Comparing DHS Component Funding, FY2023: In Brief

August 22, 2022 – January 10, 2023 R47220

Comparing DHS Component Funding,
FY2023: In Brief
Updated January 10, 2023
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
R47220

Comparing DHS Component Funding, FY2023: In Brief

he Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act includes all annual
appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), providing resources to
T every departmental component. Its accompanying conference report or explanatory
statement provides guidance for the department, including how DHS should account for
reprogramming and transferring a range of non-appropriated funds. Together, these documents
form a snapshot of a significant portion of the DHS budget. This report reviews that snapshot at
the DHS component level, comparing
 the budget authority outlined in the FY2022 annual appropriations measure;1
 annual appropriations requested by the Joseph R. Biden Jr. Administration for
FY2023;
 funding levels recommended by the House Appropriations Committee in H.R.
8257 and H.Rept. 117-396;
 funding levels proposed by the Senate Appropriations Committee in the
committee draft released on July 28, 2022 (later introduced as S. 4678), and its
accompanying explanatory statement;2 and
 funding levels included in P.L. 117-328, Div. F, the Department of Homeland
Security Appropriations Act, 2023.
The report makes note of advance and supplemental appropriations provided through various
measures for FY2022 and FY2023, but identifies such funding distinctly, to allow for clear
comparison on the annual appropriations packages. The report makes special note of “net
discretionary appropriations” for DHS—a perspective on the net impact the legislation that funds
DHS has on congressionally tracked budget totals.3
The FY2023 DHS Appropriations Process
Annual Appropriations
On March 28, 2022, the Biden Administration released its annual budget request for FY2023,
including a $97.29 billion budget request for the Department of Homeland Security. By the
Congressional Budget Office’s (CBO’s) initial estimation, the request included $56.64 billion in
adjusted net discretionary appropriations and $19.74 billion in disaster relief-designated funds.4
This was $0.99 billion less than was enacted for DHS in FY2022.

1 P.L. 117-103, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, Division F of which is the Department of Homeland
Security Appropriations Act, 2022.
2 Although the Senate Appropriations Department of Homeland Security Subcommittee chairman introduced an
identical bill the same day, as the bill did not proceed through the markup process and therefore has no associated
report or detail table, the analysis in this report continues to refer to the draft and its explanatory statement.
3 When dealing with bill totals, the report refers to “adjusted annual net discretionary appropriations,” which take into
account the offsetting impact of rescissions or cancellations of budget authority provided in prior years. Neither of the
discretionary appropriations totals include emergency or disaster relief-designated funding.
4 This total evolved over the course of the process, owing in part to the changes in unobligated balances available for
rescission. Analyses in the report refer to the Congressional Budget Office’s (CBO’s) estimates as outlined in the detail
table at the end of H.Rept. 117-396.
Congressional Research Service

1

link to page 5 Comparing DHS Component Funding, FY2023: In Brief

House Committee Action
On June 24, 2022, the House Committee on Appropriations marked up H.R. 8257, its version of
the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2023. H.Rept. 117-396 was filed on
July 1, 2022. Committee-reported H.R. 8257 included $60.27 billion in adjusted net discretionary
budget authority. This was $3.64 billion above the level requested by the Administration and
$2.65 billion above the FY2022 enacted level of annual appropriations.
Senate Committee Action
On July 28, 2022, Senate Appropriations Committee chairman Senator Patrick Leahy released
drafts of twelve appropriations measures that had yet to be marked up by the committee, along
with draft explanatory statements for each.5
S. 4678, an identical bill to the committee draft, was introduced by Senate Appropriations
Committee, Subcommittee on the Department of Homeland Security Chairman Senator
Christopher Murphy. The Senate Appropriations majority draft bill for DHS for FY2023 included
$59.89 billion in adjusted net discretionary budget authority. This was $3.25 billion above the
level requested by the Administration, and $2.26 billion above the enacted annual level for
FY2022.
Continuing Resolutions
No annual DHS appropriations measure was brought to the floor before the end of FY2022. H.R.
8257 was one of six measures left out of a consolidated appropriations measure in the House that
represented the only floor action on FY2023 annual appropriations measures prior to the end of
FY2022. A continuing resolution was enacted in September 2022, temporarily extending funding
for the federal government into FY2023. This was extended several times. Table 1 summarizes
the continuing appropriations provided for DHS in FY2023. For further information on the
FY2023 continuing resolutions, see CRS Report R47283, Overview of Continuing Appropriations
for FY2023 (Division A of P.L. 117-180).

5 The draft bills and explanatory statements can be found on the Senate Appropriations Committee website at
https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/chairman-leahy-releases-remaining-nine-senate-appropriations-
bills.
Congressional Research Service

2

Table 1. Continuing Resolution Summary for DHS, FY2023
Bill Number /
House
Senate
Presidential
Expiration
P.L. Number
Passage
Passage
Approval
Rate for Operations
Date
DHS-Specific Provisions
H.R. 6833 / P.L.
230-201,
72-25,
9/30/2022
“as provided in the
12/16/2023
The rate for operations for DHS was based on the FY2022 annual
117-180, Div. A
9/30/2022
9/29/2022
applicable
appropriation (P.L. 107-103, Div. F), except for rescissions, and
appropriations Acts
policy provisions in P.L. 107-103, Div. O, Title II were extended.
for fiscal year 2022 and

Section 135 provided flexibility in allocations for the Disaster
under the authority
Relief Fund (DRF).
and conditions
provided in such Acts”

Section 136 transfers $2.5 bil ion in unobligated balances from
the DRF not intended for major disasters to pay claims from
the Hermit’s Peak / Calf Canyon Fire.

Section 137 extended authorization for DHS joint task forces.

Section 138 extended the authorization for the National
Computer Forensics Institute

Section 139 extended the National Flood Insurance Program
for the term of the CR.

Section 140 extended authority for DHS and the General
Services Administration to make expedited purchase of
innovative items.

Section 141 extended the authority for DHS and the
Department of Justice to address threats posed by unmanned
aerial vehicles.
H.R. 1437 / P.L.
224-201,
71-19,
12/16/2022
Unchanged
12/23/2022
Extended the CR via a date change and added Section 158, which
117-229, Div. A 12/14/2022 12/15/2022
extended the authority for the federal cybersecurity intrusion
detection and prevention system through the end of the CR.
H.R. 4373 / P.L.
215-206,
(vv),
12/23/2022
Unchanged
12/30/2022
Extended the CR via a date change.
117-264, Div. A 12/23/2022 12/22/2022
Source: Congress.gov.
Notes: (vv)—voice vote. No new supplemental appropriations were provided for DHS in these measures. There were no lapses in annual appropriations for FY2022.

CRS-3

link to page 9
Consolidated Appropriations
On December 19, 2022, Senator Leahy submitted an amendment to H.R. 2617 (an unrelated
measure) that contained the text of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.6 Division F of the
measure, the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2023, included $60.7 billion
in budget authority for DHS. This was $4.04 billion above the level requested by the
Administration, and $3.07 billion above the enacted annual level of annual appropriations for
FY2022. It also included $19.95 billion in funding for the costs of major disasters under the
Stafford Act, $205 million above the requested level and almost $1.15 billion above the enacted
annual appropriations level for FY2022.
 After adoption of eight further amendments, the Senate agreed to the amended
measure by a vote of 68-29 on December 22, 2022.7 The House took up the bill
on December 23, 2022, and passed it by a vote of 225-201, with one Member
voting “present.”8 The enrolled bill was sent to President Biden on December 28,
and he signed the bill into law as P.L. 117-328 on December 29, 2022.
DHS Budgetary Resources: Beyond the Score
Discussion regarding annual appropriations often centers on the total level of appropriations
provided in the bill or how the bill scores against budget limitations. However, this “score” does
not represent the total budget authority provided to DHS, or controlled9 through appropriations
bills and reports.
 The use of offsetting collections reduces the “score” of the bill and provides
significant resources to some components of DHS, such as the Transportation
Security Administration.
Discretionary scores of bills do not include mandatory spending, resources derived directly from
fee collections without annual congressional action, or emergency- or disaster relief-designated
appropriations. Figure 1 uses the data drawn from these detail tables to provide a more
comprehensive picture of the resources available to seven DHS operational components—the
seven largest components of DHS in terms of net discretionary budget authority:
 U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP),
 U.S. Coast Guard (USCG),
 Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE),
 Transportation Security Administration (TSA),
 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA),
 U.S. Secret Service (USSS), and

6 S.Amdt. 6552.
7 Senate Record Vote no. 421, available at https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1172/
vote_117_2_00421.htm.
8 House Roll Call 549, available at https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2022549.
9 Special tables at the end of appropriations conference reports and explanatory statements include a higher level of
detail on the funding provided to the department, usually at various program, project, and activity (PPA) levels. These
tables—known as detail tables—serve as a level of control for interpreting statutory authorities in the bill that regulate
the ability to transfer funding between appropriations or to reprogram money within an appropriation.
Congressional Research Service

4

link to page 9 link to page 9 link to page 10
 Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA).
In Figure 1 these seven components are listed along the bottom axis. Each component’s funding
level as a section of the figure has five bars, representing the different phases of the
appropriations process: prior-year (i.e., FY2022) enacted, current year (i.e., FY2023) requested
annual appropriations, the ensuing responses of the House and Senate appropriations committees,
and the appropriations provided in enacted measures.10
The base (medium blue) segment of each bar represents net discretionary budget authority. On
top of these bases are several other segment types, representing offsetting collections (orange),
programs paid for directly by fees (gray), mandatory appropriations (yellow),11 funding covered
by disaster relief and emergency designations in annual appropriations (dark blue),12 and
supplemental appropriations (green).13
Figure 1 allows for a visual comparison of changes in individual component funding and
provides a more complete description of each component’s overall resource level than a review of
the net discretionary appropriations alone. Among the changes it illuminates are:
 The relative magnitude of disaster spending (which encompasses the mandatory,
disaster relief designated, and most of the supplemental funding for FEMA)
compared with other DHS funding priorities;
 The Administration’s proposal to provide additional offsetting fee revenue to
support TSA (ultimately not enacted), and how appropriations measures needed
to include additional discretionary funding to maintain the proposed budget in the
absence of authorization to provide those additional revenues;
 Despite the reduction in gross budget authority from the requested level for TSA,
nominal increases in net budget authority were provided for all seven DHS
operational components above the requested level (although the relative size of
the increases varied); and
 FY2023 supplemental and advance appropriations provided in Division N of P.L.
117-328 (the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2023), as well as
in Division J, Title V of P.L. 117-58 (the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act).
Table 2, which follows immediately thereafter, provides a complete breakdown of the total
budget authority provided for FY2023 outlined in appropriations committee tables for all DHS
components, arranged by FY2022 enacted annual net discretionary budget authority.
Some DHS components have access to funding beyond the budget authority that is controlled for
reprogramming through the aforementioned detail tables in appropriations committee reports.
Although some of the mandatory spending for DHS, including many fee-funded programs, is
reflected in the tables, much of DHS’s mandatory spending is not, and is therefore not reflected in

10 This final column shows a combination of FY2023 annual appropriations, FY2023 supplemental appropriations, and
advance appropriations made in FY2022 that will be available in FY2023 where applicable.
11 In the past, the mandatory spending reflected here was composed of two elements: Coast Guard retired pay, which is
considered mandatory spending but requires congressional action nonetheless; and $250 million from the Aviation
Security Capital Fund (ASCF). However, in FY2023 both the House and Senate Appropriations Committees began to
track the ASCF as a fee-funded program, and out tables follow their methodology.
12 For more details about adjustments to discretionary spending limits under the BCA, see CRS Report R45778,
Exceptions to the Budget Control Act’s Discretionary Spending Limits, by Megan S. Lynch.
13 Supplemental appropriations in this case also include advance appropriations provided in P.L. 117-58, the
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, Division J.
Congressional Research Service

5

link to page 9 link to page 10
Figure 1 or Table 2. This includes spending on flood insurance claims, as well as trust funds for
the Coast Guard and the Secret Service. Information on this type of mandatory spending can be
found in the Administration’s budget request.14
Likewise, the detail tables and the figures and tables based upon them in this report do not reflect
reimbursements between components for services provided, such as payments from partner
agencies to the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center for the cost of training programs.
Information on these resources can be found in the DHS annual budget justifications submitted to
Congress.15

14 The FY2023 DHS budget request can be found on the Office of Management and Budget website, or linked directly
at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/dhs_fy2023.pdf.
15 The FY2023 DHS budget justification can be found at https://www.dhs.gov/publication/congressional-budget-
justification-fiscal-year-fy-2023.
Congressional Research Service

6

link to page 10

Figure 1. DHS Budget Authority by Selected Component, FY2022-FY2023

Source: See Table 2.
Notes: Data do not reflect the impact of rescissions or advance appropriations not available in a given fiscal year. CBP = U.S. Customs and Border Protection; USCG =
U.S. Coast Guard; ICE = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; TSA = Transportation Security Administration; FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency;
USSS = U.S. Secret Service; CISA = Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. Not all values are visible due to scale.
CRS-7

link to page 12 link to page 12 link to page 12
Table 2. DHS Budget Authority by Component, FY2022-FY2023
(budget authority, controlled for reprogramming through appropriations committee reports, in thousands of dollars)
FY2022 Enacted
FY2023
HAC-Reported SAC Majority Draft
FY2023
Component / Funding Aspect
(Annual and Supplemental)
Request
H.R. 8257
(S. 4678)a
Enactedb
CBP
18,524,103
17,395,892
17,934,027
18,747,649
20,231,382
Net Discretionary Funding
16,287,069
15,191,905
15,730,040
16,543,662
18,027,395
Offsetting Col ections
206,000
213,000
213,000
213,000
213,000
Fee-funded Programs
1,601,034
1,990,987
1,990,987
1,990,987
1,990,987
Supplemental Appropriations
430,000
-
-
-
309,000
USCG
13,891,792
13,583,656
14,361,296
13,932,926
13,833,655
Net Discretionary Funding
11,490,273
11,535,242
12,312,882
11,884,512
11,630,491
Offsetting Col ections
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
Mandatory Appropriations
1,963,519
2,044,414
2,044,414
2,044,414
2,044,414
Supplemental Appropriations
434,000
-
-
-
154,750
ICE
8,877,494
8,479,500
8,775,939
8,518,652
9,138,570
Net Discretionary Funding
8,497,884
8,099,890
8,396,329
8,139,042
8,758,960
Fee-funded Programs
379,610
379,610
379,610
379,610
379,610
TSA
8,743,461
10,301,602
10,026,084
9,548,452
9,579,540
Net Discretionary Funding
6,177,461
5,685,602
6,930,084
6,339,952
6,483,540
Offsetting Col ections
2,310,000
4,360,000
2,840,000
2,952,500
2,840,000
Fee-funded Programsc
256,000
256,000
256,000
256,000
256,000
FEMA
26,339,379
25,097,670
25,873,440
25,801,881
32,076,054
Net Discretionary Funding
5,242,043
5,099,040
5,669,810
5,598,251
5,472,424
Offsetting Col ections
248,336
258,630
258,630
258,630
258,630
Disaster Relief Designated
18,799,000
19,740,000
19,945,000
19,945,000
19,945,000
Supplemental Appropriations
2,050,000
-
-
-
6,400,000
CRS-8

link to page 12 link to page 12 link to page 12
FY2022 Enacted
FY2023
HAC-Reported SAC Majority Draft
FY2023
Component / Funding Aspect
(Annual and Supplemental)
Request
H.R. 8257
(S. 4678)a
Enactedb
USSS
2,611,888
2,703,509
2,727,509
2,733,923
2,822,180
Net Discretionary Funding
2,611,888
2,703,509
2,727,509
2,733,923
2,822,180
CISA
2,648,656
2,483,592
2,900,692
2,884,750
2,927,138
Net Discretionary Funding
2,593,656
2,483,592
2,900,692
2,884,750
2,907,138
Supplemental Appropriations
55,000
-
-
-
20,000
MD
3,962,209
4,439,282
4,497,857
4,422,124
4,181,884
Net Discretionary Funding
2,259,325
2,325,803
2,384,378
2,308,645
2,068,405
Offsetting Col ections
1,653,384
2,113,479
2,113,479
2,113,479
2,113,479
Emergency Annual Appropriations
49,500
-
-
-
-
S&T
1043,903
901,291
963,777
941,856
900,541
Net Discretionary Funding
886,403
901,291
963,777
941,856
900,541
Supplemental Appropriations
157,500
-
-
-
-
CWMD
452,011
428,972
428,972
430,972
430,972
Net Discretionary Funding
452,011
428,972
428,972
430,972
430,972
USCIS
5,424,641
5,991,606
5,773,277
5,962,689
5,829,266
Net Discretionary Funding
409,504
913,622
695,293
884,705
267,981
Fee-funded Programs
4,822,137
5,077,984
5,077,984
5,077,984
5,561,285
Supplemental Appropriations
193,000
-
-
-
-
FLETC
355,636
396,547
396,547
396,547
406,547
Net Discretionary Funding
355,636
396,547
396,547
396,547
406,547
A&Od
298,171
341,159
341,159
341,159
316,640
Net Discretionary Funding
298,171
341,159
341,159
341,159
316,640
CRS-9

link to page 12 link to page 12
FY2022 Enacted
FY2023
HAC-Reported SAC Majority Draft
FY2023
Component / Funding Aspect
(Annual and Supplemental)
Request
H.R. 8257
(S. 4678)a
Enactedb
OSEM
418,509
316,180
394,765
326,045
384,794
Net Discretionary Funding
271,053
316,180
394,765
326,045
384,794
Supplemental Appropriations
147,456
-
-
-
-
OIG
205,359
214,879
218,379
214,879
214,879
Net Discretionary Funding
205,359
214,879
218,379
214,879
214,879
TOTAL NET DISCRETIONARY B.A. + DISASTER
84,774,912
83,326,342
85,864,725
85,455,509
93,350,746
RELIEF AND EMERGENCY FUNDING, DHS
Sources: CRS analysis of P.L. 117-103, Division F, and its explanatory statement; P.L. 117-58; H.R. 8257 and H.Rept. 117-396; the Senate Appropriations Committee
majority-produced draft appropriations bil and explanatory statement released on July 28, 2022, available at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/
breaking-chairman-leahy-releases-fiscal-year-2023-senate-appropriations-bills; and P.L. 117-328 and its accompanying explanatory statement.
Notes: Data do not reflect the impact of rescissions or advance appropriations not available in a given fiscal year. HAC = House Appropriations Committee; SAC =
Senate Appropriations Committee; CBP = U.S. Customs and Border Protection; USCG = U.S. Coast Guard; ICE = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; TSA =
Transportation Security Administration; FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency; USSS = U.S. Secret Service; CISA = Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security
Agency; MD = Management Directorate; S&T = Science and Technology Directorate; CWMD = Office of Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction; FLETC = Federal
Law Enforcement Training Center; A&O = Analysis and Operations; OSEM = Office of the Secretary and Executive Management; OIG = Office of the Inspector General;
USCIS = U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.
a. This bil is identical to the committee majority draft as released, as is provided for simplified reference.
b. This column includes annual appropriations from P.L. 117-328, Div. F; supplemental appropriations from P.L. 117-328, Div. N; and advance appropriations from P.L.
117-58, Div. J.
c. The Aviation Security Capital Fund, which had been recorded as mandatory spending, is now included as part of fee-funded programs, for congruence with the
committee reports.
d. “Analysis and Operations” is the name provided in the budget justification. This component is referred to in the Senate draft as “Intelligence, Analysis, and
Operational Coordination,” and in the House-reported bil and P.L. 117-328 as “Intelligence, Analysis and Situational Awareness.”

CRS-10

link to page 13 link to page 13 link to page 13 link to page 9 link to page 10
DHS Appropriations: Comparing Scores
It is often useful to present comparative analysis to put enacted annual funding levels for given
DHS components in context. Table 3 shows net discretionary annual FY2023 appropriations for
DHS distributed by departmental component in comparison to two common baselines described
below.
The table presents an analysis of a component’s net discretionary annual appropriations—
appropriations provided from the Treasury that are not offset by other incoming resources or
given special exemption.16 Comparisons are drawn between two common baselines that are also
shown in Table 1—the FY2022 enacted funding level and the FY2023 requested funding level. In
Table 3, the first column of figures shows the FY2023 enacted annual net discretionary amount
for each component. Changes from that level are reflected in thousands of dollars, and then as a
percentage. The components are ordered from largest to smallest by FY2023 enacted funding
level.
FY2022 and FY2023 supplemental and advance appropriations are not reflected in Table 3. The
purpose of these tables is to provide comparative perspectives on annual appropriations levels, as
well as to improve understanding of comparative annual appropriations levels across the
department, rather than to survey total resources provided by Congress, which can be seen in
Figure 1 and Table 2.
However, as advance appropriations were a known element in the formulation of the proposals,
they are included in the table notes.
Table 3. Enacted DHS Annual Net Discretionary Appropriations, FY2023, Compared
(net discretionary budget authority, in thousands of dollars)
Compared to FY2023
Compared to FY2022

Annual Request
Annual Enacted
FY2023 Annual Enacted
Component
(P.L. 117-328, Div. F)
$
%
$
%
CBP
18,027,395
1,740,326
10.7%
2,835,490
18.7%
USCG
11,630,491
140,218
1.2%
95,249
0.8%
ICE
8,758,960
261,076
3.1%
659,070
8.1%
TSA
6,483,540
306,079
5.0%
797,938
14.0%
FEMA
5,472,424
230,381
4.4%
373,384
7.3%
CISA
2,907,138
313,482
12.1%
423,546
17.1%
USSS
2,822,180
210,292
8.1%
118,671
4.4%
MD
2,068,405
(60,420)
(2.8%)
(257,398)
(11.1%)
S&T
900,541
14,138
1.6%
(750)
(0.1%)
CWMD
430,972
(21,039)
(4.7%)
2,000
0.5%
FLETC
406,547
50,911
14.3%
10,000
2.5%
OSEM
384,794
113,741
42.0%
68,614
21.7%

16 The two most common types of exemption in the DHS appropriations context are the emergency designation and the
disaster relief designation. These designations exempt such funding from being counted against discretionary budget
limits.
Congressional Research Service

11

A&O
316,640
18,469
6.2%
(24,519)
(7.2%)
USCIS
267,981
(141,523)
(34.6%)
(645,641)
(70.7%)
OIG
214,879
9,520
4.6%
-
0.0%
Source: CRS analysis of P.L. 117-103, Div. F, and its explanatory statement; and P.L. 117-328, Div. F, and its
accompanying explanatory statement.
Notes: Negative numbers are shown in (parentheses). “-” = a zero value, indicating no difference. Data do not
reflect the impact of transfers, rescissions, emergency- or disaster relief-designated funding, or advance
appropriations not available in the given fiscal year. CBP = U.S. Customs and Border Protection; USCG = U.S.
Coast Guard; ICE = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; TSA = Transportation Security Administration;
FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency; USSS = U.S. Secret Service; CISA = Cybersecurity and
Infrastructure Security Agency; MD = Management Directorate; S&T = Science and Technology Directorate;
CWMD = Office of Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction; FLETC = Federal Law Enforcement Training
Center; A&O = Analysis and Operations; OSEM = Office of the Secretary and Executive Management; OIG =
Office of the Inspector General; USCIS = U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.
a. “Analysis and Operations” is the name provided for this component in the DHS budget justification. The
component is referred to in the House-reported bil as Intelligence, Analysis and Situational Awareness, and
in the Senate draft as Intelligence, Analysis, and Operational Coordination.

Author Information

William L. Painter

Specialist in Homeland Security and Appropriations

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or
material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to
copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

Congressional Research Service
R47220 · VERSION 4 · UPDATED
12

Download PDF

Download EPUB

Revision History

Jan. 10, 2023

HTML · PDF

Aug. 22, 2022

HTML · PDF

Metadata

Report Type: CRS Report

Source: CRSReports.Congress.gov

Raw Metadata: JSON