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Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
R44325
Congressional Research Service
The level of pay for congressional staff is a source of recurring interest among Members of Congress, congressional staff, and the public. There may be interest in congressional pay data from multiple perspectives, including assessment of the costs of congressional operations; guidance in setting pay levels for staff in committee offices; consideration by staff when negotiating compensation for a new position or promotion; or comparison of congressional staff pay levels with those of other federal government pay systems.
This report provides pay data for the following 1716 staff position titles that are used in Senate committees: Archivist; Chief Clerk; Chief Counsel; Communications Director; Counsel; Deputy Chief Clerk; Deputy Staff Director; General Counsel; Legislative Aide; Minority Staff Director; Professional Staff Member; Research Assistant; Senior Counsel; Senior Professional Staff Member; Staff Assistant; Staff Director; and Systems Administrator. The following table provides FY2023FY2025 pay levels and the change in median pay levels for these positions in constant 20242026 dollars, between FY2022 and FY2023.
FY2023FY2024 and FY2025.
FY2025 Median Pay and Percentage Change for Selected Staff Positions in Senate Committees,
20242026 Dollars, and Percentage Change, FY2022-FY2023FY2024-FY2025
Position FY25 FY23
20242026$
Change,
FY22-FY23 Position FY23 Pay,
FY25 Position FY25 Pay, 2026$ Change, FY24- FY25 Archivist $116,946 -- Legislative Aide $81,009 4.18% 2024FY24-
$
Change,
FY22-FY23
Archivist — — Minority Staff Director — —
Chief Counsel $198,762 4.90% Research Assistant $81,411 17.26% Communications Director $183,497 11.50% Senior Counsel $142,654 -9.80% Chief Clerk $180,176 4.40% Professional Staff Member $132,727 18.51125,499 9.08%
%
Chief Counsel $177,896 3.70% Research Assistant $67,015 10.21%
Communications Director $160,949 -1.41% Senior Counsel $147,389 1.61%
Deputy Chief Clerk $145,259 3.57% Staff Assistant $61,282 -1.11% Deputy Staff Director $212,925 10.66% Staff Director $230,148 0.81% General Counsel $194,772 1.44% Systems Administrator $115,661 6.08% Counsel $120,103 -8.19% Senior Professional Staff Member $131,403 -14.96141,090 -11.61%
%
Deputy Chief Clerk $118,049 -7.25% Staff Assistant $57,089 8.14%
Deputy Staff Director $190,795 2.22% Staff Director $212,978 6.17%
General Counsel $180,127 -2.82% Systems Administrator $101,610 18.86%
Legislative Aide $85,830 21.82%
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations based on based the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 20242026. “—” indicates no data available.
Report tables provide aggregate statistics on pay for each staff position for FY2001, FY2004, FY2009, FY2014, and FY2019-FY2023FY2006, FY2011, FY2016, and FY2021-FY2025, including quartiles, median pay, and average pay, based on available data. Graphic displays are also included, providing representations of pay from the following two perspectives:
• a line graph showing change in median pay, FY2001-FY2023FY2025, in nominal (current) and constant 20242026 dollars; and
• distributions of FY2023FY2025 pay in 20242026 dollars, in $10,000 increments.
Other data, which may not represent the entire FY2001-FY2023FY2025 period, are available to congressional staff upon request.
The Congressional Research Service provides a number of products on congressional staffing issues. These can be found in CRS Report R44688, Congressional Staff: CRS Products.
August 27, 2024matters. These include CRS Report R44322, House Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, 2001-2025; CRS Report R44323, Staff Pay, Selected Positions in House Member Offices, 2001-2025; CRS Report R44324, Staff Pay, Selected Positions in Senators’ Offices, FY2001-FY2025; and CRS Report R46262, Congressional Staff: Duties and Qualifications Identified by Members of Congress for Selected Positions.
R44325
September 11, 2026
R. Eric Petersen Specialist in American National Government
Jane M. Wright Research Assistant
Senate Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, FY2001-FY2023FY2025
Congressional Research Service
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Data Concerns ................................................................................................................................. 2 Data Tables and Visualizations ........................................................................................................ 2
Senate Committee Staff Pay Tables ................................................................................................. 3
Table 1. Senate Committee Staff Pay, Annual Maximums, 2001-20242026........................................... 43 Table 2. FY2023 Median Pay2024 dollarsFY2025 Median Pay, 2026 Dollars, and Changes in Pay for Selected Senate
Committee Staff, Members Ofof Congress, and Selected General Schedule Employees ................ 5
Table 3. Archivist............................................................................................................................. 6 Table 4. Chief Clerk ........................................................................................................................ 7 Table 5. Chief Counsel .................................................................................................................... 8 Table 6. Communications Director .................................................................................................. 9
Table 7. Counsel ............................................................................................................................ 10 Table 8. Deputy Chief Clerk ........................................................................................................... 11
Table 9. Deputy Staff Director ...................................................................................................... 12 Table 10. General Counsel ............................................................................................................ 13 Table 11. Legislative Aide ............................................................................................................. 14 Table 12. Minority Staff Director .................................................................................................. 15 Table 13. Professional Staff Member ............................................................................................ 1615 Table 1413. Research Assistant ......................................................................................................... 1716 Table 1514. Senior Counsel ............................................................................................................... 1817
Table 1615. Senior Professional Staff Member ................................................................................. 1918
Table 1716. Staff Assistant ................................................................................................................ 2019 Table 1817. Staff Director ................................................................................................................. 2120 Table 1918. Systems Administrator ................................................................................................... 2221
Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 2322
Senate Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, FY2001-FY2023FY2025
Congressional Research Service 1
Levels of pay for congressional staff are a source of recurring interest among Members of Congress, congressional staff, and the public. In Senate committees, the chair and ranking member set the terms and conditions of employment for majority and minority staff, respectively. This includes job titles and descriptions; rates of pay, subject to maximum levels;1 and resources available to carry out their official duties. There may be interest in congressional pay data from multiple perspectives, including assessment of the costs of congressional operations; guidance in setting pay levels for staff in committee offices; consideration by staff when negotiating compensation for a new position or promotion; or comparison of congressional staff pay levels with those of other federal government pay systems.
Publicly available information sources do not provide aggregated congressional staff pay data in a readily retrievable form.2 Pay information in this report is based on the Senate Report of the Secretary of the Senate, published semiannually by the Senate,3 as collated by LegiStorm. Data in this report are based on official Senate reports, which afford the opportunity to use consistently collected data from a single, authoritative source. Additionally, this report provides annual data by fiscal year, which allows for observations about the nature of Senate committee staff compensation over time.
This report provides pay data for 1716 staff position titles that are used in Senate committees, and for which sufficient data could be identified. The positions include the following:
Archivist Deputy Staff Director Senior Counsel
Chief Clerk General Counsel Senior Professional Staff Member
Chief Counsel Legislative Aide Staff Assistant
Communications Director Minority Staff DirectorProfessional Staff Member Staff Director
Counsel Professional Staff MemberResearch Assistant Systems Administrator
Deputy Chief Clerk Research Assistant
When committees had more than two staff members with the same job title, data for no more than two staff per committee were collected. Senate committee staff had to hold a position with the same job title inon the same committee for the entire year examined, and not receive pay from any other congressional employing authority for their data to be included. Every recorded payment ascribed in the LegiStorm data to those staff for the fiscal year is tabulated. Data collected for this report may differ from an employee’s stated annual salary due to the inclusion of overtime, bonuses, or other payments in addition to base salary paid in the course of a year.4
The Congressional Research Service provides a number of products on congressional staffing matters. These include CRS Report R44322, House Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions,
1 The maximum annual pay for staff in Senate committees is $221,900228,000. See 2 U.S.C. 4571 and 2 U.S.C. 4575 note. Maximum payable rates for Senate committee staff since 2001 are available in Table 1.
2 In this report, pay refers to monies paid by the Senate to staff, and excludes other components of total compensation, which might include paid leave or employer contributions to various insurance and retirement benefits.
3 Volumes of the Report of the Secretary of the Senate since April 2011 are available at https://www.senate.gov/ legislative/common/generic/report_secsen.htm.
4 Other forms of payment do not appear to be recorded in a consistent manner. Sometimes overtime and other pay are listed as separate entries and in other instances, significant one-time changes in a semiannual total may suggest payments in addition to regular salary.
Senate Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, FY2001- Congressional Research Service 2 2001-2025; CRS Report R44323, Staff Pay, Selected Positions in House Member Offices, 2001- 2025; CRS Report R44324, Staff Pay, Selected Positions in Senators’ Offices, FY2001-FY2025; and CRS Report R46262, Congressional Staff: Duties and Qualifications Identified by Members of Congress for Selected Positions. FY2023FY2025
Congressional Research Service 2
Data presented here are subject to some challenges that could affect findings presented or their interpretation. Some of the concerns include the following:
• A large number of position titles in Senate committees are held by only one Senate employee. Data provided here almost certainly do not represent all of the jobs carried out by Senate committee staff.
• The manner in which staff titles are assigned might have implications aboutfor the representativeness of the data provided. Of positions for which data were collected, two broad categories emerge. The first category identifies position titles that usually appear to apply to one staff member per committee.5 Since almost all available data were collected for those positions, pay information provided is likely to be highly representative of what Senate committees pay staff in those positions. The second category includes positions for which committees might hire two or more staff members.6 Since pay data were collected for no more than two staff per committee for each position, it is more likely that data for those positions are a sample of staff in those positions rather than nearly complete data. Those data may be less closely representative of what all staff in those positions are paid.
• Pay data provide no insight into the education, work experience, position tenure, and full- or part-time status of staff, or other potential explanations for levels of compensation.
• Differences might exist in the job duties of staff in positions with the same title. Aggregation of pay by job title rests on the assumption that staff with the same title carry out the same or similar tasks. Given the wide discretion congressional employing authorities have in setting the terms and conditions of employment, there may be differences in the duties of similarly titled staff that could affect their levels of pay. Acknowledging the imprecision inherent in congressional job titles, an older edition of the Senate Handbook states, “Throughout the Senate, individuals with the same job title perform vastly different duties.”7
Tables in this section provide background information on Senate pay practices, comparative data for each position, and detailed data and visualizations for each position. 5 Positions that typically employ one staff member per committee include staff director and systems administrator. 6 Positions that typically employ two or more staff members per committee include counsel, staff assistant, and professional staff member. 7 U.S. Senate, Committee on Rules and Administration, Senate Handbook (Washington: 1996), pp. I-13, available to congressional clients from the author. Senate Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, FY2001-FY2025 Congressional Research Service 3
20242026 dollars. Constant dollar calculations throughout the report are based on the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).
Table 2 provides FY2023FY2025 pay levels in median pay in 20242026 dollars and percentage changes for each of the 1716 positions; for Members of Congress; and for salaries paid under the General Schedule in Washington, DC, and surrounding areas and in the Rest of the United States (RUS)
5 Positions that typically employ one staff member per committee include staff director and systems administrator.
6 Positions that typically employ two or more staff members per committee include counsel, staff assistant, and professional staff member.
7 U.S. Senate, Committee on Rules and Administration, Senate Handbook (Washington: 1996), pp. I-13, available to congressional clients from the author.
Senate Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, FY2001-FY2023
Congressional Research Service 3
area. Table 3 through Table 19area. Table 3 through Table 18 provide available tabular pay data for each staff position for FY2001, FY2004, FY2009, FY2014, and FY2019-FY2023FY2006, FY2011, FY2016, and FY2021-FY2025, including data distributed by quartile, median pay, and average pay. Staff pay tables also provide a comparison, at various intervals to FY2023FY2025, based on data availability, of the cumulative percentage change in median pay for that position, in 20242026 dollars.8
Graphic displays are also included for each position, providing representations of pay from the following two perspectives:
• distributions of FY2023FY2025 pay in 20242026 dollars, in $10,000 increments; and
• a line graph showing change in median pay, FY2001- Table 1. Senate Committee Staff Pay, Annual Maximums, 2001-2026 Year Nominal $ Constant 2026 $ Year Nominal $ Constant 2026 $ Year Nominal $ Constant 2026 $ 2001 $142,415 $265,952 2010 $171,315 $259,832 2019 $173,900 $224,961 2002 $147,315 $270,820 2011 $171,315 $251,882 2020 $173,900 $222,220 2003 $152,015 $273,234 2012 $171,315 $246,775 2021 $173,900 $212,248 2004 $155,415 $272,099 2013 $171,315 $243,212 2022 $203,700 $230,198 2005 $159,415 $269,956 2014 $171,315 $239,330 2023 $212,100 $230,214 2006 $162,515 $266,605 2015 $171,315 $239,046 2024 $221,900 $233,950 2007 $162,515 $259,222 2016 $171,315 $236,068 2025 $225,700 $231,856 2008 $166,615 $255,935 2017 $171,315 $231,144 2026 $228,000 $228,000 2009 $171,315 $264,094 2018 $171,315 $225,633 Source: 2 U.S.C. 4571, 2 U.S.C. 4575 note, CRS calculations based on the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. 8 2026 CPI-U based on the first half of the year. Senate Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, FY2001-FY2025 Congressional Research Service 4 FY2023FY2025 (or available data), in nominal (current) and 20242026 dollars.
Senate Committee Staff Pay Tables
dollars.
Interpreting Pay T ables: Statistics Describing Pay Data
For each year that data are available, statistical values for staff positions are included in Table 3-Table 1918, including the following:
Minimum & Maximum The smallest and largest pay level, respectively, for each position
Average (Mean) The mean is the average of a list of numbers, in which the sum of all the values is divided by the total number of values. For example, if three salaries, $30,000, $45,000, and $90,000, were identified for a given staff position, the average (mean) would be ($30,000 + $45,000 + $90,000) ÷ 3 = $55,000.
Median The midpoint at which half of the numbers in a list are higher and the other half lower. For example, if three salaries, $30,000, $45,000, and $90,000, were identified for a given staff position, the midpoint (median) would be $45,000.
Statistical Quartiles Statistical values that divide data into quarters for more detailed analysis. In a list of numbers, Quartile 1 (Q1) is a number that falls in the middle between the lowest number, or minimum, and the median. For example, if Q1 for a given staff position was $50,000, this would indicate that 25% of employees in that position make $50,000 or less. Quartile 2 (Q2) is also the median. Quartile 3 (Q3) is a number that falls in the middle between the median and the highest number in the list, or maximum. Numbers between Q1 and Q3 compose the interquartile range, the difference between the largest and smallest values in the middle 50% of a list of numbers. Quartiles might also be described as percentiles, as shown below.
Statistical Measures Used in Pay Tables
Minimum Quartile 1
(Q1)
Quartile 2
(Q2) Median
Quartile 3
(Q3) Maximum Average
Lowest number in a list
25th Percentile 50th Percentile 75th percentile Highest number in a list
The mean, or number expressing the central value in a set of data
25% of staff make less than Q1
50% of staff make less than Q2
75% of staff make less than Q3
Middle number between Minimum and Median
Median—midpoint at which half of the numbers in a list are higher and the other half lower
Middle number between Median and Maximum
Lower Quartile Interquartile Range = Q3-Q1 Upper Quartile
8 2024 CPI-U based on the first half of the year.
Senate Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, FY2001-FY2023FY2025
Congressional Research Service 4
Table 1. Senate Committee Staff Pay, Annual Maximums, 2001-2024
Year Nominal $ Constant 2024 $ Year Nominal $ Constant 2024 $
2001 $142,415 $251,011 2013 $171,315 $229,549
2002 $147,315 $255,607 2014 $171,315 $225,885
2003 $152,015 $257,884 2015 $171,315 $225,617
2004 $155,415 $256,813 2016 $171,315 $222,807
2005 $159,415 $254,791 2017 $171,315 $218,159
2006 $162,515 $251,628 2018 $171,315 $212,958
2007 $162,515 $244,660 2019 $173,900 $212,324
2008 $166,615 $241,557 2020 $173,900 $209,736
2009 $171,315 $249,258 2021 $173,900 $200,325
2010 $171,315 $245,236 2022 $203,700 $217,266
2011 $171,315 $237,732 2023 $212,100 $217,281
2012 $171,315 $232,912 2024 $221,900 $221,900
Source: 2 U.S.C. 4571, 2 U.S.C. 4575 note, CRS calculations based on the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 202..
Senate Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, FY2001-FY2023
Congressional Research Service 5
Table 2. FY2023 Median Pay2024 dollars5
Table 2. FY2025 Median Pay, 2026 Dollars, and Changes in Pay for Selected Senate
Committee Staff, Members Ofof Congress, and Selected General Schedule Employees
Position
FY23FY25 Pay,
20242026$
FY22-
FY23
FY19-
FY23
FY14-
FY23
FY09-
FY23
FY04-
FY23
FY01-
FY23
Chief Clerk $180,176 4.40% 9.52% 4.80% -3.37% 18.64% 33.45%
Chief Counsel $177,896 3.70% -11.20% -14.20% -19.10% -29.63% -0.27%
Communications Dir. $160,949 -1.41% -1.38% -13.35% -18.09% -2.86%
Counsel $120,103 -8.19% -8.88% -10.59% -30.49% -23.06% -19.01%
Deputy Chief Clerk $118,049 -7.25% — — — — —
Deputy Staff Director $190,795 2.22% -6.05% -5.99% -13.10% — —
General Counsel $180,127 -2.82% — — — — —
Legislative Aide $85,830 21.82% — — — — —
Professional Staff Member $132,727 18.51% 5.31% 8.43% -5.08% -5.92% 3.23%
Research Assistant $67,015 10.21% — — — — —
Senior Counsel $147,389 1.61% -5.56% -15.60% -24.67% -8.42% —
Sr. Professional Staff Mbr. $131,403 -14.96% -24.10% -11.02% -33.85%
—
Staff Assistant $57,089 8.14% 14.30% 7.77% -0.58% -5.10% -13.58%
Staff Director $212,978 6.17% 1.82% -4.83% -12.55% -15.21% -8.22%
Systems Administrator $101,610 18.86% -23.33% -25.34% -28.90% -5.35% 8.77%
Congressional Staff Positions Pay Change Summary
Increase
10 4 3 0 1 3
Decrease
5 7 8 11 8 4
Members of Congress, General Schedule Pay Change
MCs $178,250 -3.95% -16.10% -22.31% -29.59% -31.77% -30.30%
General Schedule, DC Varies 0.71% -5.23% -3.22% -9.35% -3.70% -3.00%
General Schedule, RUS Varies 0.24% -6.83% -7.40% -13.75% -12.47% -7.29%
FY25 FY21- FY25 FY16- FY25 FY11- FY25 FY06- FY25 FY01- FY25 Archivist $116,946 -- 16.10% 18.36% 26.25% -- -- Chief Clerk $184,316 -3.60% 0.07% -0.71% -7.27% 3.87% 28.84% Chief Counsel $198,762 4.90% -5.20% -11.14% -17.16% -14.45% 5.17% Communications Director $183,497 11.50% 14.02% -11.22% -0.33% 10.15% -- Counsel $145,374 6.27% 5.01% 11.74% -9.26% -14.17% -7.47% Deputy Chief Clerk $145,259 3.57% -- -- -- -- -- Deputy Staff Director $212,925 10.66% 4.05% -4.87% -- -- -- General Counsel $194,772 1.44% -7.19% -- -- -- -- Legislative Aide $81,009 4.18% -- -- -- -- -- Professional Staff Member $125,499 9.08% -6.88% 6.05% -10.37% -19.49% -7.88% Research Assistant $81,411 17.26% -- -- -- -- -- Senior Counsel $142,654 -9.80% -7.79% -26.44% -30.38% -12.93% -- Sr. Professional Staff Mbr. $141,090 -11.61% -13.76% -16.14% -14.77% -- -- Staff Assistant $61,282 -1.11% 6.83% 15.89% -0.27% -8.29% -12.44% Staff Director $230,148 0.81% 8.83% -2.26% -8.04% -11.11% -6.39% Systems Administrator $115,661 6.08% 6.48% -15.00% -20.96% -9.98% 16.86% Congressional Staff Positions Pay Change Summary Increase 11 8 4 1 2 3 Decrease 4 5 8 10 7 4 Members of Congress, General Schedule Pay Change 2024- 2025 2021- 2025 2016- 2025 2011- 2025 2006- 2025 2001- 2025 MCs $178,746 -2.56% -15.83% -25.45% -30.13% -34.04% -34.03% General Schedule, DC Varies -0.40% -2.12% -2.45% -5.38% -2.39% 4.93% General Schedule, RUS Varies -0.70% -3.74% -6.96% -10.01% -10.91% -6.12% Source: CRS calculations, based on data provided in Table 3-Table 19FY24-
20242026 is $174,000. General Schedule pay for individuals varies by grade, step and locality, but percentage changes are consistent within each locality. Excludes Archivist and Minority Staff Director, for which there are no data. “—” indicates no data available. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI- U) for the first half of 20242026.
CRS-6
Table 3. Archivist
Nominal$ 2024$
Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Year # Year #
FY19 4 $64,659 $70,191 $75,099 $79,810 $84,750 $74,902 $78,945 $85,699 $91,692 $97,444 $103,476 $91,451
FY20 5 $65,000 $73,500 $74,125 $84,744 $90,000 $77,474 $78,395 $88,646 $89,400 $102,207 $108,546 $93,439
FY16 6 $62,212 $69,424 $71,703 $72,517 $75,500 $70,428 $85,726 $95,665 $98,805 $99,927 $104,037 $97,049
Most Recent Five Years
FY21 4 $78,500 $80,422 $82,531 $86,792 $95,167 $84,682 $90,428 $92,642 $95,072 $99,980 $109,628 $97,55095,811 $98,156 $100,731 $105,931 $116,153 $103,356
FY22 4 $67,137 $80,315 $88,354 $92,522 $94,089 $84,484 $71,608 $85,664 $94,238 $98,684 $100,355 $90,110
FY23 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —
FY23 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
FY24 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
FY25 4 $94,583 $97,342 $113,841 $132,897 $143,330 $116,399 $97,163 $99,997 $116,946 $136,522 $147,239 $119,573
Change
FY24-FY25 --
FY21-FY25 16.10%
FY16-FY25 18.36%
FY11-FY25 26.25%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 20242026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. “—” indicates no data available. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 20242026.
.
CRS-7
Table 4. Chief Clerk
Nominal$ 2024$
Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Year # Year #
FY01 13 $61,583 $74,115 $76,604 $90,812 $103,271 $80,403 $108,543 $130,630 $135,018 $160,060 $182,019 $141,713
FY04 18 $34,704 $83,837 $95,339 $112,631 $149,295 $97,442 $57,345 $138,535 $157,542 $186,115 $246,701 $161,016
FY09 18 $81,166 $113,121 $128,157 $135,301 $168,757 $126,366 $118,094 $164,588 $186,465 $196,858 $245,537 $183,858
FY14 14 $75,540 $97,873 $130,396 $145,773 $171,000 $126,002 $99,602 $129,050 $171,931 $192,206 $225,470 $166,138
Most Recent Five Years
FY19 14 $102,900 $121,756 $134,743 $157,133 $171,315 $138,190 $125,636 $148,658 $164,514 $191,852 $209,167 $168,723
FY20 15 $102,917 $125,125 $136,213 $163,450 $169,633 $141,243 $124,125 $150,910 $164,283 $197,132 $204,589 $170,349
FY21 13 $101,235 $131,627 $150,907 $164,308 $168,709 $147,769 $116,618 $151,628 $173,838 $189,276 $194,345 $170,224
FY22 16 $127,368 $152,203 $161,807 $171,219 $186,750 $160,264 $135,850 $162,339 $172,583 $182,622 $199,187 $170,937
FY23 15 $122,175 $155,358 $175,880 $186,867 $196,409 $170,225 $125,159 $159,153 $180,176 $191,431 $201,207 $174,383
Change
FY22-FY23 4.40%
FY19-FY23 9.52%
FY14-FY23 4.80%
FY09-FY23 -3.37%
FY04-FY23 18.64%
FY01-FY23 33.45%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
FY06 14 $41,878 $84,775 $101,996 $111,669 $146,260 $100,753 $68,700 $139,073 $167,324 $183,193 $239,938 $165,285
FY11 18 $87,078 $130,631 $135,185 $153,600 $171,000 $138,801 $128,029 $192,064 $198,761 $225,835 $251,418 $204,076
FY16 15 $93,986 $121,189 $134,714 $151,664 $171,000 $134,358 $129,510 $166,996 $185,633 $208,989 $235,634 $185,142
Most Recent Five Years
FY21 13 $101,235 $131,627 $150,907 $164,308 $168,709 $147,769 $123,559 $160,653 $184,184 $200,541 $205,912 $180,355
FY22 16 $127,368 $152,203 $161,807 $171,219 $186,750 $160,264 $143,936 $172,002 $182,855 $193,492 $211,043 $181,112
FY23 15 $122,175 $155,358 $175,880 $186,867 $196,409 $170,225 $132,609 $168,626 $190,901 $202,826 $213,182 $184,762
FY24 18 $126,740 $155,557 $181,354 $194,748 $211,965 $175,888 $133,623 $164,005 $191,203 $205,323 $223,476 $185,440
FY25 14 $140,000 $170,243 $179,422 $205,573 $219,203 $183,775 $143,818 $174,887 $184,316 $211,180 $225,182 $188,787
Change
FY24-FY25 -3.60%
FY21-FY25 0.07%
FY16-FY25 -0.71%
FY11-FY25 -7.27%
FY06-FY25 3.87%
FY01-FY25 28.84%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 20242026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2024.
CRS-8
Table 5. Chief Counsel
Nominal$ 2024$
Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Year # Year #
FY01 7 $84,486 $96,958 $101,201 $119,531 $136,993 $107,951 $148,910 $170,892 $178,370 $210,678 $241,454 $190,268
FY04 7 $120,165 $136,965 $152,992 $153,795 $154,382 $144,151 $198,565 $226,325 $252,810 $254,137 $255,105 $238,201
FY09 6 $115,811 $138,236 $151,134 $162,964 $168,091 $147,836 $168,501 $201,129 $219,896 $237,107 $244,568 $215,096
FY14 8 $56,250 $140,792 $157,255 $162,469 $171,315 $144,077 $74,168 $185,639 $207,347 $214,221 $225,885 $189,971
Most Recent Five Years
FY19 14 $126,117 $161,302 $164,078 $170,969 $171,315 $161,491 $153,982 $196,942 $200,331 $208,745 $209,167 $197,173
FY20 15 $125,000 $163,861 $168,450 $170,975 $173,254 $164,667 $150,759 $197,629 $203,163 $206,208 $208,957 $198,601
FY21 8 $123,908 $165,389 $171,791 $173,015 $173,900 $164,776 $142,737 $190,520 $197,896 $199,305 $200,325 $189,815
FY22 11 $110,930 $141,327 $160,833 $186,311 $189,521 $161,178 $118,318 $150,739 $171,544 $198,718 $202,142 $171,911
FY23 8 $139,430 $149,640 $173,654 $198,689 $201,831 $172,909 $142,836 $153,295 $177,896 $203,542 $206,761 $177,132
Change
FY22-FY23 3.70%
FY19-FY23 -11.20%
FY14-FY23 -14.20%
FY09-FY23 -19.10%
FY04-FY23 -29.63%
FY01-FY23 -0.27%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
FY06 11 $79,000 $124,603 $141,617 $152,002 $161,740 $132,776 $129,599 $204,411 $232,321 $249,359 $265,334 $217,819
FY11 4 $140,000 $151,312 $163,199 $171,315 $171,315 $159,428 $205,840 $222,472 $239,949 $251,881 $251,881 $234,405
FY16 13 $103,000 $151,000 $162,333 $171,315 $171,315 $156,588 $141,931 $208,074 $223,691 $236,068 $236,068 $215,774
Most Recent Five Years
FY21 8 $123,908 $165,389 $171,791 $173,015 $173,900 $164,776 $151,232 $201,860 $209,674 $211,168 $212,248 $201,113
FY22 11 $110,930 $141,327 $160,833 $186,311 $189,521 $161,178 $125,360 $159,711 $181,755 $210,546 $214,174 $182,144
FY23 8 $139,430 $149,640 $173,654 $198,689 $201,831 $172,909 $151,338 $162,419 $188,484 $215,657 $219,067 $187,675
FY24 17 $137,058 $155,000 $179,725 $212,100 $217,000 $180,405 $144,501 $163,417 $189,485 $223,618 $228,784 $190,202
FY25 12 $138,744 $180,115 $193,485 $206,708 $224,750 $190,401 $142,528 $185,028 $198,762 $212,346 $230,880 $195,594
Change
FY24-FY25 4.90%
FY21-FY25 -5.20%
FY16-FY25 -11.14%
FY11-FY25 -17.16%
FY06-FY25 -14.45%
FY01-FY25 5.17%
Dollars in figures
are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 20242026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2024.
CRS-9
Table 6. Communications Director
Nominal$ 2024$
Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Year # Year #
FY01 — — — — — — — — — — — — —
FY04 9 $65,525 $89,665 $100,268 $120,499 $128,083 $101,743 $108,276 $148,166 $165,686 $199,117 $211,649 $168,123
FY09 7 $96,248 $117,287 $135,050 $149,502 $158,855 $131,961 $140,038 $170,649 $196,494 $217,521 $231,129 $192,000
FY14 4 $94,550 $119,794 $140,880 $157,914 $171,000 $136,828 $124,668 $157,952 $185,756 $208,216 $225,470 $180,412
Most Recent Five Years
FY19 5 $118,125 $126,417 $133,667 $171,315 $171,315 $144,168 $144,225 $154,349 $163,201 $209,167 $209,167 $176,022
FY20 7 $98,042 $126,500 $142,000 $158,407 $173,254 $140,444 $118,245 $152,568 $171,262 $191,051 $208,957 $169,386
FY21 6 $98,917 $107,243 $131,862 $141,181 $142,330 $124,716 $113,947 $123,539 $151,899 $162,634 $163,958 $143,667
FY22 11 $99,167 $134,441 $153,065 $172,489 $185,121 $150,486 $105,771 $143,394 $163,259 $183,977 $197,449 $160,508
FY23 8 $125,732 $134,954 $157,111 $182,803 $202,765 $161,000 $128,803 $138,250 $160,949 $187,269 $207,718 $164,933
Change
FY22-FY23 -1.41%
FY19-FY23 -1.38%
FY14-FY23 -13.35%
FY09-FY23 -18.09%
FY04-FY23 -2.86%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
FY11 5 $116,096 $123,552 $125,214 $126,443 $153,024 $128,866 $170,695 $181,657 $184,100 $185,906 $224,988 $189,469
FY16 7 $105,000 $127,015 $150,000 $166,285 $171,315 $144,702 $144,687 $175,024 $206,696 $229,137 $236,068 $199,396
Most Recent Five Years
FY21 6 $98,917 $107,243 $131,862 $141,181 $142,330 $124,716 $120,730 $130,893 $160,940 $172,314 $173,716 $152,218
FY22 11 $99,167 $134,441 $153,065 $172,489 $185,121 $150,486 $112,066 $151,929 $172,976 $194,927 $209,202 $170,062
FY23 8 $125,732 $134,954 $157,111 $182,803 $202,765 $161,000 $136,470 $146,479 $170,529 $198,415 $220,081 $174,750
FY24 10 $110,000 $148,468 $156,088 $181,994 $212,492 $161,302 $115,974 $156,531 $164,564 $191,877 $224,031 $170,062
FY25 7 $108,748 $113,771 $178,625 $199,250 $221,917 $162,190 $111,714 $116,874 $183,497 $204,684 $227,969 $166,614
Change
FY24-FY25 11.50%
FY21-FY25 14.02%
FY16-FY25 -11.22%
FY11-FY25 -0.33%
FY06-FY25 10.15%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 20242026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. “—” indicates no data available. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2024.
CRS-10
Table 7. Counsel
Nominal$ 2024$
Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Year # Year #
FY01 15 $45,667 $71,588 $84,134 $92,014 $113,854 $82,655 $80,489 $126,176 $148,289 $162,179 $200,672 $145,682
FY04 22 $52,750 $75,798 $94,462 $113,957 $149,251 $96,079 $87,166 $125,252 $156,092 $188,307 $246,627 $158,764
FY09 19 $68,347 $95,717 $118,751 $138,168 $168,189 $118,728 $99,443 $139,265 $172,779 $201,030 $244,710 $172,746
FY14 22 $53,000 $86,667 $101,875 $125,569 $148,087 $103,676 $69,882 $114,274 $134,326 $165,567 $195,259 $136,700
Most Recent Five Years
FY19 19 $59,833 $91,158 $107,954 $134,379 $171,147 $113,992 $73,054 $111,300 $131,806 $164,070 $208,962 $139,179
FY20 22 $72,624 $84,450 $106,000 $132,833 $172,912 $112,912 $87,590 $101,853 $127,844 $160,207 $208,544 $136,180
FY21 14 $70,037 $100,861 $113,427 $129,418 $173,500 $118,085 $80,679 $116,188 $130,663 $149,084 $199,864 $136,029
FY22 18 $81,087 $109,991 $122,647 $135,487 $183,572 $124,478 $86,488 $117,316 $130,815 $144,510 $195,798 $132,768
FY23 19 $85,370 $102,771 $117,239 $151,000 $184,721 $127,879 $87,455 $105,281 $120,103 $154,688 $189,234 $131,003
Change
FY22-FY23 -8.19%
FY19-FY23 -8.88%
FY14-FY23 -10.59%
FY09-FY23 -30.49%
FY04-FY23 -23.06%
FY01-FY23 -19.01%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
FY06 17 $57,500 $91,916 $103,245 $132,766 $161,611 $107,137 $94,328 $150,787 $169,374 $217,802 $265,122 $175,758
FY11 21 $65,587 $81,708 $108,961 $140,145 $171,147 $115,139 $96,431 $120,134 $160,203 $206,053 $251,634 $169,287
FY16 20 $67,475 $79,213 $94,417 $139,964 $161,449 $108,291 $92,979 $109,153 $130,104 $192,867 $222,473 $149,222
Most Recent Five Years
FY21 14 $70,037 $100,861 $113,427 $129,418 $173,500 $118,085 $85,481 $123,103 $138,440 $157,958 $211,760 $144,125
FY22 18 $81,087 $109,991 $122,647 $135,487 $183,572 $124,478 $91,635 $124,299 $138,602 $153,112 $207,452 $140,670
FY23 19 $85,370 $102,771 $117,239 $151,000 $184,721 $127,879 $92,661 $111,548 $127,252 $163,895 $200,497 $138,800
FY24 20 $96,250 $121,241 $129,750 $141,750 $209,100 $135,438 $101,477 $127,825 $136,796 $149,448 $220,455 $142,793
FY25 13 $84,709 $126,742 $141,514 $154,667 $215,817 $143,747 $87,019 $130,198 $145,374 $158,885 $221,703 $147,668
Change
FY24-FY25 6.27%
FY21-FY25 5.01%
FY16-FY25 11.74%
FY11-FY25 -9.26%
FY06-FY25 -14.17%
FY01-FY25 -7.47%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 0% 18% 35% $40 $50 $60 $70 $80 $90 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $170 $180 $190 $200 $210 $220 $230 FY25 Pay Distribution20242026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. “—” indicates no data available. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 20242026.
.
CRS-11
Current $, Nominal Constant $, 2024
Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Year # Year #
FY22 6 $79,991 $96,664 $119,324 $127,733 $146,417 $114,117 $85,318 $103,101 $127,270 $136,240 $156,167 $121,71790,396 $109,238 $134,846 $144,349 $165,463 $128,961
FY23 6 $100,333 $100,990 $115,234 $138,790 $145,333 $119,836 $102,784 $103,456 $118,049 $142,180 $148,883 $122,764
Change
FY22-FY23 -7.25%
Dollars in figure
are in thousands.
FY24 6 $110,318 $115,588 $133,027 $148,842 $153,417 $132,279 $116,309 $121,865 $140,251 $156,924 $161,748 $139,463
FY25 6 $115,773 $122,253 $141,402 $148,406 $158,783 $137,329 $118,931 $125,588 $145,259 $152,454 $163,114 $141,074
Change
FY24-FY25 3.57%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 20242026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2024.
0%
18%
35%
$40
$50
$60
$70
$80
$90
$100
$110
$120
$130
$140
$150
$160
$170
$180
$190
$200
$210
$220
$230
2025 Pay Distribution
CRS-12
Table 9. Deputy Staff Director
Nominal$ 2024$
Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Year # Year #
FY09 4 $129,586 $143,753 $150,901 $155,852 $163,426 $148,704 $188,543 $209,156 $219,557 $226,759 $237,780 $216,359
FY14 7 $133,000 $147,054 $153,929 $167,087 $171,315 $155,218 $175,365 $193,895 $202,960 $220,310 $225,885 $204,660
Most Recent Five Years
FY19 11 $93,333 $140,956 $166,337 $170,139 $171,315 $149,410 $113,955 $172,101 $203,090 $207,731 $209,167 $182,423
FY20 15 $120,000 $153,894 $170,860 $172,534 $173,254 $161,467 $144,729 $185,607 $206,070 $208,089 $208,957 $194,741
FY21 8 $124,667 $162,080 $167,667 $172,332 $173,900 $162,770 $143,610 $186,709 $193,144 $198,519 $200,325 $187,503
FY22 13 $129,917 $168,450 $175,000 $188,800 $190,042 $172,574 $138,569 $179,668 $186,655 $201,374 $202,698 $184,067
FY23 6 $141,010 $173,331 $186,246 $196,445 $210,000 $182,062 $144,454 $177,565 $190,795 $201,243 $215,130 $186,509
Change
FY22-FY23 2.22%
FY19-FY23 -6.05%
FY14-FY23 -5.99%
FY09-FY23 -13.10%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
Most Recent Five Years
FY21 8 $124,667 $162,080 $167,667 $172,332 $173,900 $162,770 $152,158 $197,822 $204,640 $210,335 $212,248 $198,664
FY22 13 $129,917 $168,450 $175,000 $188,800 $190,042 $172,574 $146,816 $190,362 $197,764 $213,359 $214,763 $195,023
FY23 6 $141,010 $173,331 $186,246 $196,445 $210,000 $182,062 $153,052 $188,134 $202,151 $213,221 $227,934 $197,610
FY24 15 $131,763 $169,167 $182,500 $203,059 $217,000 $183,910 $138,918 $178,353 $192,411 $214,086 $228,784 $193,897
FY25 13 $189,375 $202,466 $207,272 $220,150 $224,750 $210,355 $194,540 $207,988 $212,925 $226,154 $230,880 $216,092
Change
FY24-FY25 10.66%
FY21-FY25 4.05%
FY16-FY25 -4.87%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 20242026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2024.
0%
20%
40%
$40
$50
$60
$70
$80
$90
$100
$110
$120
$130
$140
$150
$160
$170
$180
$190
$200
$210
$220
$230
FY25 Pay Distribution
CRS-13
Table 10. General Counsel
Current $, Nominal Constant $, 2024
Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Year # Year #
FY19 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —
FY20 7 $150,558 $165,336 $170,547 $171,072 $171,514 $166,491 $181,584 $199,407 $205,692 $206,325 $206,858 $200,800
FY21 4 $167,225 $170,166 $171,938 $172,837 $173,158 $171,065 $192,635 $196,024 $198,065 $199,100 $199,470 $197,059
FY22 6 $140,833 $170,508 $173,785 $181,187 $187,204 $171,446 $150,212 $181,863 $185,358 $193,254 $199,671 $182,864
FY23 6 $157,783 $168,377 $175,832 $185,517 $196,866 $176,825 $161,638 $172,490 $180,127 $190,049 $201,675 $181,144
Change
FY22-FY23 -2.82%
Dollars in figure
are in thousands.
FY21 4 $167,225 $170,166 $171,938 $172,837 $173,158 $171,065 $204,101 $207,691 $209,854 $210,951 $211,343 $208,788
FY22 6 $140,833 $170,508 $173,785 $181,187 $187,204 $171,446 $159,153 $192,688 $196,391 $204,757 $211,556 $193,748 FY23 6 $157,783 $168,377 $175,832 $185,517 $196,866 $176,825 $171,258 $182,757 $190,848 $201,361 $213,678 $191,926 FY24 11 $160,000 $173,068 $182,125 $197,507 $212,975 $185,626 $168,689 $182,467 $192,015 $208,233 $224,541 $195,706 FY25 11 $169,593 $179,868 $189,601 $203,627 $221,523 $193,016 $174,219 $184,774 $194,772 $209,181 $227,565 $198,280 Change FY24-FY25 1.44% FY21-FY25 -7.19%
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 0% 20% 40% $40 $50 $60 $70 $80 $90 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $170 $180 $190 $200 $210 $220 $230 FY25 Pay Distribution CRS-14 Table 11. Legislative Aide Year # Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average FY22 10 $49,167 $55,781 $66,058 $75,135 $85,554 $66,072 $55,562 $63,037 $74,651 $84,909 $96,683 $74,667 FY23 5 $64,083 $81,625 $83,783 $83,992 $90,283 $80,753 $69,556 $88,596 $90,938 $91,165 $97,993 $87,650 FY24 7 $59,821 $69,375 $73,750 $84,971 $96,810 $77,010 $63,069 $73,142 $77,755 $89,586 $102,067 $81,192 FY25 4 $78,200 $78,301 $78,858 $79,676 $80,565 $79,120 $80,333 $80,437 $81,009 $81,850 $82,762 $81,278 Change FY24-FY25 4.18% Dollars in figures are in thousands. Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. 2026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2026. 0% 50% 100% $40 $50 $60 $70 $80 $90 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $170 $180 $190 $200 $210 $220 $230 FY25 Pay Distribution CRS-15 Table 12. Professional Staff Member Year # Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average FY01 20 $39,833 $60,937 $72,950 $89,726 $132,792 $77,309 $74,386 $113,797 $136,231 $167,559 $247,980 $144,369 FY06 31 $46,383 $72,174 $95,025 $106,743 $132,982 $90,325 $76,092 $118,401 $155,888 $175,112 $218,156 $148,178 FY11 31 $20,065 $71,500 $95,228 $121,194 $171,184 $97,814 $29,501 $105,125 $140,012 $178,190 $251,688 $143,814 FY16 33 $44,279 $67,000 $85,876 $120,000 $171,147 $93,392 $61,016 $92,324 $118,335 $165,357 $235,836 $128,692 Most Recent Five Years FY21 28 $61,000 $95,167 $110,417 $132,396 $163,362 $111,521 $74,452 $116,153 $134,766 $161,592 $199,387 $136,114 FY22 33 $49,412 $88,668 $105,000 $129,192 $186,750 $108,471 $55,840 $100,202 $118,659 $145,997 $211,043 $122,581 FY23 24 $47,390 $97,842 $129,562 $145,985 $186,528 $122,880 $51,437 $106,198 $140,627 $158,453 $202,457 $133,374 FY24 30 $47,390 $87,333 $109,128 $152,289 $200,415 $120,069 $49,963 $92,076 $115,055 $160,559 $211,299 $126,589 FY25 27 $75,000 $109,056 $122,167 $149,999 $190,917 $128,484 $77,046 $112,030 $125,499 $154,090 $196,124 $131,988 Change FY24-FY25 9.08% FY21-FY25 -6.88% FY16-FY25 6.05% FY11-FY25 -10.37% FY06-FY25 -19.49% FY01-FY25 -7.88% Dollars in figures are in thousands. 20242026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. “—” indicates no data available. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 20242026.
.
CRS-14
Table 11. Legislative Aide
Current $, Nominal Constant $, 2024
Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average
FY22 10 $49,167 $55,781 $66,058 $75,135 $85,554 $66,072 $52,441 $59,496 $70,458 $80,139 $91,252 $70,472
FY23 5 $64,083 $81,625 $83,783 $83,992 $90,283 $80,753 $65,649 $83,619 $85,830 $86,043 $92,488 $82,726
Change
FY22-FY23 21.82%
Dollars in figure
are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2024 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. 2024 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2024.
CRS-15
Table 12. Minority Staff Director
Current $, Nominal Constant $, 2024
Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average
FY14 10 $90,500 $168,214 $169,785 $171,315 $171,315 $160,094 $119,327 $221,797 $223,868 $225,885 $225,885 $211,089
Most Recent Five Years
FY19 7 $109,675 $164,817 $171,315 $171,315 $171,315 $160,653 $133,908 $201,233 $209,167 $209,167 $209,167 $196,149
FY20 6 $153,573 $170,408 $173,254 $173,254 $173,254 $169,341 $185,220 $205,524 $208,957 $208,957 $208,957 $204,238
FY21 5 $111,675 $155,154 $172,982 $173,900 $173,900 $157,522 $128,644 $178,730 $199,268 $200,325 $200,325 $181,458
FY22 5 $111,675 $173,900 $182,017 $188,800 $190,042 $169,287 $119,112 $185,481 $194,138 $201,374 $202,698 $180,561
FY23 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 2024 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. “—” indicates no data available. 2024 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2024.
CRS-16
Table 13. Professional Staff Member
Nominal$ 2024$
Year # Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average Minimum Q1 Q2, Median Q3 Maximum Average
FY01 20 $39,833 $60,937 $72,950 $89,726 $132,792 $77,309 $70,207 $107,404 $128,578 $158,146 $234,050 $136,259
FY04 32 $34,065 $68,049 $85,378 $101,933 $134,736 $85,743 $56,290 $112,446 $141,081 $168,438 $222,643 $141,685
FY09 29 $18,224 $86,135 $96,104 $122,582 $169,161 $101,308 $26,516 $125,324 $139,829 $178,353 $246,124 $147,399
FY14 25 $19,208 $62,167 $92,833 $124,224 $165,659 $95,105 $25,327 $81,969 $122,404 $163,794 $218,427 $125,399
Most Recent Five Years
FY19 27 $19,895 $77,758 $103,224 $116,278 $152,000 $96,765 $24,291 $94,939 $126,031 $141,969 $185,585 $118,146
FY20 29 $43,625 $80,336 $111,945 $132,458 $162,400 $102,113 $52,615 $96,891 $135,014 $159,754 $195,867 $123,156
FY21 28 $61,000 $95,167 $110,417 $132,396 $163,362 $111,521 $70,269 $109,628 $127,195 $152,514 $188,186 $128,467
FY22 33 $49,412 $88,668 $105,000 $129,192 $186,750 $108,471 $52,703 $94,573 $111,993 $137,795 $199,187 $115,695
FY23 24 $47,390 $97,842 $129,562 $145,985 $186,528 $122,880 $48,548 $100,232 $132,727 $149,551 $191,084 $125,882
Change
FY22-FY23 18.51%
FY19-FY23 5.31%
FY14-FY23 8.43%
FY09-FY23 -5.08%
FY04-FY23 -5.92%
FY01-FY23 3.23%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 20242026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2024.
CRS-17
Table 14. Research Assistant
Current $, Nominal Constant $, 2024
0% 13% 25% $40 $50 $60 $70 $80 $90 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $170 $180 $190 $200 $210 $220 $230 FY25 Pay Distribution CRS-16 Table 13. Research Assistant Year # Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Year # 2026.
FY22 6 $49,167 $54,674 $57,007 $59,672 $69,823 $57,910 $52,441 $58,315 $60,804 $63,646 $74,473 $61,76755,562 $61,786 $64,423 $67,435 $78,906 $65,443
FY23 7 $56,875 $60,788 $65,417 $70,960 $80,833 $66,660 $58,264 $62,273 $67,015 $72,693 $82,808 $68,289
Change
FY22-FY23 10.21%
Dollars in figure
are in thousands.
FY24 8 $60,250 $63,387 $65,854 $67,466 $83,748 $66,985 $63,522 $66,830 $69,430 $71,130 $88,296 $70,622
FY25 7 $66,417 $71,934 $79,250 $84,050 $85,000 $77,519 $68,228 $73,896 $81,411 $86,342 $87,318 $79,634
Change
FY24-FY25 17.26%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 20242026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2024.
CRS-18
Table 15. Senior Counsel
Nominal$ 2024$
0% 30% 60% $40 $50 $60 $70 $80 $90 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $170 $180 $190 $200 $210 $220 $230 FY25 Pay Distribution CRS-17 Table 14. Senior Counsel Year # Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Year # 2026.
FY01 — — — — — — — — — — — — —
FY04 10 $59,750 $86,507 $97,399 $111,472 $140,487 $101,063 $98,733 $142,948 $160,946 $184,200 $232,146 $166,999
FY09 13 $97,585 $117,052 $134,472 $149,333 $158,651 $131,288 $141,983 $170,308 $195,653 $217,275 $230,833 $191,020
FY14 12 $86,690 $120,016 $132,443 $153,692 $170,650 $133,079 $114,304 $158,245 $174,631 $202,648 $225,008 $175,469
Most Recent Five Years
FY19 9 $112,333 $120,250 $127,828 $151,638 $157,500 $133,767 $137,154 $146,819 $156,071 $185,143 $192,300 $163,323
FY20 14 $98,958 $119,687 $140,542 $154,537 $173,254 $136,408 $119,351 $144,352 $169,503 $186,383 $208,957 $164,517
FY21 11 $98,302 $112,280 $126,750 $147,724 $163,475 $129,051 $113,239 $129,341 $146,010 $170,172 $188,316 $148,661
FY22 11 $103,125 $129,191 $136,000 $157,614 $184,999 $144,083 $109,992 $137,795 $145,057 $168,111 $197,319 $153,679
FY23 7 $100,625 $103,859 $143,875 $177,713 $189,667 $142,473 $103,083 $106,396 $147,389 $182,054 $194,300 $145,953
Change
FY22-FY23 1.61%
FY19-FY23 -5.56%
FY14-FY23 -15.60%
FY09-FY23 -24.67%
FY04-FY23 -8.42%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
FY11 10 $79,792 $107,439 $139,372 $156,703 $171,315 $131,807 $117,316 $157,966 $204,916 $230,398 $251,881 $193,794
FY16 16 $71,663 $118,191 $140,740 $158,934 $161,604 $133,461 $98,749 $162,865 $193,937 $219,008 $222,687 $183,906
Most Recent Five Years
FY21 11 $98,302 $112,280 $126,750 $147,724 $163,475 $129,051 $119,979 $137,040 $154,701 $180,300 $199,524 $157,509
FY22 11 $103,125 $129,191 $136,000 $157,614 $184,999 $144,083 $116,539 $145,997 $153,691 $178,117 $209,063 $162,826
FY23 7 $100,625 $103,859 $143,875 $177,713 $189,667 $142,473 $109,218 $112,728 $156,162 $192,890 $205,864 $154,640
FY24 15 $112,708 $134,100 $150,000 $171,012 $192,371 $150,995 $118,829 $141,382 $158,146 $180,299 $202,817 $159,195
FY25 8 $122,933 $130,012 $138,867 $152,230 $177,528 $142,454 $126,286 $133,559 $142,654 $156,382 $182,370 $146,340
Change
FY24-FY25 -9.80%
FY21-FY25 -7.79%
FY16-FY25 -26.44%
FY11-FY25 -30.38%
FY06-FY25 -12.93%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 20242026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. “—” indicates no data available. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2024.
CRS-19
Table 16. Senior Professional Staff Member
Nominal$ 2024$
0% 13% 25% $40 $50 $60 $70 $80 $90 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $170 $180 $190 $200 $210 $220 $230 FY25 Pay Distribution CRS-18 Table 15. Senior Professional Staff Member Year # Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Year # 2026.
FY09 6 $130,128 $133,656 $136,534 $144,679 $169,161 $142,075 $189,332 $194,466 $198,653 $210,504 $246,124 $206,714
FY14 11 $59,152 $103,106 $112,000 $142,521 $154,363 $114,887 $77,994 $135,949 $147,676 $187,919 $203,534 $151,483
Most Recent Five Years
FY19 10 $77,257 $119,002 $141,795 $150,714 $161,807 $132,421 $94,327 $145,296 $173,125 $184,014 $197,558 $161,680
FY20 11 $103,391 $120,984 $131,400 $142,877 $166,283 $132,517 $124,697 $145,916 $158,478 $172,320 $200,549 $159,825
FY21 10 $83,250 $121,410 $134,050 $144,175 $164,321 $131,539 $95,900 $139,859 $154,419 $166,083 $189,290 $151,527
FY22 11 $105,000 $134,220 $144,873 $159,256 $169,562 $145,318 $111,993 $143,159 $154,521 $169,862 $180,855 $154,996
FY23 8 $110,835 $112,632 $128,269 $152,742 $176,333 $135,158 $113,543 $115,383 $131,403 $156,473 $180,641 $138,460
Change
FY22-FY23 -14.96%
FY19-FY23 -24.10%
FY14-FY23 -11.02%
FY09-FY23 -33.85%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
FY16 12 $71,051 $111,270 $122,102 $133,161 $171,315 $119,523 $97,906 $153,327 $168,254 $183,493 $236,068 $164,700
Most Recent Five Years
FY21 10 $83,250 $121,410 $134,050 $144,175 $164,321 $131,539 $101,608 $148,183 $163,610 $175,968 $200,556 $160,546
FY22 11 $105,000 $134,220 $144,873 $159,256 $169,562 $145,318 $118,659 $151,680 $163,718 $179,972 $191,619 $164,221
FY23 8 $110,835 $112,632 $128,269 $152,742 $176,333 $135,158 $120,301 $122,251 $139,224 $165,787 $191,392 $146,701
FY24 10 $105,625 $134,125 $151,398 $169,025 $182,585 $149,386 $111,361 $141,409 $159,620 $178,204 $192,501 $157,498
FY25 14 $79,052 $119,562 $137,344 $174,519 $186,302 $141,724 $81,208 $122,823 $141,090 $179,279 $191,383 $145,590
Change
FY24-FY25 -11.61%
FY21-FY25 -13.76%
FY16-FY25 -16.14%
FY11-FY25 -14.77%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 20242026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2024.
CRS-20
Table 17. Staff Assistant
Nominal$ 2024$
0% 13% 25% $40 $50 $60 $70 $80 $90 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $170 $180 $190 $200 $210 $220 $230 FY25 Pay Distribution CRS-19 Table 16. Staff Assistant Year # Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Year # 2026.
FY01 19 $25,750 $32,297 $37,480 $48,082 $62,500 $40,255 $45,385 $56,925 $66,059 $84,746 $110,158 $70,951
FY04 24 $24,374 $33,991 $36,404 $41,907 $74,208 $39,881 $40,277 $56,168 $60,155 $69,248 $122,623 $65,900
FY09 29 $29,405 $36,382 $39,465 $48,696 $85,670 $45,776 $42,783 $52,935 $57,421 $70,852 $124,647 $66,602
FY14 16 $30,081 $34,134 $40,174 $51,644 $99,667 $48,008 $39,663 $45,007 $52,970 $68,094 $131,414 $63,301
Most Recent Five Years
FY19 14 $34,187 $37,451 $40,908 $52,656 $107,175 $51,547 $41,741 $45,726 $49,946 $64,291 $130,855 $62,936
FY20 20 $33,000 $40,613 $45,460 $50,786 $62,438 $45,689 $39,800 $48,983 $54,828 $61,252 $75,305 $55,104
FY21 14 $33,500 $41,946 $47,000 $58,203 $112,164 $54,962 $38,590 $48,319 $54,142 $67,047 $129,208 $63,314
FY22 19 $34,479 $45,370 $49,494 $55,677 $119,409 $54,944 $36,775 $48,392 $52,791 $59,385 $127,361 $58,603
FY23 13 $40,000 $44,629 $55,727 $65,057 $123,402 $58,940 $40,977 $45,719 $57,089 $66,646 $126,416 $60,380
Change
FY22-FY23 8.14%
FY19-FY23 14.30%
FY14-FY23 7.77%
FY09-FY23 -0.58%
FY04-FY23 -5.10%
FY01-FY23 -13.58%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
FY06 19 $24,375 $34,559 $40,792 $43,515 $79,962 $42,797 $39,987 $56,694 $66,919 $71,386 $131,178 $70,208
FY11 24 $32,169 $35,137 $41,793 $47,657 $87,002 $43,959 $47,297 $51,662 $61,448 $70,069 $127,917 $64,633
FY16 18 $28,401 $36,102 $38,373 $43,107 $105,062 $45,265 $39,136 $49,748 $52,878 $59,400 $144,773 $62,374
Most Recent Five Years
FY21 14 $33,500 $41,946 $47,000 $58,203 $112,164 $54,962 $40,887 $51,195 $57,364 $71,038 $136,898 $67,082
FY22 19 $34,479 $45,370 $49,494 $55,677 $119,409 $54,944 $38,964 $51,272 $55,933 $62,919 $134,941 $62,091
FY23 13 $40,000 $44,629 $55,727 $65,057 $123,402 $58,940 $43,416 $48,440 $60,487 $70,613 $133,941 $63,974
FY24 21 $39,917 $53,600 $58,779 $65,417 $70,362 $57,850 $42,084 $56,510 $61,971 $68,969 $74,183 $60,992
FY25 11 $44,000 $50,069 $59,655 $67,045 $69,542 $58,455 $45,200 $51,435 $61,282 $68,874 $71,438 $60,050
Change
FY24-FY25 -1.11%
FY21-FY25 6.83%
FY16-FY25 15.89%
FY11-FY25 -0.27%
FY06-FY25 -8.42%
FY01-FY25 -12.44%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 20242026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2024.
CRS-21
Table 18. Staff Director
Nominal$ 2024$
0% 15% 30% $40 $50 $60 $70 $80 $90 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $170 $180 $190 $200 $210 $220 $230 FY25 Pay Distribution CRS-20 Table 17. Staff Director Year # Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Year # 2026.
FY01 7 $122,300 $127,396 $131,658 $139,564 $141,465 $132,763 $215,559 $224,539 $232,051 $245,986 $249,337 $234,000
FY04 13 $95,875 $140,482 $152,015 $154,336 $154,565 $145,224 $158,427 $232,138 $251,195 $255,030 $255,408 $239,974
FY09 6 $108,585 $150,701 $167,386 $168,285 $169,161 $154,373 $157,988 $219,266 $243,541 $244,849 $246,124 $224,609
FY14 14 $96,250 $150,862 $169,729 $171,281 $171,315 $153,548 $126,909 $198,916 $223,794 $225,840 $225,885 $202,459
Most Recent Five Years
FY19 16 $135,148 $168,000 $171,315 $171,315 $171,315 $166,718 $165,010 $205,120 $209,167 $209,167 $209,167 $203,554
FY20 19 $159,221 $170,157 $173,254 $173,254 $173,254 $170,279 $192,032 $205,222 $208,957 $208,957 $208,957 $205,368
FY21 16 $123,750 $168,045 $173,269 $173,900 $186,942 $167,963 $142,554 $193,580 $199,598 $200,325 $215,349 $193,485
FY22 21 $141,667 $182,037 $188,077 $189,463 $190,042 $181,458 $151,101 $194,160 $200,603 $202,081 $202,698 $193,542
FY23 13 $142,320 $203,546 $207,900 $210,000 $227,758 $203,066 $145,796 $208,518 $212,978 $215,130 $233,321 $208,026
Change
FY22-FY23 6.17%
FY19-FY23 1.82%
FY14-FY23 -4.83%
FY09-FY23 -12.55%
FY04-FY23 -15.21%
FY01-FY23 -8.22%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
FY06 15 $101,512 $137,568 $157,829 $160,877 $161,740 $145,942 $166,530 $225,680 $258,917 $263,918 $265,334 $239,417
FY11 11 $102,000 $165,915 $170,217 $171,315 $171,315 $159,853 $149,969 $243,942 $250,267 $251,881 $251,881 $235,030
FY16 18 $112,500 $160,682 $170,881 $171,315 $171,315 $163,513 $155,022 $221,415 $235,470 $236,068 $236,068 $225,317
Most Recent Five Years
FY21 16 $123,750 $168,045 $173,269 $173,900 $186,942 $167,963 $151,039 $205,102 $211,478 $212,248 $228,167 $205,002
FY22 21 $141,667 $182,037 $188,077 $189,463 $190,042 $181,458 $160,095 $205,717 $212,543 $214,109 $214,763 $205,062
FY23 13 $142,320 $203,546 $207,900 $210,000 $227,758 $203,066 $154,474 $220,929 $225,655 $227,934 $247,208 $220,408
FY24 29 $142,328 $209,952 $216,550 $219,450 $219,450 $207,961 $150,057 $221,353 $228,310 $231,367 $231,367 $219,255
FY25 18 $155,950 $219,367 $224,037 $224,750 $224,750 $215,956 $160,203 $225,350 $230,148 $230,880 $230,880 $221,846
Change
FY24-FY25 0.81%
FY21-FY25 8.83%
FY16-FY25 -2.26%
FY11-FY25 -8.04%
FY06-FY25 -11.11%
FY01-FY25 -6.39%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 20242026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 2024.
CRS-22
Table 19. Systems Administrator
Nominal$ 2024$
0% 25% 50% $40 $50 $60 $70 $80 $90 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $170 $180 $190 $200 $210 $220 $230 FY25 Pay Distribution CRS-21 Table 18. Systems Administrator Year # Nominal, Current $ Constant 2026 $ Year # 2026.
FY01 7 $37,766 $47,907 $53,000 $60,723 $79,902 $55,418 $66,564 $84,438 $93,414 $107,027 $140,830 $97,677
FY04 8 $57,215 $61,823 $64,965 $67,590 $75,258 $65,508 $94,544 $102,158 $107,351 $111,689 $124,359 $108,248
FY09 5 $87,962 $90,133 $98,230 $100,200 $112,571 $97,819 $127,982 $131,140 $142,921 $145,788 $163,788 $142,324
FY14 5 $77,563 $77,871 $103,212 $109,720 $124,791 $98,631 $102,269 $102,676 $136,089 $144,670 $164,542 $130,049
Most Recent Five Years
FY19 4 $77,103 $97,838 $108,546 $115,175 $123,676 $104,468 $94,139 $119,456 $132,529 $140,624 $151,003 $127,550
FY20 7 $82,603 $90,277 $99,000 $117,984 $139,650 $105,397 $99,625 $108,881 $119,401 $142,298 $168,428 $127,116
FY21 5 $79,603 $86,333 $89,000 $133,333 $133,724 $104,399 $91,699 $99,452 $102,524 $153,594 $154,044 $120,263
FY22 7 $80,153 $86,432 $88,500 $125,297 $145,711 $105,403 $85,491 $92,189 $94,394 $133,642 $155,415 $112,423
FY23 6 $94,167 $97,744 $99,188 $113,305 $155,935 $94,167 $96,467 $100,131 $101,610 $116,073 $159,744 $96,467
Change
FY22-FY23 18.86%
FY19-FY23 -23.33%
FY14-FY23 -25.34%
FY09-FY23 -28.90%
FY04-FY23 -5.35%
FY01-FY23 8.77%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
FY06 9 $61,917 $75,965 $78,318 $82,083 $104,374 $79,205 $101,574 $124,620 $128,480 $134,657 $171,224 $129,936
FY11 7 $79,802 $92,854 $99,527 $131,625 $171,315 $107,283 $117,331 $136,522 $146,332 $193,526 $251,881 $157,736
FY16 6 $77,579 $82,621 $98,752 $101,847 $110,988 $94,366 $106,903 $113,850 $136,078 $140,343 $152,939 $130,034
Most Recent Five Years
FY21 5 $79,603 $86,333 $89,000 $133,333 $133,724 $104,399 $97,157 $105,371 $108,626 $162,736 $163,213 $127,421
FY22 7 $80,153 $86,432 $88,500 $125,297 $145,711 $105,403 $90,579 $97,676 $100,012 $141,596 $164,665 $119,114
FY23 6 $94,167 $97,744 $99,188 $113,305 $155,935 $94,167 $102,209 $106,091 $107,658 $122,981 $169,252 $102,209
FY24 5 $97,250 $102,042 $103,417 $121,700 $154,561 $115,794 $102,531 $107,584 $109,033 $128,309 $162,955 $122,082
FY25 4 $102,000 $107,835 $112,590 $125,145 $154,382 $120,391 $104,782 $110,777 $115,661 $128,559 $158,593 $123,674
Change
FY24-FY25 6.08%
FY21-FY25 6.48%
FY16-FY25 -15.00%
FY11-FY25 -20.96%
FY06-FY25 -9.98%
FY01-FY25 16.86%
Dollars in figures are in thousands.
Source: Report of the Secretary of the Senate, as collated by LegiStorm, various years, and CRS calculations. Percentage change is based on change in median pay for the periods noted. In the visualizations, position pay information based on 0% 25% 50% $40 $50 $60 $70 $80 $90 $100 $110 $120 $130 $140 $150 $160 $170 $180 $190 $200 $210 $220 $230 FY25 Pay Distribution20242026 dollars in thousands of dollars, or change in those levels, is presented in solid purple. 20242026 dollars are based on Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for the first half of 20242026.
.
Senate Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, FY2001-FY2023FY2025
Congressional Research Service R44325 · VERSION 1214 · UPDATED 2322
R. Eric Petersen Specialist in American National Government
Research Assistant
A number of CRS staff made substantial contributions to this report. Tyler L. Wolanin, former Research Assistant, collected data and coauthored this report. William T. Egar, former Analyst in American National Government, provided technical assistance, and authored a section of the report. Jonathan P. KardashianWendy Henning, User Support Specialist, User Support Specialist, and Andrew M. Schaefer, Editor, provided formatting, editorial, and production support.
Previous versions of the report were supported by the following: Barbara L. Schwemle, Analyst in American National Government, provided technical assistance. Casey Burgat, former Research Assistant, provided update support. Sandra L. Edwards, User Support Specialist, Jonathan P. Kardashian, User Support Specialist, Claudia Guidi, formerly a User Support Specialist, and Alex Marine, former Editor, provided formatting, editorial, and production support; and Jacobo Licona, Brian Hamel, Joe Wisniewski, and Claire Laurence, former CRS interns, collected data for this report.
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.