Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA): Background and Funding

October 14, 2015 (R42838)
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Appendixes

Summary

Family violence broadly refers to acts of physical and sexual violence and emotional abuse perpetrated by individuals against family members. The federal government has responded to various forms of family violence, including violence involving spouses and other intimate partners, children, and the elderly. The focus of this report is on the federal response to domestic violence under the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA). "Domestic violence" is used in the report to describe violence among intimate partners, including those involved in dating relationships. A survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that 4.8 million women and 5.5 million men (4.0% of all women and 4.8% of all men, respectively) experienced physical violence by their intimate partners in 2011 (the most recent year for which data are available). Also that year, 17.1 million women (14.2%) and 20.5 million men (18.0%) experienced emotional abuse by their intimate partners, such as being humiliated or controlled. Domestic violence is associated with multiple negative outcomes for victims, including mental and physical health effects.

Throughout much of the 20th century, domestic violence remained a hidden problem. Survivors of this abuse often endured physical and emotional abuse in silence out of fear of retaliation by their spouses and other intimate partners. In the 1970s, former battered women, civic organizations, and professionals began to open shelters and provide services to abused women and their children. As a result of these efforts and greater national attention to domestic violence, Congress conducted a series of hearings in the early 1980s to understand the scope of this violence and explore possible responses. In 1984, Congress passed FVPSA (Title III of P.L. 98-457). FVPSA has been reauthorized seven times, most recently through FY2015 (P.L. 111-320).

Congress appropriates funding for three sets of activities under FVPSA to address domestic violence. First, a national domestic violence hotline receives calls for assistance related to this violence. The hotline maintains a database of services throughout the United States and territories, and it provides referrals for victims and others affected by family violence. Second, FVPSA supports direct services to victims and their families, including victims in underserved and minority communities and children exposed to domestic violence. Most of this funding is awarded via grants to states, territories, and tribes, which then distribute the funds to local domestic violence service organizations. These organizations provide shelter and a number of services—counseling, referrals, development of a safety plan, advocacy, legal advocacy, and other services. This funding also supports state domestic violence coalitions that provide training for service providers and advocacy for victims, and nine national resource centers that provide training and technical assistance on various family violence issues for a variety of stakeholders. Third, FVPSA funds efforts to prevent domestic violence through a program known as Domestic Violence Prevention Enhancement and Leadership Through Allies (DELTA). The most recent iteration of DELTA supports efforts in selected communities to prevent domestic violence. FVPSA activities are administered by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), FY2015 funding for these activities was $145 million.

FVPSA was the first federal law to address domestic violence. It has continued to have a primary focus on providing shelter and services for survivors, and has increasingly provided support to children exposed to domestic violence and teen dating violence. Since the 1994 enactment of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), the federal response to domestic violence has expanded to include investigating and prosecuting crimes and providing additional services to victims and abusers. VAWA activities are administered by multiple federal agencies.


Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA): Background and Funding

Introduction

This report provides an overview of the federal response to domestic violence—defined broadly to include acts of physical and nonphysical violence against spouses and other intimate partners—through the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA). FVPSA programs are carried out by the Department of Health and Human Services' Administration for Children and Families (ACF) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ACF administers most FVPSA programming, including grants to states, territories, and Indian tribes to support local organizations that provide immediate shelter and related assistance for victims of domestic violence and their children. ACF also provides funding for a national domestic violence hotline that responds to nearly 300,000 calls each year. Other ACF assistance supports state domestic violence coalitions that provide training for and advocacy on behalf of domestic violence providers within each state; and nine resource centers that provide training and technical assistance on various family violence issues for a variety of stakeholders. The CDC funds efforts to prevent domestic violence through a program known as Domestic Violence Prevention Enhancement and Leadership Through Allies (DELTA). The House Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pension (HELP) Committee have exercised jurisdiction over FVPSA.

The report begins with background on the definitions of domestic violence, family violence, and related terms. This background section also describes the risk factors for domestic violence and estimates of the number of victims. The next section of the report addresses the history leading up to the enactment of FVPSA, and the major components of the act: a national domestic violence hotline, support for domestic violence shelters and non-residential services, and coordination efforts to prevent domestic violence. The report then discusses recent efforts under FVPSA to assist children and youth exposed to domestic violence, including teen dating violence. Finally, it provides an overview of FVPSA's interaction with other federal laws, including the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) and the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA).1 FVPSA was the first federal law to address domestic violence, with a focus on providing shelter and services for survivors; however, since the enactment of VAWA in 1994, the federal response to domestic violence has expanded to involve multiple departments and activities that include investigating and prosecuting crimes and providing additional services to victims and abusers. FVPSA also includes provisions that encourage or require program administrators to coordinate FVPSA programs with related programs and research carried out by other federal agencies. The appendixes provide further detail about FVPSA-related definitions, research, and funding.

Background

Definitions

For purposes of this report, "domestic violence" is used to describe "family violence" that involves intimate partners and "dating violence," and generally refers to physical and nonphysical violence and emotional abuse perpetrated by individuals among current or former romantic partners.

The FVPSA statute focuses on "family violence," which can involve many types of family relationships and forms of violence. FVPSA defines the term as acts of violence or threatened acts of violence, including forced detention, that result in physical injury against individuals (including elderly individuals) who are legally related by blood or marriage and/or live in the same household.2 This definition focuses on physical forms of violence and is limited to abusers and victims3 who live together or are related by blood or marriage; however, researchers and others generally agree that family violence is broad enough to include nonphysical violence and physical violence that occurs outside of an intimate relationship.4 Such a definition can encompass a range of scenarios—rape and other forms of sexual violence committed by a current or former spouse or intimate partner who may or may not live in the same household; stalking by a current or former spouse or partner; abuse and neglect of elderly family members and children; and psychologically tormenting and controlling a spouse, intimate partner, or other member of the household.

While family violence can encompass child abuse and elder abuse, FVPSA programs focus on individuals abused by their spouses and other intimate partners. Further, FVPSA references the terms "domestic violence" and "dating violence" as they are defined under VAWA, and discusses these terms alongside family violence. The VAWA definition of "domestic violence" encompasses forms of intimate partner violence—involving current and former spouses or individuals who are similarly situated to a spouse, cohabiting individuals, and parents of children—that are outlawed under state or local laws. VAWA defines "dating violence" as violence committed by a person who has been in a social relationship of a romantic or intimate nature with the victim; and where the existence of such a relationship is determined based on consideration of the length of the relationship, the type of relationship, and the frequency of interaction between the individuals involved. (Table A-1 in Appendix A provides a summary of these and related terms.)

The federal government responds to child abuse and elder abuse through a variety of separate programs. Congress authorizes and funds a range of activities to prevent and respond to child abuse and neglect under Titles IV-B and IV-E of the Social Security Act and CAPTA.5 Separately, the Older Americans Act (OAA), the major federal vehicle for the delivery of social and nutrition services for older persons, has authorized projects to address elder abuse. In addition, the OAA authorizes and Congress funds the National Center on Elder Abuse to provide information to the public and professionals regarding elder abuse prevention activities, and provides training and technical assistance to state elder abuse agencies and to community-based organizations.6 The Social Services Block Grant, as amended, also includes elder justice provisions, including several grant programs and other activities to promote the safety and well-being of older Americans.7

Risk Factors for Domestic Violence

The evidence base on domestic violence does not point strongly to any one reason that it is perpetrated, in part because of the difficulty in measuring social conditions (e.g., status of women, gender norms, and socioeconomic status) that can influence this violence. Still, the research literature has identified two underlying influences: the unequal position of women and the normalization of violence, both in society and some relationships.8 Certain risk variables are often associated—but not necessarily the causes—of domestic violence. Such factors include a pattern of problem drinking, poverty and economic conditions, and early parenthood.9 For example, substance abuse often precedes incidents of domestic violence. A study that examined the connection between alcohol and drug use and domestic violence, including homicide or attempted homicide, found that substance abuse was more prevalent among male perpetrators of violence than non-perpetrators; however, the study did not determine how substance use influenced the violence, if at all.10

Profiles of Survivors

Estimating the number of individuals involved in domestic violence is complicated by the varying definitions of the term and methodologies for collecting data. For example, some research counts a boyfriend or girlfriend as a family relationship while others do not; still other surveys are limited to specific types of violence and whether violence is reported to police. Certain studies focus more broadly on various types of violence or more narrowly on violence committed among intimate partners. In addition, domestic violence is believed to be underreported. Survivors may be reluctant to disclose their victimization because of shame, embarrassment, fear or belief that they may not receive support from law enforcement.11

Overall, two studies—the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)—show that violence involving intimate partners is not uncommon, and that both women and men are victimized sexually, physically, and psychologically. Women tend to first be victimized at a younger age than men. Further, minority women and men tend to be victimized at higher rates than their white counterparts.

National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey

The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey provides information on the prevalence of domestic violence among individuals during their lifetime and in the past 12 months prior to the survey. The study was fielded in 2010 and 2011, and was based on a survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.12 The survey examines multiple aspects of intimate partner violence—including rape, physical violence, stalking, sexual violence other than rape, psychological aggression, and other forms of violence that may or may not be reported as a crime. Selected findings from the 2011 study are summarized in Table B-1 in Appendix B. Generally speaking, victims tended to be women; however, a significant share of men reported being victims. When asked about their experiences in the 12 months prior to the survey, 14.2% of women had been victims of psychological violence; 4.0% had been victims of physical violence, 2.4% had been victims of stalking; and 0.8% had been raped. Over this same time frame, 18.0% of men reported having been victims of psychological violence; 4.8% reported that they had experienced physical violence; and 0.8% had experienced stalking. More than one-quarter (27.5%) of women and nearly 5% of men in the United States reported that they experienced physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime. In addition, nearly half of all women and men (about 47%) had experienced psychological aggression by an intimate partner.13

The NISVS also found that domestic violence tends to occur first at a young age. About seven out of ten women were under the age of 25 (12.1% were under age 11; 23.1% were ages 11 to 17; and 47.9% were ages 18 to 24). Men tended to be young adults or adults when first victimized (14.0% were ages 11 to 17; 44.1% were ages 18 to 24; and 30.6% were ages 25 to 34). Women and men of color, particularly individuals of mixed race, tended to experience domestic violence at higher lifetime rates. Among women, those who are multi-racial were most likely to report being raped (32.3%) or subject to other sexual violence (64.1%), followed by American Indian or Alaska Native women (27.5% had experienced rape; 55.0% had experienced other sexual violence). Similarly, males who identified as multiracial (39.5%), Hispanic (26.6%), or American Indian or Alaska Native (24.5%) were more likely than men of other racial and ethnic groups to report being victims of sexual violence other than rape. (Lifetime estimates of rape were generally not available for males because of small case count.)

Special Populations

The 2010 NISVS examined the prevalence of this violence based on how adult respondents identified their sexual orientation (heterosexual or straight, gay or lesbian, or bisexual). The study found overall, bisexual women had significantly higher lifetime prevalence of rape and sexual violence other than rape by an intimate partner when compared to both lesbian and heterosexual women. Lesbian women and gay men reported levels of intimate partner violence equal to or higher than those of heterosexuals.14

The 2010 NISVS also surveyed women on active duty in the military and the wives of active duty men. These women were asked to respond to whether they experienced intimate partner violence over their lifetime and during the three years and 12 months prior to the survey. The study found that the majority of women affiliated with the military were less likely to be victims of intimate partner violence compared to women in the general population. For example, 53.7% of active duty women and 48.6% of wives of active duty men experienced psychological aggression in their lifetime, compared to 57.0% of women in the general population. However, active duty women who were deployed during the three years prior to the survey were significantly more likely to have experienced intimate partner violence during this period and over their lifetime compared to active duty women who were not deployed. Among those who deployed, 12.2% had been victims of physical violence, rape, or stalking by an intimate partner during the past three years and 35.2% had experienced victimization over their lifetime. This is compared to 10.1% (during the past three years) and 27.5% (lifetime prevalence) of women who had not deployed.15

National Crime Victimization Survey

The National Crime Victimization Survey is an ongoing survey coordinated by the U.S. Department of Justice's Bureau of Justice Statistics within the Office of Justice Programs. NCVS surveys a nationally representative sample of households. It is the primary source of information on the characteristics of criminal nonfatal victimization and on the number and types of crimes that may or may not be reported to law enforcement authorities. NCVS surveyed respondents about whether they have been victims of a violent crime, including rape/sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault; and for victims, the relationship to the perpetrator.16 The survey reports the share of crimes that are committed by an intimate partner (current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends), other family members, friends/acquaintances, or strangers. The 2014 survey found that over 634,000 individuals were victims of intimate partner violence. The rate of intimate partner violence remained relatively stable from 2013 (2.8 per 1,000 individuals age 12 and older) to 2014 (2.4).17

An earlier NCVS study (released in 2000 and supplemented with homicide data) focused on victims murdered by an intimate partner and on the prevalence of domestic violence by characteristics such as income, marital status, and the presence of children in the home.18 The study examined changes over time, either 1976 or 1993 to 1998. The study found that the number of female victims of domestic violence declined from 1993 to 1998, from 1.1 million to 900,000 violent offenses. In addition, the number of murders by an intimate partner declined over the period from 1,600 murders in 1976 to 1,317 murders in 1998. Further, NCVS data showed that rates of domestic violence were inversely related to income over the 1993-1998 period, with rates seven times higher among women living in households with the lowest annual income (20.3 per 1,000 females) compared to those with the highest annual income (3.3 per 1,000). Marital status was also found to be associated with domestic violence. The rate of domestic violence was highest among those who were divorced or separated (31.9 per 1,000 females and 6.2 per 1,000 males) compared to those who were never married (11.3 and 1.6) or married (2.6 and 0.5). An equal share of victims (43%) had children under age 12 in the household or did not have children under age 12 in the household; the presence of children was unknown for the remaining victims. (See below for research on children exposed to domestic violence.)

Effects of Domestic Violence

Domestic violence is associated with multiple negative outcomes for victims, including mental and emotional distress and health effects. The 2010 NISVS study found that these effects appeared to be greater for women. Nearly 3 in 10 (28.8%) women and 1 in 10 (9.9%) men who experienced rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner also reported at least one impact as a result of this violence. Both women and men most frequently reported that they felt fearful (25.7% of women and 5.2% of men); exhibited post-traumatic stress symptoms (22.3% and 4.7%); and were concerned for their safety (22.2% and 4.5%).19 A separate study of domestic violence among welfare recipients in two California counties found that their ability to find work was impaired by their victimization.20 At the end of one year of participating in welfare-to-work activities, about 1 out of 10 (12%) welfare recipients who experienced serious domestic violence were working at least 26 hours a week, compared to more than a quarter (28%) who did not experience this type of victimization.

Domestic Violence: Development of the Issue

Early marriage laws in the United States permitted men to hit their wives, and throughout much of the 20th century family violence remained a hidden problem.21 Victims, mostly women, often endured physical and emotional abuse in silence. These victims were hesitant to seek help because of fear of retaliation by their spouses/partners and concerns about leaving their homes, children, and neighborhoods behind. Women were worried that they would be perceived as deviant or mentally unstable or would be unable to get by financially.22 In addition, victims were often blamed for their abuse, based on stereotypical notions of women (e.g., demanding, aggressive, and frigid, among other characteristics).

In the 1960s, shelters and services for victims of domestic violence became available on a limited basis; however, these services were not always targeted specifically to victims per se. Social service and religious organizations provided temporary housing for displaced persons generally, which could include homeless and abused women. In addition, a small number of organizations provided services to abused women who were married to alcoholic men. Beginning in the 1970s, the "battered women's movement" began to emerge; it sought to heighten awareness of women who were abused by spouses and partners. The movement developed from influences both abroad and within the United States. In England, the first battered women's shelter, Chiswick Women's Aid, galvanized support for similar types of services. In addition, the feminist movement in the United States increasingly brought greater national attention to the issue.23

As part of the battered women's movement, former battered women, civic organizations, and professionals opened shelters and began to provide services to victims, primarily abused women and their children.24 Shelters were most often located in old homes, at Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) centers, or housed in institutional settings, such as motels or abandoned orphanages. In addition to providing shelter, groups in the battered women's movement organized coalitions to combine resources for public education on the issue, support groups for the victims, and services that were lacking. For example, the YWCA and Women in Crisis Can Act formed a hotline for abused women in Chicago. These and other groups convened the Chicago Abused Women's Coalition to address concerns about services for battered women. The coalition spoke to hundreds of community groups and professional agencies about battered women's stories, explained the significance of violence, detailed how violence becomes sanctioned, dispelled common myths, and challenged community members to provide funding and other support to assist abused women. The coalition mobilized around passage of a state law to protect women and require police training on family violence, among other accomplishments.

Based on a survey in the late 1970s, 111 shelters were believed to be operating across all states and in urban, suburban, and rural communities. These shelters generally reported that they provided a safe and secure environment for abused women and their children, emotional support and counseling for abused women, and information on legal rights and assistance with housing, among other supports. Approximately 90 of these shelters fielded over 110,000 calls for assistance in a given year.25

Around this same time, the public became increasingly aware of domestic violence. In 1983, Time magazine published an article, "Wife Beating: The Silent Crime," as part of a series of articles on violence in the United States. The article stated: "There is nothing new about wife beating…What is new is that in the U.S. wife beating is no longer widely accepted as an inevitable and private matter. The change in attitude, while far from complete, has come about in the past 10 to 15 years as part of the profound transformation of ideas about the roles and rights of women in society."26 In 1984, then-U.S. Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti established the Department of Justice Task Force on Family Violence, which issued a report examining the scope and impact of domestic violence in America. The report also provided recommendations to improve the nation's law enforcement, criminal justice, and community response to offenses that were previously considered "family matters."27

Congressional Response

As a result of efforts by advocates and the Justice Department, Congress began to take an interest in domestic violence issues. The House Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families conducted a series of hearings in 1983 and 1984 on child abuse and family violence throughout the country, to understand the scope of family violence better and explore possible federal responses to the problem. The committee heard from victims, domestic violence service providers, researchers, law enforcement officials, and other stakeholders about the possible number of victims and the need for additional victim services. In 1984, Congress enacted the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA) as Title III of the Child Abuse Amendments of 1984 (CAPTA, P.L. 98-457).Title I of that law amended the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), and most of the seven subsequent reauthorizations of FVPSA have occurred as part of legislation that reauthorized CAPTA.28 This includes the most recent reauthorization (P.L. 111-320), which extended funding authority for FVPSA through FY2015. As discussed later in this report, Congress subsequently broadened the federal response to domestic violence via the Violence Against Women Act, enacted in 1994.

Testimony from Victim of Domestic Violence at a 1984 Hearing by the Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families

"I met Andy just before I left for New York. He visited me ... often, bringing special treats…. But Andy had a violent streak. During Christmas vacation of my senior year, Andy knocked me out in the front seat of his car and raped me. After graduation from Good Shepherd, I tried to attend G.W. University, but Andy wouldn't leave me alone. He constantly harassed me. I left the university to work in a law office downtown … [and we] were married June 9, 1962. In March 1963 our daughter was born, 19 months later my son was born…. Andy's violence got progressively worse. He would tie me up and beat me several times a week. But when he started doing this in front of the children, I was determined to get away from him. I was 5 months pregnant when he threatened to kill me and the baby with a knife. I tried to escape and he threw me down the stairs. I called a lawyer who advised me to leave under constructive desertion. I left with my children to Colorado but Andy followed in less than two days and brought us home again. At my insistence, Andy finally agreed to see a psychiatrist. The psychiatrist advised me to leave Andy after Andy attacked him.... On the advice of my psychiatrist and my gynecologist, I admitted myself to Springfield State Hospital … in order to get both the necessary medical treatment for delivery of the baby and the psychological evaluation that would eventually be necessary to get custody of my children…. A few weeks after leaving the hospital I found a room and a job in Bethesda and began the 3-year battle for custody and divorce…. Andy [had] disappeared with my children."

Source: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families, "Violence and Abuse in American Families," hearing, 98th Congress, 2nd Session.

FVPSA Overview

As originally enacted, FVPSA included both a social service and law enforcement response to preventing and responding to domestic violence. Grants were authorized for states, territories, and Indian tribes to establish and expand programs to prevent domestic violence and provide shelter for victims. In addition, Congress authorized grants to provide training and technical assistance to law enforcement personnel, and this funding was ultimately used to train law enforcement personnel throughout the country.29 Over time, FVPSA was expanded to include support of other activities—including state domestic violence coalitions and grants that focus on prevention activities; however, authorization of funding for FVPSA law enforcement training grants was discontinued in 1992, just before the 1994 Violence Against Women Act was enacted and included funding authority for this purpose.30

As outlined in Figure 1, FVPSA currently authorizes three major activities—domestic violence shelters and support, the national domestic violence hotline, and domestic violence prevention activities under a program known as DELTA. The Family and Youth Services Bureau in HHS's Administration for Children and Families administers funding for the domestic violence shelters and support and the hotline. HHS's Centers for Disease Control and Prevention administers the DELTA Program. Funding authorization extended through FY2015.

Figure 1. Summary of Activities Authorized and Funded Under the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA)

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS).

Funding

Table 1 includes funding from FY1993 to FY2015 for the three major FVPSA activities. Overall, appropriations have ranged from about $25.0 million (in FY1993) to $144.9 million (in FY2015). Appropriations for shelter, victim services, and program support increased fourfold from FY1993 to FY2000, peaking at just over $130.0 million in FY2010 and declining to $121.2 million in FY2013; however, the FY2014 appropriation increased to $133.5 million and Congress appropriated $135 million for FY2015. Appropriations for the hotline grew from an initial amount of $1.0 million in FY1995 to $4.5 million in FY2015. DELTA appropriations have decreased from nearly $6 million in FY1999, the year it was first funded, to $5.4 million in FY2015.

Table 1. Funding for FVPSA Activities, FY1993-FY2015

 

Shelter, Services,
and Support

National Domestic
Violence Hotline

DELTA

Total

FY1993

$24,678,619

N/A

N/A

$24,678,619

FY1994

$32,645,000

N/A

N/A

$32,645,000

FY1995

$32,645,000

$1,000,000

N/A

$33,645,000

FY1996

$47,642,500

$400,000

N/A

$48,042,500

FY1997

$72,800,000

$400,000

N/A

$73,200,000

FY1998

$86,642,206

$1,200,000

N/A

87,842,206

FY1999

$88,778,000

$1,200,000

$5,998,000

$95,976,000

FY2000

$101,118,000

$1,957,000

$5,866,000

$108,941,000

FY2001

$116,899,000

$2,157,000

$5,866,000

$124,922,000

FY2002

$124,459,000

$2,157,000

$5,866,000

$132,482,000

FY2003

$124,459,000

$2,157,000

$5,828,000

$132,444,000

FY2004

$125,648,000

$2,982,000

$5,303,000

$133,933,000

FY2005

$125,630,000

$3,224,000

$5,258,000

$134,112,000

FY2006

$124,643,000

$2,970,000

$5,181,000

$132,794,000

FY2007

$124,731,000

$2,970,000

$5,110,000

$132,811,000

FY2008

$122,552,000

$2,918,000

$5,021,000

$130,491,000

FY2009

$127,776,000

$3,209,000

$5,511,000

$136,496,000

FY2010

$130,052,000a

$3,209,000

$5,525,000

$138,786,000

FY2011

$129,792,000

$3,202,000

$5,423,000

$138,417,000

FY2012

$129,547,000

$3,197,000

$5,411,000

$138,155,000

FY2013b

$121,225,000

$2,992,000

$5,350,000

$129,552,000

FY2014c

$133,521,000

$4,500,000

$5,414,000

$143,221,000

FY2015c

$135,000,000

$4,500,000

$5,414,000

$144,911,000

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, FY1998-FY2016 Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees; and Congressional Research Service correspondence with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Family and Youth Services Bureau and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, September and November 2012; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, ACF All-Purpose Table – FY2012-2013 and Centers for Disease Control, FY2013-FY2015 Full Year CR Operating Plan; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Rules, 113th Cong., 2nd sess., Committee Print 113-32 to the Senate Amendment to the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (H.R. 3547), which was enacted as P.L. 113-76; and Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015 (P.L. 113-235).

Notes: Funding is allocated for shelter, support services, and program support and the Domestic Violence Hotline via HHS/Administration for Children and Families; and for DELTA via HHS/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. N/A means not applicable.

a. Funding for FY2010 was just over $130 million ($130,052,000). When FY2010 dollars were appropriated in December 2009, FVPSA required that "a portion of the excess" (of funds for shelter, support services, and program support) above $130 million was to be reserved for projects to address the needs of children who witness domestic violence. FVPSA was reauthorized in December 2010, and this provision was changed to require that when the appropriation exceeds $130 million, HHS must first reserve 25% of the excess funding for specialized services for abused parents and children exposed to domestic violence (42 U.S.C. §10403(a)(2)(A)(i)). This rule was triggered in FY2010 and the excess funding went to a grant program, Expanding Services for Children and Youth Exposed to Domestic Violence. For further information, see the section of this report on children exposed to domestic violence.

b. Funding for FY2013 was provided through a series of continuing resolutions. The final continuing resolution was the Consolidated and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6). The FY2013 funding levels provided were based on the operating plan provided by the Department of Labor to Congress. This funding included a 0.2% rescission, per P.L. 113-6, and a sequestered amount of 5.0%, per the Budget Control Act of 2011 (P.L. 112-25), as amended by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-240).

c. Funding exceeded $130 million, triggering the requirement under FVPSA that HHS must first reserve 25% of the excess funding for specialized services for abused parents and children exposed to domestic violence. The FY2016 budget request notes that "this provision was overridden in order to direct resources to shelters." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, FY2016 Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees, p. 212.

Funding for shelter, support services, and program support encompasses multiple activities: formula grants to states and territories; grants to tribes; state domestic violence coalitions; nine national and special issue resource centers; evaluation, monitoring and administration; and discretionary activities. Figure 2 displays FY2015 funding for these activities, most of which are described further below.

Figure 2. Amount and Share of FY2015 Funding for Shelter,
Support Services, and Program Support

Source: Congressional Research Service, based on correspondence with the U.S. Department of Health
Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, March 2015.

Note: Total appropriations were $135,000,000 for shelter, support services, and program support. In addition to the funding in the figure, an additional $1.2 million is obligated for discretionary activities.

Formula Grants to States, Territories, and Tribes

No less than 70% of FVPSA appropriations for shelter and support must be awarded to states and territories through a formula grant. The formula grant supports the establishment, maintenance, and expansion of programs and projects to prevent incidents of domestic violence and to provide shelter and supportive services to victims of domestic violence. Each of the territories—Guam, American Samoa, U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands—receives no less than one-eighth of 1% of the appropriation, or, in combination, about one-half of 1% of the total amount appropriated. Of the remaining funds, states (including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico) receive a base allotment of $600,000 and additional funding based on their relative share of the U.S. population.31 Appendix C provides funding in FY2014 and FY2015 for states and territories (the most recent year available).

In addition, no less than 10% of FVPSA appropriations for shelter and support are awarded to Indian tribes. Indian tribes have the option to authorize a tribal organization or a nonprofit private organization to submit an application for and to administer FVPSA funds. Nearly all of the same requirements that pertain to states and territories also pertain to tribes.

In applying for grant funding, states must make certain assurances pertaining to use and distribution of funds and to victims. The FVPSA law defines a "state" to include each of the 50 states, DC, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and except as otherwise provided, Guam, America Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.32 The statute applying to state grants also refers to tribal entities under many of the provisions.

Selected Grant Conditions Pertaining to Use and Distribution of Funds33

States (and other jurisdictions) may use up to 5% of the grant funding for state administrative costs. The remainder of the funds are used to make subgrants to eligible entities for programs and projects that meet the goals of the grant program. No less than 70% of sub-grant funding is to be used to provide shelter, shelter expenses, and programming and services to adult and youth victims of domestic violence and their dependents. Shelter includes the physical space in which victims reside as well as the expenses of running shelter facilities.34 Related supportive services are listed below. In addition, a minimum of 25% of subgrants must be used for these services:35

What Are "Eligible Entities" That Can Receive Funding from States/Territories?

A local public agency, or nonprofit private organization—including faith-based and charitable organizations, community-based organizations, tribal organizations, and voluntary associations—that assists victims of domestic violence and their dependents and has a documented history of effective work on this type of violence; or a partnership of two or more agencies or organizations that includes an agency or organization described above and an agency or organization that has a demonstrated history of serving populations in their communities, including providing culturally appropriate services.

Source: 42 U.S.C. §10408(c).


States must "give special emphasis" to supporting community-based projects of "demonstrated effectiveness" that are carried out by nonprofit organizations that operate shelters for victims of domestic violence and their dependents; or that provide counseling, advocacy, and self-help services to victims. States have discretion in how they allocate their funding, so long as they provide assurances that grant funding will be distributed equitably within the state and between urban and rural areas of the state.

States must also provide assurances that they will consult with and facilitate the participation of state domestic violence coalitions in planning and monitoring the distribution of grants and administering the grants (the role of state domestic violence coalitions is discussed further below).37 States must describe how they will involve community-based organizations, whose primary purpose is to provide culturally appropriate services to underserved populations, including how such organizations can assist states in meeting the needs of these populations. States must further provide assurances that they have laws or procedures in place to bar an abuser from a shared household or a household of the abused persons, which may include eviction laws or procedures, where appropriate. Such laws or procedures are generally enforced by civil protection orders.

Subgrantees must provide a non-federal match—of not less than $1 for every $5 of federal funding—directly from the state or through donations from public or private entities.38 The matching funds can be in cash or in kind. Further, federal funds made available to a state must supplement, and not supplant, other federal, state, and local public funds expended on services for victims of domestic violence.

States have two years to spend funds. For example, funds allotted for FY2015 may be spent in FY2015 or FY2016. The HHS Secretary is authorized to reallocate the funds of a state, by the end of the sixth month of a fiscal year that funds are appropriated, if the state fails to meet the requirements of the grant. The Secretary must notify the state if its application for funds has not met these requirements. State domestic violence coalitions are permitted to help determine whether states are in compliance with these provisions. States are allowed six months to correct any deficiencies in their application.

Selected Grant Conditions Pertaining to Victims39

Other requirements of the grant program for states (and other jurisdictions) address the individual characteristics and privacy of participants and shelters. Both states and subgrantees funded under FVPSA may not deny individuals from participating in support programs on the basis of disability, sex, race, color, national origin, or religion (this also applies to FPVSA-funded activities generally). In addition, states and programs may not impose income eligibility requirements on individuals participating in these programs. Further, states and programs must protect the confidentiality and privacy of victims and their families to help ensure their safety. These entities are prohibited from disclosing any personally identifying information collected about services requested, and from revealing personally identifying information without the consent of the individual, as specified in the law. If the identity of the individual is compelled by statutory or court mandate, states and programs must make reasonable attempts to notify victims, and they must take steps to protect the privacy and safety of the individual. States and programs may share information that has been aggregated and does not identify individuals, and information that has been generated by law enforcement and/or prosecutors and courts pertaining to protective orders or law enforcement and prosecutorial purposes. In addition, the location of confidential shelters may not be made public, except with written authorization of the person(s) operating the shelter. Subgrantees may not provide direct payment to any victim of domestic violence or the dependent(s) of the victim. Further, victims must be provided shelter and services on a voluntary basis. In other words, providers cannot compel or force individuals to come to a shelter, participate in counseling, etc.

State Domestic Violence Coalitions40

Since 1992, FVPSA has authorized funding for state domestic violence coalitions (SDVCs). A SDVC is defined under the act as a statewide nongovernmental, nonprofit private domestic violence organization that (1) has a membership that includes a majority of the primary-purpose domestic violence service providers in the state;41 (2) has board membership that is representative of domestic violence service providers, and that may include representatives of the communities in which the services are being provided; (3) has as its purpose to provide education, support, and technical assistance to such service providers so they can maintain shelter and supportive services for victims of domestic violence and their dependents; and (4) serves as an information clearinghouse and resource center on domestic violence for the state and supports the development of policies, protocols, and procedures to enhance domestic violence intervention and prevention in the state.

Funding for SDVCs is available for each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the four territories (American Samoa, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). Each jurisdiction has one SDVC, and these coalitions are designated by HHS. Funding is divided evenly between these 56 jurisdictions. SDVCs must use FVPSA funding for specific activities, as outlined below:

National and Special Issue Resource Centers

As originally enacted, FVPSA authorized a national information and research clearinghouse on the prevention of domestic violence. As part of the act's reauthorization in 1992, the language about the clearinghouse was struck and replaced with authorization for resource centers on domestic violence, including resource centers to address key areas of domestic violence. Reauthorization of FVPSA in 2010 included authorization for a national resource center on American Indian women and three culturally specific resources, which had previously been funded through discretionary funds.43 The 2010 law also authorized resource centers to address disparities of domestic violence in states with high proportions of Indian or Native Hawaiian populations, and training and technical assistance that address emerging issues related to domestic violence.

Pursuant to FVPSA, HHS established the two national resource centers—the National Resource Center on Domestic Violence and the National Indian Resource Center Addressing Domestic Violence and Safety for Indian Women (known as the National Indigenous Women's Resource Center)—and seven special issue resource centers, three of which focus on racial and ethnic minority victims of domestic violence. The purpose of these resource centers is to provide information, training, and technical assistance on domestic violence. This assistance is provided to multiple stakeholders—individuals, organizations, governmental entities, and communities—so that they can improve their capacity for preventing and responding to domestic violence.

Table C-2 summarizes the activities and FY2015 funding for these nine resource centers. The nine centers comprise the Domestic Violence Resource Network (DVRN), which works collaboratively in responding to domestic violence. The DVRN is a project of the National Resource Center on Domestic Violence.

National Domestic Violence Hotline44

As amended by the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) in 1994, FVPSA directs the HHS Secretary to award a grant to one or more private entities to operate a 24-hour, national, toll-free hotline on domestic violence. Since 1996, HHS has competitively awarded a cooperative agreement to one organization, the National Council on Family Violence in Texas, to operate the National Domestic Violence Hotline (NDVH).45 The agreement was most recently awarded for a five-year period that extends through the end of FY2020.

FVPSA requires that the hotline provide information and assistance to adult and youth victims of domestic violence, family and household members of victims of such violence, and "persons affected by victimization." As required under FVPSA, the National Council on Family Violence carries out multiple activities:

Prevention Activities (DELTA)

Since 1994, FVPSA has authorized the HHS Secretary to award cooperative agreements to state domestic violence coalitions that coordinate local community projects to prevent domestic violence, including such violence involving youth. Congress first awarded funding for prevention activities in FY1996 under a pilot program carried out by the Centers for Disease Control. The pilot program was formalized in 2002 under a program now known as the Domestic Violence Prevention Enhancement and Leadership Through Alliances (DELTA) program. The focus of DELTA is preventing domestic violence before it occurs, rather than responding once it happens or working to prevent its recurrence.47 The program has had three iterations—DELTA, which was funded through FY2012 and involved 14 states; DELTA Prep, which extended from 2008 through June 2012 and involved 19 states that did not receive the initial DELTA funds; and DELTA FOCUS, extends the work of DELTA and DELTA Prep, involves 10 states, and is funded from March 2013 through February 2018.

DELTA48

The DELTA program was competitively awarded for the first time in 1996, and 14 domestic violence coalitions received funding under the original solicitation.49 Funding was non-competitively awarded to these 14 coalitions under subsequent grant solicitations through FY2012. The program provided funding and technical assistance to the coalitions to support local efforts to carry out prevention strategies and work at the state level to oversee these strategies. Local prevention efforts were referred to as coordinated community responses (CCRs). The CCRs were led by domestic violence organizations and other stakeholders across multiple sectors, including law enforcement, public health, and faith-based organizations. The coalitions funded CCRs, and provided training and technical assistance to assist CCRs with building their capacity to implement and evaluate primary prevention strategies. For example, the Michigan Coalition Against Domestic and Sexual Violence supported two CCRs—the Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services and the Lakeshore Alliance Against Domestic and Sexual Violence—that focused on faith-based initiatives. Both CCRs held forums that provided resources and information about the roles of faith leaders in preventing the first-time occurrence of domestic violence. According to the CDC, the forums heightened the focus of faith leaders on healthy and respectful relationships in their premarital counseling activities and at congregational events.

Each of the 14 state coalitions also developed partnerships across their respective states with multiple stakeholders to provide technical assistance to their partners. For example, coalitions worked closely with their state public health agencies. The Kansas Coalition Against Sexual and Domestic Violence partnered with the state public health agency to expand the CDC's Choose Respect Campaign, which encourages healthy relationships for youth. Other state coalitions, such as the Delaware Coalition Against Domestic Violence and the North Carolina Coalition Against Domestic Violence, partnered with the public school system to provide curricula on dating and domestic violence for students.

The 14 state domestic violence coalitions developed five-to-eight year domestic violence prevention plans known as Intimate Partner Violence Prevention Plans. These plans were developed with multiple stakeholders, and they discuss the strategies needed to prevent first-time perpetration or victimization and to build the capacity to implement these strategies. The CDC issued a brief that summarizes the plans and identifies the successes and challenges for state domestic violence coalitions in supporting and enhancing intimate partner violence prevention efforts. Overall, the report found that states improved their capacity to respond to intimate partner violence through evidence-based planning and implementation strategies.50

DELTA Prep

DELTA Prep was a project that extended from 2008 through June 2012, and was a collaborative effort between the CDC, the CDC Foundation, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.51 Through DELTA Prep, CDC extended the DELTA Program to 19 states52 that were not receiving the initial DELTA funds. State and community leaders in these other states received training and assistance in building prevention strategies, based on the work of the 14 state domestic violence coalitions that received DELTA funds. DELTA Prep states integrated primary prevention strategies into their work and the work of their partners, and built leadership for domestic violence prevention in their states.

DELTA FOCUS53

DELTA FOCUS (Focusing on Outcomes for Communities United within States) continues the work of DELTA and DELTA Prep by providing funding to 10 state domestic violence coalition grantees for implementing and evaluating strategies to prevent domestic violence. Funding is provided by the coalitions to 18 community response teams that are engaging in carrying out these strategies. DELTA FOCUS differs from DELTA and DELTA Prep by placing greater emphasis on implementing prevention strategies rather than building capacity, since grantees are characterized as already having "high capacity." DELTA FOCUS also puts more emphasis on evaluating the program to help build its evidence base. The project period is March 2013 through February 2018.

Children and Youth Exposed to Domestic Violence

Background

FVPSA references, but does not define, children exposed to domestic violence.54 According to the research literature, this exposure can include children who see and/or hear violent acts, are present for the aftermath (e.g., seeing bruises on a mother's body, moving to a shelter), or live in a house where domestic violence occurs, regardless of whether they see and/or hear the violence. In addition, young people may be exposed to violence in their dating relationships.55 FVPSA references the definition of dating violence that is in VAWA, which means violence committed by a person who is or has been in a social relationship of a romantic or intimate nature with the victim, and where the existence of the relationship is determined based on the length, type, and frequency of interaction between the persons in the relationship.56

Estimates of children exposed to adult domestic violence and teen dating violence vary based on the definition of these terms and methodology. A frequently cited estimate is that between 10% and 20% of children (approximately 7 million to 10 million children) are exposed to adult domestic violence each year.57 Researchers have separately estimated that 20% to 30% of teenagers are exposed to verbal or psychological abuse and 9% are exposed to physical violence by their intimate partners each year.58 The literature about the impact of domestic violence is evolving. The effects of domestic violence on children can range from little or no effect to severe psychological harm and physical effects, depending on the type and severity of abuse and protective factors, among other variables.59

Multiple FVPSA programs are intended to provide support for children exposed to family and related violence:

In addition to these provisions, the FVPSA statute authorizes, and HHS funds, a program for specialized services for abused parents and their children. FVPSA activities for children exposed to domestic violence have also been funded through discretionary funding and funding leveraged through a semipostal stamp.

Specialized Services for Abused Parents and Their Children/Expanding Services for Children and Youth Exposed to Domestic Violence61

Since 2003, FVPSA has specified that funding must be set aside for activities to address children exposed to domestic violence if the appropriation for shelter, victim services, and program support exceeds $130 million.62 Under current law, if funding is triggered, HHS must first reserve not less than 25% of funding above $130 million to make grants to a local agency, nonprofit organization, or tribal organization with a demonstrated record of serving victims of domestic violence and their children. These funds are intended to expand the capacity of service programs and community-based programs to prevent future domestic violence by addressing the needs of children exposed to domestic violence.

In FY2010, funding for shelter and services was just over $130 million. HHS reserved the excess funding as well as FVPSA discretionary funding (under shelter, victim services, and program support) to fund specialized services for children through an initiative known as Expanding Services for Children and Youth Exposed to Domestic Violence. HHS also used discretionary money to fund the initiative in FY2011 and FY2012. Total funding for the initiative was $2.5 million. This funding was awarded to five grantees—four state domestic violence coalitions and one national technical assistance provider—to expand supports to children, youth, and parents exposed to domestic violence and build strategies for serving this population.63 For example, the Alaska Network on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault used the funding to address the lack of coordination between domestic violence agencies and the child welfare system. Their work involved developing an integrated training curriculum and policies, and creation of a multi-disciplinary team of child welfare and domestic violence stakeholders in four communities.

Support for Runaway and Homeless Youth Demonstration Grant

From FY2007 through FY2009, HHS used FVPSA discretionary funding (through shelter, victim services, and program support) to support eight grantees64 that received funding through the Runaway and Homeless Youth program.65 The FVPSA discretionary funds assisted grantees with developing services for runaway and homeless youth experiencing or at risk of experiencing dating violence. The initiative was created because many runaway and homeless youth are believed to come from homes where domestic violence occurs and they may be at risk of abusing their partners or becoming victims of abuse. The initiative funded projects carried out by faith-based and charitable organizations that advocated or provided direct services to runaway and homeless youth or victims of domestic violence. The grants funded training for staff at these organizations to enable them to assist youth in preventing dating violence. The initiative resulted in the development of an online toolkit for advocates in the runaway and homeless youth and domestic and sexual assault fields to help programs better address relationship violence with runaway and homeless youth.66

Enhanced Services for Children Who Have Been Exposed to Domestic Violence Semipostal Stamp

The Stamp Out Domestic Violence Act of 2001 (P.L. 107-67) directed the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) to issue a semipostal stamp67 (between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2006) to fund services for domestic violence, and to transfer funding from USPS to HHS. HHS designated the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) to administer the stamp act funds. The sale of the semipostal stamp generated $3.2 million. From FY2005 through FY2007, HHS used this revenue to provide FVPSA programming for nine states and local communities68 to identify, design, and test approaches for providing enhanced direct services for children whose parents were victims of domestic violence. With the funds, grantees (1) expanded the capacity of domestic violence programs to address the needs of children and youth coming into emergency shelters; (2) expanded the capacity of these programs to address the needs of families not in shelters; and (3) developed and enhanced community-based interventions for children exposed to domestic violence whose parents had not sought services or support from a domestic violence program. For example, the Virginia Sexual and Domestic Violence Coalition provided new and enhanced services to over 1,000 children and over 100 parents. In addition, approximately 300 public school personnel received comprehensive training on the impact of exposure to violence on children and youth and how to effectively respond to their needs, among other activities.69

FVPSA Interaction with Other Federal Laws

In addition to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), FVPSA has been reauthorized by the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) and shares some of that law's purposes. In addition, FVPSA interacts with the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) because some FVPSA-funded programs receive VOCA funding to provide legal and other assistance to victims.70 Further, FVPSA includes provisions that encourage or require HHS to coordinate FVPSA programs with related programs and research carried out by other federal agencies.

Child Abuse and Neglect

FVPSA does not focus on child abuse per se; however, in enacting FVPSA as part of the 1984 amendments to CAPTA, Members of Congress and other stakeholders noted that child abuse and neglect and intimate partner violence are not isolated problems, and can arise simultaneously.71 The research literature has focused on this association. In a national study of children in families who come into contact with a public child welfare agency through an investigation of child abuse and neglect, investigative caseworkers identified 28% of the children's caregivers as having a history of domestic violence (against the caregiver) and 12% of those caregivers as being in active domestic violence situations. Further, about 1 out of 10 of the child cases of maltreatment reported included domestic violence.72

CAPTA provides funding to states to improve their child protective services (CPS) systems. It requires states, as a condition of receiving certain CAPTA funds, to describe their policies to enhance and promote collaboration between child protective service and domestic violence agencies, among other social service providers.73 Other federal efforts also address the association between domestic violence and child abuse. For example, the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) Program supports efforts to improve the outcomes of young children living in communities with concentrations of domestic violence or child maltreatment, among other factors. The program provides grants to states, territories, and tribes for the support of evidence-based early childhood home visiting programs that provide in-home visits by health or social service professionals with at-risk families.74

Separately, the Family Connections Grants75 program, under Title IV-B of the Social Security Act, provided funding from FY2009 through FY2014 to public child welfare agencies and nonprofit private organizations to help children—whether they are in foster care or at-risk of entering foster care—connect (or reconnect) with birth parents or other extended kin. The funds were used to establish or support certain activities, including family group-decision making meetings that enable families to develop plans that nurture children and protect them from abuse and neglect, and, when appropriate, to safely facilitate connecting children exposed to domestic violence to relevant services and reconnecting them with the abused parent.76

In addition, HHS and the Department of Justice supported the Greenbook Initiative in the early 2000s. The Greenbook was developed from the efforts of the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges,77 which convened family court judges and experts on child maltreatment and domestic violence. In 1999, this group developed guidelines for child welfare agencies, domestic violence providers, and dependency courts in responding to domestic violence and child abuse in a publication that came to be known as the Greenbook. Soon after, HHS and DOJ funded efforts in six communities to address domestic violence and child maltreatment by implementing guidelines from the Greenbook.78 More recently, the Interagency Working Group on Child Abuse and Neglect has convened the Domestic Violence and Children Subcommittee of the Interagency Work Group on Child Abuse and Neglect, which is co-chaired by the director of the FVPSA program.79

Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)80

FVPSA has twice been amended by the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). Both FVPSA and VAWA are the primary vehicles for federal support to prevent and respond to domestic violence, including children and youth who are exposed to this violence; however, FVPSA has a more singular focus on prevention and services for victims, while VAWA's unique contributions are more focused on law enforcement and legal response to domestic violence.

VAWA was enacted in 1994 after Congress held a series of hearings on the causes and effects of domestic and other forms of violence against women. Members of Congress and others asserted that communities needed a more comprehensive response to violence against women generally—not just against intimate partners—and that perpetrators should face harsher penalties.81 The shortfalls of legal response and the need for a change in attitudes toward violence against women were primary reasons cited for the passage of VAWA. Since the enactment of VAWA, the federal response to domestic violence has expanded to involve multiple departments and activities that include investigating and prosecuting crimes, providing additional services to victims and abusers, and educating the criminal justice system and other stakeholders about violence against women.

Although VAWA also addresses other forms of violence against women and provides a broader response to domestic violence, some VAWA programs have a similar purpose to those carried out under FVPSA. Congress currently funds VAWA grant programs that address the needs of victims of domestic violence. These programs also provide support to victims of sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking. For example, like the FVPSA grant program for states/territories and tribes, VAWA's STOP (Services, Training, Officers, Prosecutors) Violence Against Women Formula Grant program provides services to victims of domestic/dating violence (and sexual assault and stalking) that include victim advocacy designed to help victims obtain needed resources or services, crisis intervention, and advocacy in navigating the criminal and/or civil legal system.82 Congress appropriated $195 million for the STOP program in FY2015. Of STOP funds appropriated, 30% must be allocated to victim services. STOP grants also support activities that are not funded under FVPSA, including for law enforcement, courts, and prosecution efforts. Another VAWA program, Transitional Housing Assistance Grants for Victims of Domestic Violence, provides transitional housing services for victims, with the goal of moving them into permanent housing.83 Congress appropriated $26 million to the program in FY2015. Through the grant program to states/territories and tribes, FVPSA provides emergency shelter to victims of domestic violence and authorizes service providers to assist with locating and securing safe and affordable permanent housing and homelessness prevention services. Both programs are administered by the Department of Justice's Office of Violence Against Women (OVW).

Victims of Crime Act (VOCA)

FVPSA requires that entities receiving funds under the grant programs for states/territories and tribes use a certain share of funding for selected activities, including assistance in accessing other federal and state financial assistance programs. One source of federal finance assistance for victims of domestic violence is the Crime Victims Fund (CVP), authorized under the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) and administered by the Department of Justice's Office of Victims of Crime (OVC). Within the CVF, funds are available for victims of domestic violence through the Victim Compensation Formula Grants program and Victims Assistance Formula Grants program. The Victims Compensation Grants may be used to reimburse victims of crime for out-of-pocket expenses such as medical and mental health counseling expenses, lost wages, funeral and burial costs, and other costs (except property loss) authorized in a state's compensation statute. In recent years, approximately 40% of all claims filed were for victims of domestic violence. The Victims Assistance Formula Grants may be used to provide grants to state crime victim assistance programs to administer funds for state and community-based victim service program operations. The grants support direct services to victims of crime including information and referral services, crisis counseling, temporary housing, criminal justice advocacy support, and other assistance needs. In recent years, approximately 50% of victims served by these grants were victims of domestic violence.84

Federal Coordination

Both FVPSA, which is administered within HHS, and VAWA, which is largely administered within DOJ, require federal agencies to coordinate their efforts to respond to domestic violence. For example, FVPSA authorizes the HHS Secretary to coordinate programs within HHS and to "seek to coordinate" those programs "with programs administered by other federal agencies, that involve or affect efforts to prevent family violence, domestic violence, and dating violence or the provision of assistance for adults and youth victims of family violence, domestic violence, or dating violence."85 In addition, FVPSA directs HHS to assign employees to coordinate research efforts on family and related violence within HHS and research carried out by other federal agencies.86 Similarly, VAWA requires the Attorney General to consult with stakeholders in establishing a task force—comprised of representatives from relevant federal agencies—to coordinate research on domestic violence and to report to Congress on any overlapping or duplication of efforts on domestic violence issues.87

In 1995, HHS and DOJ convened the first meeting of the National Advisory Council on Violence Against Women. The purpose of the council was to promote greater awareness on violence against women and to advise the federal government on domestic violence issues. Since that time, the two departments have convened subsequent committees to carry out similar work. In 2010, Attorney General Eric Holder re-chartered the National Advisory Committee on Violence Against Women, which had previously been established in 2006 under his predecessor.88 As stated in the charter, the committee is intended to provide the Attorney General and the HHS Secretary with policy advice on improving the nation's response to violence against women and coordinating stakeholders at the federal, state, and local levels in this response, with a focus on identifying and implementing successful interventions for children and teens who witness and/or are victimized by intimate partner and sexual violence.

Separately, the director for FVPSA programs and the deputy director of HHS's Office on Women's Health provide leadership to the HHS Steering Committee on Violence Against Women.89 This committee supports collaborative efforts to address violence against women and their children, and includes representatives from the CDC and other HHS agencies. The members of the committee have established links with professional societies in the health and social service fields to increase attention on women's health and violence issues. In addition to these collaborative activities, multiple federal agencies participate in the Teen Dating Violence Workgroup, which has met regularly since September 2006 to share information and coordinate teen dating violence program, policy, and research activities to combat teen dating violence from a public health perspective. The workgroup has funded a project to incorporate adolescents in the process for developing a research agenda to address teen dating violence.90 Finally, the Office of the Vice President coordinates federal efforts to end violence against women, including by convening Cabinet-level officials to address issues concerning domestic and other forms of violence against women.91

Definitions

Table A-1. Definitions of Family Violence and Related Terms

Term

Definition

"Family Violence:" FVPSA defines this term at 42 U.S.C. §10402(4).

Any act or threatened act of violence, including any forceful detention of an individual, that (1) results or threatens to result in physical injury; and (2) is committed by a person against another individual (including an elderly individual) to or with whom such person is related by blood, is or was related to by marriage, or was otherwise legally related to, or is or was lawfully residing with.

"Domestic Violence:" FVPSA references the definition under the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), as amended, at 42 U.S.C. §134925(a)(6).

Felony or misdemeanor crimes of violence committed by a current or former spouse of the victim, by a person with whom the victim shares a child in common, by a person who is cohabiting with or has cohabitated with the victim as a spouse, by a person similarly situated to a spouse of the victim under the domestic or family violence laws of the jurisdiction receiving grant monies, or by any other person against an adult or youth victim who is protected from that person's act under the domestic or family violence laws of the jurisdiction.

"Dating Violence:" FVPSA references the definition under VAWA, as amended, at 42 U.S.C. §134925(a)(8).

Violence committed by a person who has been in a social relationship of a romantic or intimate nature with the victim; and where the existence of such a relationship is determined based on consideration of the length of the relationship, the type of relationship, and the frequency of interaction between the persons involved.

"Elder abuse:" FVPSA references this term, but does not point to a specific definition. The term is defined under VAWA, as amended, at 42 U.S.C. §134925(a)(8).

Any action against a person who is 50 years of age or older that constitutes the willful infliction of injury, unreasonable confinement, intimidation, or cruel punishment with resulting physical harm, pain, or mental anguish; or deprivation by a person, including a caregiver, of goods or services with intent to cause physical harm, mental anguish, or mental illness.

"Child abuse:" FVPSA references this term, but does not point to a specific definition. The term is defined under the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), at 42 U.S.C. §5101 note.

At a minimum, any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, or an act or failure to act that presents an imminent risk of serious harm.

"Witness Domestic Violence:" FVPSA references this term, but does not point to a specific definition. The term is defined in an unrelated context under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) for a program designed to combat the impact of experiencing or witnessing domestic violence for elementary and secondary school children (20 U.S.C. §7275).

To directly observe or be within earshot of an act of domestic violence that constitutes actual or attempted physical assault; a threat or other action that places the victim in fear of domestic violence; or the aftermath of these acts. (The term references an outdated statute that defines "domestic violence" (42 U.S.C. §3796gg-2) under VAWA. This term is now defined at 42 U.S.C. §134925(a)(6).)

"Stalking:" FVPSA references this term, but does not point to a specific definition. The term is defined under VAWA, as amended, at 42 U.S.C. §134925(a)(24).

Engaging in a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to (1) fear for his or her safety or the safety of others; or (2) suffer substantial emotional distress.

"Sexual assault:" FVPSA references this term, but does not point to a specific definition. The term is defined under VAWA, as amended, at 42 U.S.C. §134925(a)(23).

Any sexual abuse or aggregative sexual abuse (as proscribed under18 U.S.C. §§2241 et seq.), whether or not the conduct occurs in the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States or in a federal prison and includes both assaults committed by offenders who are strangers to the victim and assaults committed by offenders who are known or related by blood or marriage to the victim.

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS).

Research on Prevalence and Effects of Domestic Violence, the Need for Shelter and Services

Table B-1. Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of Violence
Committed by an Intimate Partner

National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, 2011

 

Lifetime

Past 12 Months

 

Weighted Percentage

Estimated Number

Weighted Percentage

Estimated Number

Women

Rapea

8.8%

10,574,000

0.8%

922,000

Physical Violenceb

31.5%

38,028,000

4.0%

4,774,000

Stalking

2.1%

11,149,000

2.4%

2,883,000

Other Sexual Violencea

15.8%

19,082,000

2.1%

2,476,000

Psychological Aggressionc

47.1%

56,807,000

14.2%

17,091,000

Men

Rape

0.5%

572,000

N/A

N/A

Physical Violenceb

27.5%

31,331,000

4.8%

5,452,000

Stalking

2.5%

2,822,000

0.8%

940,000

Other Sexual Violencea

9.5%

10,828,000

2.1%

2,442,000

Psychological Aggressionc

46.5%

52,937,000

18.0%

20,471,000

Source: Matthew J. Breiding et al., Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, Stalking, and Intimate Partner Violence VictimizationNational Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011, Table 6. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/nisvs/.

Notes: The survey interviewed individuals randomly by telephone; 12,727 interviews were completed and 1,428 interviews were partially completed. National estimates were derived based on statistical weights applied to the percentages of respondents who experience domestic violence. N/A means the estimate is not reported due to the high standard error or small sample size. Intimate partners include cohabiting or non-cohabiting romantic or sexual partners who are opposite or same sex couples. For purposes of the survey, rape is defined as any completed or attempted unwanted vaginal (for women), or anal penetration through the use of physical force or threats of physical harm and includes times when the victim was drunk, high, drugged, or passed out and unable to consent. Physical violence is defined as a range of behaviors from slapping, pushing, or shoving to severe acts such as being beaten, burned, or choked. Stalking is defined as a pattern of harassing or threatening tactics used by a perpetrator that is both unwanted and causes fear of safety concerns in the victim. Other sexual violence includes that the victim was made to penetrate or sexually coerced; or experience unwanted sexual contact or unwanted non-contact sexual experiences. Psychological aggression encompasses both expressive aggression (e.g., name calling, insulting, or humiliating an intimate partner) and coercive control (e.g., the monitoring, controlling, or threatening an intimate partner).

a. The most prevalent type of sexual violence among women over their lifetime was sexual coercion (9.2%) and rape (8.8%), and over the past 12 months was sexual coercion (1.5%). The most prevalent type of sexual violence among males over their lifetime and over the past 12 months was sexual coercion (4.0% and 0.9%, respectively). Sexual coercion means victims were pressured in a non-physical way to have sexual relations (e.g., threatening to end the relationship). Certain other estimates of sexual violence for women and men were not reported due to high standard error or small sample size.

b. The most prevalent type of physical violence among women over their lifetime and the past 12 months was being pushed or shoved (27.3% and 3.1%, respectively), slapped (18.9% and 1.7%, respectively), or slammed against something (15.4% and 1.3%, respectively). The most prevalent type of physical violence among males over their lifetime and the past 12 months was being pushed or shoved (18.3% and 3.2%, respectively), slapped (19.5% and 2.7%, respectively), and hit with a fist or something hard (10.1% and 1.5%, respectively).

Surveys of Domestic Violence Victims Receiving Shelter and Supportive Services

One-Day Census92

The majority of FVPSA funds are dedicated to shelter and services. The National Network to End Domestic Violence, an advocacy and support organization for state domestic violence coalitions, conducts a one-day census of domestic violence programs across the country. This count is conducted in September of each year. In 2014, the one-day census of 1,697 domestic violence programs (about 87.0% of all programs)93 identified victims and their children (41,777 victims and 25,869 children) who were in emergency shelters or transitional housing94 and/or receiving non-residential assistance and services.95 On the day of the census, the greatest share of children and adults received non-residential services (45.9%), followed by emergency shelter (35.3%) and transitional housing (18.9%).

The one-day census also found that domestic violence programs provided the following services on the day of the census: support or advocacy for victims (98.0%), support or advocacy for children (84.0%), preventive programs (79.0%), transportation (55.0%), court and legal advocacy (53.0%), and group support and advocacy (53.0%). Victims made 10,971 requests for services on the census day that could not be provided because programs did not have the resources to offer these services.96 On the census day, local and state hotlines answered 20,845 hotline calls and the National Domestic Violence Hotline answered 1,283 calls.

Surveys of Domestic Violence Shelter and Service Providers

In addition to the one-day census, the U.S. Departments of Health and Human Services and Justice carried out studies in 2009 and 2011 that examined the characteristics of domestic violence shelters and service providers, and the use and need for shelter and services. The studies found that shelters and service providers offered a variety of services, including counseling, parenting classes, case management, and assistance with obtaining protective or restraining orders. The survey of the service providers inquired about funding sources, and the majority of providers indicated they received funding through the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA). A majority also received funding from other federal sources to address domestic violence. Overall, survivors reported that they benefited greatly from these supports, although some continued to have multiple needs.

The 2009 study surveyed 215 shelter programs across eight states and 3,410 shelter residents in those programs.97 The study examined the characteristics of shelters, the needs of survivors, and whether shelters met their needs, among other topics. On average, these shelters had a capacity of 25 and each had sheltered an average of 130 adults and 114 children over the previous year. The median limit for length of stay was 60 days. Some shelters limited stays to 30 days while others allowed stays up to two years. Shelters reported offering a range of services, including support groups (97%), crisis counseling (96%), individual counseling (92%), parenting classes (55%), counseling for children (54%), and child care (50%). Respondents completed a written survey around the time that they both entered and exited the shelter. Nearly all (99.6%) were female.98 Approximately one-quarter had first heard of the shelter within a day or two of arriving at it, which likely reflected that they came to the shelter in a crisis situation. Most (70%) respondents were between ages 25 and 50, about 20% were under age 25, and 10% were age 50 and older.99 Approximately 60% of respondents were mothers. Participants stayed in the shelter for 33 days on average.

The survey asked about 38 different possible needs at both entry and exit. At entry, the most common needs they identified were safety (85%), affordable housing (85%), and learning about their options (80%). At exit, the most common needs identified were personal safety (98%), learning about options (98%), and understanding domestic violence (97%). Most respondents reported that they received the help they wanted across the most common needs; however, not all respondents reported receiving all the help they needed. For example, 70% of those who wanted help with learning about their options received all of the help they needed; 26% received some help and 4% received no help. Survivors were asked to describe what they would have done if they did not have access to a shelter. Many responded that they would have (1) been homeless and may have returned to the abuser because of the need for financial support; (2) lost valuables, jobs, and their children; (3) acted out of desperation, including resorting to violence against their offenders; or (4) continued to remain with their abusive partner.

The 2011 study included 1,467 survivors of domestic violence who received non-residential services at 90 domestic violence programs in four states and at culturally specific programs from across the country.100 The purpose of the study was to learn more about the characteristics of domestic violence programs, the extent to which services met their expectations, and survivors' assessments of immediate outcomes associated with services. The programs had been in existence for an average of 23 years, had an average staff size of 16, and offered support to between 26 and 8,519 survivors in 2010. Nearly 40% were independent domestic violence programs and about one-quarter were dual domestic violence and sexual assault programs; the rest were part of a larger social service or community agency. Some programs reported whether they received FVPSA funding (65%) and other federal funding under the Victims of Crime Act (73%) or the Violence Against Women Act (76%).101 The greatest share of services included support groups (94%), crisis counseling (93%), case management (92%), and help with obtaining protective or restraining orders (88%). The referrals most likely to be made to outside entities were long-term housing (84%), disability issues (80%), and health care (80%).

Respondents were surveyed after having at least two contacts with the program. Most of the respondents were female (95%), with the greatest share of respondents being white (39%). More than half (53.1%) were ages 31 to 50, about one-quarter were ages 21 to 30; and about 10% were under age 21 and 12% were over the age of 50. Nearly half (46%) reported that they came to the United States from another country.102 Survivors were most likely to report that they wanted help with talking to someone who understood their situation (98%), support to make decisions and changes in their lives (94%), and information about who to call or where to get help (94%), among other needs. For every need, the majority of survivors received all of the help they wanted. Among those who wanted a certain type of help and could not get it, the highest percentage wanted assistance with learning to drive; 29% got none of the help they wanted with driving. Survivors generally reported that they were satisfied with the services received (with most services being ranked as helpful or very helpful). Nine out of ten respondents reported that as a result of the services they received, they felt more hopeful, knew ways to plan for their safety, felt they would achieve their goals, and knew about their rights and options.

Funding for Selected FVPSA Activities

Table C-1. FVPSA Formula Grant Funding for Services and Shelter for States and Territories, FY2014 and FY2015

State/Territory

FY2014

FY2015

Alabama

$1,537,293

1,548,773

Alaska

742,177

744,293

Arizona

1,873,805

1,900,687

Arkansas

1,173,245

1,180,872

California

7,994,397

8,123,987

Colorado

1,608,349

1,634,086

Connecticut

1,297,883

1,305,846

Delaware

778,262

781,708

District of Columbia

722,909

726,886

Florida

4,354,900

4,437,876

Georgia

2,528,214

2,561,283

Hawaii

870,634

875,591

Idaho

910,174

916,433

Illinois

3,102,660

3,128,532

Indiana

1,870,710

1,889,750

Iowa

1,197,553

1,206,593

Kansas

1,160,955

1,168,032

Kentucky

1,451,454

1,462,718

Louisiana

1,494,504

1,507,897

Maine

858,365

860,722

Maryland

1,743,826

1,763,720

Massachusetts

1,891,861

1,913,681

Michigan

2,521,103

2,542,333

Minnesota

1,645,583

1,663,923

Mississippi

1,180,202

1,187,120

Missouri

1,770,539

1,786,362

Montana

795,377

799,259

Nebraska

960,672

966,756

Nevada

1,136,274

1,147,654

New Hampshire

856,718

859,771

New Jersey

2,323,077

2,346,781

New Mexico

1,005,382

1,009,304

New York

4,404,018

4,457,164

North Carolina

2,495,583

2,532,998

North Dakota

735,992

741,989

Ohio

2,843,937

2,871,142

Oklahoma

1,341,515

1,355,797

Oregon

1,357,946

1,371,401

Pennsylvania

3,080,944

3,107,268

Rhode Island

804,153

806,393

South Carolina

1,518,185

1,537,215

South Dakota

761,985

765,834

Tennessee

1,854,948

1,875,044

Texas

5,665,322

5,791,306

Utah

1,155,003

1,169,389

Vermont

721,682

722,996

Virginia

2,191,148

2,221,369

Washington

1,940,624

1,968,362

West Virginia

960,650

963,967

Wisconsin

1,713,083

1,727,192

Wyoming

712,042

714,368

Total States

91,617,817

92,650,423

American Samoa

133,521

135,000

Guam

133,521

135,000

Northern Mariana Islands

133,521

135,000

Puerto Rico

1,312,799

1,309,577

Virgin Islands

133,521

135,000

Total Territories

1,846,883

1,849,577

Total

$93,464,700

94,500,000

Source: Congressional Research Service, based on data provided by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Family and Youth Services Bureau, March 2015.

Table C-2. National and Special Issue Resource Centers Funded Under FVPSA, FY2015

Center

Description

FY2015 Appropriation

National Resource Centers

National Resource Center on Domestic Violence (NRCDV)

NRCDV provides training and technical assistance to a variety of stakeholders; develops and disseminates information packets that address a range of domestic violence issues; and publishes innovative intervention and model prevention practices, protocols, and policies. NRCDV also operates VAWnet, an online resource center (with support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), and the Domestic Violence Evidence Project, which identifies emerging and promising evidence around domestic violence-related interventions. NRCDV's Women of Color Network builds the capacity of women of color advocates and activists responding to domestic violence in their communities. NRCDV is operated by an organization of the same name, in Pennsylvania. The website is http://www.nrcdv.org/.

$1,750,000

National Indian Resource Center Addressing Domestic Violence and Safety for Indian Women (National Indian Resource Center)

The National Indian Resource Center assists tribes and tribal organizations in responding to domestic violence. The resource center is engaged in public awareness, training and technical assistance, policy development, and research activities. The resource center also provides leadership on holding offenders accountable and ensuring that Native women and their children are safe from violence in their homes and their communities. The resource center is operated by the National Indigenous Women's Resource Center, in Montana. The website is http://www.niwrc.org/.

$1,225,000

Special Issue Resource Centers

Criminal and Civil Justice Center (Battered Women's Justice Project, BWJP) a

BWJP provides training to enhance local efforts at coordinating the response of the criminal justice system to domestic violence cases. Training also focuses on improving battered women's access to civil justice options and quality legal representation in civil court proceedings and advocacy for victims of domestic violence by military personnel, among other topics. BWJP is operated by an organization of the same name, in Minnesota. The website is http://www.bwjp.org.

$1,000,000

Health Resource Center on Domestic Violence (HRC)

HRC supports health care practitioners, administrators and systems, domestic violence experts, survivors, and policymakers at all levels as they improve health care's response to domestic violence. The HRC supports health care leaders through groundbreaking models, education and response programs, advocacy, and technical assistance. The HRC offers free culturally competent materials and in-person trainings that are appropriate for a variety of public and private health professions, settings, and departments. The HRC also operates the Promising Futures project, which identifies and disseminates best practices for serving children, youth, and parents experiencing domestic violence. The HRC is operated by Futures Without Violence in California, and the website is http://www.futureswithoutviolence.org/.

$1,220,000

Child Protective Services and Custody Resource Center

The Resource Center provides leadership and assistance to consumers and professionals dealing with the issue of child protection and custody in the context of domestic violence. The Resource Center provides information products to those working in the fields of domestic violence, child protection, and custody; and technical assistance, training, policy development, and other resources that are intended to increase the safety, promote stability, and enhance the well-being of battered parents and their children. The Resource Center is operated by the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges in Nevada. The website is http://www.ncjfcj.org/content/view/129/250/.

$1,000,000

National Center on Domestic Violence Trauma & Mental Health

The National Center on Domestic Violence, Trauma & Mental Health focuses on efforts to (1) promote dialogue between domestic violence and mental health organizations, policymakers, and survivor/advocacy groups about the complex intersections of domestic violence, trauma, and mental health and current strategies to enhance work in this area, (2) build capacity among local agencies, state domestic violence coalitions, and state mental health systems, and (3) provide recommendations on policies, practices, and collaborative models that will positively impact the lives of survivors and their children, particularly in relation to trauma and mental health. The center is operated by the Hektoen Institute for Medical Research, in Illinois. The website is http://www.nationalcenterdvtraumamh.org.

$1,000,000

Special Issue Resource Centers: Culturally Specific Institutes

Asian and Pacific Islander Institute on Domestic Violence

The Asian and Pacific Islander Institute on Domestic Violence is a national training and technical assistance provider and a clearinghouse on gender violence in Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander communities. It serves a national network of stakeholders working to eliminate violence against women. The API Institute's strategic agenda for programs, communities, and systems focuses on analyzing the issues that inform prevention and intervention on violence against women. This is achieved by improving the cultural relevancy of services; providing the tools to confront and change gender norms; and conducting research and policy reviews that increase access to systems. The API Institute is operated by the Asian and Pacific Islander American Health Forum, in California. The website is http://www.apiidv.org.

$755,000

Casa de Esperanza

Casa de Esperanza seeks to advance effective responses to eliminate violence and promote healthy relationships within Latina families and communities by increasing access for Latinos experiencing domestic violence through training and technical assistance; producing culturally relevant tools for advocates and practitioners; conducting culturally relevant research that explores the context in which Latino families experience violence; and interjecting the lived realities of Latinas into policy efforts to better support Latino families. Casa de Esperanza is operated by an organization of the same name, in Minnesota. The website is https://www.casadeesperanza.org/.

$705,000

Institute on Domestic Violence in the African American Community (IDVAAC)

IDVAAC is an organization focused on the unique circumstances and life experiences of African Americans as they seek resources and remedies related to the victimization and perpetration of domestic violence in their community. IDVAAC recognizes the impact and high correlation of intimate partner violence to child abuse, elder maltreatment, and community violence. IDVAAC seeks to enhance society's understanding of and ability to end violence in the African American community. IDVAAC is operated by the University of Minnesota. The website is http://www.idvaac.org/index.html.

$500,00

Total

 

$9,155,000

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on a review of the center websites and the National Resource Center on Domestic Violence, http://www.VAWnet.org. Funding information from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Family and Youth Services Bureau, October 2015.

a. The National Clearinghouse for the Defense of Battered Women is a sub-grantee of the Battered Women's Justice Project. The National Clearinghouse provides technical assistance (but not direct representation) to battered women charged with crimes and to members of their defense team. Most frequently, these cases involve women who have defended themselves against life-threatening violence by their abuser and have been charged with assault or homicide. Some cases involve women coerced into crime by their abuser and charged with "failing to protect" their children from their abuser's violence or charged with "parental kidnapping" after fleeing to protect themselves or their children from their abuser.

Author Contact Information

[author name scrubbed], Specialist in Social Policy ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])

Footnotes

1.

For further information, see CRS Report R42499, The Violence Against Women Act: Overview, Legislation, and Federal Funding, by [author name scrubbed].

2.

42 U.S.C. §10402(4) (Definitions).

3.

This term is sometimes used interchangeably with the word "survivors."

4.

Roger J.R. Levesque, Culture and Violence: Fostering Change Through Human Rights Law (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001), p. 13.

5.

For further information, see CRS Report R43458, Child Welfare: An Overview of Federal Programs and Their Current Funding, by [author name scrubbed].

6.

For further information, see CRS Report R43414, Older Americans Act: Background and Overview, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed]; and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women's Health, Overview of Violence Against Women Activities 2010-2011, June 25, 2012, http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/federal-report/index.html. (Hereinafter U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women's Health, Overview of Violence Against Women Activities 2010-2011.)

7.

For further information, see CRS Report CRS Report 94-953, Social Services Block Grant: Background and Funding, by [author name scrubbed].

8.

Rachel Jewkes, "Intimate Partner Violence: Causes and Prevention," The Lancet, vol. 359 (April 20, 2002), pp. 1423-1429.

9.

U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, "Causes and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence," http://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/intimate-partner-violence/Pages/welcome.aspx.

10.

Phyllis Sharps et al., "Risky Mix: Drinking, Drug Use, and Homicide," NIJ Journal, no. 250 (November 2003), https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/jr000250d.pdf. The abused women studied were between ages 18 and 50 years old and were romantically or sexually involved with the perpetrator at some time during the past two years. A woman was categorized as abused if she had been physically assaulted, threatened with serious violence, or stalked by a current or former intimate partner.

11.

Matthew J. Breiding et al., Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, Stalking, and Intimate Partner Violence VictimizationNational Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/nisvs/. (Hereinafter, Matthew J. Breiding et al., Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, Stalking, and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization.)

12.

Ibid. The NISVS is a national random telephone survey of the non-institutionalized English and/or Spanish-speaking U.S. population age 18 and older. The study is coordinated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and developed and fielded with support from the Department of Justice and Department of Defense. Terms such as physical violence and stalking are defined in the report. In 2011, 12,727 interviews were completed and 1,428 interviews were partially completed. National estimates were derived based on statistical weights applied to the percentages of respondents who experience domestic violence.

13.

Intimate partners may include cohabiting or non-cohabiting romantic or sexual partners and opposite or same sex couples. See Appendix B for further definitions.

14.

Mikel L. Walters, Jieru Chen, and Matthew J. Breiding, The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Findings on Victimization by Sexual Orientation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, January 2013. For some types of violence, prevalence estimates for particular groups (e.g., gay or bisexual men and lifetime prevalence of rape by any perpetrator) were too small to produce reliable estimates and were not reported.

15.

Michele C. Black and Melissa T. Merrick, Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Violence, and Stalking among Active Duty Women and Wives of Active Duty Men—Comparisons with Women in the General Population, 2010, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, March 2013.

16.

These terms are defined at U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, "All Terms and Definitions," http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=tda.

17.

Jennifer L. Truman and Lynn Langton, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2014, Table 1, U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation August 2015, http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv14.pdf.

18.

Callie Marie Rennison and Sarah Welchans, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Intimate Partner Violence, Special Report, May 2000.

19.

Michele C. Black et al., The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Summary Report.

20.

Sandra Naylor Goodwin, Daniel Chandler, and Joan Meisel, Violence Against Women: The Role of Welfare Reform, California Institute for Mental Health for the U.S. Department of Justice, April 11, 2003.

21.

Ola W. Barnett, Cindy L. Miller-Perrin, and Robin D. Perrin, Family Violence Across the Life Span, 3rd ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2011), pp. 14-15. (Hereinafter, Ola W. Barnett, Cindy L. Miller-Perrin, and Robin D. Perrin, Family Violence Across the Life Span.)

22.

Susan Schechter, Women and Male Violence: The Visions and Struggles of the Battered Women's Movement (Boston: South End Press, 1982), pp. 12-20. (Hereinafter Susan Schechter, Women and Male Violence: The Visions and Struggles of the Battered Women's Movement.)

23.

Ola W. Barnett, Cindy L. Miller-Perrin, and Robin D. Perrin, Family Violence Across the Life Span, p. 15.

24.

Susan Schechter, Women and Male Violence: The Visions and Struggles of the Battered Women's Movement.

25.

Albert B. Roberts, Sheltering Battered Women: A National Study and Service Guide (New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1981), pp. 7-11.

26.

Jane O'Reilly, Barbara B. Dolan, and Elizabeth Taylor, "Wife Beating: The Silent Crime," Time, September 5, 1983.

27.

U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office on Violence Against Women, The History of the Violence Against Women Act, http://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/docs/history-vawa.pdf.

28.

CAPTA was originally enacted in 1974 (P.L. 93-247) to create a federal focus for responding to child abuse and neglect and authorize support for training and technical assistance to improve child protective services.

29.

From FY1986 through FY1994, funding for these grants was transferred from HHS to the Department of Justice, which carried out the grants under the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC). DOJ funded 23 projects to train law enforcement officers on domestic violence policies and response procedures, with approximately 16,000 law enforcement officers and other justice system personnel from 25 states receiving this training. The training emphasized officers as participants working with other agencies, victims, and community groups in a coordinated response to a crime problem. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime, Report to Congress, July 1996, https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repcong/welcome.html; and Lisa C. Newmark, Adele V. Harrell, and William Adams, Evaluation of Police Training Conducted Under the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act, Urban Institute, June 26, 1995.

30.

The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) authorizes funding for training and support of law enforcement officials under the Services, Training, Officers, and Prosecutors (STOP) Grant program. For further information, see CRS Report R42499, The Violence Against Women Act: Overview, Legislation, and Federal Funding, by [author name scrubbed].

FVPSA requires state domestic violence coalitions—a statewide nongovernmental nonprofit domestic violence organization comprised primarily of domestic service providers—to work with law enforcement agencies.

31.

42 U.S.C. §10405 (Allotment of funds).

32.

42 U.S.C. §10410(10) (Definitions).

33.

42 U.S.C. §10407 (State application).

34.

42 U.S.C. §10408(b) (Subgrants and uses of funds).

35.

For example, of the 70% set-aside for shelter and supportive services, all of it could be used for shelter; however, an additional 25% must be used for supportive services.

36.

Appendix B provides information from a survey of domestic violence shelters of the types of services provided. Not all of these shelters received FVPSA funding when they were surveyed.

37.

Tribes do not necessarily have domestic violence coalitions and therefore related provisions do not apply; however, as discussed below, state domestic violence coalitions must collaborate with Indian tribes and tribal organizations (and corresponding Native Hawaiian groups or communities) to address the needs of Indian (including Alaska Native) and Native Hawaiian victims of domestic violence. 42 U.S.C. §10411(d)(8). The Violence Against Women Act authorizes funding for tribal domestic violence coalitions under the Tribal Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Coalitions Grant (42 U.S.C. §3796gg-1). The program is funded by statutory set-asides from the VAWA-authorized STOP program and Sexual Assault Services program.

38.

42 U.S.C. §10406(c) (Formula grants to states-grant conditions).

39.

42 U.S.C. §10406(c) (Formula grants to states-grant conditions) and 42 §10408(d) (Subgrants and use of funds-conditions).

40.

42 U.S.C. §10411 (Grants to State Domestic Violence Coalitions).

41.

SDVCs may include representatives of Indian tribes and tribal organizations. See §42 U.S.C. 10411(h) (Indian representatives).

42.

A SDVC is not required to use funds for certain purposes (i.e., working with judicial and law enforcement agencies, family law judges, criminal court judges, child protective service agencies, and children's advocates) if it receives funding to carry out these activities authorized under the Violence Against Women Act. These activities include grants to help states, state and local courts, state domestic violence coalitions, and other entities develop and strengthen effective law enforcement and prosecution strategies to combat violent crimes against women and develop and strengthen victim services. See 42 U.S.C. §3796gg et seq. and 42 U.S.C. §3796gg(c).

43.

This is based on correspondence with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Family and Youth Services Bureau, September 2012.

44.

42 U.S.C §10413 (National Domestic Violence Hotline Grant).

45.

The National Council on Family Violence is a nonprofit organization and receives funding from multiple federal, state, and private sources. For further information, see National Council on Family Violence, "About the Hotline," http://www.thehotline.org/about-support/.

46.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, FY2016 Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees.

47.

Primary prevention strategies attempt to stop both first-time perpetration and victimization by responding to the various factors that influence domestic violence, including (1) individual-level influences (e.g., attitudes and beliefs that support domestic violence, isolation, and a family history of violence), (2) relationship-level influences (e.g., relationships with peers, intimate partners, and families), (3) the community (e.g., social relationships in schools, workplaces, and neighborhoods), and society (e.g., larger, macro-level factors such as gender inequality, religious or cultural belief systems, or economic or social policies that influence domestic violence). For example, prevention strategies that target individual-level influences are often designed to promote attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that support intimate partnerships based on mutual respect and trust, such as through education and life skills training. Further, strategies that target community-level influences can be designed to affect the climate and policies in a given system, such as through social marketing campaigns.

48.

42 U.S.C. §10414. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The Delta Program: Preventing Intimate Partner Violence in the United States, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/DELTA_AAG-a.pdf; and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Domestic Violence Prevention Enhancement and Leadership Through Alliances (DELTA)," http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/delta/index.html.

49.

These states include AK, CA, DE, FL, KS, MI, MT, NC, ND, NY, OH, RI, VA, and WI.

50.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Taking Action to Prevent Intimate Partner Violence: Creating Statewide Prevention Plans, 2013. For further information about DELTA evaluation activities from 2003 through 2010, see Pamela J. Fox et al., "Strengthening Systems for the Primary Prevention of Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence: CDC's DELTA and EMPOWER Programs," Journal of Family Social Work, vol. 13, no. 4, 2013.

51.

The CDC Foundation is a nonprofit organization established by Congress that creates programs in partnership with the CDC for fighting threats to health. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation is a philanthropic organization that focuses on public health issues.

52.

These states include AL, CT, DC, ID, IA, IN, KY, MA, MN, MI, NE, NH, NJ, OK, OR, PA, SC, TX, and WA.

53.

This information is based on correspondence with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, February 2014; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Funding Opportunity, DELTA FOCUS (Domestic Violence Prevention Enhancement Leadership Through Alliances, Focusing on Outcomes for Communities United with States);" and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "The DELTA Focus Program: Intimate Partner Violence is Preventable," http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/deltafocus/index.html.

54.

A separate federal program authorized under the Elementary and Secondary Education (ESEA) defines "witnessing domestic violence" for purposes of a program whose purpose is to combat the impact of experiencing or witnessing this violence by elementary and secondary school children. Under this program, witnessing domestic violence refers to directly observing or being within earshot of an act of domestic violence that constitutes actual or attempted physical assault; a threat or other action that places the victim in fear of domestic violence; or the aftermath of these acts. See 20 U.S.C. §7275. The program has not been funded. The statute references an outdated statute that defines "domestic violence" (42 U.S.C. §3796gg-2) under VAWA. This term is now defined at 42 U.S.C. §134925(a)(6)).

55.

Jeffrey J. Edleson, Narae Shin, and Katy K. Armedariz Johnson, "Measuring Children's Exposure to Domestic Violence: The Development and Testing of the Child Exposure to Domestic Violence (CEDV) Scale," Children and Youth Services Review, vol. 30, November 6, 2007, pp. 502-521. (Hereinafter Jeffrey J. Edleson, Narae Shin, and Katy K. Armedariz Johnson, "Measuring Children's Exposure to Domestic Violence: The Development and Testing of the Child Exposure to Domestic Violence (CEDV) Scale.")

56.

42 U.S.C. §13925(a)(8).

57.

Jeffrey J. Edleson, Narae Shin, and Katy K. Armedariz Johnson, "Measuring Children's Exposure to Domestic Violence: The Development and Testing of the Child Exposure to Domestic Violence (CEDV) Scale."

58.

Carrie Mulford and Peggy Giordano, Teen Dating Violence: A Closer Look at Adolescent Romantic Relationships, U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute for Justice, October 27, 2008, http://www.nij.gov/journals/261/teen-dating-violence.htm#note2; and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 2011 Results, http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/yrbs/index.htm.

59.

Alice Summers, Children's Exposure to Domestic Violence: A Guide to Research and Resources, National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges and U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2006, pp. 5-6, http://www.safestartcenter.org/pdf/childrensexpostoviolence.pdf.

60.

In the 2014 one-day census count of domestic violence shelter and service providers, 84% reported providing services and advocacy for children. National Network to End Domestic Violence (NNEDV), Domestic Violence Counts 2013, http://nnedv.org/downloads/Census/DVCounts2013/Census13_FullReport_forweb_smallestFileSizeWhiteMargins.pdf.

61.

42 U.S.C. §10406 (Formula Grants to States).

62.

This was enacted as a provision under the Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003 (P.L. 108-36). The 2010 reauthorization of FVPSA (P.L. 111-320) created a new section, specialized services for abused parents and their children, which has the same purpose as the original provision.

63.

The grantees were New Jersey Coalition for Battered Women, Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic Violence, Alaska Network on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault, Idaho Coalition Against Sexual and Domestic Violence, and Family Violence Prevention Fund.

64.

The grantees were Council of Churches of Greater Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT; Youth In Need, St. Charles, MO; Texas Network of Youth Services, Austin, TX; Hoyleton Youth & Family Services, Washington Park, IL; Family Violence Prevention Center, Raleigh, NC; Youth Services of Tulsa, OK; LUK Crisis Center, Inc., Fitchburg, MA; and Center for Community Solutions, San Diego, CA.

65.

For further information about this population and HHS' Runaway and Homeless Youth program, see CRS Report RL33785, Runaway and Homeless Youth: Demographics and Programs, by [author name scrubbed].

66.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "Runaway & Homeless Youth and Relationship Violence Toolkit," http://www.nrcdv.org/rhydvtoolkit/index.html.

67.

For further information about semipostal stamps, see CRS Report RS22611, Common Questions About Postage and Stamps, by [author name scrubbed].

68.

The grantees were East Bay Community Foundation in Oakland, CA; Women's Crisis and Family Outreach Center in Castle Rock, CO; District of Columbia Department of Human Services in Washington, DC; Department of Human Services in Lansing, MI; New York State Coalition Against Domestic Violence in Albany, NY; Oklahoma Coalition Against Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault in Oklahoma City, OK; Womenspace, Inc. in Eugene, OR; Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence in Harrisburg, PA; and Virginia Sexual and Domestic Violence Action Alliance in Richmond, VA. For further information about the projects, see U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, Family and Youth Services Bureau, Family Violence Semipostal Stamp: Enhancing Services for Children and Youth Who Are Exposed to Domestic Violence, Report to Congress, 2008, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/fysb/content/docs/fv_stamp_08.pdf.

69.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, Family and Youth Services Bureau, Family Violence Prevention and Services Program, Report to Congress FY2008-FY2009.

70.

The majority of non-residential domestic violence programs participating in a 2011 survey reported that they received FVPSA funding (65%) and other federal funding under the Victims of Crime Act (73%) or the Violence Against Women Act (76%). FVPSA funding made up 18.0% of the programs' budget; VOCA funding made up 21.0% of the programs' budget; and VAWA funding made up 14.6% of the programs' budget. Eleanor Lynn, Jill Bradshaw, and Anne Menard, Meeting Survivors' Needs Through Non-Residential Domestic Violence Services & Supports: Results of a Multi-State Study, University of Connecticut, School of Social Work and National Resource Center on Domestic Violence, prepared for the U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, November 2011.

71.

U.S. Congress, House Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families, Violence and Abuse in American Families, 98th Cong., 2nd sess., June 14, 1984. See for example, statement of Congressman David Marriott.

72.

Cecilia Casanueva et al., NSCAW II Baseline Report: Maltreatment, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Final Report, August 2011, pp. 5-6, 15. Those percentages include all children without regard to whether the child was subsequently removed from the home. For children who stayed in the home following the investigation, the comparable percentages were the same (28% and 12%); for children removed from the home following the investigation, the comparable numbers were slightly higher (30% and 16%); however, this percentage difference was not statistically significant. The study did not compare the prevalence of domestic violence for families generally.

73.

42 U.S.C. §5106a(a)(14) (Development and operation grants).

74.

For further information, see CRS Report R43930, Maternal and Infant Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) Program: Background and Funding, by [author name scrubbed].

75.

For further information on CAPTA and Family Connection Grants, see CRS Report R43458, Child Welfare: An Overview of Federal Programs and Their Current Funding, by [author name scrubbed].

76.

42 U.S.C. §627 (Family connection grants).

77.

42 U.S.C. §627. The National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges is the operator of the FVPSA-funded Child Protection and Custody Resource Center.

78.

For further information, see National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, "The Greenbook Initiative," http://www.thegreenbook.info/contact_us.htm.

79.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women's Health, Overview of Violence Against Women Activities 2010-2011, p. 28.

80.

For further information, see CRS Report R42499, The Violence Against Women Act: Overview, Legislation, and Federal Funding, by [author name scrubbed].

81.

In their introduction to the Violence Against Women Act, then-Senator Joseph Biden and Senator Barbara Boxer highlighted the weak legal response to violence against women by police and prosecutors. Senators Biden and Boxer, "Violence Against Women," Remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, June 21, 1994. See also Joseph Biden, "Violence Against Women: The Congressional Response," American Psychologist, vol. 48, no. 10 (October 1993), pp. 1059-1061; Barbara Vobejda, "Battered Women's Cry Relayed Up From Grass Roots," Washington Post, July 6, 1994, p. A1.

82.

University of Southern Maine, Muskie School of Public Service, STOP Formula Grant Program.

83.

The 2013 reauthorization of VAWA (P.L. 106-386) authorized the program and codified it under the FVPSA statute (Chapter 110 of Title 42). The law directed the HHS Secretary to award grants to provide assistance to individuals fleeing a situation of domestic violence who are homeless or in need of transitional housing (and their dependents) and for whom emergency shelter services are unavailable or insufficient. This program remained part of the FVPSA chapter until it was struck by the FVPSA reauthorization law in 2010 (P.L. 111-320). Separately, the Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003 (PROTECT Act, P.L. 108-21) codified the program as part of the VAWA statute (Chapter 136 of Title 42) and directed the Attorney General to award grants to states and other entities to carry out transitional housing programs.

84.

42 U.S.C. 10408(b)(G)(1) (Subgrants and uses of funds). Deposits to the CVF come from criminal finds, forfeited appearance bonds, penalties, and special assessments collected by U.S. Attorneys' Offices, federal courts, and the Federal Bureau of Prisoners. For further information, see CRS Report R42672, The Crime Victims Fund: Federal Support for Victims of Crime, by [author name scrubbed].

85.

42 U.S.C. §10404(a)(5) (Authority of Secretary—authorities).

86.

42 U.S.C. §10404(b)(3)(C) (Authority of Secretary—administration).

87.

42 U.S.C. §14042(a) (Task Force).

88.

U.S. Department of Justice, "National Advisory Committee on Violence Against Women," http://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/nac.html and "Charge to the National Advisory Committee on Violence Against Women," April 2006, http://www.justice.gov/archive/ovw/docs/final_nac_charge.pdf.

89.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women's Health, Overview of Violence Against Women Activities 2010-2011, http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/federal-reports/OneDepartment-VAW-2010-2011.pdf.

90.

U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, "Setting the Teen Dating Violence Research Agenda," http://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/intimate-partner-violence/teen-dating-violence/research-agenda.htm.

91.

Office of the President, "1 is 2 Many," http://www.whitehouse.gov/1is2many; and The White House, 1 is 2 Many: Twenty Years Fighting Violence Against Women and Girls, September 2014.

92.

The percentages are based on the authors' calculations of numbers served.

93.

The FVPSA grants for states, territories, and tribes funded approximately 1,600 domestic violence shelters and 1,300 non-residential service sites in FY2014; some programs have both shelters and non-residential services. This information was provided by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Family and Youth Services Bureau, March 2014.

94.

The Transitional Housing Assistance Grants for Victims of Domestic Violence is authorized and funded under VAWA. The program directs the Attorney General to award grants to states and other entities to carry out transitional housing programs.

95.

National Network to End Domestic Violence (NNEDV), Domestic Violence Counts 2014, http://nnedv.org/projects/census/4481-domestic-violence-counts-census-2014-report.html. NNEDV has identified 1,916 local domestic violence programs in the United States.

96.

FVPSA grantees reported 186,552 unmet requests for shelter in FY2013. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, FY2016 Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees, p. 211.

97.

This included 81% of shelters in the eight states: CT, FL, IL, MI, NM, OK, TN, and WA. Eleanor Lyon, Shannon Lane, and Anne Menard, University of Connecticut, School of Social Work and National Resource Center on Domestic Violence, Meeting Survivors' Needs: A Multi-State Study of Domestic Violence Shelter Experiences, prepared for the U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Final Report, February 2008.

98.

Thirteen of the respondents were men. As noted in the study, most men receive services other than emergency shelter from domestic violence programs, or obtain housing assistance through motel vouchers or safe homes and therefore would not be included in the study.

99.

Approximately 20% were under age 25 and 10% were ages 50 and older.

100.

Eleanor Lynn, Jill Bradshaw, and Anne Menard, Meeting Survivors' Needs Through Non-Residential Domestic Violence Services & Supports: Results of a Multi-State Study, University of Connecticut, School of Social Work and National Resource Center on Domestic Violence, prepared for the U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, November 2011, http://www.vawnet.org/Assoc_Files_VAWnet/DVServicesStudy-FINALReport2011.pdf.

101.

Less than half of the programs were able to provide data about what percentage of their budget came from specific sources. Of those that responded about FVPSA funding, this funding made up 18.0% of their budget; of those that responded about VOCA funding, this funding made up 21.0% of their budget; and of those responding about VAWA funding, this funding made up 14.6% of their budget.

102.

Though not addressed in the report, the high representation of individuals who came from another country may be due to the oversampling of domestic violence programs that were culturally specific.