Fact Sheet: Congressional Votes Relating Congressional Votes Related to the Israel-Hamas Conflict

Table 2. Nonfunding-Related Bill Votes on the Israel-Hamas Conflict ......................................... 10

Table 3. Congressional Table 3. Simple Resolution Votes Related to the Israel-Hamas Conflict ........................... 12

This report compiles congressional floor votes on legislation, including amendments and resolutions, related to the Israel-Hamas conflict that began on October 7, 2023. To identify relevant votes, CRS searched Congress.gov and the ProQuest Congressional database, ProQuest Congressional, and CQ (Congressional Quarterly) databases for legislation that (1) referenced Israel or Hamas in the bill or amendment text; (2) received floor votes,roll call votes or voice votes, or was subject to unanimous consent agreements; and (3) was eithereither was introduced in Congress following the October 7, 2023, attack on Israel by Hamas or was amended in response to that attack.

The following tables include legislation that either references the Hamas attack on Israel or subsequent Israeli responses intoin the Gaza Strip, introduces sanctions or other actions against Hamas following the October 7, 2023 attack, or provides assistance or support to Israel in response to the October 7, 2023 attack. Legislation that generally references Israel or Hamas, but is unrelated to the conflict, was excluded.

In particular, the report focuses on floor votes related to the initial passage of bills and resolutions, as well as votes related to resolving differences with the other chamberpassage of bills, resolving of differences, conference reports, and resolutions. It also includes votes on amendments introduced in response to Hamas’'s actions against Israel. Procedural votes (e.g., votes to recommit the bill to a committee or cloture votes) are not included in the report. In some cases, procedural votes are referenced as background information in the table footnotes. Other table footnotes denote when a bill or amendment that did not become law werewas incorporated into other bills that also received votes or became law. This report does not provide information on votes that were taken in House or Senate committees.

This report includes three tables:

• Table 1 provides congressional votes related to defense authorizations, funding, aid, and economic sanctions related to the Israel-Hamas Warconflict. It includes votes on amendments, House and Senate passage votes, and votes on any final version of legislation approved in identical form by both the House and Senate, including conference reports and amendments between the chambers.

• Table 2 provides congressional votes on non-funding legislation. It includes votes related to the Israel-Hamas conflict, including votes on amendments,; House and Senate passage votes, and; votes on any final version of legislation approved in identical form by both the House and Senate, including conference reports and amendments between the houses.

• Table 3 provides congressional votes on resolutions related to the Israel-Hamas conflict; and joint resolutions disapproving of arms sales, including votes on their adoption in the House and Senate.¹ Table 3 provides congressional votes on simple resolutions related to the Israel-Hamas conflict.

Each table includes the number, title, and a brief description of the legislation. The description is taken from information on Congress.gov. Each table also provides the date, vote type (voice or roll call), and, if by roll call, the chamber assigned number and tally of each vote. The bills and resolutions below are listed in the chronological order in which the votes were held. Links to the recorded vote outcomes in the House or Senate are embedded in the tables. In some cases, House or Senate votes are voice votes, or an action was taken by unanimous consent (UC), and, thus, no record exists of individual vote tallies.¹2 More complete bill status information can be found on Congress.gov.

Fact Sheet: This report is current through July 3, 2025. Congressional Votes RelatingRelated to the Israel-Hamas War

H.R. 340 Conflict Table 1. Defense Authorizations and Funding-Related Bill Votes Related to the Israel-Hamas Conflict

October 7, 2023–July 3, 2025

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H.R. 6126

Roll no. 561

— 11/02/2023 Passed (226-196) Roll no. 577

11/14/2023 Motion to table the motion to proceed agreed to (51-48) Roll no. 309^c

H.R. 2670 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 Authorizes FY2024 appropriations and policies for DOD programs and activities. See Title XII, Subtitle D, Matters Relating to Israel.^d

P.L. 118-31

12/14/2023

Conference Report

Agreed to (310-118)

Roll no. 723

12/13/2023

Conference Report

Agreed to (87-13)

Roll no. 343

11/15/2023

11/15/2023 Motion by Senator Wicker (for Senator Lankford) to instruct Senate conferees (Israel)^e agreed to in Senate (Voice Vote)

11/15/2023

H.R. 7217 Israel Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2024 Provides FY2024 supplemental appropriations to the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of State for activities to respond to the attacks in Israel. Designates the funding as emergency spending, which is exempt from discretionary spending limits.

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H.R. 2882 g Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024^g Division A, Title VIII, Section 8072 deals with Israeli missile defense. Division F, Title III, under the Migration and Refugee Assistance heading, such assistance for Israel is included. Division F, Title VII, Section 7004 (f) includes limitations of funding to prevent funds from being used to move the U.S. embassy in Israel. Division F, Title VII, Section 7034 (k) deals with loan guarantees to Israel. Division F, Title VII, Sec. 7040 (f) prohibits funds from being used for assistance to Hamas or any entity effectively controlled by Hamas, any power-sharing government of which Hamas is a member, or that results from an agreement with Hamas and over which Hamas exercises undue influence. Division F, Title VII, Sec. 7041 (d) Provides for a disbursement under the heading of Foreign Military Financing Program with a deadline of within 30 days of enactment of this Act. Includes provisions regarding advanced weapons systems and other defense articles and services. Division F, Title VII, Sec. 7073, “"Gaza oversight”" provisions relate to oversight of assistance to Gaza to prevent the diversion of assistance to Hamas or other terrorist or extremist entities in Gaza. Division G, Title III, Section 301, Funding Limitation for United Nations Relief and Works Agency.

P.L. 118-47 03/22/2024 Pursuant to the provisions of H.Res. 1102, the House agreed to the Senate amendment with amendment. Agreed to (286- 134) Roll no. 102^h

H.R. 5917 Strengthening Tools to Counter the Use of Human Shields Actⁱ Extends the authority of the President to impose sanctions on foreign persons using human shields through 2030 and requires the President to impose such sanctions on each foreign person determined to be a member of Palestine Islamic Jihad and orders, controls, or otherwise directs the use of human shields. Additionally, directs the Department of Defense to report to Congress on the implications of the use of human shields by Hamas, Hezbollah, and Palestine Islamic Jihad.

H.R. 815

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P.L. 118-50 04/20/2024 Pursuant to H.Res. 1160 the Senate amendment to H.R. 815 is considered as agreed to with the House amendment described in section 6^m of H.Res. 1160. Roll no. 142 is the roll call vote associated with H.Res. 1160.

04/23/2024 Senate agreed to the House amendment to the Senate amendment to H.R. 815

(79-18)

Roll no. 154

02/13/2024 Passed Senate with an amendment (70-29) Roll no. 48

S.Amdt. 1388 to H.R. 815

Substitute amendment, which changed the focus of H.R. 815” to include, among other provisions, emergency supplemental appropriations for Israeli security during Israel’'s ongoing war with Hamas.^mn

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H.R. 8034 Israel Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2024 Provides FY2024 supplemental appropriations for federal departments and agencies to respond to the conflict in Israel. Designates the funding as emergency spending, which is exempt from discretionary spending limits.

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H.R. 8038 21^st Century Peace ThroughThrough Strength Act Establishes law on various foreign policy matters, including imposing property-blocking sanctions on foreign states providing material support to Hamas or Palestinian Islamic Jihad.

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H.R. 8369 Israel Security Assistance Support Act Specifies that no federal funds may be used to withhold, halt, reverse, or cancel the delivery of defense articles or defense services to Israel. Also, no funds may be used to pay the salary of any Department of Defense (DOD) or Department of State employee who acts to limit defense deliveries to Israel. Additionally, DOD and the State Department shall ensure prompt delivery of all defense articles and services expected to be delivered to Israel in FY2024 and FY2025. Unobligated funds for operation and maintenance for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, diplomatic programs for the Office of the Secretary of State, and the National Security Council may not be spent until each office certifies to Congress that any withheld defense articles or services are delivered to Israel. DOD and the State Department must obligate any remaining funds for assistance to Israel. DOD and the State Department must periodically report to Congress on defense articles and services provided to Israel.

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H.R. 8070 Servicemember Quality of Life Improvement and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025 Authorizes FY2025 appropriations and policies for DOD programs and activities. See: Title XII, Subtitle A, Section 1214. Help Israel's Recover the Hostages. Title XII, Subtitle A, Section 1215. Statement of Congress relating to Israel and the hostages held by Hamas. Title XII, Subtitle A, Section 1217. Sense of Congress regarding Israel. Title XII, Subtitle A, Section 1218. Study and report on international security measures on the border between Gaza and Egypt. Title XII, Subtitle D, Section 1232. Ensuring Israel's defense. Title XII, Subtitle D, Section 1236. Sense of Congress on the importance of the Iron Dome system. Title XVII, Subtitle A, Section 1705. Prohibition on use of funds from constructing or maintaining pier off the coast of Gaza. Title XVII, Subtitle A, Section 1708. Prohibition on assistance for building in, or rebuilding Gaza. Title XVII, Subtitle C, Section 1760. Rewards for information regarding leaders of Hamas.

— 06/14/2024 Passed (217-199) Roll no. 279

H.Amdt. 960 [en bloc] to H.R. 8070

2. Instructs the Secretary of Defense to provide a briefing to HFAC/HASC/HPSCI about US efforts to support Israel’'s efforts to rescue the hostages in Gaza. Revision removes sense of Congress and authorizations, and adds findings and a briefing requirement. 3. 3. Declares that Israel is the United States’' greatest ally in the Middle East and demands the release of all hostages held by Hamas. 7. Sense of Congress supporting the mission of the Department of Defense in helping Israel fend of attacks from Hamas by supporting the Iron Dome system.

06/12/2024 Agreed to (Voice Vote)

H.Amdt. 990 [en bloc] to H.R. 8070

10. Expresses a sense of Congress about the importance of the U.S.- Israel relationship and the need to continue offering security assistance and related support. 12. Prohibits funds authorized or otherwise made available for the Department of Defense in FY25FY2025 from being used to build, maintain, or repair a pier off the coast of Gaza, or to transport aid to such a pier. 122. Authorizes a Report Authored by the Secretary of Defense to study steps Israel, the U.S., and Egypt can take to enhance international security measures on the Gaza-Egypt border to ensure Hamas and other actors cannot use tunnels or methods via the Mediterranean Sea to smuggle weapons and illicit goods. Additionally, report will outline/ map existing tunnel networks.

06/13/2024 Agreed to (Voice Vote)

H.R. 8771 Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2025 Title III, under the Department of State Migration and Refugee Assistance heading, such assistance for Israel is included. Title VII, Section 7004 (e) includes limitations of funding to prevent funds from being used to move the U.S. embassy in Israel. Title VII, Section 7034 (i) Extension of Authorities (5) includes extensions of loan guarantees to Israel. Title VII, Section 7035 prohibits section 514(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 from applying to defense articles that are to be set aside, earmarked, reserved, or intended for use as reserve stocks in stockpiles in the State of Israel.ⁿo Also prohibits the withholding of delivery of defense articles or services to Israel, and requires the obligation of unobligated balances for assistance to Israel by the enactment of this bill not later than 30 days after enactment. Title VII, Section 7037 places limitations on assistance to support a Palestine state, regardless of whether it governed by a new entity or by the Palestinian Authority. Provides exemptions for assistance to reform the Palestinian Authority and a presidential waiver to these limitations in the presence of a national security interest.

Title VII, Section 7040 places limitations on assistance to the Palestinian Authority. Also prohibits any funds from being obligated for assistance to Hamas. Title VII Section 7040 (f) prohibits funds from being used for assistance to Hamas or any entity effectively controlled by Hamas, any power-sharing government of which Hamas is a member, or that results from an agreement with Hamas and over which Hamas exercises undue influence. Title VII, Section 7041 provides grants to Israel through the Foreign Military Financing Program. Also provides limitations on the grant funding the Palestinian Authority can receive through this same program. Title VIII, Section 7069, “"Gaza oversight”" provisions relate to oversight of assistance to Gaza to prevent the diversion of assistance to Hamas or other terrorist or extremist entities in Gaza.

H.R. 8774 Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2025 Title VIII, Section 8069 allocates appropriated monies to Israel for the missile defense programs, such as the Iron Dome and the Short- Range Ballistic Missile Defense (SRBMD) program, and others. Title VIII, Section 8112 prohibits any of the funds appropriated in this Act to be made available to any member of Hamas, Hezbollah, the Houthis, or the Taliban. Title VIII, Section 8166 prohibits the use of any of the Acts appropriated funds for the withholding, halting, reversing, or cancelling of delivery of defense articles or defense services from the United States to Israel. Also requires the obligation of any remaining unobligated monies appropriated to the Department of Defense for assistance to Israel within 30 days of the bill’'s enactment.

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Source: CRS compiled table using data from Congress.gov Notes: The table is current as of December 2, 2024

Roll no. 331

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H.R. 8282

Illegitimate Court Counteraction Act

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06/04/2024

Passed (247-155, 2 Present)

Roll no. 242

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Title XII, Subtitle B, Section 1211 states policy ensuring Israel's defense.

Title XII, Subtitle B, Section 1212 modifies United States-Israel anti-tunnel cooperation.

Title XII, Subtitle B, Section 1213 requires subterranean warfare military exercises.

Title XII, Subtitle B, Section 1214 states the strategic partnership on defense industrial priorities between the United States and Israel.

Title XII, Subtitle B, Section 1215 establishes a program between the United States and Israel for military trauma education and training.

Title XVI, Subtitle B, Section 1615 authorizes to continue intelligence advice and Department of Defense support for Government of Israel in the defeat of Hamas.

Title XVI, Division D, Section 1644 authorizes the Iron Dome short-range rocket defense system and Israeli cooperative missile defense program co-development and co-production.

Title LXIV, Division D, Section 6433 assess the lessons learned by the intelligence community with respect to the Israel-Hamas war.

P.L. 118-159

12/11/2024

12/18/2024

Senate agreed to the House amendment to the Senate amendment to H.R. 5009

(85-14)

Roll no. 325

H.R. 23

Illegitimate Court Counteraction Act

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01/09/2025

Passed (243-140, 1 Present)

Roll no. 7

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H.R. 1968

Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025

Division A, Title XII, Section 11208 deals with loan guarantees to Israel.

P.L. 119-4

03/11/2025

Passed (217-213)

Roll no. 70

03/14/2025

Passed Senate

(54-46)

Roll no. 133

Source: CRS compiled table using data from Congress.gov

b. Although this particular bill did not become law, its language was included Division A of P.L. 118-50, a supplemental appropriations measure that in Division A contained security assistance funding for Israel; see table entry for H.R. 815..

c. The motion to table is nondebatable and, if adopted, disposes of a question permanently and adversely.

d. The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) of FY2024, Subtitle D – Matters Relating to Israel contains revisions to laws that existed prior to the October 7, 2023 attacks.

e. This was a motion to move “"that the managers on the part of the Senate at the conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the Senate amendment to the bill H.R. 2670 be instructed to increase defense cooperation with Israel in order to reaffirm its right to defend itself against state and non-state actors who seek to undermine Israel's sovereignty.”" See “"National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024,”" remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 169 (November 15, 2023), p. S5530.

f. This was a motion to instruct conferees “"to insist that the final conference report include the provisions to enforce section 212(a)(3)(B)(i)(VII) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(3)(B)(i)(VII)) to revoke visas and initiate deportation proceedings for any foreign national who has endorsed or espoused the terrorist activities of Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Hezbollah, or any another foreign terrorist organization (as designated under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189)) that has participated in terrorist attacks against Israel and United States citizens before, on, or after October 7, 2023.”" See “"National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024,”" remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 169 (November 15, 2023), p. S5530.

g. This bill began as the Udall Foundation Reauthorization Act of 2023 before becoming a vehicle for the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 on March 22, 2024.

h. “On March 22, 2024, the House passedagreed to an amendment to a Senate amendment to H.R. 2882, ", substituting the prior bill text with the negotiated text of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024. It did so by voting on H.Res. 1102."H.Res. 1102, a resolution to insert the negotiated text into the Senate-passed version of H.R. 2882.” From CRS Insight IN12237, FY2024 Defense Appropriations: Status of Legislative Activity, by Cameron M. Keys and Brendan W. McGarry.

i. See Division O, Strengthening Tools to Counter the use of Human Shields Act of P.L. 118-50..

j. See Division A of P.L. 118-50, a supplemental appropriations measure that in Division A contained security assistance funding for Israel.

k. White House, “"Remarks by President Biden on the Passage of H.R. 815, the National Security Supplemental,”," April 24, 2024.

l. See CRS Report R47828, Israel and Hamas Conflict In Brief: Overview, U.S. Policy, and Options for Congress, by Jim Zanotti and Jeremy M. Sharp.

m. m. The amendment described in Section 6 is made up of several bills, including H.R. 8034, the Israel Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2024, which is also listed in this table. This rule combined the Israel supplemental with other bills to send to the Senate as a package that would be privileged for consideration in the Senate. n. See Division A of P.L. 118-50, a supplemental appropriations measure that in Division A contained security assistance funding for Israel. n. o. See 22 U.S.C. 2321h(b) for the referenced section 514(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

Adds findings that condemn Hamas and Iran-backed terror groups for using "human shields" and states that only the unconditional surrender of Hamas and other Iran-backed terror groups will save innocent civilian lives.^a

— 11/30/2023 Agreed to (412-11, 1 Present) Roll no. 680

H.Amdt. 815 to H.R. 5961

Corrects the number of hostages being held by Hamas. — 11/30/2023 , from 130 to at least 230.

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H.Amdt. 817 to H.R. 5961

Expresses a sense of Congress that all US allies in the Middle East should publicly and unequivocally condemn the antisemitism displayed by Iranian-backed terror groups, including Hamas.

— 11/30/2023 Agreed to (422-1, 1 Present) Roll no. 681

Roll no. 681

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Expresses a sense of Congress that Qatar should condemn Hamas, turn over Hamas leadership to US and Israeli custody, and pledge never to facilitate the transfer of covered Iranian funds to Iran.

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H.R. 6679 No Immigration Benefits for Hamas Terrorists Act Imposes immigration-related penalties on certain non-U.S. nationals (aliens under federal law) who are involved with terrorism or attacks against Israel. Under this bill, members of Palestinian Islamic Jihad or Hamas or who participated in or otherwise facilitated the October 7, 2023, attacks on Israel may not be admitted into the United States.

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H.Amdt. 847 to H.R. 6679

Requires an annual report to Congress on the number of individuals found to be inadmissible and deportable each year as a result of the underlying bill, sowith the goal that the annual report pertains to not allowing anyone involved with the October 7, 2023 attacks to be allowed in the United States.

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Source: CRS compiled table using data from Congress.gov. Notes: The table is current as of December 2, 2024

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S.J.Res. 33

A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to the Government of Israel of certain defense articles and services.

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04/03/2025

Motion to discharge rejected

(15-82)

Roll no. 165

S.J.Res. 26

A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to Israel of certain defense articles and services.

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04/03/2025

Motion to discharge rejected

(15-83)

Roll no. 166

Source: CRS compiled table using data from Congress.gov.

Table 3. Congressional Resolution Votes Related to the Israel-Hamas Conflict

October 7, 2023 – December 2, 2024

Resolution or

S.Res. 417 A resolution standing with Israel against terrorism. n/a

n/a

H.Res. 771 Standing with Israel as it defends itself against the barbaric war launched by Hamas and other terrorists.

10/25/2023 Agreed to (412-10, 6 Present) Roll no. 528

H.Res. 793 Calling on Hamas to immediately release hostages taken during the October 2023 attack on Israel.

11/28/2023 Agreed to (414-0) Roll no. 676

S.Res. 408

Roll no. 676

n/a

S.Res. 408

n/a

n/a

S.Amdt. 1365 to S.Res. 408

To amend the preamble.^a n/a

n/a

S.Amdt. 1364 to S.Res. 408

In the nature of a substitute.^b n/a

n/a

H.Res. 888 Reaffirming the State of Israel's right to exist.^c 11/28/2023 Agreed to (412-1, 1 Present) Roll no. 677

S.Res. 445 A resolution recognizing the importance of the economic relationship between the United States and Israel and affirming that trade facilitated by the United States-Israel Free Trade Agreement is a tool to support the economy of Israel during the conflict with Hamas.

n/a 12/06/2023 Agreed to (UC)

S.Res. 504 A resolution requesting information on Israel's human rights practices pursuant to section 502B(c) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.^d

n/a 01/16/2024 Motion to table the motion to discharge agreed to (72-11)^e Roll no. 8

H.Res. 966 Condemning Rape and Sexual Violence Committed by Hamas in Its War against Israel.

02/14/2024 Agreed to (418-0, 1 Present) Roll no. 44

Source: CRS compiled table using data from Congress.gov Notes: The table is current as of December 2, 2024July 3, 2025. Each bill, amendment, or public law number includes a hyperlink to the bill's record in Congress.gov. Each roll call number includes a link to the vote on the website of Clerk of the United States House of Representatives or of the United States Senate. UC = Unanimous Consent. a. This amendment revised the preamble of S.Res. 408. See “"Condemning Hamas for Its Premeditated, Coordinated, and Brutal Terrorist Attacks on Israel and Demanding That Hamas Immediately Release All Hostages and Return Them to Safety,”" remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 169 (November 9, 2023), p. S5463.

b. This amendment revised the text of S.Res. 408. See “"Condemning Hamas for Its Premeditated, Coordinated, and Brutal Terrorist Attacks on Israel and Demanding That Hamas Immediately Release All Hostages and Return Them to Safety,”" remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 169 (November 9, 2023), p. S5463.

c. This resolution includes a condemnation of the Hamas-led attack on Israel.

d. The resolution requests a description of the steps the United States has taken to promote human rights as part of Israel's activities, including in Gaza and West Bank. It also requests certain other items of information, including, for example, an assessment of Israeli compliance with international human rights law and the likelihood that Israel will use U.S. security assistance in the armed conflict in Gaza and the West Bank.

e. The motion to table is nondebatable and, if adopted, disposes of a question permanently and adversely. Because the discharge motion was tabled, the underlying measure remainsremained in the possession of the Committee on Foreign Relations.