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Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

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Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

July 30, 2024

Congressional Research Service

https://crsreports.congress.gov

R48145

Congressional Research Service

SUMMARY

Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

Updated June 17, 2025 (R48145) Jump to Main Text of Report

Contents

Summary

The legislative branch appropriations bill provides funding for the Senate; House of Representatives; Joint Items; Capitol Police; Office of Congressional Workplace Rights; Congressional Budget Office (CBO); Architect of the Capitol (AOC); Library of Congress (LOC), including the Congressional Research Service (CRS); Government Publishing Office (GPO); Government Accountability Office (GAO); Congressional Office for International Leadership (COIL); and John C. Stennis Center.

The FY2025 Budget Appendix volume was submitted on March 11, 2024 ($7.256 billion, +7.4% from the FY2024 enacted level, including a budget amendment submitted on May 22, which would decrease the legislative branch request by $4.3 million, Title I only). The House and Senate Legislative Branch Appropriations Subcommittees held hearings on the requests in April and May.

On May 23, 2024, the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch, held a markup of the FY2024FY2025 bill and ordered it reported by voice vote. On June 13, 2024, the full House Appropriations Committee marked up the bill and ordered it reported by roll call vote (Roll no. 2, 33-24) (H.R. 8772, , H.Rept. 118-555). The House-reported bill would have provided $5.545 billion, not including Senate items, a $189.2 million increase (+3.5%) from the comparable FY2024 enacted level. The House Rules Committee met to discuss a rule for consideration of H.R. 8772 on July 8, 2024. The House adopted the special rule (H.Res. 1341, , H.Rept. 118-578) on July 9, 2024 (Roll no. 339, 205-201). The House debated H.R. 8772 on July 11, 2024. Four amendments were considered, and 3 roll call votes were held. H.R. 8772 failed to pass in the House (205-213; Roll no. 352).

On July 11, 2024, the Senate Appropriations Committee held a markup of the FY2025 legislative branch appropriations bill. The committee ordered the bill reported by a vote of 27-0. The bill, as amended, would providehave provided $4.913 billion (not including House items). This level represents, a $181.1 million increase (+3.8%) from the comparable FY2024 enacted level.

Previously

Legislative branch funding for FY2025 was initially provided by continuing appropriations resolutions (P.L. 118-83, through December 20, 2024; and P.L. 118-158, through March 14, 2025). On March 15, 2025, the President signed H.R. 1968—the Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025—into law (P.L. 119-4). Division A of the act provided for a continuation of FY2024 funding levels, under the same authorities and conditions, with some anomalies.

Previously

The FY2024 level of $6.749 billion represented a decrease of $157.7 million, or -2.3%, when compared to the "grand total" for FY2023; or a decrease of $144.0 million, or -2.1%, when considering Title I only.

The FY2023 level of $6.899 billion (not including supplemental appropriations of $7.5 million) represented an increase of $975.2 million (+16.5%) from the FY2022 level.

The FY2022 level of $5.924 billion represented an increase of $618.8 million (+11.7%) from the FY2021 level, not including the FY2021 supplemental.

The FY2021 level of $5.304 billion represented an increase of $255.0 million (+5.1%) from the FY2020 level, not including the FY2021 supplemental.

The FY2020 level of $5.049 billion represented an increase of $202.8 million (+4.2%) from the FY2019 level, not including the FY2020 supplemental.

The FY2019 level of $4.836 billion represented an increase of $136.0 million (+2.9%) from FY2018, not including the FY2019 supplemental.

The FY2018 level of $4.700 billion represented an increase of $260.0 million (+5.9%) from FY2017.

The FY2017 level of $4.440 billion represented an increase of $77.0 million (+1.7%) from FY2016.

The FY2016 level of $4.363 billion represented an increase of $63.0 million (+1.5%) from FY2015.

R48145

July 30, 2024

Ida A. Brudnick Specialist on the Congress

Legislative Branch: FY2024 Appropriations

Congressional Research Service

The FY2015 level of $4.300 billion represented an increase of $41.7 million (+1.0%) from FY2014.

The FY2014 level of $4.259 billion represented an increase of $198 million (+4.9%) from FY2013.

The FY2013 level of $4.061 billion represented a decrease of $246 million (-5.6%), including the sequestration and rescission, from FY2012.

The smallest of the appropriations bills, the legislative branch bill comprises approximately 0.4% of total discretionary budget authority.

Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

Congressional Research Service

Contents

FY2025 Consideration: Overview of Actions ................................................................................. 1

Status of FY2025 Appropriations: Dates and Documents......................................................... 1 Submission of FY2025 Budget Request on March 11, 2024 .................................................... 2 Senate and House Hearings on the FY2025 Budget Requests .................................................. 3

House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch, Markup

of FY2025 Bill ....................................................................................................................... 4

House Appropriations Committee Markup of the FY2025 Bill (H.R. 8772, H.Rept.

118-555) ................................................................................................................................. 4

Special Rule for Consideration of H.R. 8772 (H.Res. 1341) .................................................... 4 House Consideration and Failure on Passage of H.R. 8772 ...................................................... 5

Consideration of 302(b) Levels ................................................................................................. 5

Senate Appropriations Committee Markup of FY2025 Bill (S. 4678, S.Rept. 118-192) .......... 6

Funding in Prior Years: Brief Overview and Trends ....................................................................... 6 FY2025 Legislative Branch Funding Issues .................................................................................. 16

Senate ...................................................................................................................................... 16

Overall Funding ................................................................................................................ 16 Senate Committee Funding ............................................................................................... 16

Senators’ Official Personnel and Office Expense Account ............................................... 16

House of Representatives ........................................................................................................ 17

Overall Funding ................................................................................................................ 17 House Committee Funding ............................................................................................... 17 Members’ Representational Allowance ............................................................................ 17 Compensation of Interns ................................................................................................... 17

Support Agency Funding ......................................................................................................... 18

U.S. Capitol Police (USCP) .............................................................................................. 18 Office of Congressional Workplace Rights (OCWR) ....................................................... 19 Congressional Budget Office (CBO) ................................................................................ 19 Architect of the Capitol (AOC) ......................................................................................... 19

Library of Congress (LOC) ............................................................................................... 20

Government Publishing Office (GPO) .............................................................................. 22

Government Accountability Office (GAO) ....................................................................... 23

Congressional Office for International Leadership (COIL; Formerly Open World

Leadership Center) ......................................................................................................... 23

John C. Stennis Center for Public Service Training and Development ............................ 24

General Provisions .................................................................................................................. 24 Introduction to Summary Tables and Appendix ...................................................................... 25

Figures

Figure 1. Legislative Branch Funding FY2010-FY2024: Current and Constant Dollars .............. 13

Figure 2. Distribution of Legislative Branch Funding: FY2023 and FY2024 .............................. 14 Figure 3. Timing of Legislative Branch Appropriations Consideration: FY1996-FY2024 .......... 15

Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

Congressional Research Service

Tables

Table 1. Status of Legislative Branch Appropriations, FY2025 ...................................................... 1

Table 2. Dates of House and Senate Hearings on Legislative Branch FY2025 Budget

Requests ....................................................................................................................................... 3

Table 3. Legislative Branch Funding, FY2010-FY2024: Current and Constant Dollars .............. 12 Table 4. General Provisions ........................................................................................................... 24

Table 5. Legislative Branch Appropriations: Funding Levels by Agency or Entity ...................... 26

Table 6. Senate Appropriations ...................................................................................................... 27

Table 7. House of Representatives Appropriations........................................................................ 28 Table 8. Capitol Police Appropriations.......................................................................................... 30 Table 9. Architect of the Capitol Appropriations ........................................................................... 30

Table A-1. Overview of Legislative Branch Appropriations: FY1998-FY2025 ........................... 31

Appendixes

Appendix. Fiscal Year Information and Resources ....................................................................... 31

Contacts

Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 34

Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

Congressional Research Service 1

FY2025 Consideration: Overview of Actions

FY2025 Consideration: Overview of Actions

The first section of this report provides an overview of the consideration of FY2025 legislative branch appropriations, with subsections covering each action, including

the initial submission of the request on March 11, 2024 ($7.256 billion, +7.4%, including a budget amendment submitted May 22, 2023, which decreased the total legislative branch request by $4.3 million, Title I only);

hearings held by the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch and the Senate Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch, in April and May 2024;

a markup of the FY2025 legislative branch appropriations bill by the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch on May 23, 2024;

a markup of the FY2025 legislative branch appropriations bill on June 13, 2024, by the House Appropriations Committee, which ordered it to be reported by roll call vote (H.R. 8772, , H.Rept. 118-555); );

action on a special rule for the consideration of H.R. 8772 ( (H.Res. 1341) on July 9, 2024;

House floor consideration and failure to pass H.R. 8772 on July 11, 2024;

consideration of the suballocation of budget allocations in the Senate Appropriations Committee on July 11, 2024; and

a markup on July 11, 2024, of the FY2025 legislative branch appropriations bill by the Senate Appropriations Committee, which ordered it reported by a vote of 27-0 (S. 4678, , S.Rept. 118-192).

);

  • the enactment of continuing appropriations resolutions providing initial funding for the legislative branch for FY2025 (P.L. 118-83, through December 20, 2024; and P.L. 118-158, through March 14, 2025);
  • the provision of $10.0 million for GAO "for audits and investigations related to Hurricanes Helene and Milton, and other disasters declared pursuant to the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) in calendar years 2023 and 2024" (Division B, Title IX of P.L. 118-158); and
  • the enactment, on March 15, 2025, of P.L. 119-4, the Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025. Division A of the act provides for a continuation of FY2024 funding levels, under the same authorities and conditions, with some anomalies.
  • It is followed by a section on prior-year actions and funding, which contains a historical table and figure.

    The report then provides an overview of the FY2025 budget requests of individual legislative branch agencies and entities.

    Table 5 through Table 9 list enacted funding levels for FY2024, and funding levels in the FY2025 request, the House-reported bill, and the Senate-reported bill, and P.L. 119-4, while the Appendix lists House, Senate, and conference bills and reports; public law numbers; and enactment dates since FY1998.

    Status of FY2025 Appropriations: Dates and Documents

    Table 1. Status of Legislative Branch Appropriations, FY2025

    House

    Committee

    Markup

    Senate

    Committee

    Markup House Report

    House

    Action

    Senate Report

    Senate

    Passage Public Law

    6/13/24 (33-24)

    7/11/24

    (27-0)

    House Committee Markup SenateCommittee Markup

    House Report

    House Action

    Senate Report

    Senate Passage

    Public Law

    6/13/24

    (33-24)

    7/11/24(27-0)

    H.R. 8772,

    H.Rept. 118-

    555

    555

    7/11/24

    H.R. 8772

    failed

    failed (205-213)

    S. 4678,

    S.Rept. 118-

    192

    192 3/15/25P.L. 119-4

    Source: Congressional Research Service examination of congress.gov data. Note: The House subcommittee markup was held on May 23, 2024.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 2

    Submission of FY2025 Budget Request on March 11, 2024

    The FY2025 Budget Appendix volume, which includes the legislative branch budget request, was submitted on March 11, 2024.

    The budget included a note accompanying each account addressing timing, since the FY2025 budget submission occurred prior to the enactment of FY2024 funding on March 23, 2024. The paragraph stated:1

    Note.—A full-year 2024 appropriation for this account was not enacted at the time the Budget was prepared; therefore, the Budget assumes this account is operating under the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2024 and Other Extensions Act (Division A of Public Law 118-15, as amended). The amounts included for 2024 reflect the annualized level provided by the continuing resolution.

    Additionally, as explained annually by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB):2

    2

    The budget covers the agencies of all three branches of Government—Executive, Legislative, and Judicial—and provides information on Government-sponsored enterprises. In accordance with law or established practice, OMB includes information on agencies of the Legislative Branch, the Judicial Branch, and certain Executive Branch agencies as submitted by those agencies without change.

    The independence of the submissions by the legislative branch agencies and entities is codified in Title 31, Section 1105, of the U.S. Code, which states the following:3

    Estimated expenditures and proposed appropriations for the legislative branch and the judicial branch to be included in each budget ... shall be submitted to the President ... and included in the budget by the President without change.

    Furthermore, Division C of the FY2012 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 112-74) added language to Title 31, Section 1107, relating to budget amendments, stating the following:

    The President shall transmit promptly to Congress without change, proposed deficiency and supplemental appropriations submitted to the President by the legislative branch and the judicial branch.

    On May 22, 2024, the President submitted a budget amendment, which stated4

    This transmittal also contains one FY 2025 Budget amendment for the Legislative Branch. As a matter of comity and tradition, this appropriations request for the Legislative Branch is transmitted without change. This amendment would decrease by $4 million the overall discretionary budget authority in my FY 2025 Budget.

    The budget amendment addressed the Office of Congressional Accessibility Services (a revised request of $1.8 million).

    1 Office of Management and Budget, Appendix, pp. 13-46, https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/appendix/.

    2 Office of Management and Budget, OMB Circular No. A-11 (2022), Section 10, Overview of the Budget Process, p. 2, https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/information-for-agencies/circulars/.

    3 An act “To revise, codify, and enact without substantive change certain general and permanent laws, related to money and finance, as title 31, United States Code, ‘Money and Finance,’” P.L. 97-258, September 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 910.

    4 President Joseph R. Biden, “Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives on Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Amendments,” May 24, 2024, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2024/05/22/letter-to- the-speaker-of-the-house-of-representatives-on-fiscal-year-2025-budget-amendments/.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 3

    The revised FY2025 budget contained a request for $7.256 billion in new budget authority for legislative branch activities (+7.4%).5

    Senate and House Hearings on the FY2025 Budget Requests

    Table 2 lists the dates of hearings of the legislative branch subcommittees. Prepared statements of witnesses were posted on the subcommittee websites.

    Table 2. Dates of House and Senate Hearings on Legislative

    Branch FY2025 Budget Requests

    House of

    Representativesa Senateb

    Senate — May 22, 2024

    House of Representatives April 17, 2024 —

    U.S. Capitol Police April 10, 2024 May 22, 2024

    Office of Congressional Workplace Rights April 16, 2024 —

    Congressional Budget Office April 10, 2024 May 8, 2024

    Architect of the Capitol April 16, 2024 May 15, 2024

    Library of Congress, including the Congressional Research Service (CRS) April 16, 2024 May 15, 2024

    Government Publishing Office April 10, 2024 May 8, 2024

    Government Accountability Office April 10, 2024 May 8, 2024

    Congressional Office for International Leadership/Open World Leadership Center April 16, 2024 —

    Member Day/Public Witnesses April 17, 2024 —

    John C. Stennis Center for Public Service April 16, 2024 —

    Source: CRS examination of House and Senate Appropriations Committee websites. Notes: a. House of Representativesa Senateb

    Senate

    May 22, 2024

    House of Representatives

    April 17, 2024

    U.S. Capitol Police

    April 10, 2024

    May 22, 2024

    Office of Congressional Workplace Rights

    April 16, 2024

    Congressional Budget Office

    April 10, 2024

    May 8, 2024

    Architect of the Capitol

    April 16, 2024

    May 15, 2024

    Library of Congress, including the Congressional Research Service (CRS)

    April 16, 2024

    May 15, 2024

    Government Publishing Office

    April 10, 2024

    May 8, 2024

    Government Accountability Office

    April 10, 2024

    May 8, 2024

    Congressional Office for International Leadership/Open World Leadership Center

    April 16, 2024

    Member Day/Public Witnesses

    April 17, 2024

    John C. Stennis Center for Public Service

    April 16, 2024

    Source: CRS examination of House and Senate Appropriations Committee websites.

    Notes:

    a. The House Appropriations Committee announced via a dear colleague letter that it would accept programmatic and language submissions from Members through May 3, 2024. As in prior years, community project funding requests were not accepted for the legislative branch bill. House Appropriations Committee, "FY25 Member Request Guidance” (" (https://appropriations.house.gov/member-requests/fy25- member-request-guidance). ).

    b. The Senate Appropriations Committee again indicated that it would not be accepting congressionally directed spending requests for the legislative branch bill. It announced a deadline of May 14, 2024, for both programmatic requests and bill and report language requests. Senate Committee on Appropriations, "General Guidance on Fiscal Year 2025 Appropriations Requests” (" (https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/ download/fy2025-appropriations-requests-general-guidance).

    5 The $7.256 billion in new budget authority does not include scorekeeping adjustments or a requested provision for authority to make purchases of materials and services during emergencies (§131). For additional information, see Table 5.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 4

    ).

    House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch, Markup of FY2025 Bill

    On May 23, 2024, the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch, held a markup of the FY2025 bill. The subcommittee recommended $5.545 billion, a $189.2 million increase (+3.5%) from the comparable 2024 enacted level, not including Senate items (which are historically considered by the Senate and not included in the House bill).

    No amendments were offered, and the bill was ordered to be reported to the full committee by voice vote.

    House Appropriations Committee Markup of the FY2025 Bill (H.R. 8772, , H.Rept. 118-555))

    The House Appropriations Committee held a markup on June 13, 2024.

    The bill was ordered to be reported by recorded vote (33-24). The House-reported bill would have provided $5.545 billion in discretionary appropriations, an increase of $189.2 million (or +3.5%).

    A number of amendments were considered:6

    A manager's amendment, offered by Subcommittee Chair David Valadao, to add one gratuity payment; make adjustments to the Capitol Police, Architect of the Capitol, and Library of Congress (related to reimbursable and revolving fund activities) line items; add a general provision prohibiting the scheduled January 2025 Member pay adjustment; and make changes to the accompanying draft committee report, which was adopted by voice vote.

    An amendment, offered by Representative Espaillat, which would have restored funding for the House Office of Diversity and Inclusion, struck specified administrative and general provisions, and added a general provision related to plastic waste reduction. This amendment was not adopted (24-32).

    An amendment, offered by Representative Aguilar, which would have added a general provision to permit funds in the act to be used to employ individuals with an employment authorization document under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Program, was not adopted (voice vote).

    An amendment, offered by Representative Morelle, related to the establishment of an Office of the Chief Artificial Intelligence Officer within the Office of the Chief Administrative Officer of the House, which was withdrawn.

    An amendment, offered by Representative Morelle, related to amounts collected pursuant to an order of restitution, which was withdrawn.

    Special Rule for Consideration of H.R. 8772 ( (H.Res. 1341))

    The House Rules Committee met to discuss a rule for consideration of H.R. 8772 on July 8, 2024. on July 8, 2024.

    6 See text at U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, “Amendments to the Legislative Branch Appropriations Bill FY2024,” full committee markup, June 13, 2024, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AP/AP00/ 20240613/117435/HMKP-118-AP00-20240613-SD007.pdf.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 5

    A total of 44 proposed amendments to the legislative branch bill were submitted. The special rule made 4 of these proposed amendments in order for consideration on the floor.

    In considering the special rule, the House Rules Committee held 3 votes:7

    Rules Committee record vote No. 256. A motion "by Ms. Scanlon to amend the rule to make in order amendment #30 to H.R. 8772, offered by Representative Jackson Lee, which strikes section 212, prohibiting the use of funds for purposes of DEI. Defeated: 3-8.

    " Rules Committee record vote No. 257. A motion "by Ms. Leger Fernandez to amend the rule to make in order amendment #10 to H.R. 8772, offered by Representative Davids, which strikes section 213. Defeated: 3-8.

    " Rules Committee record vote No. 258. A motion "by Mr. Reschenthaler to report the rule. Adopted: 8-3.

    "H.Res. 1341 ( (H.Rept. 118-578), which also provided for the consideration of four measures in addition to the legislative branch bill, was agreed to in the House on July 9, 2024 (Roll no. 339, 205-201).

    House Consideration and Failure on Passage of H.R. 8772

    The House debated H.R. 8772 on July 11, 2024.

    Pursuant to the provisions of H.Res. 1341, the amendments printed in H.Rept. 118-578 were in order.

    The House considered four amendments and held roll call votes on three of them:

    1. An amendment offered by Representative Huizenga, which would have

    prohibited the use of funds in the act for the Congressional Office of International Leadership. The amendment failed (169-240, Roll no. 348).

    2. An amendment offered by Representative Ogles (and managed in the House by

    Representative Self), which would have prohibited the use of funds in the act to impose a COVID-19 mask mandate. This amendment was agreed to by voice vote.

    3. An amendment offered by Representative Self, which would have prohibited

    funds in the act from going toward the charging of electric vehicles in the Capitol Complex. The amendment failed (149-262, Roll no. 349).

    4. An amendment offered by Representative Jackson (TX), which would have

    reduced funding for the Office of the Attending Physician to FY2020 levels. The amendment failed (128-289, Roll no. 350).

    A motion to recommit failed (206-211, Roll no. 351).

    H.R. 8772 failed on passage in the House (205-213, Roll no. 352).

    Consideration of 302(b) Levels

    The Senate Appropriations Committee approved its initial 302(b) suballocations on July 11, 2024. The plan would include $7.000 billion in discretionary budget authority for the legislative branch.

    7 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Rules, “H.R. 8772 - Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2025,” https://rules.house.gov/bill/118/hr-8772.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 6

    This is equivalent to 0.4% of total discretionary budget authority and 1.0% of nonsecurity discretionary budget authority (S.Rept. 118-190). ).

    Senate Appropriations Committee Markup of FY2025 Bill (S. 4678, , S.Rept. 118-192))

    On July 11, 2024, the Senate Appropriations Committee held a markup of the FY2025 legislative branch appropriations bill. The bill was ordered reported by a vote of 27-0.

    One amendment was adopted during the markup, which amended bill language in Section 208 of the general provisions "to remove the ability for legislative branch agencies to seek a waiver" related to telecommunications equipment procurement.8

    The bill, as amended, would providehave provided $4.913 billion (not including House items). This level represents a $181.1 million increase (+3.8%) from the comparable FY2024 enacted level.

    Funding in Prior Years: Brief Overview and Trends

    Legislative Branch: Historical Percentage of Total Discretionary Budget Authority

    The percentage of total discretionary budget authority provided to the legislative branch has remained relatively stable at approximately 0.4% since at least FY1976.9 The maximum level, not including the transition quarter,10 was in FY1995 (0.48%), and the minimum was in FY2020 (0.28%).

    FY2024

    FY2024 funding was provided in Division E of the FY2024 Further Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 118-47), which was enacted on March 23, 2024. The act provided $6.749 billion, a decrease of $157.7 million, or -2.3%, when compared to the “grand total” for FY2023 (or a decrease of $144.0 million, or -2.1%, when considering Title I only).

    8 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, “Legislative Branch Adopted Amendments,” text available at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/fy25_leg_branch_adopted_amendments.pdf.

    9 Calculations by CRS with data from Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Table 5.4—Discretionary Budget Authority By Agency: 1976-2029,” in Historical Tables, Budget of the United States Government, FY2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/historical-tables/. The calculations have some limitations, since the OMB data do not completely align with items funded in the annual and supplemental legislative branch appropriations acts. The differences may be partially traced to the definition of “legislative branch” in the OMB Public Budget Database user’s guide. Some entities regularly included with the legislative branch in many OMB budget documents, like the U.S. Tax Court and some Legislative Branch Boards and Commissions, are not funded through the annual legislative branch appropriations acts. Consequently, an examination of the discretionary budget authority listed in the Historical Tables reveals some differences with the reported total budget authority provided in the annual legislative branch appropriations acts. The difference in legislative branch budget authority resulting from the different definitions of the legislative branch in the OMB budget documents and in the appropriations acts, however, does not represent a significant difference in the proportion of total discretionary budget authority.

    10 “Prior to 1977, the fiscal year began on July 1 and ended on June 30 ... Fiscal year 1976 ended on June 30, 1976, and fiscal year 1977 began on October 1, 1976. The period July 1, 1976, to September 30, 1976, is called the ‘transition quarter’ or TQ.” (Office of Management and Budget, Budget Analysis Branch, Public Budget Database User’s Guide, Budget of the United States Government, FY2025, March 2024, p. 2.)

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 7

    FY2023

    FY2025 Continuing Appropriations Resolutions (CRs) Enacted

    Legislative branch funding was initially provided by continuing appropriations resolutions (P.L. 118-83, through December 20, 2024;9 and P.L. 118-158, through March 14, 2025).

    On March 15, 2025, the President signed H.R. 1968—the Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025—into law (P.L. 119-4). Division A of the act provided for a continuation of FY2024 funding levels, under the same authorities and conditions, with some anomalies.

    FY2025 anomalies for the legislative branch included10

    • a provision specifying no funding for the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies of 2025 (a joint committee on the inaugural is funded once every four years);11
    • a provision extending the freeze on Member pay for FY2025;12 and
    • provisions adjusting funding for certain amounts provided for the Senate, House of Representatives, Office of the Attending Physician, Capitol Police, and Architect of the Capitol.
    Funding in Prior Years: Brief Overview and Trends
    Legislative Branch: Historical Percentage of Total Discretionary Budget Authority

    The percentage of total discretionary budget authority provided to the legislative branch has remained relatively stable at approximately 0.4% since at least FY1976.13 The maximum level, not including the transition quarter,14 was in FY1995 (0.48%), and the minimum was in FY2020 (0.28%).

    FY2024

    FY2024 funding was provided in Division E of the FY2024 Further Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 118-47), which was enacted on March 23, 2024. The act provided $6.749 billion, a decrease of $157.7 million, or -2.3%, when compared to the "grand total" for FY2023 (or a decrease of $144.0 million, or -2.1%, when considering Title I only).

    FY2023

    FY2023 funding was provided by Division I of the Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 117- 328), which was enacted on December 29, 2022. The act provided $6.899 billion for legislative branch activities, an increase of $975.2 million (+16.5%) from the FY2022 enacted level.

    An additional $7.5 million was provided for GAO in P.L. 117-328 (Division M, Title VI). A gratuity payment was included in P.L. 117-128.

    .

    FY2022

    FY2022 funding was provided by Division I of the FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 117-103), which was enacted on March 15, 2022. The act provided $5.924 billion for legislative branch activities, an increase of $619.96 million (+11.7%) from the FY2021 level, not including FY2021 emergency appropriations; and an increase of $166.6 million (+2.9%), when including FY2021 emergency appropriations.11

    15

    FY2021

    FY2021 funding was provided by Division I of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (H.R. 133, , P.L. 116-260), which was enacted on December 27, 2020. The act provided $5.304 billion in new budget authority for legislative branch activities, an increase of $251.2 million (+5.1%) (not including emergency appropriations). Joint explanatory text appeared in House Rules Committee Print 116-68,1216 and in the Congressional Record.13 17 P.L. 116-260 also contained additional titles related to the legislative branch in Division O—Extensions and Technical Corrections: Title VII—Deputy Architect of the Capitol Amendments, and in Division FF—Other Matter: Title IV—Senate Sergeant at Arms Cloud Services.

    The Emergency Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2021 (H.R. 3237, , P.L. 117-31) was enacted on July 30, 2021. The act provided

    $7.83 million for the Senate Sergeant at Arms "to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus”;

    "; two gratuity payments for heirs of deceased Members of Congress;

    $11.65 million for the House of Representatives, Allowances and Expenses, "to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus”;

    "; $37.50 million for Capitol Police, Salaries, "to respond to the events at the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021”;

    "; $33.17 million for Capitol Police, General Expenses, "to respond to the events at the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021”;

    "; $800,000 for Capitol Police, General Expenses, "to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus”;

    "; $35.40 million for Capitol Police, Mutual Aid Reimbursements;

    11 See also the “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Ms. DeLauro, Chair of the House Committee on Appropriations, Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 2471, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022,” Congressional Record, March 9, 2022, pp. H2916-H2940.

    12 Available at https://docs.house.gov/billsthisweek/20201221/BILLS-116RCP68-JES-DIVISION-I.pdf.

    13 Congressional Record, December 21, 2020, Book IV, pp. H8712-H8733. Funding tables appear on pp. H8722- H8733.

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    an administrative provision designating the Capitol Police wellness program the "Howard C. Liebengood Center for Wellness”;

    "; an administrative provision adjusting the maximum annual payable rate for any member or civilian employee of the Capitol Police;

    $21.87 million for the Architect of the Capitol, Capital Construction and Operations, "to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus”;

    "; $300.00 million for the Architect of the Capitol, Capitol Police Buildings, Grounds and Security, "to respond to the events at the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021”;

    "; a general provision prohibiting the use of funds "in prior fiscal years, this fiscal year, or any fiscal year thereafter ... to install permanent, above-ground fencing around the perimeter, or any portion thereof, of the United States Capitol Grounds"; and

    a general provision authorizing the Architect of the Capitol to accept contributions or incur obligations and make expenditures related to "supplies, products, and services necessary to respond to an emergency involving the safety of human life or the protection of property, as determined or declared by the Capitol Police Board, which may be provided for the use of any office which is located within any building, grounds, or facility for which the Architect of the Capitol is responsible for the maintenance, care, and operation.

    FY2020

    "
    FY2020

    FY2020 funding was provided in Division E of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 116-94), which was enacted on December 20, 2019. The $5.049 billion provided for the legislative branch represented an increase of $202.8 million (+4.2%) from the FY2019 level. Additional language related to the legislative branch was included in Division P.

    The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act, P.L. 116-136, enacted March 27, 2020) provided additional funding to allow legislative branch entities "to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus, domestically or internationally." Funding included

    Senate: $1.0 million for the Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper of the Senate and $9.0 million for "Miscellaneous Items.

    " House: $25.0 million for the "House of Representatives, Salaries and Expenses" account. This account funds all activities of the House, but it does not fund salaries of Members of Congress.

    Office of the Attending Physician: $400,000.

    Capitol Police: $12.0 million for salaries. The Capitol Police were also provided authority to transfer funding to the "general expenses" account without the approval requirement provided in 2 U.S.C. §1907(a)).

    Architect of the Capitol: $25.0 million, for preparing and responding to the COVID-19 emergency and to allow the Architect to "purchase and distribute cleaning and sanitation products throughout all facilities and grounds under the care of the Architect of the Capitol, wherever located, and any related services and operational costs.

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    " Library of Congress: $700,000 for the Little Scholars Child Development Center.

    Government Accountability Office: $20.0 million to prepare and respond to the emergency, for audits and investigations, and for reimbursement of the Tiny Findings Child Development Center.

    The CARES Act also contained a number of general provisions related to the legislative branch, including provisions governing the use of funds provided in the act; authorizing payments for certain goods and services; waiving certain mass mailing restrictions related to life safety; a technical correction related to the Library of Congress; a conforming amendment related to the Family and Medical Leave Act; a section related to oversight and audit authority; and a section related to National Emergency Relief Authority for the Register of Copyrights.

    FY2019

    FY2019 funding was provided in Division B of the Energy and Water, Legislative Branch, and Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Appropriations Act, 2019 (P.L. 115-244), which was enacted on September 21, 2018. The $4.836 billion provided for the legislative branch represented an increase of $136.0 million (+2.9%) from the FY2018 enacted level.

    An additional $10.0 million in FY2019 supplemental appropriations for GAO "for audits and investigations related to Hurricanes Florence, Lane, and Michael, Typhoons Yutu and Mangkhut, the calendar year 2018 wildfires, earthquakes, and volcano eruptions, and other disasters declared pursuant to the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act" was included in two bills considered in the 116th Congress: H.R. 268, which passed the House on January 16, 2019—cloture was not invoked in the Senate; and H.R. 2157, which passed the House on May 10 (Roll no. 202) and the Senate (with an amendment) on May 23, 2019 (Record Vote Number: 129). H.R. 2157 was enacted June 6, 2019 (P.L. 116-20).).

    FY2018

    FY2018 funding was provided in Division I of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141), which was enacted on March 23, 2018. The $4.700 billion provided by the act represented an increase of $260.0 million (+5.9%) from the FY2017 enacted level.

    In addition, P.L. 115-123, enacted February 9, 2018, provided $14.0 million to GAO "for audits and investigations relating to Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria and the 2017 wildfires." (Title IX of Division B).

    FY2017

    FY2017 funding was provided in Division I of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017 (P.L. 115-31), which was enacted on May 5, 2017. The $4.440 billion provided by the act represented a $77.0 million increase (+1.7%) from the FY2016 enacted level.

    FY2016

    FY2016 funding was provided in Division I of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113), which was enacted on December 18, 2015. The $4.363 billion provided by the act represented a $63.0 million increase (+1.5%) from the FY2015 enacted level.

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    FY2015

    FY2015

    FY2015 funding was provided in Division H of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015 (P.L. 113-235), which was enacted on December 16, 2014. The $4.300 billion provided by the act represented an increase of $41.7 million (+1.0%) from FY2014.

    FY2014

    Neither a legislative branch appropriations bill nor a continuing resolution (CR) containing FY2014 funding was enacted prior to the beginning of the fiscal year on October 1, 2013. A funding gap, which resulted in a partial government shutdown, ensued for 16 days. The funding gap was terminated by the enactment of a CR (P.L. 113-46) on October 17, 2013. The CR provided funding through January 15, 2014.1418 Following enactment of a CR on January 15, 2014 (P.L. 113-73), a consolidated appropriations bill was enacted on January 17 (P.L. 113-76), providing $4.259 billion for the legislative branch for FY2014.

    FY2013

    FY2013 funding of approximately $4.061 billion was provided by P.L. 113-6, which was signed into law on March 26, 2013.1519 The act funded legislative branch accounts at the FY2012 enacted level, with some exceptions (also known as “anomalies”"anomalies"), not including across-the-board rescissions required by Section 3004 of P.L. 113-6. Section 3004 was intended to eliminate any amount by which the new budget authority provided in the act exceeded the FY2013 discretionary spending limits in Section 251(c)(2) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act, as amended by the Budget Control Act of 2011 (P.L. 112-25) and the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-240). Subsequent to the enactment of P.L. 113-6, OMB calculated that additional rescissions of 0.032% of security budget authority and 0.2% of nonsecurity budget authority would be required. The act did not alter the sequestration reductions implemented on March 1, which reduced most legislative branch accounts by 5.0%.1620 The accompanying OMB report indicated a dollar amount of budget authority to be canceled in each account containing nonexempt funds.17

    21

    FY2012 and Prior

    Division G of the FY2012 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 112-74) provided $4.307 billion for the legislative branch. This level was $236.9 million below (-5.2%) the FY2011 enacted level. P.L. 112-10 provided $4.543 billion for legislative branch operations in FY2011. This level represented a $125.1 million decrease (-2.7%) from the $4.668 billion provided in the FY2010

    14 The legislative branch previously experienced a funding gap in FY1996 (November 14-18, 1995).

    15 FY2013 level from the CBO cost estimate for “Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 (H.J.Res. 59), Including the Amendment Reported by the House Committee on Rules on September 18, 2013 (H.Res. 352),” http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/hjres59amendment.pdf, which lists a total for legislative branch budget authority of $4.061 billion, noting that it “includes effects of the 2013 sequestration.” This bill contained a small anomaly for the legislative branch.

    16 White House, President Obama, Sequestration Order for Fiscal Year 2013 Pursuant to Section 251A of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act, As Amended, March 1, 2013, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/ 2013/03/06/2013-05397/sequestration-order-for-fiscal-year-2013-pursuant-to-section-251a-of-the-balanced-budget- and.

    17 Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, OMB Report to the Congress on the Joint Committee Sequestration for Fiscal Year 2013, March 1, 2013, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/03/06/ 2013-05397/sequestration-order-for-fiscal-year-2013-pursuant-to-section-251a-of-the-balanced-budget-and.

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    Legislative Branch Appropriations Act (P.L. 111-68) and the FY2010 Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 111-212). The FY2009 Omnibus Appropriations Act provided $4.402 billion. In FY2009, an additional $25.0 million was provided for GAO in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.18 22 P.L. 111-32, the FY2009 Supplemental Appropriations Act, also contained funding for a new Capitol Police radio system ($71.6 million) and additional funding for the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) ($2.0 million).19

    23

    As seen in Table 3, in current dollars, legislative branch funding decreased each year from FY2010 through FY2013, and it did not exceed the FY2010 level until FY2018. Adjusted for inflation, the FY2022 funding level was slightly less than the FY2010 level.2024 The FY2023 Consolidated Appropriations Act was the first to fund the legislative branch at a higher level than provided for FY2010, in inflation-adjusted dollars.

    Figure 1 shows the same information graphically, while Figure 2 shows the distribution of funds across the legislative branch in FY2023 and FY2024.

    18 P.L. 111-5, February 17, 2009, 123 Stat. 191.

    19 U.S. Congress, conference committee, Making Supplemental Appropriations for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2009, and for Other Purposes, report to accompany H.R. 2346, 111th Cong., 1st sess., H.Rept. 111-151 (Washington: GPO, 2009), p. 117.

    20 See the table notes for information about adjustments, including emergency supplemental funding.

    CRS-12

    Table 3. Legislative Branch Funding, FY2010-FY2024: Current and Constant Dollars

    (in billions of dollars)

    Fiscal

    Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

    Current 4.669

    a

    4.543b 4.307 4.061c 4.259 4.300 4.363 4.440 4.700d 4.846e 5.049f 5.304g 5.924 6.899h 6.749

    Constant 6.420 6.113 5.679 5.264 5.440 5.470 5.513 5.518 5.722 5.804 5.958 6.069 6.377 7.111 6.749

    Table 3. Legislative Branch Funding, FY2010-FY2024: Current and Constant Dollars

    (in billions of dollars)

    Fiscal Year

    2010

    2011

    2012

    2013

    2014

    2015

    2016

    2017

    2018

    2019

    2020

    2021

    2022

    2023

    2024

    Current

    4.669a 4.543b

    4.307

    4.061c

    4.259

    4.300

    4.363

    4.440

    4.700d 4.846e 5.049f 5.304g

    5.924

    6.899h

    6.749

    Constant

    6.420

    6.113

    5.679

    5.264

    5.440

    5.470

    5.513

    5.518

    5.722

    5.804

    5.958

    6.069

    6.377

    7.111

    6.749

    Source: CRS analysis of legislative branch appropriations acts and related budget documents. Notes: These figures exclude permanent budget authorities, including funding for Member pay, that are not included in the annual legislative branch appropriations bill. Constant 2024 dollars calculated using the "Total Non-Defense" deflator in Table 10.1Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940-2029-2029 in the President's FY2025 budget request. See notes below or related CRS reports for additional information on specific years. a. This number contains appropriations provided by P.L. 111-68 (the FY2010 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act), and $12.96 million in supplemental appropriations provided for the U.S. Capitol Police in P.L. 111-212 (the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2010).

    b. This number does not include scorekeeping adjustment.

    c. FY2013 level obtained from the CBO cost estimate for "Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 (H.J.Res. 59), Including the Amendment Reported by the House Committee on Rules on September 18, 2013 (H.Res. 352) Discretionary spending (in millions of dollars)," which lists a total for legislative branch budget authority of $4.061 billion, noting that it "includes effects of the 2013 sequestration." This bill contained a small anomaly for the legislative branch.

    d. Does not include $14.0 million provided to the Government Accountability Office "for audits and investigations relating to Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria and the 2017 wildfires” (" (P.L. 115-123, Title IX of Division B, enacted February 9, 2018).

    e. The total includes $10.0 million in FY2019 supplemental appropriations for GAO for audits and investigations related to storms and disasters (P.L. 116-20, enacted June 6, 2019).

    f. The total does not include $93.1 million in FY2020 supplemental appropriations, including $10.0 million for the Senate, $25.0 million for the House of Representatives, $400,000 for the Office of the Attending Physician, $12.0 million for the Capitol Police, $25.0 million for the Architect of the Capitol, $700,000 for the Library of Congress, and $20.0 million for the Government Accountability Office (CARES Act, P.L. 116-136, enacted March 27, 2020).

    g. The total does not include funding provided in the Emergency Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 117-31, July 30, 2021), which provided $448.6 million.

    h. The total does not include $7.5 million in supplemental appropriations provided for GAO in P.L. 117-328.

    .

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    Figure 1. Legislative Branch Funding FY2010-FY2024: Current and Constant Dollars

    Source: CRS analysis of legislative branch appropriations acts and related budget documents. Notes: The figure does not include permanent budget authorities, including funding for Member pay, that are not included in the annual legislative branch appropriations bill. Total also excludes offsetting collections and authority to spend receipts. Constant 2024 dollars calculated using the "Total Non-Defense" deflator in Table 10.1Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940-2029-2029 in the President's FY2025 budget request.

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    Figure 2. Distribution of Legislative Branch Funding: FY2023 and FY2024

    (Division I of P.L. 117-328 compared to Division E of P.L. 118-47)

    )

    Source: CRS analysis of legislative branch appropriations acts and related budget documents. Note: This figure does not include permanent budget authorities, offsetting collections, or authority to spend receipts.

    Figure 3 shows the timing of legislative branch appropriations actions, including the issuance of House and Senate reports, bill passage, and enactment since FY1996. It shows that fiscal year funding for the legislative branch has been determined

    on or before October 1 six times during this period (FY1997, FY2000, FY2004, FY2006, FY2010, and FY2019);

    twice during the first month of the fiscal year (FY1998 and FY1999);

    twice in November (FY1996 and FY2002);

    nine times in December (FY2001, FY2005, FY2008, FY2012, FY2015, FY2016, FY2020, FY2021, and FY2023); and

    • ten 11 times in the next calendar year (FY2003, FY2007, FY2009, FY2011, FY2013, FY2014, FY2017, FY2018, FY2022, FY2024, and FY2025). and FY2024). FY2017 funding, enacted on May 5, 2017, represented the latest date of enactment during this period.

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    Figure 3. Timing of Legislative Branch Appropriations Consideration:

    FY1996-FY2024

    (fiscal year consideration during the calendar year)

    Figure is interactive in the HTML version of this report.

    Figure 3

    . Timing of Legislative Branch Appropriations Consideration: FY1996-FY2025

    Figure is interactive in the HTML version of this report.

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], [1658966400000,1997,870048000000, 'FY1998 APPROPRIATIONS', 'House Bill Passage' ], [1656115200000,1998,898732800000, 'FY1999 APPROPRIATIONS', 'House Bill Passage' ], [1654819200000,1999,928972800000, 'FY2000 APPROPRIATIONS', 'House Bill Passage' ], [1655942400000,2000,961632000000, 'FY2001 APPROPRIATIONS', 'House Bill Passage' ], [1659225600000,2001,996537600000, 'FY2002 APPROPRIATIONS', 'House Bill Passage' ], [1658102400000,2002,1026950400000, 'FY2003 APPROPRIATIONS', 'House Bill Passage' ], [1657324800000,2003,1057708800000, 'FY2004 APPROPRIATIONS', 'House Bill Passage' ], [1657670400000,2004,1089590400000, 'FY2005 APPROPRIATIONS', 'House Bill Passage' ], [1655856000000,2005,1119398400000, 'FY2006 APPROPRIATIONS', 'House Bill Passage' ], [1654560000000,2006,1149638400000, 'FY2007 APPROPRIATIONS', 'House Bill Passage' ], [1655856000000,2007,1182470400000, 'FY2008 APPROPRIATIONS', 'House Bill Passage' ], [1655596800000,2009,1245369600000, 'FY2010 APPROPRIATIONS', 'House Bill 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data:[[1657297600000,2024,1720656000000,'FY2025 Appropriations', 'House Bill Failed'], //added 7/24/24. Adj for overlap. ], keys: ['x', 'y', 'z','budgetcycle','budgetstep'] }, {name:'Senate Draft Bill and Statement', type: 'scatter',zIndex:10, enableMouseTracking:true, marker: {symbol: 'rect', fillColor: '#F3F3F3',lineColor:'#52467F',lineWidth:1}, data: [[1668124800000,2020,1604966400000, 'FY2021 APPROPRIATIONS', 'Senate Draft Billand Statement' ], [1666051200000,2021,1634515200000, 'FY2022 APPROPRIATIONS', 'Senate Draft Billand Statement' ], [1658966400000,2022,1658966400000, 'FY2023 APPROPRIATIONS', 'Senate Draft Billand Statement' ], ], keys: ['x', 'y', 'z', 'budgetcycle','budgetstep'] }, {name: 'Senate Report Filed', type: 'scatter',zIndex:10,enableMouseTracking:true, marker: {symbol: 'rect', fillColor: '#C5BFDC',lineColor:'#52467F',lineWidth:1}, data: [[1658102400000,1995,806025600000, 'FY1996 APPROPRIATIONS', 'Senate Report Filed' ], [1658275200000,1996,837734400000, 'FY1997 APPROPRIATIONS', 'Senate Report Filed' ], [1657843200000,1997,868924800000, 'FY1998 APPROPRIATIONS', 'Senate 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[1663804800000,2004,1095724800000, 'FY2005 APPROPRIATIONS', 'Senate Bill Passage' ], [1656547200000,2005,1120089600000, 'FY2006 APPROPRIATIONS', 'Senate Bill Passage' ], [1657065600000,2009,1246838400000, 'FY2010 APPROPRIATIONS', 'Senate Bill Passage' ], [1656115200000,2018,1529884800000, 'FY2019 APPROPRIATIONS', 'Senate Bill Passage' ], ], keys: ['x', 'y', 'z','budgetcycle','budgetstep'] }, {name: 'Enacted as Standalone', type: 'scatter',zIndex:10, enableMouseTracking:true, marker: {symbol: 'rect', fillColor: 'black',lineColor:'#0A0E10',lineWidth:1,zIndex:10}, data: [[1668816000000,1995,816739200000, 'FY1996 APPROPRIATIONS', 'Enacted as Standalone' ], [1663372800000,1996,842832000000, 'FY1997 APPROPRIATIONS', 'Enacted as Standalone' ], [1665100800000,1997,876182400000, 'FY1998 APPROPRIATIONS', 'Enacted as Standalone' ], [1666310400000,1998,908928000000, 'FY1999 APPROPRIATIONS', 'Enacted as Standalone' ], [1664409600000,1999,938563200000, 'FY2000 APPROPRIATIONS', 'Enacted as 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1672424800000,y:2012,}, { x: 1671585600000, x2: 1672424800000,y:2013,}, { x: 1671585600000, x2: 1672424800000,y:2016,}, { x: 1671585600000, x2: 1672424800000,y:2017,}, { x: 1671585600000, x2: 1672424800000,y:2021,}, { x: 1671585600000, x2: 1672424800000,y:2023,}, { x: 1671585600000, x2: 1672424800000,y:2024,}, //nextyear { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1644815200000, y: 2003 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1644383200000, y: 2007 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1646356800000, y: 2009 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1649480800000, y: 2011 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1647602800000, y: 2013 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1641877600000, y: 2014 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1651208800000, y: 2017 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1647493600000, y: 2018 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1646802400000, y: 2022 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1647407200000, y: 2024 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1646802400000, y: 2025 }, ] }, {name: 'Ongoing Arrow1', showInLegend: false, enableMouseTracking: false , states: {inactive: {opacity: 0.5,},}, type: 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1657843200000, x2: 1672185600000, y: 2020 }, { x: 1656633600000, x2: 1672444800000, y: 2021 }, { x: 1656028800000, x2: 1672444800000, y: 2022 }, { x: 1656288000000, x2: 1672444800000, y: 2023 }, { x: 1655424000000, x2: 1672444800000, y: 2024 }, //updated 6/5/25 //BC part 2 { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1645315200000, y: 2003 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1644883200000, y: 2007 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1649980800000, y: 2011 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1648252800000, y: 2013 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1642377600000, y: 2014 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1651708800000, y: 2017 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1647993600000, y: 2018 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1647302400000, y: 2022 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1647907200000, y: 2024 }, { x: 1640995200000, x2: 1647302400000, y: 2025 }, ], }, ], annotations: [{ draggable: '', crop:false, labelOptions: { shape: 'rect', borderRadius: 0, backgroundColor: 'rgba(255,255,255,0)', borderWidth: 0, allowOverlap:true, zIndex:1 }, labels: [ {point: {x: 1655856000000, y: 2008,xAxis: 0,yAxis: 0},text: 'No reports filed or separate floor action.', x:0,y:13, style:{color:'#6A8FA1',fontSize:'13px',textOutline: "2px 2px rgba(255,255,255,0.5)",},}, //Timeline months {point: {x: 1642291200000, y: 1995,xAxis: 0,yAxis: 0},y:-30,text: 'JAN', style:{color:'black',fontSize:'13px',fontWeight:'normal'}, }, {point: {x: 1644969600000, y: 1995,xAxis: 0,yAxis: 0},y:-30,text: 'FEB', style:{color:'black',fontSize:'13px',fontWeight:'normal'}, }, {point: {x: 1647388800000, y: 1995,xAxis: 0,yAxis: 0},y:-30,text: 'MAR', style:{color:'black',fontSize:'13px',fontWeight:'normal'}, }, {point: {x: 1650067200000, y: 1995,xAxis: 0,yAxis: 0},y:-30,text: 'APR', style:{color:'black',fontSize:'13px',fontWeight:'normal'}, }, {point: {x: 1652659200000, y: 1995,xAxis: 0,yAxis: 0},y:-30,text: 'MAY', style:{color:'black',fontSize:'13px',fontWeight:'normal'}, }, {point: {x: 1655337600000, y: 1995,xAxis: 0,yAxis: 0},y:-30,text: 'JUN', style:{color:'black',fontSize:'13px',fontWeight:'normal'}, }, {point: {x: 1657929600000, y: 1995,xAxis: 0,yAxis: 0},y:-30,text: 'JUL', style:{color:'black',fontSize:'13px',fontWeight:'normal'}, }, {point: {x: 1660608000000, y: 1995,xAxis: 0,yAxis: 0},y:-30,text: 'AUG', style:{color:'black',fontSize:'13px',fontWeight:'normal'}, }, {point: {x: 1663286400000, y: 1995,xAxis: 0,yAxis: 0},y:-30,text: 'SEP', style:{color:'black',fontSize:'13px',fontWeight:'normal'}, }, {point: {x: 1665878400000, y: 1995,xAxis: 0,yAxis: 0},y:-30,text: 'OCT', style:{color:'black',fontSize:'13px',fontWeight:'normal'}, }, {point: {x: 1668556800000, y: 1995,xAxis: 0,yAxis: 0},y:-30,text: 'NOV', style:{color:'black',fontSize:'13px',fontWeight:'normal'}, }, {point: {x: 1671148800000, y: 1995,xAxis: 0,yAxis: 0},y:-30,text: 'DEC', style:{color:'black',fontSize:'13px',fontWeight:'normal'}, }, //FY start {point: {x: 1664599600000, y: 2025,xAxis: 0,yAxis: 0}, verticalAlign: 'top',y:28,x:10,align:'right',text: 'START OF FISCAL YEAR ▲', style:{color:'#A5A4A4',fontSize:'13px',fontWeight:'normal'}, }, ] }], //#### END container ####// }; new Highcharts.Chart("IAG-1008945700", options); } } });</script> Source:
    CRS analysis of data found on http://www.congress.gov. Notes: . Notes: Figure shows fiscal year consideration during the calendar year. Each row represents consideration during the calendar year of the subsequent fiscal year spending bill (i.e., the calendar year 1995 row shows the timeline of consideration and passage of the FY1996 act). Arrows in the December column indicate consideration continued into the next calendar year. The figure shows when the committee report was filed, which may be later than the date the bill was ordered to be reported. When House and Senate action occurs on the same date, the House is shown first. The FY2010 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act (P.L. 111-68) is listed in this figure as stand-alone legislation (Division A), although it was also the vehicle for a continuing appropriations resolution (Division B).

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 16

    FY2025 Legislative Branch Funding Issues

    The following sections discuss the various legislative branch accounts.

    During consideration of the legislative branch bills, the House and Senate conform to a "longstanding practice under which each body of Congress determines its own housekeeping requirements and the other concurs without intervention.21

    "25

    Senate

    Overall Funding

    The FY2024 act provided $1.255 billion.

    The Senate requested $1.369 billion for FY2025, an increase of 9.1%. The Senate-reported bill would providehave provided $1.338 billion (+6.6%).

    Section 11001 of P.L. 119-4 adjusted amounts provided in two Senate accounts—Inquiries and Investigations and the Senators' Official Personnel and Office Expense Account—while continuing FY2024 funding levels for all other accounts, for a total of $1.325 billion (+5.6%).

    Additional information on the Senate account is presented in Table 6.

    Senate Committee Funding

    Appropriations for Senate committees are contained in two accounts.

    1. The inquiries and investigations account contains funds for all Senate

    committees except Appropriations. The FY2024 act provided $174.0 million. The Senate requested, and the Senate-reported bill would providehave provided, $187.2 million (+7.6%).

    P.L. 119-4 provided $189.2 million (+8.7%).

    2. The Committee on Appropriations account contains funds for the Senate

    Appropriations Committee. The FY2024 act provided $19.3 million. The Senate requested $19.6 million (+1.6%). The Senate-reported bill would providehave provided $20.8 million (+7.6%).

    Senators’ P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding level. Senators' Official Personnel and Office Expense Account22

    26

    The Senators' Official Personnel and Office Expense Account (SOPOEA) provides each Senator with funds to administer an office. It consists of an administrative and clerical assistance allowance, a legislative assistance allowance, and an official office expense allowance. The funds may be used for any category of expenses, subject to limitations on official mail.

    The Senate requested $571.8 million, an increase of 3.5% from the $552.6 million provided for FY2024. The Senate-reported bill would providehave provided $588.4 million (+6.5%).

    P.L. 119-4 provided $607.4 million (+9.9%).

    As in the FY2022, FY2023, and FY2024 acts, the FY2025 request and, the Senate-reported bill would provide, and P.L. 119-4 provided $7.0 million for compensating Senate interns within this total.

    Administrative Provisions
    $7.0 million for compensating Senate interns within this total.

    21 For example, U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Legislative Branch, Legislative Branch, 2019, report to accompany S. 3071, 115th Cong., 2nd sess., June 14, 2018, S.Rept. 115-274, p. 4.

    22 For additional information, see CRS Report R44399, Senators’ Official Personnel and Office Expense Account (SOPOEA): History and Usage, by Ida A. Brudnick.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 17

    Administrative Provisions

    One administrative provision was included in the Senate-reported FY2025 bill. The provision, which was first included in FY2016, would requirerequires amounts remaining in the Senators' Official Personnel and Expense Account (SOPOEA) to be used for deficit reduction or to reduce the federal debt.

    P.L. 119-4 continued this provision.

    House of Representatives

    Overall Funding

    The FY2025 House request of $1.933 billion, which was approximately equivalent to the FY2025 House-reported level, represents an increase of 4.4% from the $1.851 billion provided for FY2024.

    P.L. 119-4 (Section 11002) provides $1.878 billion (+1.5%).

    Additional information on headings in the House of Representatives account is presented in Table 7.

    House Committee Funding

    Funding for House committees is contained in the appropriation heading "committee employees," which typically comprises two subheadings.

    The first subheading contains funds for personnel and nonpersonnel expenses of House committees, except the Appropriations Committee, as authorized by the House in a committee expense resolution. The House requested, and the House-reported bill contained, $180.9 million, an increase of $275,000 (+0.2%) from the FY2024 enacted level.

    P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding level.

    The second subheading contains funds for the personnel and nonpersonnel expenses of the Committee on Appropriations. The FY2024 act, the FY2025 request, and the House-reported bill and P.L. 119-4 each contain $31.3 million.

    Members' Representational Allowance23

    27

    The Members' Representational Allowance (MRA) is available to support Members in their official and representational duties.

    The House requested, and the House-reported bill would have provided, $843.6 million. This level represents an increase of 4.1% from the FY2024 enacted level of $810.0 million.

    P.L. 119-4 provides $850.0 million (+4.9%).

    Compensation of Interns

    The FY2024 act, the FY2025 request, and the FY2025 House-reported bill all containcontained, in separate accounts, $20.6 million for interns in House Member offices, $586,000 for interns in House leadership offices, $2.6 million for interns for standing and select committees other than the House Appropriations Committee, and $463,000 for interns with the House Appropriations Committee.

    23 For additional information, see CRS Report R40962, Members’ Representational Allowance: History and Usage.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 18

    P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding levels.

    Administrative Provisions

    The House requested, and the House-reported bill included, three administrative provisions continued from prior years related to

    providing that unexpended balances from the MRA be used for deficit reduction or to reduce the federal debt;

    limiting amounts available from the MRA for leased vehicles; and

    providing for cybersecurity assistance from other federal entities.

    The budget request also included one new administrative provision, related to telecom expenses for employees of the House Child Care Center. This provision was included in the House- reported bill.

    The House-reported bill also included a new administrative provision amending long-term lease requirements to exclude the House of Representatives from certain vehicle emission requirements. P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 provisions.

    Support Agency Funding

    U.S. Capitol Police (USCP)

    The USCP is responsible for the security of the Capitol Complex, including, for example, the U.S. Capitol, the House and Senate office buildings, the U.S. Botanic Garden, and the Library of Congress buildings and adjacent grounds.

    The FY2024 enacted level was $791.5 million. In comparison, levels considered for FY2025 include the following:

    Requested: $900.4 million (+13.8%)

    House-reported bill: $832.4 million (+5.2%)

    Senate-reported bill: $832.6 million (+5.2%)

  • P.L. 119-4: $806.5 million (+1.9%)
  • Additional information on the USCP is presented in Table 8.24

    28

    Appropriations for the police are contained in two accounts—a salaries account and a general expenses account.

    1. Salaries—the FY2024 act provided $588.6 million for salaries. The USCP

    requested $636.5 million (+8.1%). The House-reported bill would have provided $619.3 million (+5.2%). The Senate-reported bill would providehave provided $620.4 (+5.4%).

    P.L. 119-4 (Section 11003) provides $603.6 million (+2.5%).

    2. General expenses—the FY2024 act provided $202.8 million for general

    expenses. The USCP requested $263.8 million (+30.1%). The House-reported bill would have provided $213.2 million (+5.1%). The Senate-reported bill would providehave provided $212.2 million (+4.6%).

    P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding level.Another appropriation relating to the USCP appears within the Architect of the Capitol account for Capitol Police buildings and grounds and security. The FY2024 level was $85.2 million. For FY2025, $113.4 million (+33.0%) was requested, the House-reported bill would have provided $97.0 million (+13.9%), and the Senate-reported bill would providehave provided $92.6 million (+8.7%). P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding level.

    Administrative Provision
    $92.6 million (+8.7%).

    24 For additional information, see CRS Insight IN11570, The U.S. Capitol Police: Brief Background, by Ida A. Brudnick.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 19

    Administrative Provision

    The House-reported bill contained a provision amending 5 U.S.C. §4120 (related to training for the Capitol Police) to specify that an employee may receive training outside of the United States only with the prior approval of the Capitol Police Board.

    P.L. 119-4 did not contain this provision.

    Office of Congressional Workplace Rights (OCWR)

    Formerly known as the Office of Compliance, the Office of Congressional Workplace Rights (OCWR) was renamed by the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 Reform Act (P.L. 115- 397). It is an independent and nonpartisan agency within the legislative branch, and it was originally established to administer and enforce the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995.2529 The act applies various employment and workplace safety laws to Congress and certain legislative branch entities.26

    30

    The FY2024 act provided $8.15 million, which was continued in the House-reported bill. OCWR had requested $8.6 million (+5.4%). The Senate-reported bill would providehave provided $8.2 million (+0.6%).

    P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding level.

    Congressional Budget Office (CBO)

    CBO is a nonpartisan congressional agency created to provide objective economic and budgetary analysis to Congress. CBO cost estimates are required for any measure reported by a regular or conference committee that may affect revenues or expenditures.27

    31

    CBO's FY2024 funding level was $70.0 million. In comparison, CBO requested $70.7 million (+1.0%) for FY2025, the House-reported bill would have provided $73.3 million (+4.7%), and the Senate-reported bill would providehave provided $73.0 million (+4.3%).

    P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding level.

    Architect of the Capitol (AOC)

    The Architect of the Capitol (AOC) is responsible for the maintenance, operation, development, and preservation of the U.S. Capitol Complex, which includes the Capitol and its grounds, House and Senate office buildings, Library of Congress buildings and grounds, Capitol Power Plant, Botanic Garden, Capitol Visitor Center, and USCP buildings and grounds. The AOC is responsible for the Supreme Court buildings and grounds, but appropriations for their expenses are not contained in the legislative branch appropriations bill.

    The FY2024 level was $947.3 million.

    25 P.L. 104-1, 109 Stat. 3, January 23, 1995. The act, as amended, applies 12 civil rights, labor, and workplace safety laws to Congress and certain legislative branch agencies. These laws are the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, Americans with Disabilities Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Employee Polygraph Protection Act, Fair Labor Standards Act, Family and Medical Leave Act, Federal Services Labor-Management Relations Act, Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, Rehabilitation Act of 1970, Veterans’ employment and reemployment rights at Chapter 43 of Title 38 of the U.S. Code, Worker Adjustment and Retraining Act, and Veterans Employment Opportunities Act.

    26 Among the office’s activities are administration of a dispute resolution process, investigation and enforcement of occupational safety and health and disability provisions of the act, investigation of labor relations and enforcement of applicable provisions, and development of educational programs regarding the act’s provisions.

    27 CBO is required to use estimates provided by the Joint Committee on Taxation for all revenue legislation (Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, P.L. 99-177, §273, 99 Stat.1098, December 12, 1985; 2 U.S.C. §§621 et seq.).

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 20 Operations of the AOC are funded in the following 10 accounts: capital construction and operations, Capitol building, Capitol grounds, Senate office buildings, House office buildings, Capitol Power Plant, Library buildings and grounds, Capitol Police buildings and grounds, Capitol Visitor Center, and Botanic Garden. Additional funding information on the individual AOC accounts is presented in Table 9. The FY2024 level was $947.3 million.

    In comparison, levels considered for FY2025 include the following:

    Requested: $1.016 billion (+7.2%)

    House-reported bill: $754.2 million (-6.7%, not including Senate office buildings)

    Senate-reported bill: $737.99 million (-5.5%, not including House office buildings)

    Operations of the AOC are funded in the following 10 accounts: capital construction and operations, Capitol building, Capitol grounds, Senate office buildings, House office buildings, Capitol Power Plant, Library buildings and grounds, Capitol Police buildings and grounds, Capitol Visitor Center, and Botanic Garden. Additional funding information on the individual AOC accounts is presented in Table 9.

    Administrative Provisions

  • P.L. 119-4: $830.3 million (-12.4%). Section 11003 of this act adjusted funding for the following accounts: Capitol building, $48.69 million; Capitol grounds, $21.60 million; House office buildings, $146.17 million; Capitol power plant, $123.85 million; and Library buildings and grounds, $64.98 million.
  • Administrative Provisions

    A number of administrative provisions related to the Architect of the Capitol were requested:

    1. The FY2025 budget request, the House-reported bill, and the Senate-reported bill

    each included an administrative provision that prohibits the use of funds for bonuses for contractors behind schedule or over budget. This provision has been included in the annual appropriations act since FY2015.

    2. The FY2025 budget request included an administrative provision related to the

    purchase of materials and services during emergencies. Neither the House- reported bill nor the Senate-reported bill included this provision.

    3. The FY2025 budget request included an administrative provision related to child

    care benefits for AOC employees. Neither the House-reported bill nor the Senate- reported bill included this provision.

    4. The FY2025 budget request included an administrative provision authorizing the

    AOC to pay recruitment, relocation, redesignation, and retention bonuses for certain employees. Neither the House-reported bill nor the Senate-reported bill included this provision.

    5. The FY2025 budget request included an administrative provision related to

    public outreach and services for the Capitol Grounds and Arboretum. The House- reported bill included this provision, but the Senate-reported bill did not.

    P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 provision.

    Library of Congress (LOC)

    The Library of Congress (LOC) serves simultaneously as Congress's parliamentary library and the de facto national library of the United States. Its broader services to the nation include the acquisition, maintenance, and preservation of a collection of more than 178.2 million items in various formats;2832 service to the general public and scholarly and library communities; administration of U.S. copyright laws by its Copyright Office; and administration of a national program to provide reading material to the blind and print disabled. Its direct services to Congress include the provision of legal research and law-related services by the Law Library of Congress, and a broad range of activities by CRS, including in-depth and nonpartisan public policy research, analysis, and legislative assistance for Members and committees and their staff; congressional

    28 Figure obtained from the Library of Congress, Annual Report of the Librarian of Congress for Fiscal Year 2023, 2022, p. 21, https://www.loc.gov/about/reports-and-budgets/annual-reports/.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 21

    staff training; information and statistics retrieval; and continuing legal education for Members of both chambers and congressional staff.

    The FY2024 level was $852.1 million. In comparison, levels considered for FY2025 include the following:

    Requested: $873.2 million (+2.5%)

    House-reported bill: $883.4 million (+3.7%)

    Senate-reported bill: $878.8 million (+3.1%)

  • P.L. 119-4: continued the FY2024 funding level of $852.1 million.
  • These figures do not include additional authority to spend receipts.29

    33

    The LOC headings include the following:30

    34 1. Salaries and expenses—The FY2024 level was $592.4 million. The LOC

    requested $614.6 million (+3.7%) for FY2025. The House-reported bill would have provided $617.0 million (+4.2%). The Senate-reported bill would providehave provided $611.9 million (+3.3%).

    P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding level.

    2. Copyright Office—The FY2024 level was $57.5 million. The LOC requested

    $57.5 million (+0.01%) for FY2025. The House-reported bill would have provided $59.7 million (+3.8%). The Senate-reported bill would providehave provided $60.2 million (+4.7%). These figures do not include authority to spend receipts ($44.6 million in FY2024, $47.2 million in the FY2025 request, $45.9 million in the House-reported bill, and $44.9 million in the Senate-reported bill) and prior-year unobligated balances ($1.0 million in the Senate-reported bill).

    P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding level.

    3. Congressional Research Service—The FY2024 act provided $136.1 million. The

    FY2025 request contained $142.9 million (+5.0%) for FY2025. The House- reported bill would have provided $141.5 million (+4.0%). The Senate-reported bill would providehave provided $141.0 million (+3.6%).

    P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding level.

    4. National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled—The FY2024 level

    was $66.1 million. The LOC requested $58.3 million (-11.9%) for FY2025. The House-reported bill would have provided $65.2 million (-1.4%). The Senate- reported bill would providehave provided $65.6 million (-0.8%).

    The AOC’ P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding level.The AOC's budget also contains funds for LOC buildings and grounds. In FY2024, $94.98 million was provided. The FY2025 request contains $73.2 million (-22.9%), the House-reported bill would have provided $86.0 million (-9.4%), and the Senate-reported bill would providehave provided $83.5 million (-12.1%).

    P.L. 119-4 provides $64.98 million (-31.6%).

    Administrative Provisions

    The annual legislative branch appropriations bills regularly include a provision providing authority to obligate funds for reimbursable and revolving fund activities ($324.1 million in the FY2024 act; $318.7 million in the FY2025 request; $328.8 million in the House-reported and Senate-reported bills).

    29 Fees paid to the LOC for copyright registration are an example of receipts.

    30 For information on a change in the technology funding practice that affected the four LOC appropriations headings in FY2020, see the explanation in H.Rept. 116-64 and S.Rept. 116-124.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 22

    The Library also included provisions in its FY2025 budget request related to

    transfer authority between the Library of Congress and the Architect of the Capitol,

    ensuring CRS access to certain information,31

    35 eliminating the distribution of hardcopy versions of the Constitution Annotated,32

    36 facilitating the use of FEDLINK by Department of Defense staff,

    providing additional authorities related to pay for senior-level Library personnel,

    establishing a signature public programs revolving fund, and

    administering a program for minority-serving institutions.

    These new provisions were not included in the House-reported or Senate-reported bills.

    or P.L. 119-4.

    Government Publishing Office (GPO)33

    37

    GPO's FY2024 enacted level was $131.99 million. The FY2025 request included, and the House- reported bill would have provided, $136.1 million (+3.1%). The Senate-reported bill would providehave provided $133.4 million (+1.1%).

    GPO’ P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding level. GPO's budget authority is contained in three accounts:

    1. Congressional publishing—The FY2024 act provided $83.0 million, the same

    level continued in the GPO request, the House-reported bill, and the Senate- reported bill.

    P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding level.

    2. Public information programs of the Superintendent of Documents (salaries and

    expenses)—The FY2024 act provided $37.4 million. GPO requested, and the House-reported bill would providehave provided, $41.7 million (+11.4%). The Senate-reported bill would providehave provided $39.0 million (+4.3%).

    P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding level.

    3. GPO Business Operations Revolving Fund3438—The FY2024 act provided $11.6

    million. GPO requested, and the House-reported and Senate-reported versions of the bill would providehave provided, $11.4 million (-1.6%). P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding level.Government Accountability Office (GAO), $11.4 million (-1.6%).

    31 See also H.R. 7593 (118th Cong.).

    32 See also H.R. 7592 (118th Cong.).

    33 Formerly known as the Government Printing Office. For additional information on GPO, see CRS Report R45014, Government Printing, Publications, and Digital Information Management: Issues and Challenges.

    34 The revolving fund supports GPO’s operation and maintenance.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 23

    Government Accountability Office (GAO)

    GAO responds to requests for studies of federal government programs and expenditures. GAO may also initiate its own work.35

    39

    GAO's FY2024 enacted level was $811.9 million.

    In comparison, levels considered for FY2025 include the following:

    Requested: $915.96 million (+12.8%)

    House-reported bill: $896.7 million (+10.4%)

    Senate-reported bill: $883.1 million (+8.8%)

  • P.L. 119-4: continued the FY2024 funding level of $811.9 million. In addition, GAO received $10.0 million "for audits and investigations related to Hurricanes Helene and Milton, and other disasters declared pursuant to the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) in calendar years 2023 and 2024" (Division B, Title IX of P.L. 118-158, which also provided continuing appropriations for FY2025 through March 14, 2025).
  • These levels do not include offsetting collections ($73.98 million in the FY2024 act; $33.4 million in the FY2024 request, the House-reported bill, and the Senate-reported bill).36

    40

    Congressional Office for International Leadership (COIL; Formerly Open World Leadership Center)

    COIL requested $7.2 million, an increase of 20.0% from the FY2021, FY2022, FY2023, and FY2024 enacted level of $6.0 million. The House-reported bill included $6.6 million (+10.0%), and the Senate-reported bill would providehave provided $6.5 million (+8.3%). As stated above, during consideration of H.R. 8772 in the House, an amendment was offered which would have prohibited the use of funds in the act for COIL. The amendment failed (169-240, Roll no. 348).

    P.L. 119-4 continued the FY2024 funding level.

    The office administers a program that supports democratic changes in other countries by inviting their leaders to observe democracy and free enterprise in the United States.

    Congress first authorized the program in 1999 to support the relationship between Russia and the United States. Established at the LOC as the Center for Russian Leadership Development in 2000, the program encouraged young federal and local Russian leaders to visit the United States and observe its government and society. The center was renamed the Open World Leadership Center in 2003, when the program was expanded to include specified additional countries.3741 In 2004, Congress further extended the program's eligibility to other countries designated by the center's board of trustees, subject to congressional consideration.3842 More recent appropriations documents have included language regarding countries or regions of focus and proposed expansion, including efforts in Ukraine. The FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act changed the name from the Open World Leadership Center to the Congressional Office for International Leadership.

    35 GAO’s guidelines for initiating studies are contained in U.S. Government Accountability Office, GAO’s Congressional Protocols, GAO-17-767G (Washington: GAO, 2017), https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-17-767g.

    36 Offsetting collections include funds derived from reimbursable audits and rental of space in the GAO building. According to the House Appropriations Committee report to accompany the legislative branch appropriations bill (H.Rept. 118-120, p. 28), “The Committee recommendation includes an increase to the direct appropriation in large part due to the significant decrease in offsetting collections for fiscal year 2025.”

    37 P.L. 106-554, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A-120, December 21, 2000; P.L. 108-7, 117 Stat. 382, February 20, 2003. According to the 2003 act, the additional countries include “any country specified in §3 of the FREEDOM Support Act (22 U.S.C. 5801),” and “Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.” The countries specified in 22 U.S.C. 5801 are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.

    38 P.L. 108-447, 118 Stat. 3192, December 8, 2004.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 24

    The office is housed in the LOC and receives services from the LOC through an interagency agreement.

    The office is housed in the LOC and receives services from the LOC through an interagency agreement.

    A provision included since FY2016 states the following:

    That funds made available to support Russian participants shall only be used for those engaging in free market development, humanitarian activities, and civic engagement, and shall not be used for officials of the central government of Russia.

    Prior to the name change in 2022, the location and future of the office; attempts to assess its effectiveness, countries of focus, and funding levels; and its inclusion in the legislative branch budget were discussed at appropriations hearings and in report language for many years.

    Administrative Provision

    As in FY2024, COIL requested an administrative provision to amend 2 U.S.C. §1151 to insert language allowing the Board of Trustees to "establish such policies as may be necessary to ensure that awards, incentives, and leave accrual for the Executive Director is at least equal to those provided to executive branch employees appointed pursuant to subchapter II of chapter 31 of title 5, United States Code." This provision was not included in the House-reported or Senate-reported FY2025 bills.

    or in P.L. 119-4.

    John C. Stennis Center for Public Service Training and Development

    The center was created by Congress in 1988 to encourage public service by congressional staff through training and development programs.3943 The $430,000 included in the FY2024 act, the FY2025 request, the House-reported bill, and the Senate-reported bill, and P.L. 119-4 is approximately the same level provided annually since FY2006.

    General Provisions

    As in past years, Congress considered a number of general provisions related to the legislative branch. These provisions and their status are listed in Table 4.

    Table 4. General Provisions

    (and stage of inclusion or status)

    Provision to

    FY2024

    Enacted

    FY2025

    Requested

    FY2025

    House

    Reported

    FY2025

    Senate

    Reported

    FY2025

    Enacted

    FY2024 Enacted

    FY2025 Requested

    FY2025 HouseReported FY2025 Senate Reported

    FY2025 Enacted

    prohibit appropriated funds for the maintenance and care of private vehicles

    Yes Yes Yes Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    limit funds to the fiscal year unless otherwise expressly provided

    Yes Yes Yes Yes

    make any changes in rates of compensation and designation permanent

    Yes Yes Yes Yes

    make consulting services contracts a matter of public record

    Yes Yes Yes Yes

    authorize the costs of Legislative Branch Financial Managers Council

    Yes Yes Yes Yes

    39 2 U.S.C. §1105. See also http://www.stennis.gov/.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 25

    Provision to

    FY2024

    Enacted

    FY2025

    Requested

    FY2025

    House

    Reported

    FY2025

    Senate

    Reported

    FY2025

    Enacted

    limit transfers to those authorized by law Yes Yes Yes Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    make any changes in rates of compensation and designation permanent

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    make consulting services contracts a matter of public record

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    authorize the costs of Legislative Branch Financial Managers Council

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    limit transfers to those authorized by law

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    prohibit restrictions on guided staff tours of the Capitol with limited exceptions

    Yes Yes Yes Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    prohibit a cost-of-living adjustment for Members of Congressa

    Yes

    ( (Section 7 of P.L. 118-47)a

    No Yes

    No

    Yes (Section 214)

    Yes

    (Section

    211)

    reduce plastic waste Yes Yes No Yes

    restrict procurement of telecommunications equipment that may present a cybersecurity risk

    Yes Yes Yes Yes

    require computer networks to block the viewing, downloading, and exchanging of pornography

    Yes Yes Yes Yes

    limit consideration of certain treatment as fiduciary relationship (medical and dental services)

    No No Yes No

    make certain pay freezes not applicable to certain legislative branch offices

    No No Yes No

    prohibit the use of funds for any office, program, or activity for the purposes of diversity, equity, and inclusion training

    No No Yes No

    prohibit certain discriminatory actions No No Yes No

    establish a spending reduction account No No Yes No

    amend the Congressional Accountability Act to extend pump act protections to congressional staff

    No No No Yes

    Sources: Yes (Section 211) Yes (Section 1101(a)(9) of P.L. 119-4 extends Section 7 of P.L. 118-47)a

    reduce plastic waste

    Yes

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Yes

    restrict procurement of telecommunications equipment that may present a cybersecurity risk

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    require computer networks to block the viewing, downloading, and exchanging of pornography

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    limit consideration of certain treatment as fiduciary relationship (medical and dental services)

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    No

    make certain pay freezes not applicable to certain legislative branch offices

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    No

    prohibit the use of funds for any office, program, or activity for the purposes of diversity, equity, and inclusion training

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    No

    prohibit certain discriminatory actions

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    No

    establish a spending reduction account

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    No

    amend the Congressional Accountability Act to extend pump act protections to congressional staff

    No

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    Sources:
    P.L. 118-47, the Budget for Fiscal Year 2025, H.R. 8772, , H.Rept. 118-555, , S. 4678, , S.Rept. 118-192, P.L. 119-4, and CRS analysis. Note: a. The legislative branch bill does not contain language funding or increasing Member pay, and a provision prohibiting the automatic Member pay adjustments could be included in any bill, or be introduced as a separate bill. For additional information, see CRS Report 97-1011, Salaries of Members of Congress: Recent Actions and Historical Tables, by Ida A. Brudnick, Salaries of Members of Congress: Recent Actions and Historical Tables, by Ida A. Brudnick. Pay for Members of Congress was last adjusted in January 2009.

    Introduction to Summary Tables and Appendix

    Table 5 through Table 9 provide information on funding levels for the legislative branch overall, the Senate, the House of Representatives, the USCP, and the AOC.

    Tables are based on CRS analysis of anomalies in P.L. 119-4, with other funding levels continued at the FY2024 level.

    The tables are followed by an Appendix, which lists House, Senate, and conference bills and reports; public law numbers; and enactment dates since FY1998.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 26

    Table 5. Legislative Branch Appropriations: Funding Levels by Agency or Entity

    (in thousands of dollars)

    Entity

    FY2024

    Enacted

    FY2025

    Requested

    FY2025

    House

    Reporteda

    FY2025

    Senate

    Reporteda

    FY2025

    Enacted

    Senate $1,254,543 $1,369,066 —a $1,337,582

    House of Representatives

    1,850,998 1,932,655 1,932,829 —a

    Joint Items 28,042 25,387 24,963 25,237

    Capitol Police 791,473 900,390 832,415 832,556

    Office of Congressional Workplace Rights

    8,150 8,592 8,150 8,200

    Congressional Budget Office

    70,000 70,729 73,259 73,000

    Architect of the Capitol

    947,313 1,015,971 754,238a 737,990a

    Library of Congress, Including CRS

    852,158 873,239 883,439 878,786

    CRS (non-add) 136,080 142,860 141,487 141,000

    Government Publishing Office

    131,999 136,089 136,089 133,425

    Government Accountability Office

    811,894 915,957 896,700 883,139

    Congressional Office for International Leadership (formerly Open World Leadership Center)

    6,000 7,200 6,600 6,500

    Stennis Center for Public Service

    430 430 430 430

    Legislative Branch, Subtotal

    $6,753,000 $7,255,705 $5,549,112a $4,916,845a

    Adjustments to Compensation (CBO estimate)

    -4,000 — -4,000 -4,000

    Other General Provisions/Capitol Complex Health and Safety

    — — — —

    Other/Scorekeeping 174b 26,000 — —

    Spending Reduction Acct.

    — — — —

    Legislative Branch, Total

    $6,749,174b $7,281,705 $5,545,112a $4,912,845a

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 27

    Entity

    FY2024

    Enacted

    FY2025

    Requested

    FY2025

    House

    Reporteda

    FY2025

    Senate

    Reporteda

    FY2025

    Enacted

    Emergency — — — —

    Rescissions — — — —

    FY2024 Enacted

    FY2025 Requested

    FY2025 HouseReporteda FY2025 Senate Reporteda

    FY2025 Enacted

    Senate

    $1,254,543

    $1,369,066

    a

    $1,337,582

    $1,324,543

    House of Representatives

    1,850,998

    1,932,655

    1,932,829

    a

    1,878,346

    Joint Items

    28,042

    25,387

    24,963

    25,237

    23,895

    Capitol Police

    791,473

    900,390

    832,415

    832,556

    806,473

    Office of Congressional Workplace Rights

    8,150

    8,592

    8,150

    8,200

    8,150

    Congressional Budget Office

    70,000

    70,729

    73,259

    73,000

    70,000

    Architect of the Capitol

    947,313

    1,015,971

    754,238a 737,990a

    830,261

    Library of Congress, Including CRS

    852,158

    873,239

    883,439

    878,786

    852,158

    CRS (non-add)

    136,080

    142,860

    141,487

    141,000

    136,080

    Government Publishing Office

    131,999

    136,089

    136,089

    133,425

    131,999

    Government Accountability Office

    811,894

    915,957

    896,700

    883,139

    811,894d

    Congressional Office for International Leadership (formerly Open World Leadership Center)

    6,000

    7,200

    6,600

    6,500

    6,000

    Stennis Center for Public Service

    430

    430

    430

    430

    430

    Legislative Branch, Subtotal

    $6,753,000

    $7,255,705

    $5,549,112a $4,916,845a

    $6,744,149

    Adjustments to Compensation (CBO estimate)

    -4,000

    -4,000

    -4,000

    -4,000

    Other General Provisions/Capitol Complex Health and Safety

    Other/Scorekeeping

    174b 26,000c

    Spending Reduction Acct.

    Legislative Branch, Total

    $6,749,174b

    $7,281,705

    $5,545,112a $4,912,845a

    $6,740,149

    Emergency

    Rescissions

    Sources: P.L. 118-47, the Budget for Fiscal Year 2025, H.R. 8772, , H.Rept. 118-555, , S. 4678, , S.Rept. 118-192, P.L. 119-4, and CRS analysis. Notes: The FY2025 budget request was submitted on March 11, 2024, prior to the enactment of FY2024 funding on March 23, 2024. a. By tradition, the House generally does not consider appropriations for Senate operations or Senate office buildings, and the Senate generally does not consider appropriations for House operations or House office buildings.

    b. Total includes one gratuity payment to the heir of a deceased Senator as provided in P.L. 118-22.

    .

    c. Related to authority to make purchases of materials and services during emergencies (§131).

    Table 6. Senate Appropriations

    (in thousands of dollars)

    Accounts

    FY2024

    Enacted

    FY2025

    Requested

    FY2025

    House

    Reporteda

    FY2025

    Senate

    Reported

    FY2025

    Enacted

    Expense Allowances and Representation

    $225 $225 $225

    Salaries, Officers, and Employees

    277,838 304,036 293,770

    Office of Legislative Counsel

    8,650 9,450 9,094

    Office of Legal Counsel 1,365 1,429 1,387

    Expense Allowances for Secretary of Senate et al.

    30 30 30

    Contingent Expenses (subtotal)

    966,435 1,053,896 1,033,076

    Inquiries and Investigations 174,000 187,200 187,200

    Senate Intl. Narcotics Caucus

    582 610 591

    Secretary of the Senateb 17,494 17,500 17,299

    Sergeant at Arms/Doorkeeperc

    194,942 241,191 204,000

    Sergeant at Arms Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Fund

    — —

    Sergeant at Arms Fellowships Fund

    — 6,277 6,277

    Miscellaneous Items 26,517 29,028 29,028

    Senators’ Official Personnel and Office Expense Account

    552,600 571,790 588,381

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 28

    Accounts

    FY2024

    Enacted

    FY2025

    Requested

    FY2025

    House

    Reporteda

    FY2025

    Senate

    Reported

    FY2025

    Enacted

    Official Mail Costs 300 300 300

    Rescission — —

    Total $1,254,543d $1,369,066 $1,337,582

    d. Total does not include $10.0 million provided to GAO "for audits and investigations related to Hurricanes Helene and Milton, and other disasters declared pursuant to the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) in calendar years 2023 and 2024" (Division B, Title IX of P.L. 118-158). Table 6. Senate Appropriations

    (in thousands of dollars)

    Accounts

    FY2024 Enacted

    FY2025 Requested

    FY2025 HouseReporteda FY2025Senate Reported

    FY2025 Enacted

    Expense Allowances and Representation

    $225

    $225

    $225

    $225

    Salaries, Officers, and Employees

    277,838

    304,036

    293,770

    277,838

    Office of Legislative Counsel

    8,650

    9,450

    9,094

    8,650

    Office of Legal Counsel

    1,365

    1,429

    1,387

    1,365

    Expense Allowances for Secretary of Senate et al.

    30

    30

    30

    30

    Contingent Expenses (subtotal)

    966,435

    1,053,896

    1,033,076

    1,036,435

    Inquiries and Investigations

    174,000

    187,200

    187,200

    189,200

    Senate Intl. Narcotics Caucus

    582

    610

    591

    582

    Secretary of the Senateb

    17,494

    17,500

    17,299

    17,494

    Sergeant at Arms/Doorkeeperc

    194,942

    241,191

    204,000

    194,942

    Sergeant at Arms Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Fund

    Sergeant at Arms Fellowships Fund

    6,277

    6,277

    Miscellaneous Items

    26,517

    29,028

    29,028

    26,517

    Senators' Official Personnel and Office Expense Account

    552,600

    571,790

    588,381

    607,400

    Official Mail Costs

    300

    300

    300

    300

    Rescission

    Total

    $1,254,543d

    $1,369,066

    $1,337,582

    $1,324,543

    Sources: P.L. 118-47, the Budget for Fiscal Year 2025, S. 4678, , S.Rept. 118-192, P.L. 119-4, and CRS analysis. Notes: The FY2025 budget request was submitted on March 11, 2024, prior to the enactment of FY2024 funding on March 23, 2024. a. By tradition, the House does not consider appropriations for Senate operations.

    b. Operations of the Office of the Secretary of the Senate are also funded under "Salaries, Officers, and Employees.

    "

    c. Operations of the Office of Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper are also funded under "Salaries, Officers, and Employees.

    "

    d. P.L. 118-22 provided one gratuity payment to the heir of a deceased Senator.

    Table 7. House of Representatives Appropriations

    (in thousands of dollars)

    Accounts

    FY2024

    FY2024 Enacted

    FY2025

    FY2025 Requested

    FY2025

    House

    FY2025 HouseReported

    FY2025

    Senate

    FY2025 Senate Reporteda

    FY2025

    Enacted

    Enacted

    Payment to Widows and Heirs of Deceased Members of Congress

    $0 $0 $174

    House Leadership Offices 36,560 36,560 36,560

    Members’ Representational Allowance

    810,000 843,605 843,605

    Intern Allowance—House Member Offices

    20,639 20,639 20,639

    Intern Allowance—House Leadership Offices

    586 586 586

    Intern Allowance—Standing Committees, Special and Select

    2,600 2,600 2,600

    Intern Allowance—House Appropriations Committee

    463 463 463

    Committee Employees (subtotal) 211,881 212,156 212,156

    Standing Committees, Special and Select, except Appropriations

    180,587 180,862 180,862

    Appropriations Committee 31,294 31,294 31,294

    Salaries, Officers, and Employees (subtotal)

    324,879 325,961 325,961

    Office of the Clerk 41,455 44,984 44,984

    Office of the Sergeant at Arms

    38,793 34,141 34,141

    Office of Chief Administrative Officer

    213,072 213,072 213,072

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 29

    Accounts

    FY2024

    Enacted

    FY2025

    Requested

    FY2025

    House

    Reported

    FY2025

    Senate

    Reporteda

    FY2025

    Enacted

    Office of Diversity and Inclusion

    — — —

    Office of the Whistleblower Ombuds

    1,250 1,250 1,250

    Office of Inspector General 5,512 5,772 5,772

    Office of General Counsel 1,987 2,048 2,048

    Office of the Parliamentarian 2,240 2,287 2,287

    Office of the Law Revision Counsel

    3,900 5,084 5,048

    Office of the Legislative Counsel

    14,671 15,300 15,300

    Office of Interparliamentary Affairs

    934 994 994

    Other Authorized Employees

    1,065 1,065 1,065

    Allowances and Expenses (subtotal)

    433,390 480,085 480,085

    Supplies, Materials, Administrative Costs and Federal Tort Claims

    1,555 1,555 1,555

    Official Mail for committees, leadership, administrative and legislative offices

    190 190 190

    Government Contributions 392,368 428,960 428,960

    Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Emergency Appropriations

    27,264 27,428 27,428

    Transition Activities 5,895 15,786 15,786

    Green and Gold Congressional Aide Program (formerly Wounded Warrior Program)

    3,356 3,356 3,356

    Office of Congressional Ethics

    1,762 1,810 1,810

    Miscellaneous Items 1,000 1,000 1,000

    House Modernization Initiatives Account

    10,000 10,000 10,000

    Administrative Provisions/Rescissions/Other

    Total $1,850,998 $1,932,655 $1,932,829

    Sources: P.L. 118-47

    $0

    $0

    $174

    $0

    House Leadership Offices

    36,560

    36,560

    36,560

    36,560

    Members' Representational Allowance

    810,000

    843,605

    843,605

    850,000

    Intern Allowance—House Member Offices

    20,639

    20,639

    20,639

    20,639

    Intern Allowance—House Leadership Offices

    586

    586

    586

    586

    Intern Allowance—Standing Committees, Special and Select

    2,600

    2,600

    2,600

    2,600

    Intern Allowance—House Appropriations Committee

    463

    463

    463

    463

    Committee Employees (subtotal)

    211,881

    212,156

    212,156

    211,881

    Standing Committees, Special and Select, except Appropriations

    180,587

    180,862

    180,862

    180,587

    Appropriations Committee

    31,294

    31,294

    31,294

    31,294

    Salaries, Officers, and Employees (subtotal)

    324,879

    325,961

    325,961

    320,227

    Office of the Clerk

    41,455

    44,984

    44,984

    41,455

    Office of the Sergeant at Arms

    38,793

    34,141

    34,141

    34,141

    Office of Chief Administrative Officer

    213,072

    213,072

    213,072

    213,072

    Office of Diversity and Inclusion

    Office of the Whistleblower Ombuds

    1,250

    1,250

    1,250

    1,250

    Office of Inspector General

    5,512

    5,772

    5,772

    5,512

    Office of General Counsel

    1,987

    2,048

    2,048

    1,987

    Office of the Parliamentarian

    2,240

    2,287

    2,287

    2,240

    Office of the Law Revision Counsel

    3,900

    5,084

    5,048

    3,900

    Office of the Legislative Counsel

    14,671

    15,300

    15,300

    14,671

    Office of Interparliamentary Affairs

    934

    994

    994

    934

    Other Authorized Employees

    1,065

    1,065

    1,065

    1,065

    Allowances and Expenses (subtotal)

    433,390

    480,085

    480,085

    433,390

    Supplies, Materials, Administrative Costs and Federal Tort Claims

    1,555

    1,555

    1,555

    1,555

    Official Mail for committees, leadership, administrative and legislative offices

    190

    190

    190

    190

    Government Contributions

    392,368

    428,960

    428,960

    392,368

    Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Emergency Appropriations

    27,264

    27,428

    27,428

    27,264

    Transition Activities

    5,895

    15,786

    15,786

    5,895

    Green and Gold Congressional Aide Program (formerly Wounded Warrior Program)

    3,356

    3,356

    3,356

    3,356

    Office of Congressional Ethicsb

    1,762

    1,810

    1,810

    1,762

    Miscellaneous Items

    1,000

    1,000

    1,000

    1,000

    House Modernization Initiatives Account

    10,000

    10,000

    10,000

    2,000

    Administrative Provisions/Rescissions/Other

    Total

    $1,850,998

    $1,932,655

    $1,932,829

    $1,878,346

    Sources: P.L. 118-47, the Budget for Fiscal Year 2025, H.R. 8772, , H.Rept. 118-555, P.L. 119-4, and CRS analysis. Notes: The FY2025 budget request was submitted on March 11, 2024, prior to the enactment of FY2024 funding on March 23, 2024. a. By tradition, the Senate generally does not consider appropriations for House operations.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 30

    b. The Office of Congressional Ethics was renamed the Office of Congressional Conduct by H.Res. 5 (119th Congress).

    Table 8. Capitol Police Appropriations

    (in thousands of dollars)

    Accounts

    FY2024

    Enacted

    FY2025

    Requested

    FY2025

    House

    Reported

    FY2025

    Senate

    Reported

    FY2025

    Enacted

    Salaries, Capitol Police $588,627 $636,546 $619,257 $620,401

    General Expenses 202,846 263,844 213,158 212,155

    Total $791,473 $900,390 $832,415 $832,556

    Accounts

    FY2024 Enacted

    FY2025 Requested

    FY2025 HouseReported FY2025Senate Reported

    FY2025 Enacted

    Salaries, Capitol Police

    $588,627

    $636,546

    $619,257

    $620,401

    $603,627

    General Expenses

    202,846

    263,844

    213,158

    212,155

    202,846

    Total

    $791,473

    $900,390

    $832,415

    $832,556

    $806,473

    Sources: P.L. 118-47, the Budget for Fiscal Year 20252025, H.R. 8772, , H.Rept. 118-555, , S. 4678, , S.Rept. 118-192, P.L. 119-4, and CRS analysis. Note: The FY2025 budget request was submitted on March 11, 2024, prior to the enactment of FY2024 funding on March 23, 2024.

    Table 9. Architect of the Capitol Appropriations

    (in thousands of dollars)

    Accounts

    FY2024

    FY2024 Enacted

    FY2025

    FY2025 Requested

    FY2025

    House

    FY2025 HouseReported

    FY2025

    Senate

    Reported

    FY2025

    Enacted

    FY2025 Senate Reported

    FY2025 Enacted

    Capital Construction and Operations

    $152,507 $190,316 $165,000 $153,280

    Capitol Building 95,688 53,193 41,002 51,602

    Capitol Grounds 16,600 34,867 33,922 21,422

    Senate Office Buildings 138,751 209,996 —a 157,948

    House of Representatives

    House Office Buildings 166,426 151,567 148,000 —a

    House Historic Buildings Revitalization Fund

    0 5,500 5,500 —a

    Capitol Power Plantb 148,650 130,505 127,414 127,114

    Library Buildings and Grounds 94,978 73,202 86,043 83,500

    Capitol Police Buildings and Grounds and Security

    85,207 113,352 97,016 92,588

    Botanic Garden 20,506 22,859 21,214 22,000

    Capitol Visitor Center 28,000 30,614 29,127 28,536

    Architect of the Capitol, Total $947,313 $1,015,971 $754,238a $737,990a

    $152,507

    $190,316

    $165,000

    $153,280

    $152,507

    Capitol Building

    95,688

    53,193

    41,002

    51,602

    48,688

    Capitol Grounds

    16,600

    34,867

    33,922

    21,422

    21,600

    Senate Office Buildings

    138,751

    209,996

    a

    157,948

    138,751

    House of Representatives

    House Office Buildings

    166,426

    151,567

    148,000

    a

    146,174

    House Historic Buildings Revitalization Fund

    0

    5,500

    5,500

    a Capitol Power Plantb

    148,650

    130,505

    127,414

    127,114

    123,850

    Library Buildings and Grounds

    94,978

    73,202

    86,043

    83,500

    64,978

    Capitol Police Buildings and Grounds and Security

    85,207

    113,352

    97,016

    92,588

    85,207

    Botanic Garden

    20,506

    22,859

    21,214

    22,000

    20,506

    Capitol Visitor Center

    28,000

    30,614

    29,127

    28,536

    28,000

    Architect of the Capitol, Total

    $947,313

    $1,015,971

    $754,238a $737,990a

    $830,261

    Sources: P.L. 118-47, the Budget for Fiscal Year 2025, H.R. 8772, , H.Rept. 118-555, , S. 4678, , S.Rept. 118-192, P.L. 119-4, and CRS analysis. Notes: The FY2025 budget request was submitted on March 11, 2024, prior to the enactment of FY2024 funding on March 23, 2024. a. The House generally does not consider appropriations for Senate office buildings, and the Senate generally does not consider appropriations for House office buildings.

    b. Not including "Capitol Power Plant" offsetting collections of $10.0 million in the FY2024 enacted bill, the FY2025 request, the FY2025 House-reported bill, and the FY2025 Senate-reported bill.

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 31

    Appendix. Fiscal Year Information and Resources

    Table A-1. Overview of Legislative Branch Appropriations: FY1998-FY2025

    (House, Senate, Conference, and CRS Reports and Related Legislative Vehicles)

    Fiscal

    Year

    House

    Senate

    Resolution

    Year House Senate

    Resolution

    of House-

    Senate

    Differences

    of House-Senate Differences Enactment Date

    Enactment

    Date

    and Public

    Law

    Law

    Enactment

    Vehicle Title

    CRS

    Report

    2025 CRS Report

    2025

    H.Rept. 118-555 ((H.R. 8772)

    )

    S.Rept. 118- 192 (S. 4678)

    2024 H.Rept. 118-120 (H.R. 4364)

    S.Rept. 118-60 (S. 2302)

    192(S. 4678) 3/15/25(P.L. 119-4)

    Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025

    CRS Report R48145, Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    2024

    H.Rept. 118-120 (H.R. 4364) S.Rept. 118-60 (S. 2302)

    Explanatory materials inserted into the Congressional Record ( (H.R. 2882)

    )

    3/23/24 ( (P.L. 118- 47)

    47)

    FY2024 Further Consolidated Appropriations Act

    CRS Report R47624, Legislative Branch: FY2024 Appropriations, by Ida A. Brudnick

    2023

    2023

    H.Rept. 117-389 ((H.R. 8237)

    )

    Senate Appropriations Committee chairman's draft explanatory statement; S. 4720

    Explanatory materials inserted into the Congressional Record ((H.R. 2617)

    )

    12/29/2022 ((P.L. 117- 328)

    328)

    Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023

    CRS Report R47296, Legislative Branch: FY2023 Appropriations

    2022

    2022

    H.Rept. 117-80 ((H.R. 4346)

    )

    Senate Appropriations Committee chairman's draft bill; Senate Appropriations Committee chairman's draft explanatory statement

    Explanatory materials inserted into the Congressional Record ((H.R. 2471)

    )

    3/15/2022 ( (P.L. 117- 103)

    103)

    Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022

    CRS Report R46936, Legislative Branch: FY2022 Appropriations

    2021

    2021

    H.Rept. 116-447 ((H.R. 7611)

    )

    Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft bill; Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft explanatory statement

    Explanatory materials inserted into the Congressional Record ( (H.R. 133)

    )

    12/27/2020 ((P.L. 116- 260)

    260)

    Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021

    CRS Report R46469, Legislative Branch: FY2021 Appropriations

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 32

    Fiscal

    Year House Senate

    Resolution

    of House-

    Senate

    Differences

    Enactment

    Date

    and Public

    Law

    Enactment

    Vehicle Title

    CRS

    Report

    2020

    2020

    H.Rept. 116-64 ((H.R. 2779)

    )

    S.Rept. 116- 124 (S. 2581)

    124(S. 2581)

    Explanatory materials inserted into the Congressional Record ( (H.R. 1865)

    )

    12/20/2019 ((P.L. 116- 94)

    94)

    Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020

    CRS Report R45755, Legislative Branch: FY2020 Appropriations

    2019

    2019

    H.Rept. 115-696 ((H.R. 5894)

    )

    S.Rept. 115- 274 (S. 3071)

    274(S. 3071)

    H.Rept. 115- 929

    929

    9/21/18 ( (P.L. 115- 244)

    244)

    Energy and Water, Legislative Branch, and Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Appropriations Act, 2019

    CRS Report R45214, Legislative Branch: FY2019 Appropriations

    2018

    2018

    H.Rept. 115-199 ( (H.R. 3162)

    )

    S.Rept. 115- 137 (S. 1648)

    137 (S. 1648)

    Explanatory materials inserted into the Congressional Record ( (H.R. 1625)

    ) 3/23/2018 (P.L. 115- 141)

    141)

    Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018

    CRS Report R44899, Legislative Branch: FY2018 Appropriations

    2017

    2017

    H.Rept. 114-594 ((H.R. 5325) (H.Res. 771)

    )

    S.Rept. 114- 258 (S. 2955)

    258 (S. 2955)

    Explanatory materials inserted into the Congressional Record ((H.R. 244)

    )

    5/5/2017 ((P.L. 115- 31)

    31) Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017

    CRS Report R44515, Legislative Branch: FY2017 Appropriations

    2016

    2016

    H.Rept. 114-110 ( (H.R. 2250) ()(H.Res. 271)

    ) S.Rept. 114-64 ( (H.R. 2250)

    )

    Explanatory materials inserted into the Congressional Record

    12/18/2015 ((P.L. 114- 113)

    113)

    Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016

    CRS Report R44029, Legislative Branch: FY2016 Appropriations

    2015

    2015

    H.Rept. 113-417 ( (H.R. 4487) (H.Res. 557)

    S.Rept. 113- 196 (H.R. 4487)

    H.R. 4487) (H.Res. 557) S.Rept. 113-196 (H.R. 4487)

    Explanatory materials inserted into the Congressional Record ((H.R. 83)

    )

    12/16/2014 ( (P.L. 113- 235)

    235)

    Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015

    CRS Report R43557, Legislative Branch: FY2015 Appropriations

    2014

    2014

    H.Rept. 113-173 ( (H.R. 2792)

    )

    S.Rept. 113-70 ( (S. 1283)

    )

    Explanatory materials inserted into the Congressional Record ((H.R. 3547)

    )

    1/17/2014 ( (P.L. 113- 76)

    76)

    Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014

    CRS Report R43151, Legislative Branch: FY2014 Appropriations

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 33

    Fiscal

    Year House Senate

    Resolution

    of House-

    Senate

    Differences

    Enactment

    Date

    and Public

    Law

    Enactment

    Vehicle Title

    CRS

    Report

    2013

    2013

    H.Rept. 112-511 ( (H.R. 5882) (H.Res. 679)

    )

    S.Rept. 112- 197 ( (H.R. 5882)

    ___ )

    ___

    3/26/2013 ( (P.L. 113-6)

    )

    Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013

    CRS Report R42500, Legislative Branch: FY2013 Appropriations

    2012

    2012

    H.Rept. 112-148 ( (H.R. 2551)

    )

    S.Rept. 112-80 ( (H.R. 2551)

    )

    H.Rept. 112- 331 (331 (H.R. 2055)

    ) 12/23/2011 ((P.L. 112- 74)

    74)

    Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012

    CRS Report R41870, Legislative Branch: FY2012 Appropriations

    2011 ___ S.Rept. 111- 294 (S. 3799)

    ___ 4/15/2011 (P.L. 112- 10)

    2011

    ___

    S.Rept. 111-294 (S. 3799)

    ___

    4/15/2011(P.L. 112-10)

    Department of Defense and Full- Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011

    CRS Report R41214, Legislative Branch: FY2011 Appropriations

    2010

    2010

    H.Rept. 111-160 ( (H.R. 2918)

    ) S.Rept. 111-29 (S. 1294)

    (S. 1294)

    H.Rept. 111- 265 (265(H.R. 2918)

    )

    10/1/2009 ((P.L. 111- 688)

    688)

    Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2010

    CRS Report R40617, Legislative Branch: FY2010 Appropriations

    2009 ___ ___

    2009

    ___

    ___

    Explanatory materials inserted into the Congressional Record and issued in a committee print ((H.R. 1105)

    )

    3/11/2009 ((P.L. 111-8)

    )

    Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009

    CRS Report RL34490, Legislative Branch: FY2009 Appropriations

    2008

    2008

    H.Rept. 110-198 ( (H.R. 2771)

    )

    S.Rept. 110-89 (S. 1686)

    (S. 1686)

    Explanatory materials inserted into the Congressional Record ((H.R. 2764)

    )

    12/26/2007 ((P.L. 110- 161)

    161) Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008

    CRS Report RL34031, Legislative Branch: FY2008 Appropriations

    2007

    2007

    H.Rept. 109-485 ( (H.R. 5521)

    )

    S.Rept. 109- 267 (H.R. 5521)

    ___ 2/15/2007 (P.L. 110-5)

    267 (H.R. 5521)

    ___

    2/15/2007(P.L. 110-5)

    Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007

    CRS Report RL33379, Legislative Branch: FY2007 Appropriations

    2006

    2006

    H.Rept. 109-139 ( (H.R. 2985)

    )

    S.Rept. 109-89 ( (H.R. 2985)

    )

    H.Rept. 109- 189 189 (H.R. 2985)

    8/02/2005 ( (P.L. 109- 55)

    55)

    FY2006 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act

    CRS Report RL32819, Legislative Branch: FY2006 Appropriations

    2005

    2005

    H.Rept. 108-577 ( (H.R. 4755)

    )

    S.Rept. 108- 307 (S. 2666)

    307 (S. 2666) H.Rept. 108- 792 (792 (H.R. 4818)

    ) 12/8/2004 ((P.L. 108- 447)

    447)

    Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005

    CRS Report RL32312, Appropriations for FY2005: Legislative Branch

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service 34

    Fiscal

    Year House Senate

    Resolution

    of House-

    Senate

    Differences

    Enactment

    Date

    and Public

    Law

    Enactment

    Vehicle Title

    CRS

    Report

    2004

    2004

    H.Rept. 108-186 ( (H.R. 2657)

    )

    S.Rept. 108-88 (S. 1383)

    (S. 1383)

    H.Rept. 108- 279 (279(H.R. 2657)

    )

    9/30/2003 ((P.L. 108- 83)

    83)

    Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2004

    CRS Report RL31812, Appropriations for FY2004: Legislative Branch

    2003

    2003

    H.Rept. 107-576 ( (H.R. 5121)

    )

    S.Rept. 107- 209 (S. 2720)

    ___ 2/20/2003 (P.L. 108-7)

    209 (S. 2720)

    ___

    2/20/2003(P.L. 108-7)

    Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003

    CRS Report RL31312, Appropriations for FY2003: Legislative Branch

    2002

    2002

    H.Rept. 107-169 ( (H.R. 2647)

    )

    S.Rept. 107-37 (S. 1172)

    H.Rept. 107- 259 (H.R. 2647)

    11/12/2001 (P.L. 107- 68)

    (S. 1172) H.Rept. 107-259 (H.R. 2647) 11/12/2001 (P.L. 107-68)

    Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2002

    CRS Report RL31012, Appropriations for FY2002: Legislative Branch

    2001

    2001

    H.Rept. 106-635 ( (H.R. 4516)

    )

    S.Rept. 106- 304 (S. 2603)

    304 (S. 2603)

    H.Rept. 106- 796 (796 (H.R. 4516, incorporated into H.R. 4577)

    )

    12/21/2000 ((P.L. 106- 554)

    554) Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001

    CRS Report RL30512, Appropriations for FY2001: Legislative Branch

    2000

    2000

    H.Rept. 106-156 ( (H.R. 1905)

    )

    S.Rept. 106-75 (S. 1206)

    (S. 1206) H.Rept. 106- 290 (290 (H.R. 1905)

    ) 9/29/1999 ( (P.L. 106- 57)

    57)

    Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2000

    CRS Report RL30212, Appropriations for FY2000: Legislative Branch

    1999

    1999

    H.Rept. 105-595 ( (H.R. 4112)

    ) S.Rept. 105- 204 (S. 2137)

    H.Rept. 105- 734 (H.R. 4112)

    10/21/1998 (P.L. 105- 275)

    204 (S. 2137) H.Rept. 105-734 (H.R. 4112) 10/21/1998(P.L. 105-275) Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 1999

    CRS Report 98- 212, Appropriations for FY1999: Legislative Branch

    1998

    1998

    H.Rept. 105-196 ( (H.R. 2209)

    ) S.Rept. 105-47 (S. 1019) H.Rept. 105-254 (H.R. 2209) 10/7/1997(P.L. 105-55) S.Rept. 105-47 (S. 1019)

    H.Rept. 105- 254 (H.R. 2209)

    10/7/1997 (P.L. 105- 55)

    Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 1998

    CRS Report 97- 212, Appropriations for FY1998: Legislative Branch

    Source: Congressional Research Service examination of congress.gov.

    Author Information

    Ida A. Brudnick Specialist on the Congress

    Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations

    Congressional Research Service R48145 · VERSION 1 · NEW 35

    Disclaimer

    This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

    Footnotes

    1. Office of Management and Budget, Appendix, pp. 13-46, https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/appendix/. 2. Office of Management and Budget, OMB Circular No. A-11 (2022), Section 10, Overview of the Budget Process, p. 2, https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/information-for-agencies/circulars/. 3.

    An act "To revise, codify, and enact without substantive change certain general and permanent laws, related to money and finance, as title 31, United States Code, 'Money and Finance,'" P.L. 97-258, September 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 910.

    4. President Joseph R. Biden, "Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives on Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Amendments," May 24, 2024, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2024/05/22/letter-to-the-speaker-of-the-house-of-representatives-on-fiscal-year-2025-budget-amendments/. 5. The $7.256 billion in new budget authority does not include scorekeeping adjustments or a requested provision for authority to make purchases of materials and services during emergencies (§131). For additional information, see Table 5. 6.

    See text at U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, "Amendments to the Legislative Branch Appropriations Bill FY2024," full committee markup, June 13, 2024, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AP/AP00/20240613/117435/HMKP-118-AP00-20240613-SD007.pdf.

    7.

    U.S. Congress, House Committee on Rules, "H.R. 8772 - Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2025," https://rules.house.gov/bill/118/hr-8772.

    8.

    U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, "Legislative Branch Adopted Amendments," text available at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/fy25_leg_branch_adopted_amendments.pdf.

    9.

    The first continuing appropriations resolution also contained language related to the funding of the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies of 2025 (JCCIC), extending a pay freeze for Members of Congress for the duration of the continuing resolution, and providing three gratuity payments to the beneficiaries of deceased Members of the House. For additional information, see CRS Report R48214, Overview of Continuing Appropriations for FY2025 (Division A of P.L. 118-83), by Drew C. Aherne. The JCCIC and Member pay freeze provisions were continued in subsequent FY2025 acts.

    10.

    For additional information, see CRS Report R48517, Section-by-Section Summary of the Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2025 (Division A of P.L. 119-4), coordinated by Drew C. Aherne.

    11.

    For additional information, see CRS Report R42603, Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies: History, Membership, and Inaugural Activities, by Jacob R. Straus.

    12.

    For additional information on congressional salaries, see CRS Report 97-1011, Salaries of Members of Congress: Recent Actions and Historical Tables, by Ida A. Brudnick.

    13. Calculations by CRS with data from Office of Management and Budget (OMB), "Table 5.4—Discretionary Budget Authority By Agency: 1976-2029," in Historical Tables, Budget of the United States Government, FY2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/historical-tables/. The calculations have some limitations, since the OMB data do not completely align with items funded in the annual and supplemental legislative branch appropriations acts. The differences may be partially traced to the definition of "legislative branch" in the OMB Public Budget Database user's guide. Some entities regularly included with the legislative branch in many OMB budget documents, like the U.S. Tax Court and some Legislative Branch Boards and Commissions, are not funded through the annual legislative branch appropriations acts. Consequently, an examination of the discretionary budget authority listed in the Historical Tables reveals some differences with the reported total budget authority provided in the annual legislative branch appropriations acts. The difference in legislative branch budget authority resulting from the different definitions of the legislative branch in the OMB budget documents and in the appropriations acts, however, does not represent a significant difference in the proportion of total discretionary budget authority. 14.

    "Prior to 1977, the fiscal year began on July 1 and ended on June 30 ... Fiscal year 1976 ended on June 30, 1976, and fiscal year 1977 began on October 1, 1976. The period July 1, 1976, to September 30, 1976, is called the 'transition quarter' or TQ." (Office of Management and Budget, Budget Analysis Branch, Public Budget Database User's Guide, Budget of the United States Government, FY2025, March 2024, p. 2.)

    15.

    See also the "Explanatory Statement Submitted by Ms. DeLauro, Chair of the House Committee on Appropriations, Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 2471, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022," Congressional Record, March 9, 2022, pp. H2916-H2940.

    16.

    Available at https://docs.house.gov/billsthisweek/20201221/BILLS-116RCP68-JES-DIVISION-I.pdf.

    17.

    Congressional Record, December 21, 2020, Book IV, pp. H8712-H8733. Funding tables appear on pp. H8722-H8733.

    18.

    The legislative branch previously experienced a funding gap in FY1996 (November 14-18, 1995).

    19.

    FY2013 level from the CBO cost estimate for "Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 (H.J.Res. 59), Including the Amendment Reported by the House Committee on Rules on September 18, 2013 (H.Res. 352)," http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/hjres59amendment.pdf, which lists a total for legislative branch budget authority of $4.061 billion, noting that it "includes effects of the 2013 sequestration." This bill contained a small anomaly for the legislative branch.

    20.

    White House, President Obama, Sequestration Order for Fiscal Year 2013 Pursuant to Section 251A of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act, As Amended, March 1, 2013, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/03/06/2013-05397/sequestration-order-for-fiscal-year-2013-pursuant-to-section-251a-of-the-balanced-budget-and.

    21.

    Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, OMB Report to the Congress on the Joint Committee Sequestration for Fiscal Year 2013, March 1, 2013, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/03/06/2013-05397/sequestration-order-for-fiscal-year-2013-pursuant-to-section-251a-of-the-balanced-budget-and.

    22.

    P.L. 111-5, February 17, 2009, 123 Stat. 191.

    23.

    U.S. Congress, conference committee, Making Supplemental Appropriations for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2009, and for Other Purposes, report to accompany H.R. 2346, 111th Cong., 1st sess., H.Rept. 111-151 (Washington: GPO, 2009), p. 117.

    24.

    See the table notes for information about adjustments, including emergency supplemental funding.

    25.

    For example, U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Legislative Branch, Legislative Branch, 2019, report to accompany S. 3071, 115th Cong., 2nd sess., June 14, 2018, S.Rept. 115-274, p. 4.

    26.

    For additional information, see CRS Report R44399, Senators' Official Personnel and Office Expense Account (SOPOEA): History and Usage, by Ida A. Brudnick.

    27.

    For additional information, see CRS Report R40962, Members' Representational Allowance: History and Usage, by Ida A. Brudnick.

    28.

    For additional information, see CRS Insight IN11570, The U.S. Capitol Police: Brief Background, by Ida A. Brudnick.

    29.

    P.L. 104-1, 109 Stat. 3, January 23, 1995. The act, as amended, applies 12 civil rights, labor, and workplace safety laws to Congress and certain legislative branch agencies. These laws are the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, Americans with Disabilities Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Employee Polygraph Protection Act, Fair Labor Standards Act, Family and Medical Leave Act, Federal Services Labor-Management Relations Act, Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, Rehabilitation Act of 1970, Veterans' employment and reemployment rights at Chapter 43 of Title 38 of the U.S. Code, Worker Adjustment and Retraining Act, and Veterans Employment Opportunities Act.

    30.

    Among the office's activities are administration of a dispute resolution process, investigation and enforcement of occupational safety and health and disability provisions of the act, investigation of labor relations and enforcement of applicable provisions, and development of educational programs regarding the act's provisions.

    31.

    CBO is required to use estimates provided by the Joint Committee on Taxation for all revenue legislation (Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, P.L. 99-177, §273, 99 Stat.1098, December 12, 1985; 2 U.S.C. §§621 et seq.).

    32. Figure obtained from the Library of Congress, Annual Report of the Librarian of Congress for Fiscal Year 2023, 2022, p. 21, https://www.loc.gov/about/reports-and-budgets/annual-reports/. 33.

    Fees paid to the LOC for copyright registration are an example of receipts.

    34.

    For information on a change in the technology funding practice that affected the four LOC appropriations headings in FY2020, see the explanation in H.Rept. 116-64 and S.Rept. 116-124.

    35.

    See also H.R. 7593 (118th Cong.).

    36.

    See also H.R. 7592 (118th Cong.).

    37.

    Formerly known as the Government Printing Office. For additional information on GPO, see CRS Report R45014, Government Printing, Publications, and Digital Information Management: Issues and Challenges.

    38.

    The revolving fund supports GPO's operation and maintenance.

    39.

    GAO's guidelines for initiating studies are contained in U.S. Government Accountability Office, GAO's Congressional Protocols, GAO-17-767G (Washington: GAO, 2017), https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-17-767g.

    40.

    Offsetting collections include funds derived from reimbursable audits and rental of space in the GAO building. According to the House Appropriations Committee report to accompany the legislative branch appropriations bill (H.Rept. 118-120, p. 28), "The Committee recommendation includes an increase to the direct appropriation in large part due to the significant decrease in offsetting collections for fiscal year 2025."

    41.

    P.L. 106-554, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A-120, December 21, 2000; P.L. 108-7, 117 Stat. 382, February 20, 2003. According to the 2003 act, the additional countries include "any country specified in §3 of the FREEDOM Support Act (22 U.S.C. 5801)," and "Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania." The countries specified in 22 U.S.C. 5801 are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.

    42.

    P.L. 108-447, 118 Stat. 3192, December 8, 2004.

    43. 2 U.S.C. §1105. See also http://www.stennis.gov/.