Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2005
This report discusses federal research and development (R&D) funding for FY2005. The Bush Administration requested $131.9 billion in R&D funding for FY2005. This was $5.9 billion above the estimated $126 billion that was appropriated for federal R&D in FY2004.
Order Code IB10129
CRS Issue Brief for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Federal Research and Development
Funding: FY2005
Updated February 2, 2005
Michael E. Davey, Coordinator
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress
CONTENTS
SUMMARY
MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Department of Energy (DOE)
Department of Defense (DOD)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
National Science Foundation (NSF)
Department of Commerce (DOC)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Department of Transportation (DOT)
Department of the Interior (DOI)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
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Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2005
SUMMARY
The Bush Administration requested
science programs would increase 2.8%, to
$131.9 billion in federal research and develop-
$3.6 billion.
ment (R&D) funding for FY2005. This was
$5.9 billion above the estimated $126 billion
P.L. 108-447 does not provide a specific
that was appropriated for federal R&D in
number for NASA R&D funding. Instead, it
FY2004. Based on Congressional actions,
states that NASA has “unrestrained” authority
CRS estimates that federal R&D funding will
to transfer funding among its various pro-
reach $132.9 billion in FY2005, a 5.5% in-
grams. Despite passing an authorization bill
crease over FY2004. CRS estimates that 78%
two years ago to double NSF’s budget over
of this increase was for defense R&D. CRS
five years (P.L. 107-368), Congress approved
estimates that defense R&D will reach $75.4
a 1.9% reduction in funding for FY2005,
billion, a 7.4% increase over FY2004, while
including the first decline for NSF’s Research
civilian R&D is estimated to reach $57.5
and Related Activities account since 1986.
billion, a 2.7% increase over FY2004.
NSF’s Education and Human Resources
programs would decline 10% below FY2004
Congress passed four individual appro-
levels.
priations bills, but only two of them, Defense
and Homeland Security, have R&D programs.
Funding for NIH would increase 2% to
Congress approved a record $69.853 billion
$28.452 billion, $560 million over FY2004.
for DOD’s RDT&E program, including a
Most NIH institutes would receive increases
10.4% increase for DOD’s S&T programs
between 1.6 and 2.5 percent.
(P.L. 108-287). Congress approved a 26%
increase, or $1.3 billion for Department of
Within the Department of Commerce,
Homeland Security’s (DHS) R&D programs
Congress funded NIST at an estimated $699
(P.L. 108-334). The remaining nine appropria-
million, a 14.5% increase over FY2004. It
tions bills are contained in the Consolidated
funded the Manufacturing Extension Program
Appropriations Act of FY2005, (P.L 108-447,
at $108 million, but instructed the Secretary
H.R. 4818). All funding estimates derived
not to re-compete the program until FY2007.
from that Act reflect a 0.80% across-the-board
Congress also approved $136 million to com-
rescission. Further, programs in the Com-
plete work on current Advanced Technology
merce appropriations bill reflect an additional
Programs, with no new projects to be com-
0.54% across-the-board reduction, while
peted in FY2005. In response to the findings
programs in the Interior appropriations bill
of a new Ocean Commission Initiative, Con-
reflect an additional 0.594% reduction.
gress funded NOAA at $681 million, a 7.2%
increase over FY2004 levels.
Funding for USDA would increase agri-
cultural research 1.6% over FY2004. Most of
Congress approved an extension of the
this increase is the related to congressionally
research and experimentation tax credit (H.R.
directed projects that USDA requested be
1308, P.L. 108-311) extending the credit
removed from the bill. Congress approved an
through December 31, 2005 (see CRS Report
estimated $8.783 billion for R&D at DOE, a
RL31181 for more information on the R&E
1.2% increase over FY2004. DOE’s basic
tax credit).
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress
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MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
On December 8, 2004, President Bush signed P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act of FY2005. The Bush Administration requested $131.5 billion in federal
research and development funding for FY2005. Based on current Congressional actions,
CRS estimates that Congress has approved a record $132.9 billion for federal R&D in
FY2005.
BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
The FY2005 budget request for research and education in the U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) is $2,435 million, a 2.6% decrease ($65.3 million) from the FY2004
level of $2,500.3 million (see Table 1). The FY2005 request provides support for several
continuing research priority areas: new uses for agricultural products, global climate change,
agricultural genomes, biosecurity, agricultural information services, and homeland security
supplemental. Other priority areas include competitive research for fundamental and applied
sciences in agriculture, and advancing agricultural genomic research. The FY2005 budget
request supports programs on emerging and exotic diseases as part of the infrastructure to
enhance homeland security. The USDA is concerned with training and educating the next
generation of agricultural scientists and supporting core university-based research. Increased
funding is provided to several higher education programs.
The USDA conducts in-house basic and applied research. The Agricultural Research
Service (ARS) is the lead federal agency for nutrition research, operating five major
laboratories in this area, including the world’s large multi-disciplinary agricultural research
center located at Beltsville, Maryland. ARS laboratories focus on efficient food and fiber
production, preservation of genetic resources, development of new products and uses for
agricultural commodities, development of effective biocontrols for pest management, and
support of USDA regulatory and technical assistance programs. The FY2005 request
provides $1,189 million for ARS, $19.7 million above the FY2004 estimate. Reductions
are proposed in all projects earmarked by Congress in order to finance high priority program
increases. The FY2005 request proposes a $3.5 million increase for animal genomics and
an increase of $8.3 million for emerging diseases and biosecurity. There is also an increase
proposed for information technology cyber security and animal waste related problems. The
ARS reports that the majority of its facilities are functionally obsolete. The FY2005 request
for ARS includes $23 million for buildings and facilities.
The Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES)
distributes funds to State Agricultural Experiment Stations, State Cooperative Extension
Systems, land-grant universities, and other institutions and organizations that conduct
agricultural research. Included in these partnerships is funding for research at the 1862
institutions, 1890 historically black colleges and universities, and 1994 tribal land-grant
colleges. Funding is distributed to the states through competitive awards, statutory formula
funding, and special grants. The FY2005 request for CSREES is $1,028 million, a decrease
of $104 million from FY2004. Funding for formula distribution in FY2005 to the State
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Agricultural Experiment Stations (and other eligible institutions) would be $275.9 million,
a $1.8 million below FY2004. The request proposes a slight increase for the 1890 formula
programs. The FY2005 request funds the National Research Initiative (NRI) Competitive
Grants Program at $180 million, $16 million above the FY2004 estimate.
Table 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture
($ in millions)
FY2004
FY2005
FY2005
Estimate
Request
Omnibus
Agric. Research Service (ARS)
Product Quality/Value Added
$108.4
$99.4
Livestock Production
96.7
79.9
Crop Production
180.8
153.9
Food Safety
95.4
90.1
Livestock Protection
65.5
60.5
Crop Protection
178.3
151.7
Human Nutrition
81.5
80.5
Environmental Stewardship
216.3
182.1
National Agricultural Library
20.9
22.4
Funds for Homeland Security
20.8
49.0
Repair & Maintenance
18.1
18.1
Subtotal
1,082.5
987.6
1,048.5
Buildings & Facilities
63.8
178.0
186.3
Trust Funds
23.0
23.0
0.0
Total, ARSa
1,169.3
1,189.0
1,243.8
Coop. St. Res. Ed. & Ext. (CSREES) Research and Education
Hatch Act Formula
179.1
180.1
178.7
Cooperative Forestry Research
21.8
21.8
22.2
1890 Colleges and Tuskegee Univ.
35.8
36.0
12.3
Special Research Grants
110.7
3.3
135.5
NRI Competitive Grants
164.0
180.0
179.6
Animal Health & Disease Res.
4.5
5.1
5.1
Federal Administration
37.5
7.5
42.6
Higher Educationb
41.4
52.8
51.5
Total, Coop. Res. & Educ.c
618.4
516.0
655.5
Extension Activities
Smith-Lever Sections 3b&c
277.7
275.9
275.5
Smith-Lever Sections 3d
80.6
83.4
86.7
Renewable Resources Extension
4.0
4.1
4.1
1890 Research & Extension
31.7
32.1
32.8
Other Extension Prog. & Admin.
36.0
25.7
28.5
Total, Extension Activitiesc
440.1
421.2
445.7
Total, CSREESc
1,132.0
1,028.0
1,101.2
Economic Research Service
71.0
80.0
74.2
National Agric. Statistics Service
128.0
138.0
128.5
TOTAL, Research, Education & Economics
$2,500.3
$2,435.0
$2,538.7
a. The total for ARS excludes trust funds and support for Counter-Drug Research and Development and for
Anti-Drug Research and Related Matters. Program levels in the House-passed version are not available.
b. Higher education includes payments to 1994 institutions and 1890 Capacity Building Grants program.
c. Program totals may reflect set-asides (non-add) or contingencies. Includes support for integrative activities
(which have both research and extension components).
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The Economic Research Service (ERS) is the principal intramural economic and social
science research agency in USDA. The request for ERS in FY2005 is $80 million, a $9
million increase over the previous fiscal year. The majority of the increase will support a
consumer data and information system, with the remaining funds directed at pay costs. The
National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) conducts the Census of Agriculture and
provides current data on agricultural production and indicators of the farm sector. The
FY2005 request is $138 million, $10 million above the FY2004 level. Funding will support
Presidential and Department e-Government initiatives. NASS will continue the development
of the USDA Enterprise Architecture and the USDA Enablers initiatives.
On November 20, 2004, the House adopted H.R. 4818 (H.Rept. 108-792), Omnibus
Appropriations for FY2005, funding the government through December 8. (A vote on the
technical corrections resolution, H.Con.Res. 528, has been delayed until Congress returns
on December 6). Included in the omnibus is an across-the-board cut of 0.8% in all
discretionary funded programs and activities. H.R. 4818 funds research and education in
USDA at a total of $2,538.7 million, $103.7 million (4.3%) above the FY2005 request, and
$38.4 million (1.5%) above the FY2004 estimate. (CRS Contact: Christine Matthews)
Department of Energy (DOE)
For FY2005, DOE requested $8.5 billion for R&D, including activities in each of the
department’s four business lines: Science, National Security, Energy Supply, and
Environmental Quality. This request was 2% below the FY2004 level. The final
appropriation was $8.8 billion, an increase of 1% over FY2004. (See Table 2).
The requested funding for Science was $3.4 billion, a 2% decrease from FY2004.
Increases were requested for all Science programs except Biological and Environmental
Research, which received approximately $140 million in FY2004 as congressionally directed
funding for specific projects. The Administration noted that if this $140 million were set
aside, the FY2005 request would be an increase of 2% rather than a decrease. The final bill
provided $3.6 billion, including increases of $80 million for Biological and Environmental
Research (almost entirely for specific projects), $41 million for Basic Energy Sciences, and
$28 million for Advanced Scientific Computing Research.
The requested funding for R&D in National Security was $3.3 billion, almost the same
as the FY2004 appropriation.1 The request for the Naval Reactors program, which last year
began development of a new nuclear reactor design for future navy ships, was an increase
of 5%. The final appropriation was an increase of 1%, with the most notable adjustment
being the elimination of requested funds for the Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator.
The requested funding for R&D in Energy Supply was $1.7 billion, down 6% from
FY2004. Within this total, Energy Conservation R&D was reduced by 10%, primarily to
make increased funding available for weatherization assistance grants, and Nuclear Energy
R&D was reduced by 26%, primarily in the area of advanced fuel cycle technologies. The
1 This does not include National Security R&D activities in subprograms devoted to specific nuclear
weapon systems, because detailed funding schedules that identify the R&D portion of those activities
are classified. See notes to Table 2.
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final bill restored Energy Conservation R&D almost to the FY2004 level and increased
Nuclear Energy R&D by 31% over FY2004 or 78% over the request. Fossil Energy R&D,
which was reduced by both the House and the Senate, ultimately received 10% less than the
request, with a decrease of $217 million for FutureGen partially offset by increases in several
other fossil energy programs. The goal of FutureGen is technology that co-produces
electricity and hydrogen from coal with essentially zero emissions.
The requested funding for R&D in Environmental Quality was $60 million. This was
a 9% reduction from FY2004, following two years of reductions in excess of 40% that
resulted from a reorientation of the program. The House provided a $22.5 million increase
for evaluation of advanced private-sector remediation technologies, but the final
appropriation was slightly less than the request. (CRS Contact: Daniel Morgan.)
Table 2. Department of Energy
($ millions)
FY2004
FY2005
FY2005
FY2005
FY2005
Estimate a
Request
House b
Senate b
Final c
National Security
3,264.5
3,263.5
3,188.4
3,301.4
Weapons Activities d
2,270.6
2,245.6
2139.0
2,276.0
Naval Reactors
761.9
797.9
807.9
801.4
Nonprolif. & Verific. R&D
232.0
220.0
241.5
223.9
Science
3,500.2
3,431.7
3,600.0
3,599.9
Basic Energy Sciences
1,010.6
1,063.5
1,076.5
1,104.6
High Energy Physics
733.6
737.4
753.4
735.7
Biological & Envtl. Research
641.5
501.6
571.6
581.9
Nuclear Physics
389.6
401.0
415.0
404.8
Fusion Energy Sciences
262.6
264.1
276.1
273.9
Advanced Sci. Computing
202.3
204.3
234.3
232.5
Other
260.0
259.8
273.1
266.5
Energy Supply
1,836.7
1,726.2
1754.3
1,822.7
Energy Conservation R&D
606.9
543.9
611.0
580.5
599.5
Fossil Energy R&D
672.8
635.8
601.9
542.5
575.3
Renewable Energy
357.5
374.8
343.2
386.0
Elec. Transm. & Distrib. R&D
69.5
75.7
75.7 e
91.4
Nuclear Energy R&D
130.0
96.0
122.5
170.6
Environmental Quality
66.1
60.1
82.6
59.7
Technology Devel. & Deploy.
66.1
60.1
82.6
59.7
Total
8,666.5
8,481.5
8,625.3
8,783.7
a. Figures for FY2004 are adjusted to reflect program transfers, reprogramming of funds by the Department,
and rescissions and additional appropriations made by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004 (P.L.
108-199).
b. DOE programs are funded in two appropriations bills: Energy and Water (H.R. 4614, H.Rept. 108-554; no
bill in Senate) and Interior (H.R. 4568, H.Rept. 108-542; S. 2804, S.Rept. 108-341).
c. Adjusted to reflect the general reduction of 0.80%.
d. Includes Stockpile Services (R&D Certification and Safety, Advanced Concepts, Reliable Replacement
Warhead, and Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator R&D only), Science Campaigns, Engineering Campaigns
(except Enhanced Surety and Enhanced Surveillance), Inertial Confinement Fusion, Advanced Simulation
and Computing, and a prorated share of Readiness in Technical Base and Facilities. Additional R&D
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activities may take place in the subprograms of Directed Stockpile Work that are devoted to specific
weapon systems, but these funds are not included in the table because detailed funding schedules for those
subprograms are classified.
e. Includes funds requested for Electricity Transmission and Distribution R&D that the House provided under
Energy Assurance in the Other Defense Activities account.
Department of Defense (DOD)
Nearly all of what the Department of Defense spends on Research, Development, Test
and Evaluation (RDT&E) is appropriated in Title IV of the defense appropriation bill (see
Table 3). For FY2005, the Bush Administration originally requested $68.9 billion for Title
IV RDT&E. This was later reduced to $67.8 billion after the Army decided to terminate its
Comanche helicopter development program. The amended request is $3.3 billion above the
amount made available in Title IV dollars for FY2004. The five-year budget plan estimates
$352.9 billion for RDT&E through FY2009. This is about $20.5 billion more than what the
Administration budgeted for RDT&E in FY2004. RDT&E funds are also requested as part
of the Defense Health Program ($72 million) and the Chemical Agents and Munitions
Destruction Program ($154 million).
While the FY2005 RDT&E request would boost RDT&E funding overall, the proposed
increases are focused on development activities. Basic research and applied research are
proposed at levels below FY2004 funding in absolute terms, declining 5% and 12%
respectively. The decline is greater when factoring in inflation. Over half of DOD’s basic
research budget is spent at universities and represents the major contributor of funds in some
areas of science and technology. Much of the support of research at DOD laboratories comes
from applied research accounts. The S&T funding request, which consists of basic and
applied research and advanced development (6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 activities in the RDT&E
account) is 2.6% of the overall Department of Defense budget request of $401.7 billion. This
is below the 3% target that both the Bush Administration and Congress have set. The budget
request for Missile Defense RDT&E was $9.1 billion (an increase of $1.5 billion over the
amount available for Missile Defense in FY2004). The budget request for the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) was $3.1 billion, an increase of about $300
million.
The House passed its appropriation bill (H.R. 4613) on June 22. The House
appropriated $68.9 billion for Title IV RDT&E, $12.8 billion of which would go toward
S&T. The S&T appropriation represents 3.1% of the total Department’s appropriation. The
House also appropriated $8.7 billion for missile defense, about $400 million below what the
administration requested. DARPA received $3.2 billion in appropriations. The House
appropriated $446 million in RDT&E for the Defense Health Program (including $150
million for breast cancer research and $85 million for prostrate cancer research), and $154
million in RDT&E for the Chemical Agents and Munitions Demilitarization program.
The Senate Appropriation Committee passed its appropriation bill (S. 2559) on June 23.
The Committee recommended an appropriation of $68.5 billion for Title IV RDT&E, this
includes a general reduction of $250 million to be made in advisory and assistance services
for the Army and defense agencies, but not RDT&E’s share of a general reduction to made
associated with improved economic assumptions. The Committee recommended an
appropriation of $12.2 billion for S&T. The S&T amount represents 2.9% of the
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department’s total appropriation recommended by the Committee. The Committee
recommended $9.2 billion for missile defense, $399 million for RDT&E within the Defense
Health Program, and $206 million for RDT&E in the Chemical Agents and Munitions
Destruction Program. The House approved and the Senate Appropriation Committee
recommended increasing the administration’s basic research request by $1 billion, an
increase of approximately $80 million above what was appropriated last year.
Table 3. Department of Defense
($ millions)
House
Senate
FY2004
FY2005
Conf.
Apprn.
Apprn.f
Estimate
Requeste
(P.L. 108-287)
(H.R. 4613)
(S. 2559)
Accounts
Army
10,201 9,266
10,220
10,259g 10,695
Navy
14,969 16,346
16,532
16,748 17,033
Air Force
20,294
21,115
21,034
21,002
20,887
Defense Agencies
18,927
20,740
20,851
20,205g 20,923
(DARPA)
(2,831)
(3,090)
(3,163)
(2,849)
(3,042)
(MDAa)
(7,625)
(9,147)
(8,689)
(9,162)
(8,969)
Dir. Test & Eval
302
305
309
305
315
Total Ob. Auth.
$64,693
$67,772
$68,946
$68,519
$69,853h
Budget Activity
Basic Research
1,404
1,330
1,486
1,478
1,513
Applied Res.
4,423
3,878
4,652
4,563
4,948
Advanced Dev.
6,254
5,343
6,653
6,167
6,881
Advanced Component
13,306
15,355 14,771
14,934 15,157
Dev. and Prototypes
Systems Dev. and Demo
15,902
18,061
17,362
17,795
17,500
Mgmt. Supportb
3,278
3,261 3,440
3,345 3,511
Op. Systems Dev.c
20,126
20,545 20,582
20,486 20,652
Adjustments
financial info. systems
advisory/assist. services
-250
economic assumptions
info tech cost growth
-78
mgmt improvements
-211
anticipated set-asides
-350
Total Ob. Auth.d
$64,693
$67,773 $68,946
$68,519g $69,293
Other Defense Programs
Defense Health Program
486
72
446
399
507
Chemical Agents and
Munitions Destruction
241
154
154
206
205
Source: Figures based on Department of Defense Budget, Fiscal Year 2005 RDT&E Programs
(R-1), February 2004. Figures for Defense Health Program and Chemical Agents and Munitions
Destruction Program come from OMB’s FY2005 Budget Appendix. Totals may not add due to
rounding.
a. Includes only BMD RDT&E. Does not include procurement and military construction.
b. Includes funds for Developmental and Operational Test and Evaluation.
c. Includes classified programs.
d. Numbers may not agree with Account Total Obligational Authority due to rounding.
e. Reflects Administration’s amended budget request after canceling the Army’s Comanche
program.
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f. The numbers in this column do not reflect a general reduction associated with improved
economic assumptions (Section 8062 of S. 2559)
g. These figures do reflect a general reduction to the Army and the Defensewide accounts
associated with advisory and assistance services.
h. This figure does not include the general reductions for management improvements and anticipated set-
asides. It does include reductions associated with cost growth in information technology development.
The conference committee recommended $69.3 billion for Title IV RDT&E. This
includes a number of general reductions that must be allocated to individual accounts. In
addition, the conference committee recommended $507 million for RDT&E in the Defense
Health Program and $205 million for RDT&E in the Chemical Agents and Munitions
Destruction Program. Missile defense received $8.97 billion in RDT&E. S&T received
$13.3 billion (with basic receiving $1.6 billion), but this does not include S&T’s share of
general Title IV reductions. (CRS Contact: John Moteff)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
NASA’s FY2005 total budget request was $16.244 billion, a 5.6% increase over its
FY2004 appropriation of $15.378 billion. Congress appropriated $16.200 billion (or $16.07
billion if adjusted for the 0.80% across-the-board rescission) in the FY2005 Consolidated
Appropriations bill (H.R. 4818, Division I). For the purposes of this report, NASA’s “R&D
budget” is NASA’s total budget minus the space shuttle program and space flight support.
Using that definition, the FY2005 R&D request was $11.4 billion, compared to $11 billion
in FY2004. Conferees on H.R. 4818 gave NASA what they called “unrestrained” authority
to transfer funding among programs and budget accounts. Thus, it is not possible to
determine how much of the $16.2 billion will be for R&D, especially since NASA notified
Congress in November 2004 that it needs $762 million more than requested in FY2005 for
the space shuttle program. Congress appropriated the $4.3 billion that NASA had requested
for the shuttle, so where NASA will get the additional $762 million is unclear. If it is
reprogrammed from other NASA activities, the amount of R&D funding at NASA would
likely decrease. See CRS Report RS21744 for more on NASA’s FY2005 budget.
In January 2004, President Bush directed NASA to focus its efforts on returning humans
to the Moon by 2020, and someday sending them to Mars and “worlds beyond.” Under the
plan, the space shuttle program would be terminated in 2010, when space station
construction is expected to be completed; U.S. space station research would focus only on
that which is needed to support extended stays by humans on the Moon and eventual trips
to Mars instead of the multi-disciplinary program that was planned; and NASA would end
its involvement in the space station program by FY2017. NASA would build a Crew
Exploration Vehicle (CEV) whose primary purpose is sending astronauts to the Moon, but
could also be used to take them to the space station by 2014. U.S. astronauts would have to
rely Russia to take them to and from the space station between 2010 and 2014. Most of the
funding for this “Vision for Space Exploration” comes from redirecting money from other
NASA activities. For example, NASA said that $12.6 billion would be “added” to its
budget for FY2005-2009 for the Vision, but $11.6 billion of that is taken from other NASA
programs.
The President’s announcement came 11 months after the space shuttle Columbia
accident sparked a review of U.S. goals in space, and the role of the space shuttle in
accomplishing them. The House and Senate Appropriations Committees each voiced support
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for the goals, but cited the constrained budgetary climate as a factor in their decisions to cut
many of the related projects. In H.R. 4818, however, conferees did not make specific
funding recommendations for most NASA programs. Instead, Congress is allowing NASA
to determine how to spend most of its FY2005 funding, with notification requirements to
Congress. (CRS Contact: Marcia Smith)
Table 4. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
R&D Budget
($ millions)
FY2004
FY2005
H. App.
S. App.
Final
Category
(Est.)
Request
Cmte
Cmte
(H.R. 4818)
Exploration, Science & Aero.a
7,830
7,760
7,621
7,760
7,743b
Space Science
3,971
4,138
**
**
Earth Science
1,613
1,485
**
**
Biol. & Phys. Research
985
1,049
**
**
Aeronautics
1,034
919
**
**
Education
226
169
**
**
Exploration Capabilities
**
**
**
(R&D only)a
Exploration Systemsa
1,646
1,782
**
**
**
Space Flight
— Space Station*
*1,498
*1,863
*1,673
*1,603
**
Total NASA R&D
10,972
11,405
**
**
**
Total NASA
15,378
16,244
15,149
16,379
16,200b
Source: NASA’s FY2005 budget estimate, House and Senate Appropriations Committee reports, and
conference report on H.R 4818. Columns may not add due to rounding.
*Does not include funding for space station research ($578 million in FY2004; $549 million in FY2005), which
is embedded in the Biological and Physical Research line.
**The House and Senate reports, and H.R 4818, do not provide the level of detail necessary to determine how
much is allocated for the subcategories in this table, and therefore to calculate an R&D subtotal.
a In FY2004, “Exploration, Science & Aeronautics” was called “Science, Aeronautics and Exploration”;
“Exploration Capabilities” was called “Space Flight Capabilities”; and “Exploration Systems” was called
“Crosscutting Technologies.”
b These figures do not reflect the 0.80% across-the-board rescission. It is not clear how NASA will allocate
that cut to its programs. The total for NASA, with the rescission, is $16,070 million.
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
The conference report on the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005 (H.R. 4818,
H.Rept. 108-792) provided an estimated total of $28.451 billion to NIH in discretionary
budget authority after the across-the-board rescission of 0.8% (see Table 5). The amount is
a 2.1% increase ($573 million, pending further adjustments) over the comparable FY2004
appropriation of $27.878 billion, and is $156 million below the President’s revised request
of $28.607 billion (the request was a 2.6% increase over FY2004). The bulk of NIH’s
budget comes through the appropriation for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human
Services, and Education (L-HHS), with an additional small amount from the VA-HUD
appropriation for environmental work related to Superfund. In addition, NIH receives $150
million pre-appropriated in separate funding for diabetes research, and has other funds
transferred to and from other appropriations. The total NIH program level in the President’s
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revised request was $28.724 billion, while the estimated conference level is $28.557 billion,
an increase of 2.4% over FY2004.
FY2003 was the final year of the five-year effort to double the NIH budget from its
FY1998 base of $13.6 billion to the FY2003 level of $27.1 billion. The annual increases for
FY1999 through FY2003 were in the 14%-15% range each year. Since then, faced with
competing priorities and a changed economic climate, Congress and the President have given
increases of between 2% and 3%, despite pleas from the research advocacy community that
the NIH budget should grow by about 10% per year in the post-doubling years. Advocates
have warned that the momentum of scientific discovery made possible by the increased
resources of the doubling years could be compromised by a marked slowdown in funding,
particularly if support of research grants started to falter.
Under the President’s request for FY2005, research project grants, representing 54% of
the NIH budget, would have reached record numbers, both in dollars and in the total number
of grants. Cost increases on grants, however, were held considerably below the expected
3.5% rise in the biomedical inflation index. The conferees urged NIH, within available
resources, to follow its cost principles of providing full funding for commitments to existing
grantees and increases in the average cost of competing grants. No target for the number of
grants was provided. Congress does not specify levels for other forms of research support
that were increased in the request, such as research centers, training awards, and intramural
research, except that the agreement provides $30 million for non-biodefense extramural
facilities construction, which had been eliminated in the request. It also boosts funding for
the Neurosciences Center in the intramural buildings account. The agreement increases the
size of the Public Health Service Program Evaluation Transfer, a budget “tap” of 2.4% (up
from 2.2% in FY2004) to which NIH and other PHS agencies are subject.
Specific priorities highlighted in the budget request and by Congress include biodefense,
HIV/AIDS, obesity research, and the initiatives collectively known as the NIH Roadmap for
Medical Research. The Roadmap, launched in September 2003, has identified critical
scientific gaps that may be constraining rapid progress in biomedical research, and has set
out a list of NIH-wide priorities and initiatives to address them. Three core themes focus on
new paths to biological discoveries, building multidisciplinary research teams, and
improving the clinical research infrastructure. (For more information, see the “Biomedicine
Issues” section of CRS Report RL31846, Science and Technology Policy: Issues for the 108th
Congress, 2nd Session.) (CRS Contact: Pamela Smith)
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Table 5. National Institutes of Health (NIH)
($ millions)
FY2004
FY2005
FY2005
FY04-05
Institutes and Centers (ICs)
comp a
rev req b
conf (est) c
% change
Cancer (NCI)
$4,736.0
$4,865.5
$4,826.6
1.9%
Heart/Lung/Blood (NHLBI)
2,878.1
2,965.5
2,941.7
2.2%
Dental/Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
383.0
394.1
391.9
2.3%
Diabetes/Digestive/Kidney (NIDDK)
1,671.2
1,727.7
1,713.9
2.6%
Neurological Disorders/Stroke (NINDS)
1,500.7
1,547.1
1,539.7
2.6%
Allergy/Infectious Diseases (NIAID) d
4,303.0
4,440.0
4,404.5
2.4%
General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
1,904.8
1,959.8
1,944.1
2.1%
Child Health/Human Development (NICHD)
1,241.8
1,280.9
1,270.7
2.3%
Eye (NEI)
652.7
671.6
669.2
2.5%
Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
631.1
650.0
644.8
2.2%
Aging (NIA)
1,024.6
1,055.7
1,052.2
2.7%
Arthritis/Musculoskeletal/Skin (NIAMS)
500.9
515.4
511.3
2.1%
Deafness/Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
381.9
393.5
394.3
3.2%
Nursing Research (NINR)
134.7
139.2
138.1
2.5%
Alcohol Abuse/Alcoholism (NIAAA)
428.4
441.9
438.4
2.3%
Drug Abuse (NIDA)
990.8
1,012.8
1,006.6
1.6%
Mental Health (NIMH)
1,381.3
1,420.6
1,412.2
2.2%
Human Genome Research (NIHGR)
478.8
492.7
488.7
2.1%
Biomedical Imaging/Bioengineering (NIBIB)
288.8
297.6
298.2
3.3%
Research Resources (NCRR)
1,179.0
1,094.1
1,115.1
-5.4%
Complementary/Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
116.9
121.1
122.1
4.4%
Minority Health/Health Disparities (NCMHD)
191.5
196.8
196.2
2.5%
Fogarty International Center (FIC)
65.3
67.2
66.6
2.0%
Library of Medicine (NLM)
308.5
316.9
315.4
2.2%
Office of Director (OD) e
327.1
359.6
358.3
9.5%
Buildings & Facilities (B&F)
99.0
99.5
110.3
11.4%
Subtotal, (L-HHS Appropriation)
$27,800.0
$28,526.9
$28,371.2
2.1%
Superfund (VA-HUD Approp to NIEHS) f
78.3
80.5
79.8
2.0%
Total, NIH Discretionary Budget Authority
$27,878.3
$28,607.4
$28,451.1
2.1%
Pre-appropriated Type 1 diabetes funds g
150.0
150.0
150.0
0%
Program Evaluation, ONDCP, and/or PHSSEF h
12.7
66.4
55.2
334.8%
Global HIV/AIDS Fund transfer d
-149.1
-100.0
-99.2
-33.5%
Total, NIH Program Level
$27,891.9
$28,723.8
$28,557.1
2.4%
Source: Conference report on the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005 (H.R. 4818, H.Rept. 108-792,
November 19, 2004).
a. FY2004 reflects across-the-board rescission of $165,459,000 and L-HHS reduction of $17,492,000, and is
comparable for transfers to NIBIB and B&F, and for transfer for Public Health Reports ($70,000).
b. FY2005 revised request reflects reallocation of $14.5m to NIAID for HIV vaccine research ($6.3m from
NIDA and $8.2m from NLM) and reallocation of $4.5m from NCI to NHLBI, NIDDK, and NINDS
($4.5m each) for increased stem cell research funding. The requested reallocations did not change total
NIH discretionary budget authority, but they did increase the total NIH program level because evaluation
funds were requested for NIDA, NLM, and NCI (see note h below).
c. FY2005 estimated conference level reflects the 0.8% across-the-board rescissions totaling about $229m, but
does not reflect NIH’s share (about $6.3m) of a mandated $18m salaries and expenses reduction.
d. NIAID totals include funds for transfer to the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Tuberculosis.
e. OD total includes Roadmap funds for distribution to ICs ($34.8m in FY2004 and $59.5m in FY2005).
f. Separate account in the VA-HUD appropriation for NIEHS activities mandated in Superfund legislation.
g. Funds available to NIDDK for diabetes research in accordance with P.L. 106-554 and P.L. 107-360.
h. Additional funds available: From the program evaluation set-aside (sec. 241 of the Public Health Service
Act), $8.2m for NLM in FY2004 and FY2005, and, in the FY2005 request, $6.3m for NIDA and $4.5m
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for NCI; transfer to NIDA from ONDCP (Office of National Drug Control Policy), $4.5m in FY2004;
and funding from the Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund for NIH research on nuclear
and radiological countermeasures, $47.0m in FY2005.
National Science Foundation (NSF)
The FY2005 request for the National Science Foundation (NSF) is $5,745 million, a
2.9% ($167.2 million) increase over the FY2004 level of $5,577.8 million. The FY2005
request provides support for several interdependent priority areas: biocomplexity in the
environment ($99.8 million), human and social dynamics ($23.3 million), mathematical
sciences ($89.1 million), and nanoscale science and engineering ($305.1 million). The NSF
acknowledges that researchers need not only access to cutting-edge tools to pursue the
increasingly complexity of research, but funding to develop and design the tools critical to
21st century research and education. Approximately 26% of the FY2005 request ($1,472.1
million) represents an investment in infrastructure of all types.
Increasing grant size and duration has been a long-term priority for NSF. The FY2005
request devotes $40 million to increase the annual award size to an annual average of
$142,000, a $3,000 increase over the FY2004 level. The request provides $80 million for the
President’s Math and Science Partnerships program (MSP). The MSP is a five-year
investment to improve the performance of U.S. students in science and mathematics at the
precollege level. Additional FY2005 highlights include funding for graduate fellowships and
traineeships ($240.7 million), National Nanotechnology Initiative ($305.1 million),
continued support of plant genome research ($89.5 million), investments in Climate Change
Research Initiative ($25 million), continued support for multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional
Science of Learning Centers ($20 million), and support for major international collaborations
in science and engineering ($34 million).
Included in the FY2005 request is $4,452.3 million for Research and Related Activities
(R&RA), a 4.7% increase ($200.9 million) over the FY2004 level of $4,251.4 million.
R&RA funds research projects, research facilities, and education and training activities.
Partly in response to concerns in the scientific community about the imbalance between
support for the life sciences and the physical sciences, the FY2005 request provides increased
funding for the physical sciences. Research in the physical sciences often leads to advances
in other disciplines. R&RA includes Integrative Activities (IA), created in FY1999. IA is
the source of funding for the acquisition and development of research instrumentation at U.S.
colleges and universities and funds also Partnerships for Innovation, disaster research teams,
and the Science and Technology Policy Institute. The FY2005 request for IA is $240 million,
a 66.5% increase ($95.9 million) over the FY2004 estimate. The FY2005 request for IA
reflects the proposed transfer of the MSP from the Education and Human Resources (EHR)
Directorate to the IA.
Research project support in the FY2005 request totals $2,845.1 million. Support is
provided to individuals and small groups conducting disciplinary and cross-disciplinary
research. Included in the total for research projects is support for centers, proposed at$457.3
million. NSF supports a variety of individual centers and center programs. The FY2005
request provides $72.4 million for Science and Technology Centers, $58.9 million for
Materials Centers, $63.5 million for Engineering Research Centers and Groups, $15.4
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million for Physics Frontiers Centers, $36 million for the Plant Genome Virtual Centers, and
$75 million for Information Technology Centers.
The Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC) account is funded
at $213.3 million in FY2005, a 37.6% increase ($58.3 million) over the FY2004 level. The
MREFC supports the acquisition and construction of major research facilities and equipment
that extend the boundaries of science, engineering, and technology.
Table 6. National Science Foundation
($ millions)
FY2004
FY2005
FY2005
Estimate
Request
Omnibusd
Research & Related Activities
Biological Sciences
$586.9
$599.9
Computer & Inform. Sci. & Eng.
6047
618.1
Engineering
461.5
471.8
Geosciences
713.1
728.5
Math & Physical Sci.
1,091.5
1,115.5
Social, Behav. & Econ. Sci.
175.7
190.7
U.S. Polar Programs
342.2
349.7
347.2
Integrative Activities
144.1
240.0b
Subtotal Research & Related Activities
$4,251.4
$4,452.3
$4,220.6
Ed. & Hum. Resr.
939.0
771.4c
841.4
Major Res. Equip. & Facil. Constr.
155.0
213.3
173.7
Salaries & Expenses
218.7
294.0
223.2
National Science Board
3.9
4.0
3.9
Office of Inspector General
10.0
10.1
10.0
Total NSFa
$5,577.8
$5,744.7
$5,472.8
a. The totals do not include carry overs or retirement accruals. Totals may not add due to rounding.
b. Reflects the movement of MPS from Research and Related Activities to Integrative Activities.
c. Program and activity totals within the R&RA have not been determined.
d. Funding levels account for the across-the-board recission of 0.80%.
The FY2005 request for the Education and Human Resources Directorate (EHR) is
$771.4 million, a 17.9% decrease ($167.6 million) from the FY2004 level. Support at the
various educational levels in the FY2005 request is as follows: precollege, $172.8 million;
undergraduate, $158.9 million; and graduate, $173.9 million. Funding for the Experimental
Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) is $75 million in the FY2005 request.
An additional $30 million for co-funding activities in EPSCoR is provided through R&RA,
bringing the total FY2005 request for EPSCoR to $114 million.
H.R. 4818 funds the NSF at $5,472.8 million, $272.2 million below the request, and
$105 million below the FY2004 estimate. Included in the total is $4,220.6 million for
R&RA, $231.7 million below the request, and $30.8 million below FY2004. The omnibus
legislation funds other programs at the following levels for FY2005 — EHR, at $841.4
million ($97.6 million below the FY2004 estimate), and the MREFC, at $173.7 million
($18.7 million above the FY2004 level). (CRS Contact: Christine Matthews)
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Department of Commerce (DOC)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
NOAA’s “FY2005 Congressional Preparation: Research and Development” estimates
that total NOAA R&D, including R&D facilities costs, will be $584.5 million for FY2005.
The R&D Bureau of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) earlier reported $611
million for “R&D programs, facilities, and major equipment,” at the agency. (See Table 7.)
The NOAA total is $70.6 million, or 10.8%, less than the $655.1 appropriated for R&D for
FY2004. NOAA reported a cut of almost $9 million for Ocean Resources, Conservation, and
Assessment R&D in the National Ocean Service (NOS) budget. NOAA Fisheries (NMFS)
R&D would be cut by $14.6 million from terminating programs at the Joint Institute for
Marine & Atmospheric Research; however, funding for Fisheries Information & Analysis
R&D activities would increase by $6 million. The NOAA Research (OAR) would receive
an increase of $30 million for Climate Observations & Services R&D. In total, R&D in
OAR would be cut by about $30 million, and by $60 million in OAR “Plant” (R&D
facilities) costs.
The House-passed appropriations bill (H.R. 4754) would provide about $545 million
for R&D, about $39 million below FY2004 appropriations. The Senate Appropriations
Committee report (S. 2809) would fund NOAA at $748 million an 18% increase over
FY2004, including $475 million for a new Ocean Commission Initiative, which would
foremost fund ocean research and observations. In response to the Commission’s report,
Congress (H.R. 4818) would fund NOAA at $681 million, an 8% increase over FY2004
levels.
Additional information on NOAA funding including FY2004 appropriations, the
President’s request, and congressional appropriations actions for FY2005, can be found on
the CRS web page for Commerce, State, Justice, the Judiciary and Related Agency
Appropriations, FY2005, at [http://www.congress.gov/brbk/html/apcjs41.html]. (CRS
Contact: Wayne A. Morrissey)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
For FY2005, the Bush Administration budget request includes $521.5 million for the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (See Table 7) This amount is 14.6%
below the FY2004 appropriation due primarily to the absence of funding for the Advanced
Technology Program (ATP). Internal research and development under the Scientific and
Technical Research and Services (STRS) account would receive $422.9 million, an increase
of 25.4% over the current fiscal year. Support for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership
would total $39.2 million (a small increase from FY2004) and the construction budget would
be $59.4 million. H.R. 4754, the FY2005 appropriations bill passed by the House on July 8,
2004, provides NIST with $524.9 million, 14% less than the current fiscal year. Funding
for the intermural research programs under the STRS account would increase 11.4% to
$375.8 million. The $106 million for the Manufacturing Extension Program would bring
support up to pre-FY2004 levels before the financing was reduced by 63%. There is no
funding for the Advanced Technology Program. The construction budget would be $43.1
million. The Senate Appropriations Committee (S. 2809) approved an estimated $784.9
million for NIST in FY2005, a $263 million increase over the Administrations’ request. The
majority of this increase can be attributed to the Committee funding the ATP at $203 million
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for FY2005. The Committee also approved $383.9 million for STRS, $112 million for MEP,
and $86.1 million for construction, $26.6 million above the request.
H.R. 4818, H.Rept. 108-792, contains $708.7 million, or $699 million when the
recessions are applied to NIST programs. This includes $380 million for STRS, a 10%
increase over FY2004. The act also funds MEP at $108 million, but instructs the Secretary
not to re-compete the program until FY2007. Finally Congress approved $141 million for
ATP existing projects with no new projects to be competed in FY2005. For additional
information see CRS Report 95-30, The National Institute of Standards and Technology: An
Overview, CRS Report 95-36, The Advanced Technology Program, and CRS Report 97-104,
The Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program: An Overview. (CRS Contact: Wendy
H. Schacht)
Department of Transportation (DOT)
The Bush Administration requested $749 million for the Department of Transportation’s
(DOT) research and development budget in FY2005. This represents an increase of 6.9%
over the FY2004 estimated funding level of $701 million. (See Table 7.) The Federal
Highway Administration would receive a large increase in R&D spending with the
Administration’s proposal to shift some resources away from state highway grants to
highway research, an approach Congress has rejected in the past. R&D funding for the
Federal Aviation Administration would decline 10.5%, to $222 million, as more of its
aviation safety related R&D activities are transferred to the DHS. The House (H.R. 5025)
would provide an estimated $749 million and the Senate (S. 2806) an estimated $770 million
for R&D. CRS estimates that H.R. 4818, provides $718 million for DOT R&D. (CRS
Contact: Mike Davey )
Department of the Interior (DOI)
According to the President’s budget, the Administration requested $648 million for
R&D in the Department of the Interior.(See Table 7.) This represents a 4% decline from the
$675 million the agency received in FY2004. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the
primary supporter of R&D (about two-thirds of the total) within DOI. Areas of research
include mapping and research in geological resources, water quality, and biological
resources. The proposed FY2005 budget for R&D within the USGS would decline from
$547 million in FY2004 to $525 million. This proposed reduction in funding has been
distributed among its four major R&D accounts. The House passed Interior Appropriations
bill (H.R. 4568) would restore the proposed cuts in the U.S.G.S. R&D, approving $548
million for FY2005, and a total of $671 million for Interior R&D. As in FY2004, the
Administration is proposing deep cuts in the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, as well
as in Mineral Resources R&D Activities. However the House also rejected these proposed
cuts and restored funding for these two programs in H.R. 4568. The Senate Appropriations
Committee (S. 2804) approved an estimated $666 million for Interior research, including an
estimated $543 million for USGS. CRS estimates that Congress approved $668 million, a
$3 million reduction for Interior R&D. (CRS Contact: Mike Davey)
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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The Science and Technology (S&T) account incorporates elements of the former
research and development account (also called extramural research) and EPA’s in-house
research, development, and technology work. (See Table 7.) The FY2005 S&T total request
of $725.3 million is made of two parts, $689.2 million directly for S&T, and $36.1 million
transferred from the Superfund account. The House Appropriations Committee report for
the FY2005 (H.R. 4614) recommends an S&T total of $765.1 million, composed of $729
million directly for S&T, and $36.1 million transferred from Superfund, which is less than
the FY2004 total S&T enacted level of $826.1 million, which was made of $781.7 million
directly for S&T, and $44.4 million transferred from Superfund. The Senate Appropriations
Committee report (S. 2825) recommends a FY2005 S&T total of $794.3 million, made of
$758.2 million directly for S&T, and $36.1 million transferred from Superfund. Noteworthy
in the House recommendations are $16.2 million added to fully restore to FY2004 levels
EPA’s Science to Achieve Results (STAR) and STAR Fellowship programs, and $4 million
added to continue EPA’s building decontamination research. Noteworthy in the Senate
recommendations are $10 million for Endocrine Disruptor work (nearly $2 million less than
requested), and $20 million for Global Change ($0.69 million less than requested). A
continuing question is the degree to which efforts to insure sound science (such as the
Information Quality Act and the Office of Management and Budget’s Peer Review proposal)
will impact EPA’s S&T work. CRS estimates that Congress approved $744 million for EPA
R&D, a 4.7% reduction from FY2004. (CRS contact: Michael Simpson)
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
For FY2005, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) requested $1.2 billion
for R&D and received $1.3 billion. (See Table 7.) The bulk of this sum funded the
Directorate of Science and Technology ($1.039 billion requested, $1.115 billion received).
Most of the remainder funded R&D in the Transportation Security Administration ($154
million requested, $178 million received). Reflecting direction given in the FY2004
appropriations conference report (H.Rept.108-280), R&D activities formerly funded by other
DHS agencies, such as the U.S. Coast Guard, appeared in the request for the S&T Directorate
in FY2005. The transfer of Coast Guard R&D was not made in the final bill.
The requested funding for the S&T Directorate was 14% more than the FY2004
appropriation, but only three areas included large funding changes. First, Biological
Countermeasures, the directorate’s largest program, requested $407 million, versus $285
million in FY2004. This 43% increase included $65 million to support expanding the
coverage and scope of BioWatch, an activity that seeks to detect airborne biological agents
in large metropolitan areas. The House provided the requested funding for Biological
Countermeasures, but transferred $44 million of it to separate line items for staff salaries and
facility construction. The Senate also transferred facility construction funds to a separate
line, while providing $26 million less than the request. The conference report concurred with
the House. Second, the request of $30 million for University Programs was a 56% reduction
from FY2004. Last year, Congress increased FY2004 funding for University Programs to
$69 million from an initial request of $10 million. For FY2005, the House provided $70
million, the Senate provided $69 million, and the conference report concurred with the
House. Third, the S&T Directorate’s FY2005 request included $24 million for R&D
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activities transferred from other DHS agencies, including $13.5 million for Coast Guard
R&D. The House provided the requested funding for these consolidated programs. The
Senate provided $18.5 million for Coast Guard R&D, a $5 million increase above the
request, and deferred approval of this activity’s transfer to the S&T Directorate until
completion of an independent study of Coast Guard R&D priorities. The conference report
provided $18.5 million and did not make the transfer. Overall, the House provided $1.132
billion for the S&T Directorate (H.R. 4567, H.Rept. 108-541); the Senate provided $1.059
billion, or $1.078 billion including the funding provided for Coast Guard R&D (H.R. 4567
in lieu of S. 2537, S.Rept. 108-280); and the conference report provided $1.115, not
including Coast Guard R&D (H.Rept. 108-774).
The requested R&D funding for the Transportation Security Administration included
$49 million for Applied R&D on aviation passenger and baggage screening, $50 million for
development of Next Generation Explosives Detection Systems, and $55 million for Air
Cargo R&D. The House provided a $20 million increase for additional work on air cargo
screening. The Senate also provided a $20 million increase for air cargo, along with a $7
million increase for Next Generation EDS. The conference report provided a $20 million
increase for air cargo and a $4 million increase for Next Generation EDS. Note that R&D
on protecting commercial aircraft from shoulder-fired missiles ($61 million requested and
provided) is funded by the S&T Directorate, not the Transportation Security Administration.
For more information on R&D in DHS, see CRS Report RL31914. (CRS Contact: Daniel
Morgan.)
Table 7. R&D Budgets of Preceding Agencies
($ millions)
FY2003 2
FY2004
FY2005
Actual
Estimate
Estimate
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
$666
$632
$681
National Institute of Standards & Technology
712
610
699
Department of the Interior
643
675
668
Department of Transportation
705
701
718
Department of Homeland Security
759
1,038
1,300
Environmental Protection Agency
716
781
744
2 Data from Office of Management and Budget FY2005 budget documents, and individual agency
FY2005 budget data.
CRS-16
CRS Issue Brief for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Federal Research and Development
Funding: FY2005
Updated February 2, 2005
Michael E. Davey, Coordinator
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress
CONTENTS
SUMMARY
MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Department of Energy (DOE)
Department of Defense (DOD)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
National Science Foundation (NSF)
Department of Commerce (DOC)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Department of Transportation (DOT)
Department of the Interior (DOI)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
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Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2005
SUMMARY
The Bush Administration requested
science programs would increase 2.8%, to
$131.9 billion in federal research and develop-
$3.6 billion.
ment (R&D) funding for FY2005. This was
$5.9 billion above the estimated $126 billion
P.L. 108-447 does not provide a specific
that was appropriated for federal R&D in
number for NASA R&D funding. Instead, it
FY2004. Based on Congressional actions,
states that NASA has “unrestrained” authority
CRS estimates that federal R&D funding will
to transfer funding among its various pro-
reach $132.9 billion in FY2005, a 5.5% in-
grams. Despite passing an authorization bill
crease over FY2004. CRS estimates that 78%
two years ago to double NSF’s budget over
of this increase was for defense R&D. CRS
five years (P.L. 107-368), Congress approved
estimates that defense R&D will reach $75.4
a 1.9% reduction in funding for FY2005,
billion, a 7.4% increase over FY2004, while
including the first decline for NSF’s Research
civilian R&D is estimated to reach $57.5
and Related Activities account since 1986.
billion, a 2.7% increase over FY2004.
NSF’s Education and Human Resources
programs would decline 10% below FY2004
Congress passed four individual appro-
levels.
priations bills, but only two of them, Defense
and Homeland Security, have R&D programs.
Funding for NIH would increase 2% to
Congress approved a record $69.853 billion
$28.452 billion, $560 million over FY2004.
for DOD’s RDT&E program, including a
Most NIH institutes would receive increases
10.4% increase for DOD’s S&T programs
between 1.6 and 2.5 percent.
(P.L. 108-287). Congress approved a 26%
increase, or $1.3 billion for Department of
Within the Department of Commerce,
Homeland Security’s (DHS) R&D programs
Congress funded NIST at an estimated $699
(P.L. 108-334). The remaining nine appropria-
million, a 14.5% increase over FY2004. It
tions bills are contained in the Consolidated
funded the Manufacturing Extension Program
Appropriations Act of FY2005, (P.L 108-447,
at $108 million, but instructed the Secretary
H.R. 4818). All funding estimates derived
not to re-compete the program until FY2007.
from that Act reflect a 0.80% across-the-board
Congress also approved $136 million to com-
rescission. Further, programs in the Com-
plete work on current Advanced Technology
merce appropriations bill reflect an additional
Programs, with no new projects to be com-
0.54% across-the-board reduction, while
peted in FY2005. In response to the findings
programs in the Interior appropriations bill
of a new Ocean Commission Initiative, Con-
reflect an additional 0.594% reduction.
gress funded NOAA at $681 million, a 7.2%
increase over FY2004 levels.
Funding for USDA would increase agri-
cultural research 1.6% over FY2004. Most of
Congress approved an extension of the
this increase is the related to congressionally
research and experimentation tax credit (H.R.
directed projects that USDA requested be
1308, P.L. 108-311) extending the credit
removed from the bill. Congress approved an
through December 31, 2005 (see CRS Report
estimated $8.783 billion for R&D at DOE, a
RL31181 for more information on the R&E
1.2% increase over FY2004. DOE’s basic
tax credit).
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress
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02-02-05
MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
On December 8, 2004, President Bush signed P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act of FY2005. The Bush Administration requested $131.5 billion in federal
research and development funding for FY2005. Based on current Congressional actions,
CRS estimates that Congress has approved a record $132.9 billion for federal R&D in
FY2005.
BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
The FY2005 budget request for research and education in the U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) is $2,435 million, a 2.6% decrease ($65.3 million) from the FY2004
level of $2,500.3 million (see Table 1). The FY2005 request provides support for several
continuing research priority areas: new uses for agricultural products, global climate change,
agricultural genomes, biosecurity, agricultural information services, and homeland security
supplemental. Other priority areas include competitive research for fundamental and applied
sciences in agriculture, and advancing agricultural genomic research. The FY2005 budget
request supports programs on emerging and exotic diseases as part of the infrastructure to
enhance homeland security. The USDA is concerned with training and educating the next
generation of agricultural scientists and supporting core university-based research. Increased
funding is provided to several higher education programs.
The USDA conducts in-house basic and applied research. The Agricultural Research
Service (ARS) is the lead federal agency for nutrition research, operating five major
laboratories in this area, including the world’s large multi-disciplinary agricultural research
center located at Beltsville, Maryland. ARS laboratories focus on efficient food and fiber
production, preservation of genetic resources, development of new products and uses for
agricultural commodities, development of effective biocontrols for pest management, and
support of USDA regulatory and technical assistance programs. The FY2005 request
provides $1,189 million for ARS, $19.7 million above the FY2004 estimate. Reductions
are proposed in all projects earmarked by Congress in order to finance high priority program
increases. The FY2005 request proposes a $3.5 million increase for animal genomics and
an increase of $8.3 million for emerging diseases and biosecurity. There is also an increase
proposed for information technology cyber security and animal waste related problems. The
ARS reports that the majority of its facilities are functionally obsolete. The FY2005 request
for ARS includes $23 million for buildings and facilities.
The Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES)
distributes funds to State Agricultural Experiment Stations, State Cooperative Extension
Systems, land-grant universities, and other institutions and organizations that conduct
agricultural research. Included in these partnerships is funding for research at the 1862
institutions, 1890 historically black colleges and universities, and 1994 tribal land-grant
colleges. Funding is distributed to the states through competitive awards, statutory formula
funding, and special grants. The FY2005 request for CSREES is $1,028 million, a decrease
of $104 million from FY2004. Funding for formula distribution in FY2005 to the State
CRS-1
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Agricultural Experiment Stations (and other eligible institutions) would be $275.9 million,
a $1.8 million below FY2004. The request proposes a slight increase for the 1890 formula
programs. The FY2005 request funds the National Research Initiative (NRI) Competitive
Grants Program at $180 million, $16 million above the FY2004 estimate.
Table 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture
($ in millions)
FY2004
FY2005
FY2005
Estimate
Request
Omnibus
Agric. Research Service (ARS)
Product Quality/Value Added
$108.4
$99.4
Livestock Production
96.7
79.9
Crop Production
180.8
153.9
Food Safety
95.4
90.1
Livestock Protection
65.5
60.5
Crop Protection
178.3
151.7
Human Nutrition
81.5
80.5
Environmental Stewardship
216.3
182.1
National Agricultural Library
20.9
22.4
Funds for Homeland Security
20.8
49.0
Repair & Maintenance
18.1
18.1
Subtotal
1,082.5
987.6
1,048.5
Buildings & Facilities
63.8
178.0
186.3
Trust Funds
23.0
23.0
0.0
Total, ARSa
1,169.3
1,189.0
1,243.8
Coop. St. Res. Ed. & Ext. (CSREES) Research and Education
Hatch Act Formula
179.1
180.1
178.7
Cooperative Forestry Research
21.8
21.8
22.2
1890 Colleges and Tuskegee Univ.
35.8
36.0
12.3
Special Research Grants
110.7
3.3
135.5
NRI Competitive Grants
164.0
180.0
179.6
Animal Health & Disease Res.
4.5
5.1
5.1
Federal Administration
37.5
7.5
42.6
Higher Educationb
41.4
52.8
51.5
Total, Coop. Res. & Educ.c
618.4
516.0
655.5
Extension Activities
Smith-Lever Sections 3b&c
277.7
275.9
275.5
Smith-Lever Sections 3d
80.6
83.4
86.7
Renewable Resources Extension
4.0
4.1
4.1
1890 Research & Extension
31.7
32.1
32.8
Other Extension Prog. & Admin.
36.0
25.7
28.5
Total, Extension Activitiesc
440.1
421.2
445.7
Total, CSREESc
1,132.0
1,028.0
1,101.2
Economic Research Service
71.0
80.0
74.2
National Agric. Statistics Service
128.0
138.0
128.5
TOTAL, Research, Education & Economics
$2,500.3
$2,435.0
$2,538.7
a. The total for ARS excludes trust funds and support for Counter-Drug Research and Development and for
Anti-Drug Research and Related Matters. Program levels in the House-passed version are not available.
b. Higher education includes payments to 1994 institutions and 1890 Capacity Building Grants program.
c. Program totals may reflect set-asides (non-add) or contingencies. Includes support for integrative activities
(which have both research and extension components).
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The Economic Research Service (ERS) is the principal intramural economic and social
science research agency in USDA. The request for ERS in FY2005 is $80 million, a $9
million increase over the previous fiscal year. The majority of the increase will support a
consumer data and information system, with the remaining funds directed at pay costs. The
National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) conducts the Census of Agriculture and
provides current data on agricultural production and indicators of the farm sector. The
FY2005 request is $138 million, $10 million above the FY2004 level. Funding will support
Presidential and Department e-Government initiatives. NASS will continue the development
of the USDA Enterprise Architecture and the USDA Enablers initiatives.
On November 20, 2004, the House adopted H.R. 4818 (H.Rept. 108-792), Omnibus
Appropriations for FY2005, funding the government through December 8. (A vote on the
technical corrections resolution, H.Con.Res. 528, has been delayed until Congress returns
on December 6). Included in the omnibus is an across-the-board cut of 0.8% in all
discretionary funded programs and activities. H.R. 4818 funds research and education in
USDA at a total of $2,538.7 million, $103.7 million (4.3%) above the FY2005 request, and
$38.4 million (1.5%) above the FY2004 estimate. (CRS Contact: Christine Matthews)
Department of Energy (DOE)
For FY2005, DOE requested $8.5 billion for R&D, including activities in each of the
department’s four business lines: Science, National Security, Energy Supply, and
Environmental Quality. This request was 2% below the FY2004 level. The final
appropriation was $8.8 billion, an increase of 1% over FY2004. (See Table 2).
The requested funding for Science was $3.4 billion, a 2% decrease from FY2004.
Increases were requested for all Science programs except Biological and Environmental
Research, which received approximately $140 million in FY2004 as congressionally directed
funding for specific projects. The Administration noted that if this $140 million were set
aside, the FY2005 request would be an increase of 2% rather than a decrease. The final bill
provided $3.6 billion, including increases of $80 million for Biological and Environmental
Research (almost entirely for specific projects), $41 million for Basic Energy Sciences, and
$28 million for Advanced Scientific Computing Research.
The requested funding for R&D in National Security was $3.3 billion, almost the same
as the FY2004 appropriation.1 The request for the Naval Reactors program, which last year
began development of a new nuclear reactor design for future navy ships, was an increase
of 5%. The final appropriation was an increase of 1%, with the most notable adjustment
being the elimination of requested funds for the Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator.
The requested funding for R&D in Energy Supply was $1.7 billion, down 6% from
FY2004. Within this total, Energy Conservation R&D was reduced by 10%, primarily to
make increased funding available for weatherization assistance grants, and Nuclear Energy
R&D was reduced by 26%, primarily in the area of advanced fuel cycle technologies. The
1 This does not include National Security R&D activities in subprograms devoted to specific nuclear
weapon systems, because detailed funding schedules that identify the R&D portion of those activities
are classified. See notes to Table 2.
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final bill restored Energy Conservation R&D almost to the FY2004 level and increased
Nuclear Energy R&D by 31% over FY2004 or 78% over the request. Fossil Energy R&D,
which was reduced by both the House and the Senate, ultimately received 10% less than the
request, with a decrease of $217 million for FutureGen partially offset by increases in several
other fossil energy programs. The goal of FutureGen is technology that co-produces
electricity and hydrogen from coal with essentially zero emissions.
The requested funding for R&D in Environmental Quality was $60 million. This was
a 9% reduction from FY2004, following two years of reductions in excess of 40% that
resulted from a reorientation of the program. The House provided a $22.5 million increase
for evaluation of advanced private-sector remediation technologies, but the final
appropriation was slightly less than the request. (CRS Contact: Daniel Morgan.)
Table 2. Department of Energy
($ millions)
FY2004
FY2005
FY2005
FY2005
FY2005
Estimate a
Request
House b
Senate b
Final c
National Security
3,264.5
3,263.5
3,188.4
3,301.4
Weapons Activities d
2,270.6
2,245.6
2139.0
2,276.0
Naval Reactors
761.9
797.9
807.9
801.4
Nonprolif. & Verific. R&D
232.0
220.0
241.5
223.9
Science
3,500.2
3,431.7
3,600.0
3,599.9
Basic Energy Sciences
1,010.6
1,063.5
1,076.5
1,104.6
High Energy Physics
733.6
737.4
753.4
735.7
Biological & Envtl. Research
641.5
501.6
571.6
581.9
Nuclear Physics
389.6
401.0
415.0
404.8
Fusion Energy Sciences
262.6
264.1
276.1
273.9
Advanced Sci. Computing
202.3
204.3
234.3
232.5
Other
260.0
259.8
273.1
266.5
Energy Supply
1,836.7
1,726.2
1754.3
1,822.7
Energy Conservation R&D
606.9
543.9
611.0
580.5
599.5
Fossil Energy R&D
672.8
635.8
601.9
542.5
575.3
Renewable Energy
357.5
374.8
343.2
386.0
Elec. Transm. & Distrib. R&D
69.5
75.7
75.7 e
91.4
Nuclear Energy R&D
130.0
96.0
122.5
170.6
Environmental Quality
66.1
60.1
82.6
59.7
Technology Devel. & Deploy.
66.1
60.1
82.6
59.7
Total
8,666.5
8,481.5
8,625.3
8,783.7
a. Figures for FY2004 are adjusted to reflect program transfers, reprogramming of funds by the Department,
and rescissions and additional appropriations made by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004 (P.L.
108-199).
b. DOE programs are funded in two appropriations bills: Energy and Water (H.R. 4614, H.Rept. 108-554; no
bill in Senate) and Interior (H.R. 4568, H.Rept. 108-542; S. 2804, S.Rept. 108-341).
c. Adjusted to reflect the general reduction of 0.80%.
d. Includes Stockpile Services (R&D Certification and Safety, Advanced Concepts, Reliable Replacement
Warhead, and Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator R&D only), Science Campaigns, Engineering Campaigns
(except Enhanced Surety and Enhanced Surveillance), Inertial Confinement Fusion, Advanced Simulation
and Computing, and a prorated share of Readiness in Technical Base and Facilities. Additional R&D
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activities may take place in the subprograms of Directed Stockpile Work that are devoted to specific
weapon systems, but these funds are not included in the table because detailed funding schedules for those
subprograms are classified.
e. Includes funds requested for Electricity Transmission and Distribution R&D that the House provided under
Energy Assurance in the Other Defense Activities account.
Department of Defense (DOD)
Nearly all of what the Department of Defense spends on Research, Development, Test
and Evaluation (RDT&E) is appropriated in Title IV of the defense appropriation bill (see
Table 3). For FY2005, the Bush Administration originally requested $68.9 billion for Title
IV RDT&E. This was later reduced to $67.8 billion after the Army decided to terminate its
Comanche helicopter development program. The amended request is $3.3 billion above the
amount made available in Title IV dollars for FY2004. The five-year budget plan estimates
$352.9 billion for RDT&E through FY2009. This is about $20.5 billion more than what the
Administration budgeted for RDT&E in FY2004. RDT&E funds are also requested as part
of the Defense Health Program ($72 million) and the Chemical Agents and Munitions
Destruction Program ($154 million).
While the FY2005 RDT&E request would boost RDT&E funding overall, the proposed
increases are focused on development activities. Basic research and applied research are
proposed at levels below FY2004 funding in absolute terms, declining 5% and 12%
respectively. The decline is greater when factoring in inflation. Over half of DOD’s basic
research budget is spent at universities and represents the major contributor of funds in some
areas of science and technology. Much of the support of research at DOD laboratories comes
from applied research accounts. The S&T funding request, which consists of basic and
applied research and advanced development (6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 activities in the RDT&E
account) is 2.6% of the overall Department of Defense budget request of $401.7 billion. This
is below the 3% target that both the Bush Administration and Congress have set. The budget
request for Missile Defense RDT&E was $9.1 billion (an increase of $1.5 billion over the
amount available for Missile Defense in FY2004). The budget request for the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) was $3.1 billion, an increase of about $300
million.
The House passed its appropriation bill (H.R. 4613) on June 22. The House
appropriated $68.9 billion for Title IV RDT&E, $12.8 billion of which would go toward
S&T. The S&T appropriation represents 3.1% of the total Department’s appropriation. The
House also appropriated $8.7 billion for missile defense, about $400 million below what the
administration requested. DARPA received $3.2 billion in appropriations. The House
appropriated $446 million in RDT&E for the Defense Health Program (including $150
million for breast cancer research and $85 million for prostrate cancer research), and $154
million in RDT&E for the Chemical Agents and Munitions Demilitarization program.
The Senate Appropriation Committee passed its appropriation bill (S. 2559) on June 23.
The Committee recommended an appropriation of $68.5 billion for Title IV RDT&E, this
includes a general reduction of $250 million to be made in advisory and assistance services
for the Army and defense agencies, but not RDT&E’s share of a general reduction to made
associated with improved economic assumptions. The Committee recommended an
appropriation of $12.2 billion for S&T. The S&T amount represents 2.9% of the
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department’s total appropriation recommended by the Committee. The Committee
recommended $9.2 billion for missile defense, $399 million for RDT&E within the Defense
Health Program, and $206 million for RDT&E in the Chemical Agents and Munitions
Destruction Program. The House approved and the Senate Appropriation Committee
recommended increasing the administration’s basic research request by $1 billion, an
increase of approximately $80 million above what was appropriated last year.
Table 3. Department of Defense
($ millions)
House
Senate
FY2004
FY2005
Conf.
Apprn.
Apprn.f
Estimate
Requeste
(P.L. 108-287)
(H.R. 4613)
(S. 2559)
Accounts
Army
10,201 9,266
10,220
10,259g 10,695
Navy
14,969 16,346
16,532
16,748 17,033
Air Force
20,294
21,115
21,034
21,002
20,887
Defense Agencies
18,927
20,740
20,851
20,205g 20,923
(DARPA)
(2,831)
(3,090)
(3,163)
(2,849)
(3,042)
(MDAa)
(7,625)
(9,147)
(8,689)
(9,162)
(8,969)
Dir. Test & Eval
302
305
309
305
315
Total Ob. Auth.
$64,693
$67,772
$68,946
$68,519
$69,853h
Budget Activity
Basic Research
1,404
1,330
1,486
1,478
1,513
Applied Res.
4,423
3,878
4,652
4,563
4,948
Advanced Dev.
6,254
5,343
6,653
6,167
6,881
Advanced Component
13,306
15,355 14,771
14,934 15,157
Dev. and Prototypes
Systems Dev. and Demo
15,902
18,061
17,362
17,795
17,500
Mgmt. Supportb
3,278
3,261 3,440
3,345 3,511
Op. Systems Dev.c
20,126
20,545 20,582
20,486 20,652
Adjustments
financial info. systems
advisory/assist. services
-250
economic assumptions
info tech cost growth
-78
mgmt improvements
-211
anticipated set-asides
-350
Total Ob. Auth.d
$64,693
$67,773 $68,946
$68,519g $69,293
Other Defense Programs
Defense Health Program
486
72
446
399
507
Chemical Agents and
Munitions Destruction
241
154
154
206
205
Source: Figures based on Department of Defense Budget, Fiscal Year 2005 RDT&E Programs
(R-1), February 2004. Figures for Defense Health Program and Chemical Agents and Munitions
Destruction Program come from OMB’s FY2005 Budget Appendix. Totals may not add due to
rounding.
a. Includes only BMD RDT&E. Does not include procurement and military construction.
b. Includes funds for Developmental and Operational Test and Evaluation.
c. Includes classified programs.
d. Numbers may not agree with Account Total Obligational Authority due to rounding.
e. Reflects Administration’s amended budget request after canceling the Army’s Comanche
program.
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f. The numbers in this column do not reflect a general reduction associated with improved
economic assumptions (Section 8062 of S. 2559)
g. These figures do reflect a general reduction to the Army and the Defensewide accounts
associated with advisory and assistance services.
h. This figure does not include the general reductions for management improvements and anticipated set-
asides. It does include reductions associated with cost growth in information technology development.
The conference committee recommended $69.3 billion for Title IV RDT&E. This
includes a number of general reductions that must be allocated to individual accounts. In
addition, the conference committee recommended $507 million for RDT&E in the Defense
Health Program and $205 million for RDT&E in the Chemical Agents and Munitions
Destruction Program. Missile defense received $8.97 billion in RDT&E. S&T received
$13.3 billion (with basic receiving $1.6 billion), but this does not include S&T’s share of
general Title IV reductions. (CRS Contact: John Moteff)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
NASA’s FY2005 total budget request was $16.244 billion, a 5.6% increase over its
FY2004 appropriation of $15.378 billion. Congress appropriated $16.200 billion (or $16.07
billion if adjusted for the 0.80% across-the-board rescission) in the FY2005 Consolidated
Appropriations bill (H.R. 4818, Division I). For the purposes of this report, NASA’s “R&D
budget” is NASA’s total budget minus the space shuttle program and space flight support.
Using that definition, the FY2005 R&D request was $11.4 billion, compared to $11 billion
in FY2004. Conferees on H.R. 4818 gave NASA what they called “unrestrained” authority
to transfer funding among programs and budget accounts. Thus, it is not possible to
determine how much of the $16.2 billion will be for R&D, especially since NASA notified
Congress in November 2004 that it needs $762 million more than requested in FY2005 for
the space shuttle program. Congress appropriated the $4.3 billion that NASA had requested
for the shuttle, so where NASA will get the additional $762 million is unclear. If it is
reprogrammed from other NASA activities, the amount of R&D funding at NASA would
likely decrease. See CRS Report RS21744 for more on NASA’s FY2005 budget.
In January 2004, President Bush directed NASA to focus its efforts on returning humans
to the Moon by 2020, and someday sending them to Mars and “worlds beyond.” Under the
plan, the space shuttle program would be terminated in 2010, when space station
construction is expected to be completed; U.S. space station research would focus only on
that which is needed to support extended stays by humans on the Moon and eventual trips
to Mars instead of the multi-disciplinary program that was planned; and NASA would end
its involvement in the space station program by FY2017. NASA would build a Crew
Exploration Vehicle (CEV) whose primary purpose is sending astronauts to the Moon, but
could also be used to take them to the space station by 2014. U.S. astronauts would have to
rely Russia to take them to and from the space station between 2010 and 2014. Most of the
funding for this “Vision for Space Exploration” comes from redirecting money from other
NASA activities. For example, NASA said that $12.6 billion would be “added” to its
budget for FY2005-2009 for the Vision, but $11.6 billion of that is taken from other NASA
programs.
The President’s announcement came 11 months after the space shuttle Columbia
accident sparked a review of U.S. goals in space, and the role of the space shuttle in
accomplishing them. The House and Senate Appropriations Committees each voiced support
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for the goals, but cited the constrained budgetary climate as a factor in their decisions to cut
many of the related projects. In H.R. 4818, however, conferees did not make specific
funding recommendations for most NASA programs. Instead, Congress is allowing NASA
to determine how to spend most of its FY2005 funding, with notification requirements to
Congress. (CRS Contact: Marcia Smith)
Table 4. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
R&D Budget
($ millions)
FY2004
FY2005
H. App.
S. App.
Final
Category
(Est.)
Request
Cmte
Cmte
(H.R. 4818)
Exploration, Science & Aero.a
7,830
7,760
7,621
7,760
7,743b
Space Science
3,971
4,138
**
**
Earth Science
1,613
1,485
**
**
Biol. & Phys. Research
985
1,049
**
**
Aeronautics
1,034
919
**
**
Education
226
169
**
**
Exploration Capabilities
**
**
**
(R&D only)a
Exploration Systemsa
1,646
1,782
**
**
**
Space Flight
— Space Station*
*1,498
*1,863
*1,673
*1,603
**
Total NASA R&D
10,972
11,405
**
**
**
Total NASA
15,378
16,244
15,149
16,379
16,200b
Source: NASA’s FY2005 budget estimate, House and Senate Appropriations Committee reports, and
conference report on H.R 4818. Columns may not add due to rounding.
*Does not include funding for space station research ($578 million in FY2004; $549 million in FY2005), which
is embedded in the Biological and Physical Research line.
**The House and Senate reports, and H.R 4818, do not provide the level of detail necessary to determine how
much is allocated for the subcategories in this table, and therefore to calculate an R&D subtotal.
a In FY2004, “Exploration, Science & Aeronautics” was called “Science, Aeronautics and Exploration”;
“Exploration Capabilities” was called “Space Flight Capabilities”; and “Exploration Systems” was called
“Crosscutting Technologies.”
b These figures do not reflect the 0.80% across-the-board rescission. It is not clear how NASA will allocate
that cut to its programs. The total for NASA, with the rescission, is $16,070 million.
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
The conference report on the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005 (H.R. 4818,
H.Rept. 108-792) provided an estimated total of $28.451 billion to NIH in discretionary
budget authority after the across-the-board rescission of 0.8% (see Table 5). The amount is
a 2.1% increase ($573 million, pending further adjustments) over the comparable FY2004
appropriation of $27.878 billion, and is $156 million below the President’s revised request
of $28.607 billion (the request was a 2.6% increase over FY2004). The bulk of NIH’s
budget comes through the appropriation for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human
Services, and Education (L-HHS), with an additional small amount from the VA-HUD
appropriation for environmental work related to Superfund. In addition, NIH receives $150
million pre-appropriated in separate funding for diabetes research, and has other funds
transferred to and from other appropriations. The total NIH program level in the President’s
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revised request was $28.724 billion, while the estimated conference level is $28.557 billion,
an increase of 2.4% over FY2004.
FY2003 was the final year of the five-year effort to double the NIH budget from its
FY1998 base of $13.6 billion to the FY2003 level of $27.1 billion. The annual increases for
FY1999 through FY2003 were in the 14%-15% range each year. Since then, faced with
competing priorities and a changed economic climate, Congress and the President have given
increases of between 2% and 3%, despite pleas from the research advocacy community that
the NIH budget should grow by about 10% per year in the post-doubling years. Advocates
have warned that the momentum of scientific discovery made possible by the increased
resources of the doubling years could be compromised by a marked slowdown in funding,
particularly if support of research grants started to falter.
Under the President’s request for FY2005, research project grants, representing 54% of
the NIH budget, would have reached record numbers, both in dollars and in the total number
of grants. Cost increases on grants, however, were held considerably below the expected
3.5% rise in the biomedical inflation index. The conferees urged NIH, within available
resources, to follow its cost principles of providing full funding for commitments to existing
grantees and increases in the average cost of competing grants. No target for the number of
grants was provided. Congress does not specify levels for other forms of research support
that were increased in the request, such as research centers, training awards, and intramural
research, except that the agreement provides $30 million for non-biodefense extramural
facilities construction, which had been eliminated in the request. It also boosts funding for
the Neurosciences Center in the intramural buildings account. The agreement increases the
size of the Public Health Service Program Evaluation Transfer, a budget “tap” of 2.4% (up
from 2.2% in FY2004) to which NIH and other PHS agencies are subject.
Specific priorities highlighted in the budget request and by Congress include biodefense,
HIV/AIDS, obesity research, and the initiatives collectively known as the NIH Roadmap for
Medical Research. The Roadmap, launched in September 2003, has identified critical
scientific gaps that may be constraining rapid progress in biomedical research, and has set
out a list of NIH-wide priorities and initiatives to address them. Three core themes focus on
new paths to biological discoveries, building multidisciplinary research teams, and
improving the clinical research infrastructure. (For more information, see the “Biomedicine
Issues” section of CRS Report RL31846, Science and Technology Policy: Issues for the 108th
Congress, 2nd Session.) (CRS Contact: Pamela Smith)
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Table 5. National Institutes of Health (NIH)
($ millions)
FY2004
FY2005
FY2005
FY04-05
Institutes and Centers (ICs)
comp a
rev req b
conf (est) c
% change
Cancer (NCI)
$4,736.0
$4,865.5
$4,826.6
1.9%
Heart/Lung/Blood (NHLBI)
2,878.1
2,965.5
2,941.7
2.2%
Dental/Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
383.0
394.1
391.9
2.3%
Diabetes/Digestive/Kidney (NIDDK)
1,671.2
1,727.7
1,713.9
2.6%
Neurological Disorders/Stroke (NINDS)
1,500.7
1,547.1
1,539.7
2.6%
Allergy/Infectious Diseases (NIAID) d
4,303.0
4,440.0
4,404.5
2.4%
General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
1,904.8
1,959.8
1,944.1
2.1%
Child Health/Human Development (NICHD)
1,241.8
1,280.9
1,270.7
2.3%
Eye (NEI)
652.7
671.6
669.2
2.5%
Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
631.1
650.0
644.8
2.2%
Aging (NIA)
1,024.6
1,055.7
1,052.2
2.7%
Arthritis/Musculoskeletal/Skin (NIAMS)
500.9
515.4
511.3
2.1%
Deafness/Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
381.9
393.5
394.3
3.2%
Nursing Research (NINR)
134.7
139.2
138.1
2.5%
Alcohol Abuse/Alcoholism (NIAAA)
428.4
441.9
438.4
2.3%
Drug Abuse (NIDA)
990.8
1,012.8
1,006.6
1.6%
Mental Health (NIMH)
1,381.3
1,420.6
1,412.2
2.2%
Human Genome Research (NIHGR)
478.8
492.7
488.7
2.1%
Biomedical Imaging/Bioengineering (NIBIB)
288.8
297.6
298.2
3.3%
Research Resources (NCRR)
1,179.0
1,094.1
1,115.1
-5.4%
Complementary/Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
116.9
121.1
122.1
4.4%
Minority Health/Health Disparities (NCMHD)
191.5
196.8
196.2
2.5%
Fogarty International Center (FIC)
65.3
67.2
66.6
2.0%
Library of Medicine (NLM)
308.5
316.9
315.4
2.2%
Office of Director (OD) e
327.1
359.6
358.3
9.5%
Buildings & Facilities (B&F)
99.0
99.5
110.3
11.4%
Subtotal, (L-HHS Appropriation)
$27,800.0
$28,526.9
$28,371.2
2.1%
Superfund (VA-HUD Approp to NIEHS) f
78.3
80.5
79.8
2.0%
Total, NIH Discretionary Budget Authority
$27,878.3
$28,607.4
$28,451.1
2.1%
Pre-appropriated Type 1 diabetes funds g
150.0
150.0
150.0
0%
Program Evaluation, ONDCP, and/or PHSSEF h
12.7
66.4
55.2
334.8%
Global HIV/AIDS Fund transfer d
-149.1
-100.0
-99.2
-33.5%
Total, NIH Program Level
$27,891.9
$28,723.8
$28,557.1
2.4%
Source: Conference report on the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005 (H.R. 4818, H.Rept. 108-792,
November 19, 2004).
a. FY2004 reflects across-the-board rescission of $165,459,000 and L-HHS reduction of $17,492,000, and is
comparable for transfers to NIBIB and B&F, and for transfer for Public Health Reports ($70,000).
b. FY2005 revised request reflects reallocation of $14.5m to NIAID for HIV vaccine research ($6.3m from
NIDA and $8.2m from NLM) and reallocation of $4.5m from NCI to NHLBI, NIDDK, and NINDS
($4.5m each) for increased stem cell research funding. The requested reallocations did not change total
NIH discretionary budget authority, but they did increase the total NIH program level because evaluation
funds were requested for NIDA, NLM, and NCI (see note h below).
c. FY2005 estimated conference level reflects the 0.8% across-the-board rescissions totaling about $229m, but
does not reflect NIH’s share (about $6.3m) of a mandated $18m salaries and expenses reduction.
d. NIAID totals include funds for transfer to the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Tuberculosis.
e. OD total includes Roadmap funds for distribution to ICs ($34.8m in FY2004 and $59.5m in FY2005).
f. Separate account in the VA-HUD appropriation for NIEHS activities mandated in Superfund legislation.
g. Funds available to NIDDK for diabetes research in accordance with P.L. 106-554 and P.L. 107-360.
h. Additional funds available: From the program evaluation set-aside (sec. 241 of the Public Health Service
Act), $8.2m for NLM in FY2004 and FY2005, and, in the FY2005 request, $6.3m for NIDA and $4.5m
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for NCI; transfer to NIDA from ONDCP (Office of National Drug Control Policy), $4.5m in FY2004;
and funding from the Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund for NIH research on nuclear
and radiological countermeasures, $47.0m in FY2005.
National Science Foundation (NSF)
The FY2005 request for the National Science Foundation (NSF) is $5,745 million, a
2.9% ($167.2 million) increase over the FY2004 level of $5,577.8 million. The FY2005
request provides support for several interdependent priority areas: biocomplexity in the
environment ($99.8 million), human and social dynamics ($23.3 million), mathematical
sciences ($89.1 million), and nanoscale science and engineering ($305.1 million). The NSF
acknowledges that researchers need not only access to cutting-edge tools to pursue the
increasingly complexity of research, but funding to develop and design the tools critical to
21st century research and education. Approximately 26% of the FY2005 request ($1,472.1
million) represents an investment in infrastructure of all types.
Increasing grant size and duration has been a long-term priority for NSF. The FY2005
request devotes $40 million to increase the annual award size to an annual average of
$142,000, a $3,000 increase over the FY2004 level. The request provides $80 million for the
President’s Math and Science Partnerships program (MSP). The MSP is a five-year
investment to improve the performance of U.S. students in science and mathematics at the
precollege level. Additional FY2005 highlights include funding for graduate fellowships and
traineeships ($240.7 million), National Nanotechnology Initiative ($305.1 million),
continued support of plant genome research ($89.5 million), investments in Climate Change
Research Initiative ($25 million), continued support for multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional
Science of Learning Centers ($20 million), and support for major international collaborations
in science and engineering ($34 million).
Included in the FY2005 request is $4,452.3 million for Research and Related Activities
(R&RA), a 4.7% increase ($200.9 million) over the FY2004 level of $4,251.4 million.
R&RA funds research projects, research facilities, and education and training activities.
Partly in response to concerns in the scientific community about the imbalance between
support for the life sciences and the physical sciences, the FY2005 request provides increased
funding for the physical sciences. Research in the physical sciences often leads to advances
in other disciplines. R&RA includes Integrative Activities (IA), created in FY1999. IA is
the source of funding for the acquisition and development of research instrumentation at U.S.
colleges and universities and funds also Partnerships for Innovation, disaster research teams,
and the Science and Technology Policy Institute. The FY2005 request for IA is $240 million,
a 66.5% increase ($95.9 million) over the FY2004 estimate. The FY2005 request for IA
reflects the proposed transfer of the MSP from the Education and Human Resources (EHR)
Directorate to the IA.
Research project support in the FY2005 request totals $2,845.1 million. Support is
provided to individuals and small groups conducting disciplinary and cross-disciplinary
research. Included in the total for research projects is support for centers, proposed at$457.3
million. NSF supports a variety of individual centers and center programs. The FY2005
request provides $72.4 million for Science and Technology Centers, $58.9 million for
Materials Centers, $63.5 million for Engineering Research Centers and Groups, $15.4
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million for Physics Frontiers Centers, $36 million for the Plant Genome Virtual Centers, and
$75 million for Information Technology Centers.
The Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC) account is funded
at $213.3 million in FY2005, a 37.6% increase ($58.3 million) over the FY2004 level. The
MREFC supports the acquisition and construction of major research facilities and equipment
that extend the boundaries of science, engineering, and technology.
Table 6. National Science Foundation
($ millions)
FY2004
FY2005
FY2005
Estimate
Request
Omnibusd
Research & Related Activities
Biological Sciences
$586.9
$599.9
Computer & Inform. Sci. & Eng.
6047
618.1
Engineering
461.5
471.8
Geosciences
713.1
728.5
Math & Physical Sci.
1,091.5
1,115.5
Social, Behav. & Econ. Sci.
175.7
190.7
U.S. Polar Programs
342.2
349.7
347.2
Integrative Activities
144.1
240.0b
Subtotal Research & Related Activities
$4,251.4
$4,452.3
$4,220.6
Ed. & Hum. Resr.
939.0
771.4c
841.4
Major Res. Equip. & Facil. Constr.
155.0
213.3
173.7
Salaries & Expenses
218.7
294.0
223.2
National Science Board
3.9
4.0
3.9
Office of Inspector General
10.0
10.1
10.0
Total NSFa
$5,577.8
$5,744.7
$5,472.8
a. The totals do not include carry overs or retirement accruals. Totals may not add due to rounding.
b. Reflects the movement of MPS from Research and Related Activities to Integrative Activities.
c. Program and activity totals within the R&RA have not been determined.
d. Funding levels account for the across-the-board recission of 0.80%.
The FY2005 request for the Education and Human Resources Directorate (EHR) is
$771.4 million, a 17.9% decrease ($167.6 million) from the FY2004 level. Support at the
various educational levels in the FY2005 request is as follows: precollege, $172.8 million;
undergraduate, $158.9 million; and graduate, $173.9 million. Funding for the Experimental
Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) is $75 million in the FY2005 request.
An additional $30 million for co-funding activities in EPSCoR is provided through R&RA,
bringing the total FY2005 request for EPSCoR to $114 million.
H.R. 4818 funds the NSF at $5,472.8 million, $272.2 million below the request, and
$105 million below the FY2004 estimate. Included in the total is $4,220.6 million for
R&RA, $231.7 million below the request, and $30.8 million below FY2004. The omnibus
legislation funds other programs at the following levels for FY2005 — EHR, at $841.4
million ($97.6 million below the FY2004 estimate), and the MREFC, at $173.7 million
($18.7 million above the FY2004 level). (CRS Contact: Christine Matthews)
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Department of Commerce (DOC)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
NOAA’s “FY2005 Congressional Preparation: Research and Development” estimates
that total NOAA R&D, including R&D facilities costs, will be $584.5 million for FY2005.
The R&D Bureau of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) earlier reported $611
million for “R&D programs, facilities, and major equipment,” at the agency. (See Table 7.)
The NOAA total is $70.6 million, or 10.8%, less than the $655.1 appropriated for R&D for
FY2004. NOAA reported a cut of almost $9 million for Ocean Resources, Conservation, and
Assessment R&D in the National Ocean Service (NOS) budget. NOAA Fisheries (NMFS)
R&D would be cut by $14.6 million from terminating programs at the Joint Institute for
Marine & Atmospheric Research; however, funding for Fisheries Information & Analysis
R&D activities would increase by $6 million. The NOAA Research (OAR) would receive
an increase of $30 million for Climate Observations & Services R&D. In total, R&D in
OAR would be cut by about $30 million, and by $60 million in OAR “Plant” (R&D
facilities) costs.
The House-passed appropriations bill (H.R. 4754) would provide about $545 million
for R&D, about $39 million below FY2004 appropriations. The Senate Appropriations
Committee report (S. 2809) would fund NOAA at $748 million an 18% increase over
FY2004, including $475 million for a new Ocean Commission Initiative, which would
foremost fund ocean research and observations. In response to the Commission’s report,
Congress (H.R. 4818) would fund NOAA at $681 million, an 8% increase over FY2004
levels.
Additional information on NOAA funding including FY2004 appropriations, the
President’s request, and congressional appropriations actions for FY2005, can be found on
the CRS web page for Commerce, State, Justice, the Judiciary and Related Agency
Appropriations, FY2005, at [http://www.congress.gov/brbk/html/apcjs41.html]. (CRS
Contact: Wayne A. Morrissey)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
For FY2005, the Bush Administration budget request includes $521.5 million for the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (See Table 7) This amount is 14.6%
below the FY2004 appropriation due primarily to the absence of funding for the Advanced
Technology Program (ATP). Internal research and development under the Scientific and
Technical Research and Services (STRS) account would receive $422.9 million, an increase
of 25.4% over the current fiscal year. Support for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership
would total $39.2 million (a small increase from FY2004) and the construction budget would
be $59.4 million. H.R. 4754, the FY2005 appropriations bill passed by the House on July 8,
2004, provides NIST with $524.9 million, 14% less than the current fiscal year. Funding
for the intermural research programs under the STRS account would increase 11.4% to
$375.8 million. The $106 million for the Manufacturing Extension Program would bring
support up to pre-FY2004 levels before the financing was reduced by 63%. There is no
funding for the Advanced Technology Program. The construction budget would be $43.1
million. The Senate Appropriations Committee (S. 2809) approved an estimated $784.9
million for NIST in FY2005, a $263 million increase over the Administrations’ request. The
majority of this increase can be attributed to the Committee funding the ATP at $203 million
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for FY2005. The Committee also approved $383.9 million for STRS, $112 million for MEP,
and $86.1 million for construction, $26.6 million above the request.
H.R. 4818, H.Rept. 108-792, contains $708.7 million, or $699 million when the
recessions are applied to NIST programs. This includes $380 million for STRS, a 10%
increase over FY2004. The act also funds MEP at $108 million, but instructs the Secretary
not to re-compete the program until FY2007. Finally Congress approved $141 million for
ATP existing projects with no new projects to be competed in FY2005. For additional
information see CRS Report 95-30, The National Institute of Standards and Technology: An
Overview, CRS Report 95-36, The Advanced Technology Program, and CRS Report 97-104,
The Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program: An Overview. (CRS Contact: Wendy
H. Schacht)
Department of Transportation (DOT)
The Bush Administration requested $749 million for the Department of Transportation’s
(DOT) research and development budget in FY2005. This represents an increase of 6.9%
over the FY2004 estimated funding level of $701 million. (See Table 7.) The Federal
Highway Administration would receive a large increase in R&D spending with the
Administration’s proposal to shift some resources away from state highway grants to
highway research, an approach Congress has rejected in the past. R&D funding for the
Federal Aviation Administration would decline 10.5%, to $222 million, as more of its
aviation safety related R&D activities are transferred to the DHS. The House (H.R. 5025)
would provide an estimated $749 million and the Senate (S. 2806) an estimated $770 million
for R&D. CRS estimates that H.R. 4818, provides $718 million for DOT R&D. (CRS
Contact: Mike Davey )
Department of the Interior (DOI)
According to the President’s budget, the Administration requested $648 million for
R&D in the Department of the Interior.(See Table 7.) This represents a 4% decline from the
$675 million the agency received in FY2004. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the
primary supporter of R&D (about two-thirds of the total) within DOI. Areas of research
include mapping and research in geological resources, water quality, and biological
resources. The proposed FY2005 budget for R&D within the USGS would decline from
$547 million in FY2004 to $525 million. This proposed reduction in funding has been
distributed among its four major R&D accounts. The House passed Interior Appropriations
bill (H.R. 4568) would restore the proposed cuts in the U.S.G.S. R&D, approving $548
million for FY2005, and a total of $671 million for Interior R&D. As in FY2004, the
Administration is proposing deep cuts in the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, as well
as in Mineral Resources R&D Activities. However the House also rejected these proposed
cuts and restored funding for these two programs in H.R. 4568. The Senate Appropriations
Committee (S. 2804) approved an estimated $666 million for Interior research, including an
estimated $543 million for USGS. CRS estimates that Congress approved $668 million, a
$3 million reduction for Interior R&D. (CRS Contact: Mike Davey)
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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The Science and Technology (S&T) account incorporates elements of the former
research and development account (also called extramural research) and EPA’s in-house
research, development, and technology work. (See Table 7.) The FY2005 S&T total request
of $725.3 million is made of two parts, $689.2 million directly for S&T, and $36.1 million
transferred from the Superfund account. The House Appropriations Committee report for
the FY2005 (H.R. 4614) recommends an S&T total of $765.1 million, composed of $729
million directly for S&T, and $36.1 million transferred from Superfund, which is less than
the FY2004 total S&T enacted level of $826.1 million, which was made of $781.7 million
directly for S&T, and $44.4 million transferred from Superfund. The Senate Appropriations
Committee report (S. 2825) recommends a FY2005 S&T total of $794.3 million, made of
$758.2 million directly for S&T, and $36.1 million transferred from Superfund. Noteworthy
in the House recommendations are $16.2 million added to fully restore to FY2004 levels
EPA’s Science to Achieve Results (STAR) and STAR Fellowship programs, and $4 million
added to continue EPA’s building decontamination research. Noteworthy in the Senate
recommendations are $10 million for Endocrine Disruptor work (nearly $2 million less than
requested), and $20 million for Global Change ($0.69 million less than requested). A
continuing question is the degree to which efforts to insure sound science (such as the
Information Quality Act and the Office of Management and Budget’s Peer Review proposal)
will impact EPA’s S&T work. CRS estimates that Congress approved $744 million for EPA
R&D, a 4.7% reduction from FY2004. (CRS contact: Michael Simpson)
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
For FY2005, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) requested $1.2 billion
for R&D and received $1.3 billion. (See Table 7.) The bulk of this sum funded the
Directorate of Science and Technology ($1.039 billion requested, $1.115 billion received).
Most of the remainder funded R&D in the Transportation Security Administration ($154
million requested, $178 million received). Reflecting direction given in the FY2004
appropriations conference report (H.Rept.108-280), R&D activities formerly funded by other
DHS agencies, such as the U.S. Coast Guard, appeared in the request for the S&T Directorate
in FY2005. The transfer of Coast Guard R&D was not made in the final bill.
The requested funding for the S&T Directorate was 14% more than the FY2004
appropriation, but only three areas included large funding changes. First, Biological
Countermeasures, the directorate’s largest program, requested $407 million, versus $285
million in FY2004. This 43% increase included $65 million to support expanding the
coverage and scope of BioWatch, an activity that seeks to detect airborne biological agents
in large metropolitan areas. The House provided the requested funding for Biological
Countermeasures, but transferred $44 million of it to separate line items for staff salaries and
facility construction. The Senate also transferred facility construction funds to a separate
line, while providing $26 million less than the request. The conference report concurred with
the House. Second, the request of $30 million for University Programs was a 56% reduction
from FY2004. Last year, Congress increased FY2004 funding for University Programs to
$69 million from an initial request of $10 million. For FY2005, the House provided $70
million, the Senate provided $69 million, and the conference report concurred with the
House. Third, the S&T Directorate’s FY2005 request included $24 million for R&D
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activities transferred from other DHS agencies, including $13.5 million for Coast Guard
R&D. The House provided the requested funding for these consolidated programs. The
Senate provided $18.5 million for Coast Guard R&D, a $5 million increase above the
request, and deferred approval of this activity’s transfer to the S&T Directorate until
completion of an independent study of Coast Guard R&D priorities. The conference report
provided $18.5 million and did not make the transfer. Overall, the House provided $1.132
billion for the S&T Directorate (H.R. 4567, H.Rept. 108-541); the Senate provided $1.059
billion, or $1.078 billion including the funding provided for Coast Guard R&D (H.R. 4567
in lieu of S. 2537, S.Rept. 108-280); and the conference report provided $1.115, not
including Coast Guard R&D (H.Rept. 108-774).
The requested R&D funding for the Transportation Security Administration included
$49 million for Applied R&D on aviation passenger and baggage screening, $50 million for
development of Next Generation Explosives Detection Systems, and $55 million for Air
Cargo R&D. The House provided a $20 million increase for additional work on air cargo
screening. The Senate also provided a $20 million increase for air cargo, along with a $7
million increase for Next Generation EDS. The conference report provided a $20 million
increase for air cargo and a $4 million increase for Next Generation EDS. Note that R&D
on protecting commercial aircraft from shoulder-fired missiles ($61 million requested and
provided) is funded by the S&T Directorate, not the Transportation Security Administration.
For more information on R&D in DHS, see CRS Report RL31914. (CRS Contact: Daniel
Morgan.)
Table 7. R&D Budgets of Preceding Agencies
($ millions)
FY2003 2
FY2004
FY2005
Actual
Estimate
Estimate
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
$666
$632
$681
National Institute of Standards & Technology
712
610
699
Department of the Interior
643
675
668
Department of Transportation
705
701
718
Department of Homeland Security
759
1,038
1,300
Environmental Protection Agency
716
781
744
2 Data from Office of Management and Budget FY2005 budget documents, and individual agency
FY2005 budget data.
CRS-16