Tracking Federal Awards: USAspending.gov and Other Data Sources

May 13, 2015 – December 14, 2023 R44027

Tracking Federal Awards: USAspending.gov
and Other Data Sources
Updated December 14, 2023

Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
R44027

Tracking Federal Awards: USAspending.gov and Other Data Sources

Summary
USAspending.gov, available at http://www.USAspending.gov, is a government source for data on
federal awards by state, congressional district (CD), county, city, and zip code. The awards data in
USAspending.gov are provided by federal agencies and represent contracts, grants, loans, and
other forms of financial assistance. USAspending.gov also provides tools for examining the
broader picture of federal spending obligations within the categories of budget function, agency,
and object class.
Using USAspending.gov to locate and compile accurate data on federal awards can be
challenging due, in part, to continuing data quality issues that have been identified by the U.S.
Government Accountability Office (GAO). Users of USAspending.gov need to be aware that
while search results may be useful for informing consideration of certain questions, these results
may be incomplete or contain inaccuracies.
USAspending.gov was created under P.L. 109-282, the Federal Funding Accountability and
Transparency Act of 2006 (FFATA), and later enhanced under requirements in P.L. 113-101, the
Digital Accountability and Transparency Act of 2014 (DATA Act).
Other federal awards data sources reviewed in this report include the following:
• Federal Procurement Data System (FPDS);
• Census Federal Audit Clearinghouse;
• U.S. Budget: Aid to State and Local Governments;
• GAO’s “Tracking the Funds”
• Rockefeller Institute of Government;
• Federal Funds Information for States;
• Census Federal Aid to States (FAS) and Consolidated Federal Funds
Report (CFFR); and
• Additional federal grant awards databases, including sources tracking medical,
scientific, and technical research.
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Tracking Federal Awards: USAspending.gov and Other Data Sources

Introduction
USAspending.gov, available to the public at http://www.usaspending.gov, is a government source
for data on federal grants, contracts, loans, and other financial assistance. The website enables
searching of federal awards from FY2008 to the present by state, congressional district (CD),
county, city, and zip code. Grant awards include money the federal government commits for
projects in states, local jurisdictions, regions, territories, and tribal reservations, as well as
payments for eligible needs to help individuals and families. Contract awards refer to bids and
agreements the federal government makes for specific goods and services.
USAspending.gov also provides tools for examining the broader picture of federal spending
obligations within the categories of budget function, agency, and object class. Budget function
refers to the major purpose that the spending serves, such as Social Security, Medicare, and
national defense. Object class refers to the type of item or service purchased by the federal
government, such as grants, contracts, and personnel compensation and benefits.
For Congress, the ability to more accurately track these federal awards is necessary to better
inform oversight of federal spending. In recent years, Congress has passed laws to create and
improve systems used by government departments and agencies to report and input data on
federal awards for contracts, grants, and other financial assistance:
• P.L. 109-282, the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006
(FFATA), called for the creation of a database that became USAspending.gov.
The publicly available database replaced data collection and annual reports
issued for more than 30 years in the Census Bureau’s Federal Aid to States (FAS)
report and Consolidated Federal Funds Report (CFFR).1
• P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA),
required federal agencies awarding stimulus funding and state and local
recipients of such funding to report spending back to the ARRA Recovery Board;
this reporting also became a part of USAspending.gov.
• P.L. 113-101, the Digital Accountability and Transparency Act of 2014 (DATA
Act), transferred responsibility for USAspending.gov from the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB) to the Department of the Treasury and required
that expenditures data be added to the federal agency obligations data already
included in the USAspending.gov database. The DATA Act also required
Treasury and OMB to develop government-wide data standardization to facilitate
consolidating, automating, and simplifying reports on grant awards and contracts
and to improve USAspending.gov underreporting and inconsistencies.
Congress has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic with multiple pieces of legislation providing
relief to individuals and families, state and local governments, businesses, and health care
providers.2 USAspending.gov provides several features through which users can explore COVID-
19 award data, including a COVID-19 profile page and specific search filters. The Pandemic
Response Accountability Committee (PRAC; https://www.pandemicoversight.gov/track-the-
money), a federal entity created by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act

1 Congress subsequently defunded the Census office that issued these reports in FY2012, with FY2010 Federal Aid to
States (FAS) report and Consolidated Federal Funds Report (CFFR) being the last reports issued.
2 Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-123); Families First
Coronavirus Response Act (P.L. 116-127); Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L.
116-136); Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act (P.L. 116-139); Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2021 (Divisions M and N; P.L. 116-260); and American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-7).
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(CARES Act; P.L. 116-136), also presents COVID-19 funding data through a variety of visual
displays.3 For more information on accessing COVID-19 funding data through
USAspending.gov, PRAC, and other sources, see CRS Report R46491, Resources for Tracking
Federal COVID-19 Spending.
Search filters to enable tracking awards made through the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
(P.L. 117-58) have also been added to USAspending.gov.
Finding accurate and complete data on federal funds received by states and congressional districts
continues to be challenging due to ongoing data quality issues originally identified by the
Government Accountability Office (GAO) in June 2014.4 A GAO report released in November
2023 found that 25 executive branch agencies that are included in the overall federal government
financial statements did not report data to USAspending.gov in FY2022.5 In addition, among the
agencies that did report to USAspending.gov, GAO found that some reported COVID-19
obligation amounts did not agree with the information in their budget and annual financial
reports. Subsequent GAO analysis of grant subaward data in USAspending.gov identified data
quality issues, including grant subawards with missing information, impossibly large subaward
amounts, and likely duplicative records.6 Users of USAspending.gov should be aware that
although search results may be useful for informing consideration of certain questions, these
results may also be incomplete or contain inaccuracies.
USAspending.gov Background
Origins
FFATA required OMB to create a public database of all federal funds awarded to the final
recipient level. The DATA Act followed eight years later and required the Department of the
Treasury and OMB to develop government-wide data standardization to consolidate, automate,
and simplify reports on grant awards and contracts to improve underreporting and inconsistencies
as identified by GAO. These requirements in the DATA Act were intended to expand on the
transparency efforts originally mandated by FFATA, specifically by
• disclosing direct agency expenditures and linking federal contract, loan, and
grant spending information to federal agency programs;
• establishing government-wide data standards for financial data and providing
consistent, reliable, and searchable data that are displayed accurately;
• simplifying reporting, streamlining reporting requirements, and reducing
compliance costs, while improving transparency; and

3 For more information on PRAC, see CRS Insight IN11343, The Pandemic Response Accountability Committee:
Organization and Duties, by Ben Wilhelm.
4 The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) “estimates with 95 percent confidence that between 2 percent and
7 percent of the awards contained information that was fully consistent with agencies’ records for all 21 data elements
examined.” See GAO Highlights, Data Transparency: Oversight Needed to Address Underreporting and
Inconsistencies on Federal Award Website, GAO-14-476, June 2014, at http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-14-476.
5 GAO, Federal Spending Transparency: Opportunities to Improve USAspending.gov Data, GAO-24-106214,
November 7, 2023, at https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-24-106214.
6 GAO, Federal Spending Transparency: Opportunities Exist to Improve COVID-19 and Other Grant Subaward Data
on USAspending.gov, GAO-24-106237, November 16, 2023, at https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-24-106237.
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• improving the quality of data submitted to USAspending.gov by holding
agencies accountable.7
In addition, no later than four years after enactment (by spring 2018), Treasury and OMB were to
ensure that all information published on USAspending.gov conforms to government-wide data
standards. OMB is also required to issue guidance so that all agencies can follow government-
wide data standards when reporting on grantee and contractor awards.
The USAspending.gov site is maintained by the Treasury’s Bureau of the Fiscal Service (BFS).
BFS is responsible for facilitating data standardization and streamlining of award reporting, as
well as the design and usability of the site.8
Types and Timing of Data
The data in USAspending.gov are submitted by federal agencies and represent award obligations
and outlays for grants, contracts, loans, and other financial assistance (e.g., Social Security
benefits, food stamps, housing assistance). These obligations are spending commitments made by
the federal government, and outlays occur when federal money is actually paid out.9 Federal
agencies are required to submit reports on awards transactions within 30 days after transactions
are implemented. There may be a longer lag time with data from the Department of Defense,
generally 90 days.
Site Features
USAspending.gov enables congressional staff and the public to search back to FY2008 for prime
and subaward data by state, congressional district, and other jurisdictions. The site includes the
following features:
• Award Search of prime and subaward data back to FY2008 allows filtering by
award type, awarding agency, recipient, country, state, zip, county, city, CD,10
and other criteria. To identify where money is being spent, search on Place of
Performance versus Recipient Location. Search results include awards that are
active during the selected fiscal year, regardless of when the award initially
started. Details on an individual award, including transaction history and
subawards, may be viewed by clicking on the Award ID. The Time, Map, and
Categories tabs above the search results allow users to view aggregated award
transactions data from different perspectives. The results list displayed can be
downloaded at either the award or transaction level, along with additional details
about each award, into a spreadsheet. The award search is continually being
developed and improved, so new features may have become available since the
publication of this report.
• Spending Explorer enables “big picture” browsing of federal spending
obligations and offers interactive data visualization by budget function, agency,

7 USAspending.gov “About” page at https://www.usaspending.gov/about.
8 For more information, see https://fiscal.treasury.gov/data-transparency/history-overview.html.
9 See official and plain language definitions for these terms at https://www.usaspending.gov/search?glossary=
obligation and https://www.usaspending.gov/search?glossary=outlay. For more information, see CRS In Focus
IF12105, Introduction to Budget Authority, by James V. Saturno.
10 The Award Search includes filters that enable searching by either “current” CD, within the new boundaries created
by 2023 redistricting, or “original” CD, within the boundaries that existed pre-2023 redistricting. For further
discussion, see the section on “Congressional District Data” under “Issues with Tracking Awards” in this report.
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and object class. With this tool, users can see the budget function breakdown by
categories, such as Social Security, Medicare, and national defense; obligated
amounts by agency; and obligations by object class categories, such as grants,
contracts, and personnel compensation and benefits.
• Profiles of the following:
• Agencies features data on each agency’s total budgetary resources, the total
amount that has been obligated (or committed to be spent) against those
budgetary resources, and the amount the agency has obligated and outlaid for
awards. Additional data include breakdowns of total budgetary resources,
total obligations, and award obligations by subagency.
• Federal Accounts features a list of over 2,000 federal accounts through
which users can track spending obligations and outlays. Data in this section
are presented visually through graphs and other infographics.
• States & Territories provides tables, interactive maps, and graphs showing a
breakdown of a total awarded amount to each state and territory back to
FY2008. Breakdowns include obligated totals by award type, county, and
CD. Profiles also include top five rankings in various categories, such as
awarding agencies and recipients.
• Recipients contains profiles of entities that have received federal awards in
the form of contracts, grants, loans, or other financial assistance back to
FY2008. Profiles include data on award trends over time and top five
rankings in various categories.
• Covid-19 Spending provides a snapshot in time of the overall federal
funding response to COVID-19.11
• Data Download allows bulk exporting of large award datasets by agency, award
type, and fiscal year through the Award Data Archive. The custom download
pages—Custom Award Data and Custom Account Data (which covers all
spending data, including nonaward spending)—also allow downloading of large
datasets but provide additional filtering options.
Issues with Tracking Awards
In addition to the data quality problems in USAspending.gov mentioned earlier,12 the following
issues should be taken into consideration.
Recipient Location Versus Place of Performance
As recipients of federal grant funding, state and local governments may provide services directly
to beneficiaries. Alternatively, a state may act as a pass-through, redisbursing federal grant
funding to localities using a formula or a competitive process13 through subgrants or subcontracts.

11 See CRS Report R46491, Resources for Tracking Federal COVID-19 Spending, by Jennifer Teefy and Maria Kreiser
for more information.
12 For examples of the data quality problems GAO has identified in USAspending.gov, see the GAO website at
http://www.gao.gov, particularly the search term USAspending.gov and the headers Data Act, Data Transparency or
Federal Spending Transparency.
13 See CRS Report R42769, Federal Grants-in-Aid Administration: A Primer, by Natalie Keegan.
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Both federal grant and procurement awards thus may have a where awarded vs. where spent
component that is not fully identified in grant or procurement records.
For example, most federal grant funding is awarded to states, which then subaward or subcontract
to eligible recipients elsewhere in the state (see Figure 1). So, a project’s place of performance
(where the award is spent) may therefore differ from the initial recipient location (where the
funding is awarded).
Figure 1. Examples of Federal Spending Streams
Recipients at Multiple Levels

Sources: Jerry Brito, George Washington University, 2009; and the Congressional Research Service, 2016.
In addition, a funding award may pass through multiple different jurisdictions (in different CDs)
before reaching the final place of performance. For example
• Federal grants may go first to the state (the state capital, in one CD), then be
distributed to a city or county government (in one or more additional CDs),
which then may pass the funds to an organization that spends the money in other
CDs. A CD in which a state capital is located may appear to receive more federal
funds than other CDs in the state, but searching USAspending.gov data by place
of performance rather than recipient location would identify data by the project
location.
• Procurement awards may be given to a corporation headquartered in one state
(and one CD), but the company may spend the money manufacturing the
purchased product at one or more of its manufacturing facilities in one or more
additional states (and CDs).
Congressional District Data
The USAspending.gov award search enables filtering by state and congressional district. When
searching for CD data, note the following:
• CD borders can change significantly with decennial redistricting. There are
options to search for awards within either “original” (pre-2023) CD boundaries
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or “current” (2023-onward) CD boundaries. Searching current CD boundaries
will enable capturing historical award data within current district borders.14
• Because CD boundaries change over time, use caution when choosing to search
within “original” versus “current” boundaries.
• For grants and contracts data in CDs, search USAspending.gov by place of
performance rather than recipient location to identify awards by project location
(see “Recipient Location Versus Place of Performance,” above).
• CDs that include state capitals will appear to receive more federal funds because
states are prime recipients of federal block and formula grants. State
Administering Agencies (SAAs) then pass through or subaward federal funding
for projects throughout the state.
Other Data Sources
Federal Procurement Data System
The General Services Administration (GSA) maintains the Federal Procurement Data System
(FPDS) at https://www.fpds.gov/fpdsng_cms/index.php/en/, which contains information on
federal contract awards. FPDS
• serves as the source of USAspending.gov contracts data;
• contains information on contract awards with estimated value of $10,000 or
more; and
• provides basic search capabilities.
Information on data included in FPDS is provided through the site’s FAQs at
https://www.fpds.gov/wiki/index.php/FPDS-NG_FAQ.
Current and historical FPDS federal procurement data reports can be generated from the System
for Award Management (SAM) site at https://sam.gov/content/contract-data. Static procurement
reports on various topics are also available on this site.
For more refined searching, such as by CD, the FPDS Help Desk can guide congressional staff
and the public through filtering for data needed (called ad hoc reports).
Federal Audit Clearinghouse
States, local governments, and nonprofits (including universities) spending $750,000 or more15 in
federal grants during a fiscal year are required to submit an audit detailing expenditures. The U.S.
General Services Administration currently maintains the FAC at https://www.fac.gov/ and enables
searching of recent audits (accepted since October 1, 2023). The U.S. Census Bureau previously
maintained the FAC and is the source for older audits at https://facdissem.census.gov/Main.aspx.
• Because the audit data are for the fiscal year of the filing agency or organization
(which may differ from the federal fiscal year), they are not comparable with data
from any other federal source.

14 See https://www.usaspending.gov/?about-the-data=congressional-district-data for more information.
15 For fiscal years prior to December 26, 2014, the threshold was $500,000 (https://facweb.census.gov/FAQs.aspx).
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• Searches may be conducted by organization or institution, Catalog of Federal
Domestic Assistance (CFDA) program number, and geographic location (by city
or state but not by congressional district). See search options at
https://harvester.census.gov/facdissem/Main.aspx.
U.S. Budget: Aid to State and Local Governments
The Analytical Perspectives volume of the President’s budget covers various topics, including
“Aid to State and Local Governments” (Chapter 8 in the FY2024 report).16 Federal financial
assistance to state and local governments, U.S. territories, and American Indian tribal
governments is intended to help fund programs administered by those entities and is primarily
administered as grants. Most often federal grants are awarded as direct cash assistance, but
federal grants can also include in-kind assistance—nonmonetary aid, such as commodities
purchased for the National School Lunch Program—and Federal revenues or assets shared with
state and local governments.17
In 2022, the federal government spent roughly $1.2 trillion, approximately five percent of GDP,
on aid to state, local, tribal, and territorial governments. The budget estimates $1.1 trillion in
outlays for aid to state, local, tribal, and territorial governments in both 2023 and 2024. Total
federal grant spending to state and local governments is estimated to be 4% of GDP in 2024.18
Individual program tables with state-by-state obligation data for grants-in-aid programs to state
and local governments may be found on the OMB website. Tables 8-3 through 8-51 show state-
by-state obligations for 49 federal grants-in-aid programs.19
Federal grants generally fall into one of two broad categories—categorical grants or block grants,
depending on the requirements of the grant program. In addition, grants may be characterized by
how the funding is awarded, such as by formula, by project, or by matching state and local funds.
As recipients of federal grant funding, state and local governments may provide services directly
to beneficiaries or states may act as a pass-through, disbursing grant funding to localities using a
formula or a competitive process.20 As discussed above, this pass-through, or subawarding, at the
state level makes tracking federally originated funds to the final recipient a challenge.
GAO’s “Tracking the Funds”
In the FY2022 appropriations cycle, a process became available for Members of Congress to
submit requests designating funding within appropriations measures to a particular recipient—
such as a local government or nonprofit organization—or for a specific project. These provisions
are officially known as “Congressionally Directed Spending” (CDS) in the Senate and
“Community Project Funding” (CPF) in the House of Representatives; they are also popularly
known as “earmarks.’’21 GAO provides information on enacted CDS and CPF spending by fiscal

16 OMB, “Chapter 8: Aid to State and Local Governments,” Analytical Perspectives: Budget of the U.S. Government,
Fiscal Year 2024, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/analytical-perspectives/. Note that Chapter 8 is variously
numbered in earlier budgets.
17 Ibid., p. 77.
18 Ibid., p. 77.
19 See Supplemental Materials as Spreadsheets, Tables 8-3 through 8-51. 2024 Budget Program State-by-State Tables,
Analytical Perspectives, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/analytical-perspectives/.
20 See CRS Report R42769, Federal Grants-in-Aid Administration: A Primer, by Natalie Keegan.
21 For more information see the following: CRS Report RS22867, Earmark Disclosure Rules in the Senate: Member
and Committee Requirements, by Megan S. Lynch, and CRS Report R46722, Community Project Funding: House
Rules and Committee Protocols, by Megan S. Lynch.
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year through its “Tracking the Funds” site, at https://www.gao.gov/tracking-funds.22 This site
includes a summary of funding provisions, links to reports by fiscal year, and reports on
individual agencies.
In addition to analysis of provisions by agency, budget function, and recipient type, GAO
provides interactive tools to enable tracking specific projects by state, requester, and other criteria
at https://files.gao.gov/multimedia/gao-23-106318/interactive/index.html. For each project, this
tool includes information, when available, on total funds designated, amount obligated, and
amount outlaid. The complete datasets can be downloaded into a spreadsheet.
It may also be possible to identify obligations and outlays for enacted CDS and CPF projects in
USAspending.gov by searching recipient names, project keywords, or other criteria.
Rockefeller Institute of Government
The Rockefeller Institute of Government produces an annual report titled Giving or Getting?:
New York’s Balance of Payments with the Federal Government available at https://rockinst.org/
issue-areas/fiscal-analysis/balance-of-payments-portal/. The report focuses on New York but
includes federal spending data for all states. It attempts to show the balance of payments by state,
or the amount of revenue paid to the federal government from each state’s residents and economy
minus federal spending in the state. Federal spending data include direct payments for individuals
(e.g., Social Security and Medicare), grants, contracts, and wages and salaries of federal workers.
Federal Funds Information for States
Federal Funds Information for States (FFIS), https://ffis.org/, is a subscription-only service that
tracks federal grant funding in states. Data are provided at the summary level as well as by type
of grant and specific program. Many state governments subscribe to FFIS. Information is limited
for nonsubscribers.
Federal Aid to States and the Consolidated Federal Funds Report
These Census Bureau reports, published from FY1983 to FY2010 and available at
https://www.census.gov/library/publications/time-series/cffr.All.html, were the federal
government’s primary documents summarizing the geographic distribution of federal monies to
states and counties, whether grants, contracts, or appropriations. The FY2010 Federal Aid to
States (FAS) and Consolidated Federal Funds Report (CFFR) were the last reports issued due to
the termination of the Census Bureau’s Federal Financial Statistics program. Federal obligations
data continue to be posted on USAspending.gov, now the official source collecting federal awards
data.
• FAS covered federal government expenditures to state and local governments and
presented figures to the state level by program area and agency.
• CFFR included payments to state and local governments as well as to
nongovernmental recipients. Dollar amounts reported represented either actual

22 The joint explanatory statements accompanying Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103) and
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328) include provisions for GAO to review agencies’ implementation
of FY2022 and FY2023 CDS and CPF funding, respectively.

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expenditures or obligations (see CFFR introduction and source notes for each
table or graph).
• CFFR provided data to the state and county level for grants, salaries and wages,
procurement contracts, direct payments for individuals, other direct payments,
direct loans, guaranteed or insured loans, and insurance.
• Although CFFR indicated congressional districts (one or more) for each county,
it did not give separate data by CD.
Selected Agency Grant Awards Databases and Information
USAspending.gov collects brief data on all federal grants and contracts awarded. However, some
agencies, in particular those awarding research grants, also continue to post information on their
own websites.
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
• Current Research Information System
https://cris.nifa.usda.gov/
Ongoing agricultural, food science, human nutrition, and forestry research,
education and extension activities, with a focus on the National Institute of Food
and Agriculture (NIFA) grant programs. Projects are conducted or sponsored by
USDA research agencies, state agricultural experiment stations, land-grant
universities, other cooperating state institutions, and participants in NIFA-
administered grant programs, including Small Business Innovation Research and
the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative.
Department of Education (ED)
• Institute of Education Sciences, Funded Research Grants and Contracts
http://ies.ed.gov/funding/grantsearch/index.asp
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
• Tracking Accountability in Government Grants System (TAGGS)
http://taggs.hhs.gov/AdvancedSearch.cfm
Database of awards from HHS and its subsidiaries.
• National Institutes of Health (NIH) Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools
RePORTER
http://projectreporter.nih.gov/reporter.cfm
Includes projects funded by the NIH, Administration for Children and Families,
Agency for Health Care Research and Quality, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Food and Drug Administration, and the U.S. Department of Veterans
Affairs.
Department of Justice (DOJ)
• Office of Justice Programs (OJP), OJP Grant Award Data
http://ojp.gov/funding/Explore/OJPAwardData.htm
Department of Labor (DOL)
• Employment and Training Administration (ETA), Grants Awarded
http://www.doleta.gov/grants/grants_awarded.cfm
Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS)
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• IMLS Awarded Grants
http://www.imls.gov/recipients/grantsearch.aspx
National Endowment for the Arts (NEA)
• Grant Search
https://apps.nea.gov/grantsearch/
NEA grants awarded since 1998.
National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH)
• Funded Projects
https://securegrants.neh.gov/publicquery/main.aspx
National Science Foundation (NSF)
• NSF Awards
http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/
Includes data from 1989 to the present.
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR)
• SBIR and STTR Awards
https://www.sbir.gov/sbirsearch/award/all
The SBIR/STTR program’s mission is to stimulate technology innovation by
strengthening the role of innovative small business in federal research and
development. Currently, 11 federal agencies participate in the program: the
Departments of Agriculture, Commerce (National Institute of Standards and
Technology and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration),
Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security,
and Transportation, and the Environmental Protection Agency, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, and National Science Foundation.
Transportation Research Board (TRB)
• Research in Progress
http://rip.trb.org/
View projects by subject, individuals, or organizations.
Further Reading
National Academy of Public Administration, “DATA Act Implementation: The First Government-
Wide Agile Project,” April 30, 2020, at https://napawash.org/grand-challenges-blog/data-act-
implementation-the-first-government-wide-agile-project.
U.S. Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Homeland Security and
Governmental Affairs, “Federal Agency Compliance with the DATA Act,” report, July 2018, at
https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/download/staff-report_-federal-agency-compliance-with-the-data-
act.
Urban Institute, “Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments,”
research report, February 26, 2018, at https://www.urban.org/research/publication/follow-money-
how-track-federal-funding-local-governments.
Data Foundation and Deloitte, “DATA Act 2022: Changing Technology, Changing Culture,”
report, May 2017, at http://www.datafoundation.org/data-act-2022/.
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Author Information

Jennifer Teefy

Senior Research Librarian

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
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Congressional Research Service
R44027 · VERSION 73 · UPDATED
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Report Type: CRS Report

Source: CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com

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