
Appropriations and Awards ............................................................................................................. 7
Recent Congressional Proposals ...................................................................................................... 8
H.R. 1911 .................................................................................................................................. 8
S. 2625 ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Figures
Figure 1. Share of Undergraduate Student-Parents by Pell Grant Recipient Status ........................ 2
Figure 2. Distribution of Monthly Dependent Care Fees Paid by Undergraduate Students
Who Had Dependent Children in Paid Child care, by Pell Grant Recipient Status ..................... 3
Figure 3. CCAMPIS Appropriations: FY2011-FY2023 .................................................................. 7
Tables
Table 1. Number and Average Size of CCAMPIS Awards: FY2021-FY2022 ................................ 8
Contacts
Author Information .......................................................................................................................... 9
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Child Care Access Means Parents in Schools (CCAMPIS): In Brief
Introduction
Student-parents face unique postsecondary persistence and completion challenges as they balance
raising children with the demands of coursework and possibly employment. To help low-income
student-parents earn degrees and credentials, the federal government provides Child Care Access
Means Parents in School (CCAMPIS) grants to institutions of higher educations (IHEs).
CCAMPIS grants support or establish campus-based child care services that primarily serve the
needs of low-income students. CCAMPIS was first funded in FY1999 after enactment of the
Higher Education Amendments of 1998 (P.L. 105-244).1
CCAMPIS grants are authorized by Title IV, Part A, Subpart 7 of the Higher Education Act of
1965 (HEA; P.L. 89-329, as amended). Grants may be used for before- or after-school services,
and low-income student-parents who benefit may still use other federal child care programs for
which they are eligible.2 For eligibility purposes, a low-income student-parent is any
undergraduate student-parent eligible to receive a federal Pell Grant, as well as any student-parent
who would be eligible to receive a Pell Grant except that they are enrolled in a graduate or
professional degree program, or are a temporary visa student.3
This report briefly describes the postsecondary undergraduate student-parent population and their
dependent care costs. It then provides an explanation of CCAMPIS eligibility and program
requirements. This is followed by a summary of program appropriations trends, program outcome
data, and recent congressional proposals to reauthorize and modify the program.
Characteristics of Undergraduate Pell Grant
Recipient Student-Parents
Every four years, the U.S. Department of Education’s (ED’s) National Center for Education
Statistics (NCES) conducts the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS). This
nationally representative survey examines the characteristics of students in postsecondary
education, with a special emphasis on how they finance their education.4 Data presented below
are from the NPSAS administered during academic year (AY) 2015-2016.
Data presented in the figures below compare the percentages of undergraduates who are student-
parents based on their Pell Grant recipient status. In AY2015-2016, 22% of undergraduate
students and 31% of graduate students were parents.5 The largest share of undergraduate student-
1 For more information on the history of CCAMPIS, see U.S. Department of Education, Office of Postsecondary
Education, A Profile of the Federal TRIO Programs and Child Care Access Means Parents in School Program,
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED499061.pdf.
2 The main federal law supporting child care programs for low-income working families is the Child Care and
Development Block Grant (CCDBG). See CRS Report RL30785, The Child Care and Development Block Grant:
Background and Funding.
3 HEA, §419N(7). For more information on federal Pell Grants, see CRS Report R45418, Federal Pell Grant Program
of the Higher Education Act: Primer.
4 For more information, see National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS), https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/npsas/.
5 U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Postsecondary Student Aid Study:
2016 Undergraduates (NPSAS:16UG); and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: 2016 Graduate (NPSAS:16GR). In AY2017-2018, there was a decline in
the share of undergraduate students who were parents (from 22% to 19%) but no change in the share of graduate
students who were parents. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National
(continued...)
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Child Care Access Means Parents in Schools (CCAMPIS): In Brief
parents who received Pell Grants attended public two-year institutions (33%), followed by public
four-year institutions (18%), and private for-profit institutions (18%). Because graduate students
do not receive Pell Grants, this comparison is only available at the undergraduate level. Data
presented also display the distribution of monthly dependent care costs faced by undergraduate
student-parents.
In AY2015-2016, 39% of all undergraduate students received Pell Grants, and 29% of
undergraduate student-parents were Pell recipients (see Figure 1). Of the 3.8 million
undergraduate students raising children while in college, 1.1 million were Pell recipients.
Figure 1. Share of Undergraduate Student-Parents by Pell Grant Recipient Status
AY2015-2016
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Postsecondary
Student Aid Study: 2016 Undergraduates (NPSAS:16UG).
Notes: Student-parent refers to any student who reports a dependent child.
The majority of undergraduate student-parents were paying between $1 to $500 in monthly
dependent care costs. Dependent care costs are the average amounts the student, and spouse if
applicable, were responsible for paying each month for paid child care. As shown in Figure 2,
these costs differed depending upon Pell or non-Pell recipient status. Seventy-four percent of Pell
Grant recipients spent $500 or less per month compared to 63% of non-Pell Grant recipients, with
more than three-fourths of these costs funding child care for dependents age 6 and under.6
Postsecondary Student Aid Study-Administrative Collection: 2018, Undergraduates (NPSAS-18AC); and U.S.
Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Postsecondary Student Aid Study-
Administrative Collection: 2018, Graduates (NPSAS-18AC).
6 As calculated using NCES DataLab with data from NPSAS:16UG, https://nces.ed.gov/datalab/powerstats/121-
national-postsecondary-student-aid-study-2016-undergraduates/averages-medians-percents.
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Child Care Access Means Parents in Schools (CCAMPIS): In Brief
Figure 2. Distribution of Monthly Dependent Care Fees Paid by Undergraduate
Students Who Had Dependent Children in Paid Child care, by Pell Grant
Recipient Status
AY2015-2016
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Postsecondary
Student Aid Study: 2016 Undergraduates (NPSAS:16UG).
Notes: Percentages exclude those student-parents who did not pay for child care and cannot be differentiated
from other respondents without dependent children who skipped this survey question.
CCAMPIS Awards
The purpose of CCAMPIS grants is “to support the participation of low-income parents in
postsecondary education through the provision of campus-based child care services.”7 ED
administers the program, awarding grants directly to IHEs based on a set of competitive priorities
and statutorily specified requirements.8
Grant funds are used by IHEs to subsidize child care costs for low-income, Pell Grant-eligible
students; provide child care via campus-based programs or by outsourcing within the community;
and provide child care services before or after school.9 ED awards grants to IHEs for a period of
four years.10
7 HEA, §419N(a). In practice, services may not necessarily be provided on-campus.
8 Outside of these requirements, there are no program-specific regulations. See U.S. Department of Education, Child
Care Access Means Parents in School Program, Laws, Regulations, & Guidance, https://www2.ed.gov/programs/
campisp/legislation.html.
9 U.S. Department of Education, Child Care Access Means Parents in School Program, Frequently Asked Questions,
https://www2.ed.gov/programs/campisp/faq.html#q10.
10 HEA, §419N(b)(3).
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Child Care Access Means Parents in Schools (CCAMPIS): In Brief
CCAMPIS Application Process
To be eligible for a CCAMPIS grant, an IHE must first meet all requirements under HEA Title
IV.11 Additionally, the total amount of all Pell Grant funds awarded to students enrolled for the
preceding fiscal year must equal or exceed $350,000, a minimum that declines to $250,000 when
appropriations for CCAMPIS exceed $20 million.12 Grant competitions are held every four
years,13 as awards are for a four-year period.
Eligible applicants must demonstrate the child care needs of low-income students by including an
assessment of child care capacity on or near campus, waiting lists for existing child care, and
additional needs created by concentrations of poverty or geographic isolation, among other
relevant factors.14 Applicants must also identify resources that will support their child care
program, including technical expertise and financial support, and explain the extent to which the
child care program will coordinate with the institution’s early childhood education curriculum
regardless of whether care is provided on-campus.15
IHEs seeking assistance for a new child care program must adhere to additional statutory
requirements. Applicants must provide a complete project timeline, covering the period from the
receipt of the grant through the provision of child care services, delineating the specific steps the
institution will take to achieve the goal of providing low-income students with child care services.
IHEs must also specify any measures they will take to assist low-income students with child care
before the institutions provide child care services.16 Prior successful applicants do not receive
preference in the competition.
ED considers only those applications that meet two absolute priorities, per statutorily specific
requirements.17 First, projects must leverage significant local or institutional resources, including
in-kind contributions. Second, projects must use a sliding fee scale in order to support a higher
number of low-income parents.
ED may also establish competitive preference priorities and invitational priorities.18 Whereas
applicants addressing a competitive priority may be awarded additional points in the grant
competition, those addressing invitational priorities do not receive additional points. In FY2022,
the competitive preference priority centered on strengthening cross-agency coordination and
community engagement to advance systemic change. The three invitational priorities focused on
supporting students who are single parents, increasing campus-based child care for infants and
toddlers, and providing wraparound services.
11 For more information on Title IV eligibility requirements, see CRS Report R43159, Institutional Eligibility for
Participation in Title IV Student Financial Aid Programs.
12 HEA, §419N(c)(4).
13 U.S. Department of Education, Child Care Access Means Parents in School Program, Frequently Asked Questions,
https://www2.ed.gov/programs/campisp/faq.html#q3.
14 HEA, §419N(c)(3).
15 HEA, §419N(c)(5-7).
16 HEA, §419N(c)(8).
17 HEA, §419N(d).
18 34 C.F.R. §75.105(c).
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Child Care Access Means Parents in Schools (CCAMPIS): In Brief
Grant Amounts
HEA provisions delineate that CCAMPIS grants may not exceed 1% of the total amount of all
Pell Grant funds awarded to students enrolled at the recipient IHE for the preceding fiscal year.19
HEA provisions also specify that the minimum award size is $10,000 per year unless overall
CCAMPIS annual appropriations exceed $20 million, at which point the minimum grant becomes
$30,000.20 Appropriations exceeded $20 million for the first time in FY2018 and have continued
to exceed this level in subsequent years.
Uses of Grant Funds
CCAMPIS funds may be used either to provide direct child care services or to contract for the
provision of child care services, which may be off-campus or home-based where there is not
capacity on-campus. Funds may be used to provide before- and after-school services.21 However,
the IHE must have oversight authority over all facilities receiving grant funds, and these facilities
must have a plan to become accredited within three years of receiving funds.22 Students may have
to pay full or partial fees as part of each IHE’s sliding scale.23
Allowable costs for a campus-based child care program include personnel, fringe benefits, travel
for the project director for professional development, supplies, instructional materials, equipment,
contracts for the provision of child care, and up to 8% in indirect costs. Funds may not be used
for the construction of facilities, except for minor renovation or repair.24 A campus-based child
care program may also provide services to students who are not CCAMPIS recipients and to
employees.
Statutory provisions do not establish requirements or limitations on the age of the dependent child
or the type of child care services that may be supported. Each CCAMPIS program varies and may
provide after-school daycare for older children for a few hours while parents attend class, as
opposed to all-day child care services. Services provided may include evening, weekend, and
summer services; 24-hour and emergency services; parenting classes; and seminars and meetings.
Though ED’s invitational priorities and HEA provisions place an emphasis on on-campus child
care, statutory provisions permit CCAMPIS grantees to provide services off-campus.
Accreditation and Licensure
Applications must include a plan for any child care facility that receives CCAMPIS funding to
become accredited within three years.25 Accreditation provides an assurance of a level of quality
of child care services. The accreditation requirement is unique to CCAMPIS compared to other
federal child care programs, which do not typically mandate a plan for accreditation.26
19 An amendment enacted through the FY2022 appropriations act exempted recipients of grants supported by FY2022
appropriations from this requirement.
20 HEA, §419N(b)(2).
21 HEA, §419N(b)(5).
22 HEA, §419N(c)(10).
23 See an example of a sliding fee scale at https://child.ucsd.edu/resources/ccampis.html.
24 HEA, §419N(f).
25 HEA, §419N(c)(10).
26 For more information, see CRS Report R40212, Early Childhood Care and Education Programs: Background and
Funding.
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Child care facilities must also meet applicable state or local government licensing, certification,
approval, or registration requirements. Licensures ensure the program meets specified health and
safety standards.
Annual Reporting27
CCAMPIS recipients report data on the population served; information on campus and
community resources and funding used to help low-income students access child care services;
information on progress made toward accreditation of any child care facility; and information on
the impact of the CCAMPIS grant on the quality, availability, and affordability of campus-based
child care services.
All CCAMPIS grantees submit an annual performance report documenting the persistence and
degree attainment of their participants. Grantees must provide the following information:
• Institutional characteristics, including
• child care center accreditation and licensing status,
• fee schedules used,
• institutional and community resources and funding, and
• the number of children per student supported by the program.
• Individual student demographics and outcomes, including
• gender,
• ethnicity,
• Pell Grant enrollment status,
• low-income status,
• marital status,
• enrollment by the applicable educational schedule (semesters, quarters,
terms),
• number of years taken to transfer or graduate,
• degree or certificate earned, and
• students who transferred (from a two-year institution to a four-year
institution) and those who withdrew.28
CCAMPIS Outcomes
According to a 2019 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report29 using data from AY2016-
2017,30 CCAMPIS helped about 3,300 student-parents pay child care costs. More than 4,000
children were on waiting lists to receive assistance. The median monthly payment by low-income
student-parents was about $160, after receiving CCAMPIS subsidies of about $385 per month.
27 HEA, §419N(e).
28 U.S. Department of Education, Child Care Access Means Parents in School Program, Frequently Asked Questions,
https://www2.ed.gov/programs/campisp/faq.html#q7.
29 U.S. Government Accountability Office, More Information Could Help Student Parents Access, 19-522, 2019,
https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-19-522.pdf.
30 The data reflect a time period before substantial increases in appropriations, beginning in FY2018. See the
“Appropriations and Awards” section.
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The GAO report also highlighted that many eligible student-parents may not be aware of their
eligibility for aid programs.31
ED’s FY2023 budget justification32 presents the most recently available persistence rate (the
percentage of CCAMPIS participants who remain in postsecondary education at the end of the
academic year). These data, from FY2018, indicate a CCAMPIS participant persistence rate of
78%. The postsecondary persistence rate for all full-time students in postsecondary institutions in
FY2018 was 75.5%.33
Appropriations and Awards
Appropriations for CCAMPIS were authorized at such sums as may be necessary for FY2009
through FY2014. The authorization was extended through FY2015 under the General Education
Provisions Act (GEPA). Since then, the program has continued to receive appropriations
annually.34
After years of fairly level funding, FY2018 marked the beginning of annual increases in
CCAMPIS appropriations, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. CCAMPIS Appropriations: FY2011-FY2023
(in millions of dollars)
Source: FY2012 Congressional Action, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget11/11action.pdf;
FY2014 Congressional Action, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget14/14action.pdf; FY2016
Congressional Action, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget16/16action.pdf; FY2018
Congressional Action, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget18/18action.xlsx; FY2020
Congressional Action, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget20/20action.pdf; FY2022
31 See CRS Report RL30785, The Child Care and Development Block Grant: Background and Funding, for a
comprehensive list of these programs.
32 U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Fiscal Year 2023 Budget Request, https://www2.ed.gov/about/
overview/budget/budget23/justifications/r-highered.pdf, p. 121.
33 According to the National Center for Education Statistics Trend Generator, https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/
TrendGenerator/app/answer/7/32#:~:text=
Graduation%20and%20Retention%20Rates%3A%20What,is%20based%20on%204%2C928%20institutions.
34 For more information on GEPA’s Contingent Extension of Programs, see CRS Report R41119, General Education
Provisions Act (GEPA): Overview and Issues.
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Congressional Action, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget22/22action.pdf. FY2023
Congressional Action, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget23/23action.pdf.
Notes: Years shown are fiscal years.
Table 1 shows the number and average size of CCAMPIS awards for FY2021 and FY2022. In
FY2021, ED received significantly fewer applications than expected and, as a result, used the
funding to frontload prior-year grantees. In FY2022, there were 300 new awards funded at an
average of $150,000 annually for the duration of the four-year grant.35
Table 1. Number and Average Size of CCAMPIS Awards: FY2021-FY2022
(in thousands of dollars)
Year
2021
2022
Number of New Awards
99
300
Average New Award
$156
$150
Number of Continuation
229
0
Awards
Average Continuation
$33
$0
Award
Number of Frontload
215
99
Awards
Average Frontload Award
$149
$98
Total Number of Awards
543
399
Source: CRS adaptation of data from U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Fiscal Year 2023 Budget
Request, p. 120, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget23/justifications/r-highered.pdf.
Recent Congressional Proposals
CCAMPIS-related proposals in the 117th Congress included the Child Care is Infrastructure Act
(H.R. 1911) and the CCAMPIS Reauthorization Act (S. 2625). There were substantial differences
between the two bills.
H.R. 191136
This bill would have established grants for child care facilities and higher education loan
repayment and scholarship programs for child care educators, among other provisions. Regarding
CCAMPIS, the bill would have increased the maximum amount of the grant award to IHEs to no
more than 2% of the total amount of all Pell Grants awarded to enrolled students, replacing the
current maximum of 1%. H.R. 1911 would also have allowed ED to pay a bonus to institutions
that exceeded performance levels on newly established performance metrics, and it would have
increased the duration of grants from four to five years.
To establish performance levels, grant recipients would have reported additional data on the
number of students who received child care services at least once per week, including their
35 U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Fiscal Year 2023 Budget Request, https://www2.ed.gov/about/
overview/budget/budget23/justifications/r-highered.pdf.
36 CCAMPIS reauthorization text identical to that in H.R. 1911 also appeared in H.R. 8862.
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Child Care Access Means Parents in Schools (CCAMPIS): In Brief
graduation rates and the number of credits accumulated. Performance reports based on these
levels would have been publicly available. This reporting requirement mirrors similar changes
proposed in the 115th and 116th Congresses as part of proposed reauthorizations of the HEA.37
S. 2625
This bill would have permanently reauthorized CCAMPIS and allowed grant funds to be used for
additional purposes (such as direct child care subsidies to students as opposed to contracted and
other support services). S. 2625 would have increased the minimum grant amount to $75,000
(from the current $30,000) and established a maximum amount of $2 million (there is no current
maximum).38 The funding duration would have increased from four to five years, similar to H.R.
1911.
Instead of using a dollar amount of Pell Grants received to determine institutional eligibility for
CCAMPIS, S. 2625 would have changed eligibility requirements to be determined by the number
of Pell Grant recipients, creating an eligibility minimum of 150 Pell Grant recipients regardless of
the total dollar amount received.
The bill also aimed to increase the quality of campus-based child care servicing by implementing
the same training and professional development requirements for CCAMPIS grantees that are
mandated for other federal child care programs. For example, Child Care and Development Block
Grant (CCDBG) programs require training and professional development plans that are ongoing
and incorporate specific content such as social-emotional behavior intervention models grounded
in current research and evidence-based practices.39
Author Information
Adam K. Edgerton
Analyst in Education Policy
37 See H.R. 4508 and H.R. 4674.
38 The two largest awards in FY2022—more than $1.2 million each—were awarded to Florida State University and the
University of Central Florida; see https://www2.ed.gov/programs/campisp/awards.html for a full list.
39 For more information on these requirements, see CRS Report RL30785, The Child Care and Development Block
Grant: Background and Funding; and Section 658E(c)(2)(G) of the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act.
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Disclaimer
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Congressional Research Service
R47422 · VERSION 3 · UPDATED
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January 23, 2024
(CCAMPIS): In Brief
Adam K. Edgerton
Child Care Access Means Parents in School (CCAMPIS) grants are provided to institutions of
Analyst in Education Policy
higher education (IHEs) by the federal government to support or establish campus-based child
care services that primarily serve the needs of low-income students. CCAMPIS grants were first
funded in FY1999 after enactment of the Higher Education Amendments of 1998 (P.L. 105-244).
According to a nationally representative survey in academic year 2015-2016, 22% of undergraduate students and 31% of
graduate students were parents. Of the 3.8 million undergraduate students raising children while in college, 1.1 million were
Pell Grant recipients. The majority of undergraduate students who paid any child care costs spent $500 or less per month.
CCAMPIS grants are authorized by Title IV, Part A, Subpart 7 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA; P.L. 89-329, as
amended). Grants may be used for before- or after-school services, and low-income student-parents may receive CCAMPIS
benefits in addition to other federal child care benefits. For eligibility purposes, a low-income student-parent is any
undergraduate student-parent eligible to receive a federal Pell Grant, as well as any student-parent who would be eligible to
receive a Pell Grant except that they are enrolled in a graduate or professional degree program, or are a temporary visa
student.
The Department of Education (ED) conducts CCAMPIS grant competitions every four years. To be eligible, IHEs must
adhere to all Title IV requirements, and the total amount of Pell Grant funds awarded to students enrolled for the preceding
fiscal year must equal or exceed $250,000 when CCAMPIS appropriations exceed $20 million. Appropriations have
exceeded this amount since FY2018. To maximize the number of families served, grantees must leverage significant
institutional resources and use a sliding scale fee system. Applicants must submit plans for the child care facilities included in
their applications to become accredited within three years of receiving funds. The accreditation requirement is unique to
CCAMPIS compared to other federal child care programs, such as those authorized under the Child Care and Development
Block Grant of 1990 (CCDBG Act; P.L. 101-508, as amended), which do not typically mandate accreditation.
According to a 2019 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report using data from AY2016-2017, CCAMPIS helped
about 3,300 students who were parents pay for child care, and more than 4,000 children were on waiting lists. The median
monthly payment for students-parents was about $160, after receiving about $385 per month in CCAMPIS subsidies. After
years of fairly level funding from FY2011 to FY2017, CCAMPIS appropriations have been increasing, rising from $15
million in FY2017 to $75 million in FY2023. ED awarded 300 new awards in FY2022, which averaged $150,000 annually.
In the 117th Congress, two bills would have amended the program. H.R. 1911 would have increased the maximum award
from 1% to 2% of all Pell Grants awarded to enrolled students, increased the duration of grants from four to five years, and
created performance bonuses based on graduation rates and credits accumulated by beneficiaries. Performance reporting
would have become publicly available. S. 2625 would have increased the minimum amount to $75,000 (compared to $30,000
currently) and established a $2 million maximum (compared to no maximum currently). The legislation would have replaced
the use of a minimum amount of Pell Grant dollars awarded with a minimum number of 150 Pell recipients to establish
institutional eligibility.
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Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Characteristics of Undergraduate Pell Grant Recipient Student-Parents......................................... 1
CCAMPIS Awards ........................................................................................................................... 3
CCAMPIS Application Process ................................................................................................ 4
Grant Amounts .......................................................................................................................... 5
Uses of Grant Funds .................................................................................................................. 5
Accreditation and Licensure ..................................................................................................... 5
Annual Reporting ...................................................................................................................... 6
CCAMPIS Outcomes ...................................................................................................................... 6
Appropriations and Awards ............................................................................................................. 7
Recent Congressional Proposals ...................................................................................................... 8
H.R. 1911 .................................................................................................................................. 8
S. 2625 ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Figures
Figure 1. Share of Undergraduate Student-Parents by Pell Grant Recipient Status ........................ 2
Figure 2. Distribution of Monthly Dependent Care Fees Paid by Undergraduate Students
Who Had Dependent Children in Paid Child care, by Pell Grant Recipient Status ..................... 3
Figure 3. CCAMPIS Appropriations: FY2011-FY2023 .................................................................. 7
Tables
Table 1. Number and Average Size of CCAMPIS Awards: FY2021-FY2022 ................................ 8
Contacts
Author Information .......................................................................................................................... 9
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Child Care Access Means Parents in Schools (CCAMPIS): In Brief
Introduction
Student-parents face unique postsecondary persistence and completion challenges as they balance
raising children with the demands of coursework and possibly employment. To help low-income
student-parents earn degrees and credentials, the federal government provides Child Care Access
Means Parents in School (CCAMPIS) grants to institutions of higher educations (IHEs).
CCAMPIS grants support or establish campus-based child care services that primarily serve the
needs of low-income students. CCAMPIS was first funded in FY1999 after enactment of the
Higher Education Amendments of 1998 (P.L. 105-244).1
CCAMPIS grants are authorized by Title IV, Part A, Subpart 7 of the Higher Education Act of
1965 (HEA; P.L. 89-329, as amended). Grants may be used for before- or after-school services,
and low-income student-parents who benefit may still use other federal child care programs for
which they are eligible.2 For eligibility purposes, a low-income student-parent is any
undergraduate student-parent eligible to receive a federal Pell Grant, as well as any student-parent
who would be eligible to receive a Pell Grant except that they are enrolled in a graduate or
professional degree program, or are a temporary visa student.3
This report briefly describes the postsecondary undergraduate student-parent population and their
dependent care costs. It then provides an explanation of CCAMPIS eligibility and program
requirements. This is followed by a summary of program appropriations trends, program outcome
data, and recent congressional proposals to reauthorize and modify the program.
Characteristics of Undergraduate Pell Grant
Recipient Student-Parents
Every four years, the U.S. Department of Education’s (ED’s) National Center for Education
Statistics (NCES) conducts the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS). This
nationally representative survey examines the characteristics of students in postsecondary
education, with a special emphasis on how they finance their education.4 Data presented below
are from the NPSAS administered during academic year (AY) 2015-2016.
Data presented in the figures below compare the percentages of undergraduates who are student-
parents based on their Pell Grant recipient status. In AY2015-2016, 22% of undergraduate
students and 31% of graduate students were parents.5 The largest share of undergraduate student-
1 For more information on the history of CCAMPIS, see U.S. Department of Education, Office of Postsecondary
Education, A Profile of the Federal TRIO Programs and Child Care Access Means Parents in School Program,
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED499061.pdf.
2 The main federal law supporting child care programs for low-income working families is the Child Care and
Development Block Grant (CCDBG). See CRS Report RL30785, The Child Care and Development Block Grant:
Background and Funding.
3 HEA, §419N(7). For more information on federal Pell Grants, see CRS Report R45418, Federal Pell Grant Program
of the Higher Education Act: Primer.
4 For more information, see National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS), https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/npsas/.
5 U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Postsecondary Student Aid Study:
2016 Undergraduates (NPSAS:16UG); and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: 2016 Graduate (NPSAS:16GR). In AY2017-2018, there was a decline in
the share of undergraduate students who were parents (from 22% to 19%) but no change in the share of graduate
students who were parents. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National
(continued...)
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parents who received Pell Grants attended public two-year institutions (33%), followed by public
four-year institutions (18%), and private for-profit institutions (18%). Because graduate students
do not receive Pell Grants, this comparison is only available at the undergraduate level. Data
presented also display the distribution of monthly dependent care costs faced by undergraduate
student-parents.
In AY2015-2016, 39% of all undergraduate students received Pell Grants, and 29% of
undergraduate student-parents were Pell recipients (see Figure 1). Of the 3.8 million
undergraduate students raising children while in college, 1.1 million were Pell recipients.
Figure 1. Share of Undergraduate Student-Parents by Pell Grant Recipient Status
AY2015-2016
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Postsecondary
Student Aid Study: 2016 Undergraduates (NPSAS:16UG).
Notes: Student-parent refers to any student who reports a dependent child.
The majority of undergraduate student-parents were paying between $1 to $500 in monthly
dependent care costs. Dependent care costs are the average amounts the student, and spouse if
applicable, were responsible for paying each month for paid child care. As shown in Figure 2,
these costs differed depending upon Pell or non-Pell recipient status. Seventy-four percent of Pell
Grant recipients spent $500 or less per month compared to 63% of non-Pell Grant recipients, with
more than three-fourths of these costs funding child care for dependents age 6 and under.6
Postsecondary Student Aid Study-Administrative Collection: 2018, Undergraduates (NPSAS-18AC); and U.S.
Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Postsecondary Student Aid Study-
Administrative Collection: 2018, Graduates (NPSAS-18AC).
6 As calculated using NCES DataLab with data from NPSAS:16UG, https://nces.ed.gov/datalab/powerstats/121-
national-postsecondary-student-aid-study-2016-undergraduates/averages-medians-percents.
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Figure 2. Distribution of Monthly Dependent Care Fees Paid by Undergraduate
Students Who Had Dependent Children in Paid Child care, by Pell Grant
Recipient Status
AY2015-2016
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Postsecondary
Student Aid Study: 2016 Undergraduates (NPSAS:16UG).
Notes: Percentages exclude those student-parents who did not pay for child care and cannot be differentiated
from other respondents without dependent children who skipped this survey question.
CCAMPIS Awards
The purpose of CCAMPIS grants is “to support the participation of low-income parents in
postsecondary education through the provision of campus-based child care services.”7 ED
administers the program, awarding grants directly to IHEs based on a set of competitive priorities
and statutorily specified requirements.8
Grant funds are used by IHEs to subsidize child care costs for low-income, Pell Grant-eligible
students; provide child care via campus-based programs or by outsourcing within the community;
and provide child care services before or after school.9 ED awards grants to IHEs for a period of
four years.10
7 HEA, §419N(a). In practice, services may not necessarily be provided on-campus.
8 Outside of these requirements, there are no program-specific regulations. See U.S. Department of Education, Child
Care Access Means Parents in School Program, Laws, Regulations, & Guidance, https://www2.ed.gov/programs/
campisp/legislation.html.
9 U.S. Department of Education, Child Care Access Means Parents in School Program, Frequently Asked Questions,
https://www2.ed.gov/programs/campisp/faq.html#q10.
10 HEA, §419N(b)(3).
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CCAMPIS Application Process
To be eligible for a CCAMPIS grant, an IHE must first meet all requirements under HEA Title
IV.11 Additionally, the total amount of all Pell Grant funds awarded to students enrolled for the
preceding fiscal year must equal or exceed $350,000, a minimum that declines to $250,000 when
appropriations for CCAMPIS exceed $20 million.12 Grant competitions are held every four
years,13 as awards are for a four-year period.
Eligible applicants must demonstrate the child care needs of low-income students by including an
assessment of child care capacity on or near campus, waiting lists for existing child care, and
additional needs created by concentrations of poverty or geographic isolation, among other
relevant factors.14 Applicants must also identify resources that will support their child care
program, including technical expertise and financial support, and explain the extent to which the
child care program will coordinate with the institution’s early childhood education curriculum
regardless of whether care is provided on-campus.15
IHEs seeking assistance for a new child care program must adhere to additional statutory
requirements. Applicants must provide a complete project timeline, covering the period from the
receipt of the grant through the provision of child care services, delineating the specific steps the
institution will take to achieve the goal of providing low-income students with child care services.
IHEs must also specify any measures they will take to assist low-income students with child care
before the institutions provide child care services.16 Prior successful applicants do not receive
preference in the competition.
ED considers only those applications that meet two absolute priorities, per statutorily specific
requirements.17 First, projects must leverage significant local or institutional resources, including
in-kind contributions. Second, projects must use a sliding fee scale in order to support a higher
number of low-income parents.
ED may also establish competitive preference priorities and invitational priorities.18 Whereas
applicants addressing a competitive priority may be awarded additional points in the grant
competition, those addressing invitational priorities do not receive additional points. In FY2022,
the competitive preference priority centered on strengthening cross-agency coordination and
community engagement to advance systemic change. The three invitational priorities focused on
supporting students who are single parents, increasing campus-based child care for infants and
toddlers, and providing wraparound services.
11 For more information on Title IV eligibility requirements, see CRS Report R43159, Institutional Eligibility for
Participation in Title IV Student Financial Aid Programs.
12 HEA, §419N(c)(4).
13 U.S. Department of Education, Child Care Access Means Parents in School Program, Frequently Asked Questions,
https://www2.ed.gov/programs/campisp/faq.html#q3.
14 HEA, §419N(c)(3).
15 HEA, §419N(c)(5-7).
16 HEA, §419N(c)(8).
17 HEA, §419N(d).
18 34 C.F.R. §75.105(c).
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Grant Amounts
HEA provisions delineate that CCAMPIS grants may not exceed 1% of the total amount of all
Pell Grant funds awarded to students enrolled at the recipient IHE for the preceding fiscal year.19
HEA provisions also specify that the minimum award size is $10,000 per year unless overall
CCAMPIS annual appropriations exceed $20 million, at which point the minimum grant becomes
$30,000.20 Appropriations exceeded $20 million for the first time in FY2018 and have continued
to exceed this level in subsequent years.
Uses of Grant Funds
CCAMPIS funds may be used either to provide direct child care services or to contract for the
provision of child care services, which may be off-campus or home-based where there is not
capacity on-campus. Funds may be used to provide before- and after-school services.21 However,
the IHE must have oversight authority over all facilities receiving grant funds, and these facilities
must have a plan to become accredited within three years of receiving funds.22 Students may have
to pay full or partial fees as part of each IHE’s sliding scale.23
Allowable costs for a campus-based child care program include personnel, fringe benefits, travel
for the project director for professional development, supplies, instructional materials, equipment,
contracts for the provision of child care, and up to 8% in indirect costs. Funds may not be used
for the construction of facilities, except for minor renovation or repair.24 A campus-based child
care program may also provide services to students who are not CCAMPIS recipients and to
employees.
Statutory provisions do not establish requirements or limitations on the age of the dependent child
or the type of child care services that may be supported. Each CCAMPIS program varies and may
provide after-school daycare for older children for a few hours while parents attend class, as
opposed to all-day child care services. Services provided may include evening, weekend, and
summer services; 24-hour and emergency services; parenting classes; and seminars and meetings.
Though ED’s invitational priorities and HEA provisions place an emphasis on on-campus child
care, statutory provisions permit CCAMPIS grantees to provide services off-campus.
Accreditation and Licensure
Applications must include a plan for any child care facility that receives CCAMPIS funding to
become accredited within three years.25 Accreditation provides an assurance of a level of quality
of child care services. The accreditation requirement is unique to CCAMPIS compared to other
federal child care programs, which do not typically mandate a plan for accreditation.26
19 An amendment enacted through the FY2022 appropriations act exempted recipients of grants supported by FY2022
appropriations from this requirement.
20 HEA, §419N(b)(2).
21 HEA, §419N(b)(5).
22 HEA, §419N(c)(10).
23 See an example of a sliding fee scale at https://child.ucsd.edu/resources/ccampis.html.
24 HEA, §419N(f).
25 HEA, §419N(c)(10).
26 For more information, see CRS Report R40212, Early Childhood Care and Education Programs: Background and
Funding.
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Child care facilities must also meet applicable state or local government licensing, certification,
approval, or registration requirements. Licensures ensure the program meets specified health and
safety standards.
Annual Reporting27
CCAMPIS recipients report data on the population served; information on campus and
community resources and funding used to help low-income students access child care services;
information on progress made toward accreditation of any child care facility; and information on
the impact of the CCAMPIS grant on the quality, availability, and affordability of campus-based
child care services.
All CCAMPIS grantees submit an annual performance report documenting the persistence and
degree attainment of their participants. Grantees must provide the following information:
• Institutional characteristics, including
• child care center accreditation and licensing status,
• fee schedules used,
• institutional and community resources and funding, and
• the number of children per student supported by the program.
• Individual student demographics and outcomes, including
• gender,
• ethnicity,
• Pell Grant enrollment status,
• low-income status,
• marital status,
• enrollment by the applicable educational schedule (semesters, quarters,
terms),
• number of years taken to transfer or graduate,
• degree or certificate earned, and
• students who transferred (from a two-year institution to a four-year
institution) and those who withdrew.28
CCAMPIS Outcomes
According to a 2019 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report29 using data from AY2016-
2017,30 CCAMPIS helped about 3,300 student-parents pay child care costs. More than 4,000
children were on waiting lists to receive assistance. The median monthly payment by low-income
student-parents was about $160, after receiving CCAMPIS subsidies of about $385 per month.
27 HEA, §419N(e).
28 U.S. Department of Education, Child Care Access Means Parents in School Program, Frequently Asked Questions,
https://www2.ed.gov/programs/campisp/faq.html#q7.
29 U.S. Government Accountability Office, More Information Could Help Student Parents Access, 19-522, 2019,
https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-19-522.pdf.
30 The data reflect a time period before substantial increases in appropriations, beginning in FY2018. See the
“Appropriations and Awards” section.
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The GAO report also highlighted that many eligible student-parents may not be aware of their
eligibility for aid programs.31
ED’s FY2023 budget justification32 presents the most recently available persistence rate (the
percentage of CCAMPIS participants who remain in postsecondary education at the end of the
academic year). These data, from FY2018, indicate a CCAMPIS participant persistence rate of
78%. The postsecondary persistence rate for all full-time students in postsecondary institutions in
FY2018 was 75.5%.33
Appropriations and Awards
Appropriations for CCAMPIS were authorized at such sums as may be necessary for FY2009
through FY2014. The authorization was extended through FY2015 under the General Education
Provisions Act (GEPA). Since then, the program has continued to receive appropriations
annually.34
After years of fairly level funding, FY2018 marked the beginning of annual increases in
CCAMPIS appropriations, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. CCAMPIS Appropriations: FY2011-FY2023
(in millions of dollars)
Source: FY2012 Congressional Action, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget11/11action.pdf;
FY2014 Congressional Action, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget14/14action.pdf; FY2016
Congressional Action, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget16/16action.pdf; FY2018
Congressional Action, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget18/18action.xlsx; FY2020
Congressional Action, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget20/20action.pdf; FY2022
31 See CRS Report RL30785, The Child Care and Development Block Grant: Background and Funding, for a
comprehensive list of these programs.
32 U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Fiscal Year 2023 Budget Request, https://www2.ed.gov/about/
overview/budget/budget23/justifications/r-highered.pdf, p. 121.
33 According to the National Center for Education Statistics Trend Generator, https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/
TrendGenerator/app/answer/7/32#:~:text=
Graduation%20and%20Retention%20Rates%3A%20What,is%20based%20on%204%2C928%20institutions.
34 For more information on GEPA’s Contingent Extension of Programs, see CRS Report R41119, General Education
Provisions Act (GEPA): Overview and Issues.
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Congressional Action, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget22/22action.pdf. FY2023
Congressional Action, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget23/23action.pdf.
Notes: Years shown are fiscal years.
Table 1 shows the number and average size of CCAMPIS awards for FY2021 and FY2022. In
FY2021, ED received significantly fewer applications than expected and, as a result, used the
funding to frontload prior-year grantees. In FY2022, there were 300 new awards funded at an
average of $150,000 annually for the duration of the four-year grant.35
Table 1. Number and Average Size of CCAMPIS Awards: FY2021-FY2022
(in thousands of dollars)
Year
2021
2022
Number of New Awards
99
300
Average New Award
$156
$150
Number of Continuation
229
0
Awards
Average Continuation
$33
$0
Award
Number of Frontload
215
99
Awards
Average Frontload Award
$149
$98
Total Number of Awards
543
399
Source: CRS adaptation of data from U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Fiscal Year 2023 Budget
Request, p. 120, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget23/justifications/r-highered.pdf.
Recent Congressional Proposals
CCAMPIS-related proposals in the 117th Congress included the Child Care is Infrastructure Act
(H.R. 1911) and the CCAMPIS Reauthorization Act (S. 2625). There were substantial differences
between the two bills.
H.R. 191136
This bill would have established grants for child care facilities and higher education loan
repayment and scholarship programs for child care educators, among other provisions. Regarding
CCAMPIS, the bill would have increased the maximum amount of the grant award to IHEs to no
more than 2% of the total amount of all Pell Grants awarded to enrolled students, replacing the
current maximum of 1%. H.R. 1911 would also have allowed ED to pay a bonus to institutions
that exceeded performance levels on newly established performance metrics, and it would have
increased the duration of grants from four to five years.
To establish performance levels, grant recipients would have reported additional data on the
number of students who received child care services at least once per week, including their
35 U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Fiscal Year 2023 Budget Request, https://www2.ed.gov/about/
overview/budget/budget23/justifications/r-highered.pdf.
36 CCAMPIS reauthorization text identical to that in H.R. 1911 also appeared in H.R. 8862.
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graduation rates and the number of credits accumulated. Performance reports based on these
levels would have been publicly available. This reporting requirement mirrors similar changes
proposed in the 115th and 116th Congresses as part of proposed reauthorizations of the HEA.37
S. 2625
This bill would have permanently reauthorized CCAMPIS and allowed grant funds to be used for
additional purposes (such as direct child care subsidies to students as opposed to contracted and
other support services). S. 2625 would have increased the minimum grant amount to $75,000
(from the current $30,000) and established a maximum amount of $2 million (there is no current
maximum).38 The funding duration would have increased from four to five years, similar to H.R.
1911.
Instead of using a dollar amount of Pell Grants received to determine institutional eligibility for
CCAMPIS, S. 2625 would have changed eligibility requirements to be determined by the number
of Pell Grant recipients, creating an eligibility minimum of 150 Pell Grant recipients regardless of
the total dollar amount received.
The bill also aimed to increase the quality of campus-based child care servicing by implementing
the same training and professional development requirements for CCAMPIS grantees that are
mandated for other federal child care programs. For example, Child Care and Development Block
Grant (CCDBG) programs require training and professional development plans that are ongoing
and incorporate specific content such as social-emotional behavior intervention models grounded
in current research and evidence-based practices.39
Author Information
Adam K. Edgerton
Analyst in Education Policy
37 See H.R. 4508 and H.R. 4674.
38 The two largest awards in FY2022—more than $1.2 million each—were awarded to Florida State University and the
University of Central Florida; see https://www2.ed.gov/programs/campisp/awards.html for a full list.
39 For more information on these requirements, see CRS Report RL30785, The Child Care and Development Block
Grant: Background and Funding; and Section 658E(c)(2)(G) of the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act.
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Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
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under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
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