Kuwait: Issues for the 119th Congress
Changes from May 24, 2024 to March 28, 2025
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Kuwait: Issues for the 119th Congress
Updated March 28, 2025 (R47390) Jump to Main Text of ReportContents
- Overview and Bilateral Relations
- U.S.-Kuwaiti Defense Relations
- U.S.-Kuwaiti Economic Relations
- Congress and Kuwait
- Kuwait's History and Politics
- Political System
- 2023 Succession, 2024 Election, and Assembly Suspension
- Human Rights
- Women's Rights
- Trafficking in Persons
- Religious Freedom and Tolerance
- Kuwait's Foreign Policy
- Kuwait and Russia's War against Ukraine
- Kuwait and China
- Kuwait and its Neighbors
- Fiscal, Economic, and Energy Issues
- Resources and Climate Change
- Outlook
Appendixes
Summary
The Persian Gulf emirate of Kuwait derives its global influence from its large oil and natural gas The Persian Gulf emirate of Kuwait derives its global influence from its large oil and natural gasreserves, its sizeable sovereign financial resources, its strategic location, and its diplomatic reserves, its sizeable sovereign financial resources, its strategic location, and its diplomatic
half-brother in December 2023. The Al Sabah family has exercised authority in Kuwait since the half-brother in December 2023. The Al Sabah family has exercised authority in Kuwait since the
in 2006 rebalanced power in the Al Sabah family, and future succession arrangements are uncertain. Kuwaitin 2006 rebalanced power in the Al Sabah family, and future succession arrangements are uncertain. Kuwait
been under strain for years, amid differences between the executive and legislative branches of government, within the ruling been under strain for years, amid differences between the executive and legislative branches of government, within the ruling
family, and among different constituencies. Kuwaitfamily, and among different constituencies. Kuwait
and politically influential legislative body among the Arab Gulf states, and Kuwaiti citizens have been more politically and politically influential legislative body among the Arab Gulf states, and Kuwaiti citizens have been more politically
engaged and active relative to their Gulf counterparts.engaged and active relative to their Gulf counterparts.
1962 constitution for a period of up to four years, citing perceived challenges to his authority and 1962 constitution for a period of up to four years, citing perceived challenges to his authority and
legislative impasses. The decree further called for a review of the practice of democracy in Kuwait. Previous emirs took legislative impasses. The decree further called for a review of the practice of democracy in Kuwait. Previous emirs took
similar steps twice in the past, suspending the legislature and specific constitutional articles from 1976 to 1981 and from similar steps twice in the past, suspending the legislature and specific constitutional articles from 1976 to 1981 and from
1986 to 1992. The current Emir1986 to 1992. The current Emir
or issue laws, and implement executive decisions without future legislative review. The decree may allow Kuwaiti leaders to or issue laws, and implement executive decisions without future legislative review. The decree may allow Kuwaiti leaders to
enact economic and public sector reforms while adapting the constitution to current conditions. However, Kuwaiti leaders enact economic and public sector reforms while adapting the constitution to current conditions. However, Kuwaiti leaders
may face domestic opposition and international scrutiny if changes erode the rights and responsibilities that Kuwaiti citizens may face domestic opposition and international scrutiny if changes erode the rights and responsibilities that Kuwaiti citizens
have long maintained under the countryhave long maintained under the country
following the Assemblyfollowing the Assembly
Kuwait from Iraqi forces in 1991. Defense cooperation serves as the centerpiece of U.S.-Kuwaiti partnership. The United Kuwait from Iraqi forces in 1991. Defense cooperation serves as the centerpiece of U.S.-Kuwaiti partnership. The United
States has U.S. military personnel deployed in Kuwait on a lasting and rotational basis, along with forward operational States has U.S. military personnel deployed in Kuwait on a lasting and rotational basis, along with forward operational
commands and U.S. military equipment pursuant to a bilateral Defense Cooperation Agreement and an Acquisition and commands and U.S. military equipment pursuant to a bilateral Defense Cooperation Agreement and an Acquisition and
Cross-Servicing Agreement. Germany, Japan, and South Korea are the only countries that host more U.S. forces than Kuwait, Cross-Servicing Agreement. Germany, Japan, and South Korea are the only countries that host more U.S. forces than Kuwait,
if rotational forces are included. The Kuwaiti government pays some of the cost of the U.S. military presence in Kuwait.if rotational forces are included. The Kuwaiti government pays some of the cost of the U.S. military presence in Kuwait.
addressing bilateral relations relatively infrequently. President George W. Bush designated Kuwait as a Major Non-NATO addressing bilateral relations relatively infrequently. President George W. Bush designated Kuwait as a Major Non-NATO
Ally in 2004, making Kuwait eligible to purchase certain U.S. arms, receive excess defense articles (EDA), and engage in Ally in 2004, making Kuwait eligible to purchase certain U.S. arms, receive excess defense articles (EDA), and engage in
defense research cooperation with the United States. Proposed U.S. foreign military sales to Kuwait since 2020 have included defense research cooperation with the United States. Proposed U.S. foreign military sales to Kuwait since 2020 have included
U.S. construction services for the Ministry of Defense headquarters, Patriot missile system upgrades, Apache AH-64 U.S. construction services for the Ministry of Defense headquarters, Patriot missile system upgrades, Apache AH-64
helicopters, and land and air force munitions. The Biden Administration helicopters, and land and air force munitions. The Biden Administration
billion in proposed foreign military sales to Kuwait.billion in proposed foreign military sales to Kuwait.
solidarity with Palestinians, criticizing Israeli military actions, calling for an immediate ceasefire and unhindered solidarity with Palestinians, criticizing Israeli military actions, calling for an immediate ceasefire and unhindered
humanitarian access, and restating support for the establishment of an independent Palestinian state.humanitarian access, and restating support for the establishment of an independent Palestinian state.
diplomacy and defense policy, including efforts to ensure security of the global energy supply, deter aggression, promote diplomacy and defense policy, including efforts to ensure security of the global energy supply, deter aggression, promote
accountable governance and human rights, respond to humanitarian crises, and deescalate conflicts in the Middle East region.accountable governance and human rights, respond to humanitarian crises, and deescalate conflicts in the Middle East region.
Overview and Bilateral Relations
The U.S. Department of State The U.S. Department of State1 Bilateral ties have remained close since the U.S.-led liberation of Kuwait in the 1991 Gulf War Bilateral ties have remained close since the U.S.-led liberation of Kuwait in the 1991 Gulf War
confirmed Karen Sasahara as U.S. Ambassador to Kuwait. During the U.S. withdrawal from confirmed Karen Sasahara as U.S. Ambassador to Kuwait. During the U.S. withdrawal from
Afghanistan in August 2021, Kuwait chartered flights from its national airline to assist in the Afghanistan in August 2021, Kuwait chartered flights from its national airline to assist in the
evacuation of U.S. personnel and Afghan employees from Afghanistan and facilitated the onward evacuation of U.S. personnel and Afghan employees from Afghanistan and facilitated the onward
transit of 5,000 Afghans through its territory.transit of 5,000 Afghans through its territory.
deepened since the early 2000s. According to the Institute of International Education, deepened since the early 2000s. According to the Institute of International Education,
approximately 5,approximately 5,
Figure 1. Map of Kuwait
Source: CRS, using State Department and ESRI data.CRS, using State Department and ESRI data.
Note: Energy fields and boundaries approximate.
U.S.-Kuwaiti Defense Relations As of 2025, thousands of U.S. military personnel are in Kuwait at the invitation of the Kuwaiti government, which pays some of the cost of the U.S. military presence.5 On January 20, 2025, the U.S. State Department reported that "approximately 13,500 U.S. forces are based in Kuwait, primarily at Camp Arifjan and Ali al-Salem Air Base."6forward headquarters of U.S. Army Central Command (USARCENT) and the Combined Joint forward headquarters of U.S. Army Central Command (USARCENT) and the Combined Joint
Task Force Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF-OIR), which supports Iraqi and Syrian partner Task Force Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF-OIR), which supports Iraqi and Syrian partner
forces in operations against the remnants of the Islamic State (IS, aka ISIS/ISIL) organization. forces in operations against the remnants of the Islamic State (IS, aka ISIS/ISIL) organization.
When rotational forces are included in the count, only Germany, Japan, and South Korea When rotational forces are included in the count, only Germany, Japan, and South Korea currently host host
more U.S. forces than Kuwait. A bilateral Defense Cooperation Agreement is in place. more U.S. forces than Kuwait. A bilateral Defense Cooperation Agreement is in place.
The U.S.-Kuwait Joint Military Committee, met in Kuwait in May 2024.
for deterrence purposes and to build regional partner capacity. The for deterrence purposes and to build regional partner capacity. The
Battalion–Kuwait manages pre-positioned U.S. Army stocks in Kuwait, and Kuwait-based Battalion–Kuwait manages pre-positioned U.S. Army stocks in Kuwait, and Kuwait-based
stockpiles have been used to support Ukraine under drawdown authorities. Proposed U.S. foreign stockpiles have been used to support Ukraine under drawdown authorities. Proposed U.S. foreign
military sales to Kuwait since 2020 have included U.S. construction services for the Ministry of military sales to Kuwait since 2020 have included U.S. construction services for the Ministry of
Defense headquarters, various Patriot missile system upgrades, Apache AH-64 helicopters, and Defense headquarters, various Patriot missile system upgrades, Apache AH-64 helicopters, and
land and air force munitions, follow-on support, and services.land and air force munitions, follow-on support, and services.
In March 2025, Kuwait released 10 U.S. nationals who had been imprisoned, including some former U.S. defense contractors convicted on drug related charges. The State Department welcomed the release and said, "Kuwait is a vital ally in the region, and we look forward to continuing to work with Kuwait and other partners in these efforts across the world."7
U.S.-Kuwaiti Economic Relations The United States and Kuwait signed a Trade Investment Framework Agreement in 2004. In The United States and Kuwait signed a Trade Investment Framework Agreement in 2004. Invalued at $1.valued at $1.
lower prices and volumes of Kuwaiti oil exports to the United Stateslower prices and volumes of Kuwaiti oil exports to the United States
and fewer U.S. exports to Kuwait. Congress and Kuwait
Congress has considered legislation addressing U.S. relations with Kuwait relatively infrequently Congress has considered legislation addressing U.S. relations with Kuwait relatively infrequently
since the 1990s, but Members of Congress frequently visit U.S. troops stationed in Kuwait. In since the 1990s, but Members of Congress frequently visit U.S. troops stationed in Kuwait. In
2022, Congress designated U.S. veterans who served on active duty in Kuwait on or after August 2022, Congress designated U.S. veterans who served on active duty in Kuwait on or after August
2, 1990, as 2, 1990, as
Toxics (PACT) Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-168), which expands health care eligibility for veterans Toxics (PACT) Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-168), which expands health care eligibility for veterans
subject to toxic exposure. The 1990-1991 Invasion of Kuwait and its Aftermath
subsequent Iraqi occupation of Kuwait led to the displacement of Kuwaitsubsequent Iraqi occupation of Kuwait led to the displacement of Kuwait
and injury of thousands of Kuwaitis; and extensive damage to Kuwaitand injury of thousands of Kuwaitis; and extensive damage to Kuwait
President George H.W. Bush quickly dispatched U.S. military forces to Saudi Arabia to deter further advances by President George H.W. Bush quickly dispatched U.S. military forces to Saudi Arabia to deter further advances by
Iraqi forces. The Iraqi forces. The
authorized and appropriated supplemental funds for Operation Desert Shield (P.L. 101-403authorized and appropriated supplemental funds for Operation Desert Shield (P.L. 101-403,
101-511101-511).
In January 1991, the In January 1991, the
Nations Security Council Resolution 678 (1990), which called on Nations Security Council Resolution 678 (1990), which called on
to uphold and implementto uphold and implement
area. A U.S.-led multinational military campaign (Operation Desert Storm) to evict Iraqi forces began on January area. A U.S.-led multinational military campaign (Operation Desert Storm) to evict Iraqi forces began on January
17, 1991. Coalition forces liberated Kuwait by the end of February. Saddam Hussein17, 1991. Coalition forces liberated Kuwait by the end of February. Saddam Hussein
U.S. and partner forces established and maintained no-fly zones in southern and northern Iraq over the next U.S. and partner forces established and maintained no-fly zones in southern and northern Iraq over the next
decade, amid decade, amid
programs. The U.S. military and U.S. national security decisionmakers continue to study the 1990-1991 crisis and programs. The U.S. military and U.S. national security decisionmakers continue to study the 1990-1991 crisis and
U.S. decisions for lessons to inform current policy and future planning.U.S. decisions for lessons to inform current policy and future planning.
not enact a Biden Administration-supported proposal to repeal the 1991 Iraq authorization for use of military not enact a Biden Administration-supported proposal to repeal the 1991 Iraq authorization for use of military
force (AUMF, P.L. 102-1force (AUMF, P.L. 102-1).11
The after-effects of IraqThe after-effects of Iraq
decades. U.S. confrontation with Saddam Husseindecades. U.S. confrontation with Saddam Hussein
's Iraq culminated in the U.S. invasion of Iraq in March Iraq culminated in the U.S. invasion of Iraq in March
2003. The disorder and violence that 2003. The disorder and violence that
followed destabilized Iraq and arguably altered the regional destabilized Iraq and arguably altered the regional
balance of power in Iranbalance of power in Iran
30 years after U.S. forces first fought alongside years after U.S. forces first fought alongside
partners to free Kuwait from Iraqi forces, U.S. and partners to free Kuwait from Iraqi forces, U.S. and
partner militaries remain in both countries, partner militaries remain in both countries,
maintaining pre-positioned equipment, conducting maintaining pre-positioned equipment, conducting
training and supporting deterrence operations in training and supporting deterrence operations in
Kuwait while providing security advice and Kuwait while providing security advice and
assistance to Iraqassistance to Iraq
cemented a role for the United States as a de facto guarantor of the Gulfcemented a role for the United States as a de facto guarantor of the Gulf
1990s but persists. U.S. and host country decisions about the future presence and role of U.S. forces in the region 1990s but persists. U.S. and host country decisions about the future presence and role of U.S. forces in the region
thus remain a question of significant regional and global interest.thus remain a question of significant regional and global interest.
In 2022, the In 2022, the
's invasion and occupation of Kuwait announced the completion of the 31-year compensation process.invasion and occupation of Kuwait announced the completion of the 31-year compensation process.
series of series of
$52.4 $52.4
development and implementation of this claims-compensation process might inform arrangements to secure and development and implementation of this claims-compensation process might inform arrangements to secure and
administer compensation for claims arising from Russiaadminister compensation for claims arising from Russia
Photo Source: U.S. Department of Defense, Kuwait 1991.
The FY2024 Further Consolidated Appropriations Act (Section 8108 of Division A, P.L. 118-47the Department of Defense to incur obligations not to exceed $350 million during the fiscal year the Department of Defense to incur obligations not to exceed $350 million during the fiscal year
of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 (P.L. 118-31of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 (P.L. 118-31
Secretary of Defense to review and report on Secretary of Defense to review and report on
under such agreements may differ from United States law.under such agreements may differ from United States law.
million for an Energy Resilience and Conservation Investment Program (ECRIP) power million for an Energy Resilience and Conservation Investment Program (ECRIP) power
generation and microgrid project at Camp Buehring and $8.2 million to complete a previously generation and microgrid project at Camp Buehring and $8.2 million to complete a previously
authorized ECRIP project at Camp Arifjan. authorized ECRIP project at Camp Arifjan.
The FY2025 NDAA (P.L. 118-159) did not contain provisions addressing Kuwait. Kuwait'
Coastal Kuwait grew gradually as a trading center in the northern Gulf region as the Al Sabah Coastal Kuwait grew gradually as a trading center in the northern Gulf region as the Al Sabah
family and others gained influence there after migrating to the area in the late family and others gained influence there after migrating to the area in the late
18th centuries. Kuwaitcenturies. Kuwait
and tribal identities and relations have remained influential in Kuwaiti society and politics.and tribal identities and relations have remained influential in Kuwaiti society and politics.
Al Sabah familyAl Sabah family
At the end of the At the end of the
Empire, trading KuwaitEmpire, trading Kuwait
includes Sunni and Shia Muslims and descendants of settled and nomadic communities, all of includes Sunni and Shia Muslims and descendants of settled and nomadic communities, all of
which have experienced considerable social and economic change since the discovery of oil in which have experienced considerable social and economic change since the discovery of oil in
1938. Kuwait regained independence from the United Kingdom in 1961, developing rapidly with 1938. Kuwait regained independence from the United Kingdom in 1961, developing rapidly with
an influx of oil revenue and foreign labor. Under a constitution adopted in 1962 and renewed an influx of oil revenue and foreign labor. Under a constitution adopted in 1962 and renewed
following the 1991 U.S.-led liberation of Kuwait from occupation by neighboring Iraq, the Al following the 1991 U.S.-led liberation of Kuwait from occupation by neighboring Iraq, the Al
Sabah family has shared some power with KuwaitSabah family has shared some power with Kuwait
global profile for their small, energy-rich emirate global profile for their small, energy-rich emirate (Figure 2)
succession and debates over public finances, services, social issues, and alleged corruption. succession and debates over public finances, services, social issues, and alleged corruption.
Disagreements between successive governments and members of the elected National Assembly Disagreements between successive governments and members of the elected National Assembly
created legislative deadlock and fueled political confrontation, leading to the election and created legislative deadlock and fueled political confrontation, leading to the election and
dismissal of several Assemblies and resignations of several cabinets (see Chronologydismissal of several Assemblies and resignations of several cabinets (see Chronology
Appendix)
as reflecting as reflecting
overzealous utilization of oversight tools, such as the repeated questioning of ministers followed overzealous utilization of oversight tools, such as the repeated questioning of ministers followed
by votes of no confidence.by votes of no confidence.
suspension of constitutional articles appears to suspension of constitutional articles appears to
their systemtheir system
Figure 2. Kuwait: Basic Facts
Source: CRS, using data from the U.S. State Department, Esri, the Central Intelligence Agency, International Monetary Fund, and Government of Kuwait.
power as commander-in-chief of the power as commander-in-chief of the
military and authority to appoint all military and authority to appoint all
judges and to dismiss or suspend judges and to dismiss or suspend
Emir appoints a prime minister as head of Emir appoints a prime minister as head of
government, who in turn selects the government, who in turn selects the
cabinet. The prime minister has always cabinet. The prime minister has always
been a member of the Al Sabah family, been a member of the Al Sabah family,
would under normal circumstances be required to confirm the Emirwould under normal circumstances be required to confirm the Emir
crown prince.crown prince.
had alternated in holding the positions of Emir and Crown Prince.had alternated in holding the positions of Emir and Crown Prince.
and other leading figures questioned the suitability of the successor from the Al Salem branch on and other leading figures questioned the suitability of the successor from the Al Salem branch on
health grounds and recommended his replacement through a negotiated transition. health grounds and recommended his replacement through a negotiated transition.
Prince.Prince.
states and, under the 1962 constitution, the Assembly has had a greater scope of authority than states and, under the 1962 constitution, the Assembly has had a greater scope of authority than
any other Gulf Arab legislature or consultative body. Under normal circumstances, eligible voters any other Gulf Arab legislature or consultative body. Under normal circumstances, eligible voters
elect 50 Assembly members, with up to 15 members of the cabinet eligible to serve and vote in elect 50 Assembly members, with up to 15 members of the cabinet eligible to serve and vote in
the Assembly ex-officio.the Assembly ex-officio.
and act on legislation proposed by the government. The Assembly has not voted to confirm and act on legislation proposed by the government. The Assembly has not voted to confirm
cabinet nominees, but its members have frequently questioned ministers (a process known as cabinet nominees, but its members have frequently questioned ministers (a process known as
interpellation or colloquially as interpellation or colloquially as
ministers by a vote of no confidence. The Assembly has had the power to remove the prime ministers by a vote of no confidence. The Assembly has had the power to remove the prime
minister by voting to declare the Assemblyminister by voting to declare the Assembly
and from 1986 to 1992.and from 1986 to 1992.
including Sunni and Shia Muslims, social liberals and conservatives, younger and older Kuwaitis, including Sunni and Shia Muslims, social liberals and conservatives, younger and older Kuwaitis,
urban and more rural citizens, and supporters and critics of the prevailing constitutional order. urban and more rural citizens, and supporters and critics of the prevailing constitutional order.
The countryThe country
individuals holding public sector positions, has not had political representation. Authorities individuals holding public sector positions, has not had political representation. Authorities
announced plans to carry out announced plans to carry out
illegally in Kuwaitillegally in Kuwait
candidates and members of the Assembly since the state recognized those rights in 2005 (see candidates and members of the Assembly since the state recognized those rights in 2005 (see
critiques of alleged government corruption, advocacy for stronger legislative authority and greater critiques of alleged government corruption, advocacy for stronger legislative authority and greater
checks on executive power, rejection of electoral system changes, and, in some instances, checks on executive power, rejection of electoral system changes, and, in some instances,
demands that the state implement more religiously and socially conservative policies.demands that the state implement more religiously and socially conservative policies.
legacy of disputes since 2006 over Kuwaitlegacy of disputes since 2006 over Kuwait
2023 Succession, 2024 Election, and Assembly Suspension
On December 16, 2023, On December 16, 2023, Emir Shaykh Nawaf al Ahmed al Jaber Al Sabah died at age 86 after a long Shaykh Nawaf al Ahmed al Jaber Al Sabah died at age 86 after a long
period of reported ill health. He was succeeded by his half-brother, period of reported ill health. He was succeeded by his half-brother, former Crown Prince Shaykh Mishaal Crown Prince Shaykh Mishaal
al Ahmed al Jaber Al Sabah (born 1940).al Ahmed al Jaber Al Sabah (born 1940).
to the constitution after a legislator used language deemed offensive to the Emir and the to the constitution after a legislator used language deemed offensive to the Emir and the
Assembly voted not to remove the statement from its record.Assembly voted not to remove the statement from its record.
was held on April 10, 2024. Authorities disqualified some candidates for participating in so-called was held on April 10, 2024. Authorities disqualified some candidates for participating in so-called
tribal elections, which are informal primaries among tribal groups to select a group-affiliated tribal elections, which are informal primaries among tribal groups to select a group-affiliated
candidate. The April 2024 election returned 29 opposition members to the legislature, largely candidate. The April 2024 election returned 29 opposition members to the legislature, largely
mirroring the parliament elected in 2023. Among those elected were one woman legislator and mirroring the parliament elected in 2023. Among those elected were one woman legislator and
eight members of the countryeight members of the country
legislative branches was set to continue.legislative branches was set to continue.
Abdullah Al Ahmed Al Jaber Al Sabah as Prime Minister and issued a decree delaying the first Abdullah Al Ahmed Al Jaber Al Sabah as Prime Minister and issued a decree delaying the first
session of the new Assembly until May 15. On May 10, the Emir issued a decree dissolving the session of the new Assembly until May 15. On May 10, the Emir issued a decree dissolving the
Assembly and suspending articles of the constitution, including Article 107, which calls for the Assembly and suspending articles of the constitution, including Article 107, which calls for the
election of a replacement assembly within two months. The Emir suspended articles beyond those election of a replacement assembly within two months. The Emir suspended articles beyond those
suspended in previous suspension decrees in 1976 and 1981, which appear to enable the suspended in previous suspension decrees in 1976 and 1981, which appear to enable the
The Emir had until December 2024 to appoint an heir apparent as Crown Prince. Prior to the decision to suspend the National Assembly, the heir apparent appointment would have required the approval of a majority of the National Assembly. In February 2024, the prime minister acknowledged intra-family differences, but said they stopped short of disruptive conflict.27 On June 1, 2024, Sheikh Sabah Khaled Al Sabah was named as the new Crown Prince and heir apparent. He previously served as Prime Minister from 2019 to 2022 and before that as Foreign Minister from 2011 to 2019.28 Sheikh Sabah's appointment marked a shift from post-1991 leadership decisions that had chosen the Crown Prince and Emir from the main branches of the ruling family (the Al Jaber and Al Salem lines). The State Department congratulated the new Crown Prince on his appointment and said, the United States government "values our strategic partnership with the State of Kuwait."29
Human Rights Kuwait's government, like those of some other Gulf countries, publicly rejects foreign criticism s government, like those of some other Gulf countries, publicly rejects foreign criticismof human rights practices, dismissing such critiques as interference in Kuwaitof human rights practices, dismissing such critiques as interference in Kuwait
Amid foreign and domestic attention to the execution of seven individuals convicted of murder Amid foreign and domestic attention to the execution of seven individuals convicted of murder
and other offenses in November 2022, Kuwaitand other offenses in November 2022, Kuwait
judicial apparatus are independent without any interference from inside or outside Kuwait.judicial apparatus are independent without any interference from inside or outside Kuwait.
credible reports of: torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment by government agents; arbitrary arrest or detention; political prisoners and detainees; serious government agents; arbitrary arrest or detention; political prisoners and detainees; serious
restrictions on free expression and media freedom, including censorship and the existence restrictions on free expression and media freedom, including censorship and the existence
of criminal libel laws; serious restrictions on internet freedom; substantial interference with of criminal libel laws; serious restrictions on internet freedom; substantial interference with
the freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association, including overly restrictive the freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association, including overly restrictive
laws on the organization, funding, or operation of nongovernmental organizations and civil laws on the organization, funding, or operation of nongovernmental organizations and civil
society organizations; restrictions on freedom of movement and residence within the territory of a state and the right to leave the country; inability of citizens to change their government peacefully through free and fair elections; serious government corruption; serious government restrictions on or harassment of domestic and international human rights organizations; extensive gender-based violence, including domestic or intimate partner violence sexual violence, workplace violence, and other forms of such violence; trafficking in persons, including forced labor; laws criminalizing consensual same-sex sexual conduct between adults, which were enforced; and crimes involving violence or threats of violence targeting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or intersex persons.
may have committed human rights abuses.may have committed human rights abuses.
known as Bidoon—reported mistreatment at the hands of authorities while in detention.known as Bidoon—reported mistreatment at the hands of authorities while in detention.
Bidoon community consists of approximately 100,000 residents of Kuwait who lack or have been Bidoon community consists of approximately 100,000 residents of Kuwait who lack or have been
denied registration as Kuwaiti citizens, which limits their access to employment, social benefits, denied registration as Kuwaiti citizens, which limits their access to employment, social benefits,
and political rights. Kuwaitand political rights. Kuwait
members of the Bidoon community to citizenship based on questions about the timing, members of the Bidoon community to citizenship based on questions about the timing,
circumstances, and purpose of individualscircumstances, and purpose of individuals
are pursuing initiatives to reduce the expatriate population and create more public and private are pursuing initiatives to reduce the expatriate population and create more public and private
sector employment opportunities for Kuwaiti nationals.sector employment opportunities for Kuwaiti nationals.
political parties, but authorities effectively ban them. The government has outlawed informal political parties, but authorities effectively ban them. The government has outlawed informal
primaries among tribal groups, though one study released in 2021 found primaries among tribal groups, though one study released in 2021 found
evidence of growing tribal coordination intended to ensure representation within the National evidence of growing tribal coordination intended to ensure representation within the National
Assembly, albeit one disrupted by changes in electoral laws.Assembly, albeit one disrupted by changes in electoral laws.
officials reaffirmed a ban on all unauthorized public gatherings or the advertising of such officials reaffirmed a ban on all unauthorized public gatherings or the advertising of such
gatherings in rallies amid calls on social media for demonstrations in solidarity with gatherings in rallies amid calls on social media for demonstrations in solidarity with
Palestinians.Palestinians.
35 Women
earlier initiative to do so. According to earlier initiative to do so. According to
social, and financial barriers to full political participation.social, and financial barriers to full political participation.
Assembly election of 2020, but an appointed woman cabinet member had the right to vote on Assembly election of 2020, but an appointed woman cabinet member had the right to vote on
Assembly decisions during its tenure. Two women won Assembly seats in the September 2022 Assembly decisions during its tenure. Two women won Assembly seats in the September 2022
election and one woman won a seat in the June 2023 election. The cabinet appointed in January election and one woman won a seat in the June 2023 election. The cabinet appointed in January
2024 has one woman member.2024 has one woman member.
status, rights, and inheritance provisions as men,status, rights, and inheritance provisions as men,
In March 2025, a decree abolished Article 153 of Kuwait's penal code: that article had provided leniency for so-called honor killings of women by men in some circumstances.38 Authorities also announced the amendment of Article 26 of Kuwait's family law to prohibit marriage under the age of 18.39
Trafficking in Persons The 2024 State Department report on trafficking in persons found Kuwait's visa sponsorship s visa sponsorshipsystem system
trafficking.trafficking.
that Kuwait that Kuwait
making significant efforts to do so.making significant efforts to do so.
" Religious Freedom and Tolerance
religious tolerance and provides for limited freedom of religious practice.religious tolerance and provides for limited freedom of religious practice.
religious minorities report some discrimination. The state regulates and directs the content religious minorities report some discrimination. The state regulates and directs the content
presented by Sunni religious leaders.presented by Sunni religious leaders.
's Ministry of Information and Ministry of Religious Endowments have supported programs to Ministry of Information and Ministry of Religious Endowments have supported programs to
combat religious radicalization and promote religious tolerance.combat religious radicalization and promote religious tolerance.
aka ISIS/ISIL/Daesh) group claimed a major terrorist attack against a Kuwaiti Shia mosque. aka ISIS/ISIL/Daesh) group claimed a major terrorist attack against a Kuwaiti Shia mosque.
Kuwait is a member of the Global Coalition against Kuwait is a member of the Global Coalition against
actions against suspected IS-supporters in the country.actions against suspected IS-supporters in the country.
Kuwait
KuwaitKuwait
policy, which generally promotes neutrality, balanced relations with major powers, respect for policy, which generally promotes neutrality, balanced relations with major powers, respect for
international law, and diplomatic resolution of conflicts. Kuwait is a member of the Gulf international law, and diplomatic resolution of conflicts. Kuwait is a member of the Gulf
Cooperation Council (GCC) and the Arab League. As a major oil producer, Kuwait is a member Cooperation Council (GCC) and the Arab League. As a major oil producer, Kuwait is a member
of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and coordinates with OPEC of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and coordinates with OPEC
and non-OPEC oil producers by agreement under the auspices of the OPEC+ group.and non-OPEC oil producers by agreement under the auspices of the OPEC+ group.
Kuwait and Russia
Kuwaiti officials have spoken out against military aggression and violations of sovereignty and Kuwaiti officials have spoken out against military aggression and violations of sovereignty and
territorial integrity since Russiaterritorial integrity since Russia
Ukraine war. Kuwait has voted to condemn Russian aggression and violations of UkraineUkraine war. Kuwait has voted to condemn Russian aggression and violations of Ukraine
's sovereignty and territorial integrity but joined other Arab Gulf states in abstaining on a 2022 sovereignty and territorial integrity but joined other Arab Gulf states in abstaining on a 2022
resolution to suspend Russiaresolution to suspend Russia
Committee of the Red Cross. The Department of Defense Inspector General reported in May Committee of the Red Cross. The Department of Defense Inspector General reported in May
2023 that artillery and vehicles withdrawn from pre-positioned U.S. Army stocks in Kuwait for 2023 that artillery and vehicles withdrawn from pre-positioned U.S. Army stocks in Kuwait for
drawdown transfer to Ukraine had not been maintained properly by Kuwait-based contractors, drawdown transfer to Ukraine had not been maintained properly by Kuwait-based contractors,
requiring costly repairs prior to their transfer.requiring costly repairs prior to their transfer.
45 Kuwait and China
KuwaitKuwait
China) China)
's Belt and Road Initiative, PRC-based entities have engaged with Kuwaiti partners on KuwaitBelt and Road Initiative, PRC-based entities have engaged with Kuwaiti partners on Kuwait
's planned Silk City, Five Islands, and Mubarak Al Kabeer port megaprojects, which may develop planned Silk City, Five Islands, and Mubarak Al Kabeer port megaprojects, which may develop
areas of northern Kuwait into a logistics hub.areas of northern Kuwait into a logistics hub.
partnered with PRC-firm Huawei in developing their fifth generation (5G) mobile partnered with PRC-firm Huawei in developing their fifth generation (5G) mobile
communications networks.communications networks.
September 2023 and met with PRC leader Xi Jinping. The countries signed memoranda of September 2023 and met with PRC leader Xi Jinping. The countries signed memoranda of
understanding on the completion of the Mubarak al Kabeer port, housing projects, and renewable understanding on the completion of the Mubarak al Kabeer port, housing projects, and renewable
In 2025, Kuwait has signed agreements with the PRC Ministry of Transport affiliate China State Construction and Communications Corporation Limited to implement, manage, and operate the Mubarak al Kabeer port.49 Also in March 2025, China and Kuwait reached an agreement for China to expand the capacity of Kuwait's solar energy production facilities at Al Shagaya and Al Abdiliya.50
Kuwait and its Neighbors Kuwait's preference for multilateralism and diplomatic outreach has been evident in its officialss preference for multilateralism and diplomatic outreach has been evident in its officials' mediation efforts in the Middle East region and beyond since 2015.mediation efforts in the Middle East region and beyond since 2015.
Gulf
Qatar and its critics in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates from 2017 to 2021, when those Qatar and its critics in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates from 2017 to 2021, when those
counties ended their isolation of Qatar. In 2016, Kuwait hosted peace talks between Yemeni counties ended their isolation of Qatar. In 2016, Kuwait hosted peace talks between Yemeni
government officials and representatives of the Ansar Allah (aka Houthi) movement.government officials and representatives of the Ansar Allah (aka Houthi) movement.
also has sent military forces to support the Yemeni government as part of the military coalition also has sent military forces to support the Yemeni government as part of the military coalition
led by neighboring Saudi Arabia.led by neighboring Saudi Arabia.
Iran. Kuwaiti officials continue to engage with counterparts from neighboring Iran on a range of Kuwaiti officials continue to engage with counterparts from neighboring Iran on a range of
issues and generally support dialogue between Iran and its Arab neighbors. Unresolved maritime issues and generally support dialogue between Iran and its Arab neighbors. Unresolved maritime
boundaries between Kuwait and Iran may have implications for the development of maritime boundaries between Kuwait and Iran may have implications for the development of maritime
energy resources and for commercial and military navigation in the northern Persian Gulf. In July energy resources and for commercial and military navigation in the northern Persian Gulf. In July
2023, Kuwait2023, Kuwait
Dorra/Arash gas field after an Iranian official preliminary consideration of development had Dorra/Arash gas field after an Iranian official preliminary consideration of development had
begun.begun.
development projects, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia reasserted their position that they have an exclusive right to do so.53 An Iranian official said in March 2024 that Iran views the Dorra/Arash field as shared.54 In August 2024, the Khafji Joint Operations Company, a joint company of Saudi Aramco Gulf Operations Company and Kuwait Gulf Oil Company, issued tenders related to the development of the Dorra Gas field. As of March 2025, companies reportedly were preparing bids for the project.55 Israel and the Palestinians. Kuwait Kuwait
to date, though some other Arab statesto date, though some other Arab states
prompted Kuwaiti press discussion of normalization with Israel. Some Kuwaitis remain vocally prompted Kuwaiti press discussion of normalization with Israel. Some Kuwaitis remain vocally
opposed to recognition of Israel, and Kuwaitopposed to recognition of Israel, and Kuwait
some anti-normalization measures since 2020. Kuwaitsome anti-normalization measures since 2020. Kuwait
boycott of Israel and supported the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative.boycott of Israel and supported the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative.
humanitarian law, and demanding an immediate ceasefire and unimpeded provision of humanitarian law, and demanding an immediate ceasefire and unimpeded provision of
humanitarian aid.humanitarian aid.
said the attack came as a result of Israeli violations and attacks on Palestinians.said the attack came as a result of Israeli violations and attacks on Palestinians.
joined other Arab states in calling for joined other Arab states in calling for
that includes an independent state on the 1967 border with East Jerusalem being its capital.that includes an independent state on the 1967 border with East Jerusalem being its capital.
"58 Kuwait Specialized Hospital Kuwait Specialized Hospital
Kuwait joined other Arab states in rejecting President Donald Trump's statements in 2025 calling for the relocation of Gaza's population and the territory's redevelopment under U.S. auspices, and said "any efforts to encourage the transfer or uprooting of Palestinians from their land … threaten the region's stability, risk expanding the conflict, and undermine prospects for peace and coexistence among its peoples."59 Kuwait joined other Arab League states in endorsing an Egyptian counterproposal in March 2025.60
Abdallah Yusuf Faisal Sabri for sanctions, stating that Sabri had Abdallah Yusuf Faisal Sabri for sanctions, stating that Sabri had
allegations that Kuwait-based entities since October 2023 have used crowdfunding mechanisms allegations that Kuwait-based entities since October 2023 have used crowdfunding mechanisms
to solicit funding that benefits Hamas.to solicit funding that benefits Hamas.
fundraising to abide by Kuwaiti law.fundraising to abide by Kuwaiti law.
63 Iraq. Kuwait Kuwait
Demarcation Commission following the 1990-1991 Gulf War and endorsed by the Demarcation Commission following the 1990-1991 Gulf War and endorsed by the
Council in Resolution 833 (1993). The delineation of maritime boundaries remains a subject of Council in Resolution 833 (1993). The delineation of maritime boundaries remains a subject of
Kuwaiti-Iraqi discussion—both Kuwait and Iraq are developing large capacity ports on the Khor Kuwaiti-Iraqi discussion—both Kuwait and Iraq are developing large capacity ports on the Khor
Abdullah waterway (seeAbdullah waterway (see Figure 1).
invalidated the Iraqi parliamentinvalidated the Iraqi parliament
delineation of the Iraq-Kuwait maritime border, citing lack of two-thirds majority support for the delineation of the Iraq-Kuwait maritime border, citing lack of two-thirds majority support for the
implementing law. implementing law.
complete demarcation of the complete demarcation of the
Khor Abdullah Khor Abdullah
2012 agreement could affect both countries2012 agreement could affect both countries
rights regarding maritime boundary and resource claims in northern Persian Gulf waters adjacent rights regarding maritime boundary and resource claims in northern Persian Gulf waters adjacent
on managing oil fields that transcend the Iraq-Kuwaiti border.on managing oil fields that transcend the Iraq-Kuwaiti border.
Syria. Kuwait has congratulated Syria's interim leaders following the ouster of former president Bashar al Asad in December 2024. Kuwait's Foreign Minister has visited Syria and Kuwaiti officials have expressed Kuwait's support for the transition steps announced by interim authorities and for Syria's reconstruction, stability, and territorial integrity.67 Kuwaiti official statements have criticized Israeli military operations inside Syria since December 2024, saying they amount to "a flagrant violation of international law and the UN Charter."68 Kuwait has joined other Gulf Cooperation Council states in calling for the lifting of international sanctions on Syria.69
Kuwait closed its embassy in Syria in 2012 but maintained diplomatic relations with the Kuwait closed its embassy in Syria in 2012 but maintained diplomatic relations with theLeague of Arab States in May 2023.League of Arab States in May 2023. Kuwait supported the statement of the May 2024 Arab Kuwait supported the statement of the May 2024 Arab
League summit in Bahrain, which among other things called for League summit in Bahrain, which among other things called for
measures imposed on Syria.measures imposed on Syria.
"71 Fiscal, Economic, and Energy Issues
KuwaitKuwait
income, but authorities are engaged in efforts to expand non-oil revenue sources and promote income, but authorities are engaged in efforts to expand non-oil revenue sources and promote
private sector economic activity under the national private sector economic activity under the national
New Kuwait/Vision 2040 initiative.72 Relative to other Relative to other
rates, would last through this century. (For a map of Kuwaiti energy resources, seerates, would last through this century. (For a map of Kuwaiti energy resources, see Figure 1.)
Kuwait plans to expand its oil production capacity, but has limited spare capacity at present.Kuwait plans to expand its oil production capacity, but has limited spare capacity at present.
natural gas reserves, but its gas production infrastructure is less developed. Kuwait imports natural natural gas reserves, but its gas production infrastructure is less developed. Kuwait imports natural
gas for domestic consumption even as it continues to flare associated gas from oil production.gas for domestic consumption even as it continues to flare associated gas from oil production.
assets between the $700 billion Future Generations Fund (FGF) and the smaller General Reserve assets between the $700 billion Future Generations Fund (FGF) and the smaller General Reserve
Fund (GRF).Fund (GRF).
approval, and approval, and had used GRF funds and existing authority to transfer stakes in state entities to the KIA used GRF funds and existing authority to transfer stakes in state entities to the KIA
in exchange for funds to cover successive budget deficitsin exchange for funds to cover successive budget deficits
proposed reforms to public sector employment and benefits, service costs, and financing for new proposed reforms to public sector employment and benefits, service costs, and financing for new
economic initiatives economic initiatives
down GRF assets during a deficit-driven liquidity crisis, and parliament refused to authorize down GRF assets during a deficit-driven liquidity crisis, and parliament refused to authorize
borrowing.borrowing.
that authorities that authorities had then responded to fiscal pressures and executive legislative-impasses by responded to fiscal pressures and executive legislative-impasses by
major infrastructure projects and putting other projects on hold until further notice."79 The 2024 U.S. government Investment Climate Statement states the Kuwait's latest national development plan "speaks to a commitment to reshape its society into a financial, commercial, and sustainable hub by 2040."80
In December 2024, the International Monetary Fund reported that Kuwaiti authorities "expressed their intention to implement fiscal and structural reforms to diversify the economy away from oil, given the window of opportunity afforded by the resolution of the political gridlock."81
Resources and Climate Change Kuwait is highly vulnerable to the projected effects of global climate change, including sea level Kuwait is highly vulnerable to the projected effects of global climate change, including sea levelrise and increased average temperatures, which already are consistently among the highest in the rise and increased average temperatures, which already are consistently among the highest in the
Gulf.Gulf.
power for water desalination, air conditioning, and other essential services. In 2023power for water desalination, air conditioning, and other essential services. In 2023 and 2024, summer , summer
power demand, driven by air conditioning needs, exceeded available supply, creating some power power demand, driven by air conditioning needs, exceeded available supply, creating some power
outages.outages.
fossil fuel consumption may affect Kuwaitfossil fuel consumption may affect Kuwait
what its then-Foreign Minister described as what its then-Foreign Minister described as
in oil and gas operations by 2050 and nationwide by 2060.in oil and gas operations by 2050 and nationwide by 2060.
84 Outlook
Kuwaiti-U.S. security cooperation appears likely to continue to anchor the bilateral relationship, Kuwaiti-U.S. security cooperation appears likely to continue to anchor the bilateral relationship,
while the pace of implementation of Kuwaiti plans for economic transformation may determine while the pace of implementation of Kuwaiti plans for economic transformation may determine
opportunities for deeper bilateral economic partnership. Congress may conduct oversight of the opportunities for deeper bilateral economic partnership. Congress may conduct oversight of the
U.S. militaryU.S. military
production, Kuwaiti engagement with China, Kuwaitproduction, Kuwaiti engagement with China, Kuwait
(including Hamas), Kuwait(including Hamas), Kuwait
and non-Arab neighbors, developments in Kuwaiti politics, alleged support by Kuwaiti nationals and non-Arab neighbors, developments in Kuwaiti politics, alleged support by Kuwaiti nationals
or residents for terrorist groups, and the Kuwaiti governmentor residents for terrorist groups, and the Kuwaiti government
including womenincluding women
The legacy of disputes since 2006 over Kuwait's electoral system, succession, fiscal matters, and other issues has continued to shape Kuwaiti politics and appeared to contribute to the impasses that preceded the Emir's 2024 decision to suspend the National Assembly and articles of Kuwait's constitution.
Chronology of Selected Political Developments, 2006-2023
January 2006
2006. His designated successor, Shaykh Sa2006. His designated successor, Shaykh Sa
brief succession dispute ensues, and the National Assembly endorses a transfer of power brief succession dispute ensues, and the National Assembly endorses a transfer of power
younger brother of the late Emir. Shaykh Sabah becomes Emir on January 29, 2006.younger brother of the late Emir. Shaykh Sabah becomes Emir on January 29, 2006.
the National Assembly, and Kuwaitis hold a national election on June 26, 2006. Women the National Assembly, and Kuwaitis hold a national election on June 26, 2006. Women
run as candidates for the first time. After the election, the National Assembly adopts a run as candidates for the first time. After the election, the National Assembly adopts a
new electoral law reducing the number of electoral districts from 25 to 5.new electoral law reducing the number of electoral districts from 25 to 5.
May 2008
to dissolve the National Assembly. Kuwaitis hold a national election on May 17, 2008, the to dissolve the National Assembly. Kuwaitis hold a national election on May 17, 2008, the
first under the new 5-district electoral system.first under the new 5-district electoral system.
minister and cabinet resign in March. The Emir dissolves the National Assembly and minister and cabinet resign in March. The Emir dissolves the National Assembly and
Kuwaitis hold a national election on May 16, 2009. Women candidates win seats for the Kuwaitis hold a national election on May 16, 2009. Women candidates win seats for the
first time. The Emir reappoints the prime minister.first time. The Emir reappoints the prime minister.
December 2011 – February 2012
demonstrations and the storming of the Assembly building in November 2011. The Emir demonstrations and the storming of the Assembly building in November 2011. The Emir
dissolves the National Assembly in December 2011, and Kuwaitis hold a national election dissolves the National Assembly in December 2011, and Kuwaitis hold a national election
on February 2, 2012. Opposition candidates win 34 of 50 seats.on February 2, 2012. Opposition candidates win 34 of 50 seats.
dissolves the Assembly elected in February 2012 and reinstates the Assemblydissolves the Assembly elected in February 2012 and reinstates the Assembly
membership. Opposition members refuse to attend Assembly sessions, preventing a membership. Opposition members refuse to attend Assembly sessions, preventing a
quorum; the Emir again dissolves the Assembly in October. The cabinet quorum; the Emir again dissolves the Assembly in October. The cabinet
unsuccessfully appeals to have the 25-district electoral law reinstated, and the Emir issues a decree appeals to have the 25-district electoral law reinstated, and the Emir issues a decree
reducing the number of candidates that voters can select from four to one. Many reducing the number of candidates that voters can select from four to one. Many
opposition members reject the reduction because it has the effect of limiting the utility of opposition members reject the reduction because it has the effect of limiting the utility of
informal coordination among candidates and voters across communal differences such as informal coordination among candidates and voters across communal differences such as
location, tribe, and class. Demonstrators protest the changes, some opposition members location, tribe, and class. Demonstrators protest the changes, some opposition members
clash with security forces, and the government imposes controls on public gatherings. clash with security forces, and the government imposes controls on public gatherings.
Many opposition candidates boycott the December 1, 2012 election. Turnout declines Many opposition candidates boycott the December 1, 2012 election. Turnout declines
from nearly 60% in February 2012 to just over 40% in December 2012.from nearly 60% in February 2012 to just over 40% in December 2012.
procedural grounds, but upholds the Emirprocedural grounds, but upholds the Emir
votes per voter from four to one. Fewer opposition members boycott the July 27, 2013 votes per voter from four to one. Fewer opposition members boycott the July 27, 2013
election, and turnout increases to above 51%.election, and turnout increases to above 51%.
October – November 2016
from lower oil prices and high public sector spending. Turnout again increases, from lower oil prices and high public sector spending. Turnout again increases,
approaching 70% in the November 26, 2016 election. Voters elect one female candidate.approaching 70% in the November 26, 2016 election. Voters elect one female candidate.
September – December 2020
Shaykh Mishaal al Ahmed al Jaber Al Sabah becomes Crown Prince. An October decree Shaykh Mishaal al Ahmed al Jaber Al Sabah becomes Crown Prince. An October decree
calls for a national election as Kuwaitis face a fiscal crisis exacerbated by low global oil calls for a national election as Kuwaitis face a fiscal crisis exacerbated by low global oil
prices and the COVID-19 pandemic. Turnout exceeds 60% in the December 5, 2020 prices and the COVID-19 pandemic. Turnout exceeds 60% in the December 5, 2020
election. Voters do not elect any women candidates.election. Voters do not elect any women candidates.
April 2022
constitution and calls for a new election. The dismissed Assembly had taken a pointed constitution and calls for a new election. The dismissed Assembly had taken a pointed
approach to questioning government officials and refused to endorse government fiscal approach to questioning government officials and refused to endorse government fiscal
proposals or approve authority for the government to borrow domestically or proposals or approve authority for the government to borrow domestically or
internationally to finance long-debated projects.internationally to finance long-debated projects.
2022
among them various opposition figures and members of the Islamic Constitutional among them various opposition figures and members of the Islamic Constitutional
Movement—the Kuwaiti Muslim BrotherhoodMovement—the Kuwaiti Muslim Brotherhood
from the previous Assembly, again win seats. Voters return Ahmed al Saadoun, who from the previous Assembly, again win seats. Voters return Ahmed al Saadoun, who
served as Assembly speaker from 1985 to 1999, to parliament. In October, a newly served as Assembly speaker from 1985 to 1999, to parliament. In October, a newly
appointed cabinet resigns after some Assembly members protest that the cabinetappointed cabinet resigns after some Assembly members protest that the cabinet
's membership had not changed sufficiently. Consultations membership had not changed sufficiently. Consultations
seated. Consultation seated. Consultation
cabinet had not had sufficient opportunity to comment on proposed legislation that would cabinet had not had sufficient opportunity to comment on proposed legislation that would
October 2022 election is void and reinstates the parliamentarians elected in December October 2022 election is void and reinstates the parliamentarians elected in December
2020. Amid some public opposition to the court2020. Amid some public opposition to the court
demonstrations, some members of the 2020 and 2022 Assemblies call for constitutional demonstrations, some members of the 2020 and 2022 Assemblies call for constitutional
reform.reform.
In May 2023, the Crown Prince dismisses the reinstated 2020 Assembly.In May 2023, the Crown Prince dismisses the reinstated 2020 Assembly.
2023
new government again led by Shaykh Ahmed Nawaf al Ahmed Al Sabah as prime minister. new government again led by Shaykh Ahmed Nawaf al Ahmed Al Sabah as prime minister.
The cabinet resigns in December 2023 The cabinet resigns in December 2023
Mishaal al Ahmed al Jaber Al Sabah becomes Emir.Mishaal al Ahmed al Jaber Al Sabah becomes Emir.
Sources: Compiled from international media and wire service reports, 2006-2024. Turnout data from Compiled from international media and wire service reports, 2006-2024. Turnout data from
International Foundation for Electoral Systems.
Footnotes
U.S. State Department Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, "U.S. Relations With Kuwait," January 5, 2021.
U.S. State Department, Joint Statement on the Sixth Round of the U.S.-Kuwait Strategic Dialogue, December 13, 2024.
Agreement Between the United States of America and Kuwait Effected by Exchange of Notes at Kuwait City, August 22, 2021; U.S. Ambassador Alina L. Romanowski, Statement on Kuwait's Cooperation with the United States on Evacuation of American Citizens and At-Risk Afghans, August 23, 2021; and, Sgt. Marc Loi, "29th Infantry Division moves 5,000 Afghans through Kuwait," U.S. 29th Infantry Division, November 5, 2021.
Institute of International Education, Open Doors—International Students Data, November 2024.
Current U.S. law provides for acceptance of burden sharing contributions by designated countries and regional organizations (see 10 U.S.C. 2609 and 10 U.S.C. 2350j).
U.S. State Department Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, "U.S. Security Cooperation with Kuwait," January 20, 2025.
Eric Tucker and Jon Gambrell, "Kuwait frees 10 jailed Americans, including contractors held on drug charges," Associated Press (AP), March 13, 2025.
On Iraq's motives and considerations, see F. Gregory Gause, III, "Iraq's Decisions to Go to War, 1980 and 1990," Middle East Journal, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Winter, 2002), pp. 47-70.
Richard A. Lacquement Jr., "The Gulf War 30 Years Later: Successes, Failures, and Blind Spots," War on the Rocks, September 9, 2020.
See Charlie Savage, "Senate panel votes to repeal 1991 and 2002 laws authorizing wars with Iraq," New York Times, August 4, 2021; and, Rebecca Kheel, "House votes to repeal 1991, 1957 war authorizations," The Hill, June 29, 2021. In 2022, the House-passed version of the National Defense Authorization Act for FY2023 (§5878 of H.R. 7900) would have repealed P.L. 102-1. The Senate version did not contain a repeal provision. The final version, the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (H.R. 7776 /P.L. 117-263), did not contain a repeal provision.
United Nations, "Iraq makes final reparation payment to Kuwait for 1990 invasion," February 9, 2022.
See Alanoud al-Sharekh and Courtney Freer, Tribalism and Political Power in the Gulf: State-Building and National Identity in Kuwait, Qatar and the UAE, (I.B. Tauris-Bloomsbury), September 2021.
For a chronology of these developments, congressional readers may contact the author.
See Luai Allarakia and Hamad H. Albloshi, "The Politics of Permanent Deadlock in Kuwait," Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington, March 11, 2021.
During the period of the Assembly's first suspension, a leadership transition occurred and the Emir and Crown Prince were sworn in before the sitting government. The requirement for legislative approval reportedly had contributed to controversial entanglements between rival royal family members and some members of the National Assembly following the 2006 leadership transition. See Kristin Smith Diwan, "Kuwait's constitutional showdown," Foreign Policy, November 17, 2011; Kristian Coates Ulrichsen, "Kuwait: Political crisis at critical juncture," BBC News, October 23, 2012; and, Rivka Azoulay and Claire Beaugrand, "Limits of political clientelism: elites' struggles in Kuwait's fragmenting politics," International Journal of Archaeology and Social Sciences in the Arabian Peninsula, Vol. 4, 2015.
In addition to the Al Jaber, members of the Al Salem, Hamad, and Abdullah lines of the family—all named for descendants of sons of Emir Mubarak Al Sabah (ruled 1896-1915)—remain eligible to lead under the constitution.
For background on Kuwaiti succession, see Kristian Ulrichsen and Simon Henderson (eds.), Kuwait: A Changing System Under Stress, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Note 69, October 2019.
Kuwaiti male and female citizens over the age of 21 may vote, excluding citizens naturalized within 20 years of the election date and members of the armed forces and police services.
Khitam Al Amir, "Kuwait deported 35,000 expatriates last year as part of crackdown on residency law violators," January 7, 2025.
Kuwait Times, "MoI: 'Unprecedented' crackdown on residency violators after amnesty," May 23, 2024; and Khitam Al Amir, "More than 42,000 lose Kuwaiti citizenship in six months," March 16, 2025.
For background on Kuwait's electoral system and opposition politics since 2011, see Yuree Noh, "The Rise of the Islamic Constitutional Movement in Kuwait," Project on Middle East Political Science, February 2014; Shafeeq Ghabra, "Kuwait: At the Crossroads of Change or Political Stagnation," Middle East Institute, May 20, 2014; Daniel L. Tavana, "The Evolution of the Kuwaiti 'Opposition': Electoral Politics After the Arab Spring," Baker Institute for Public Policy, August 7, 2018; Courtney Freer and Andrew Leber, "The 'tribal advantage' in Kuwaiti politics and the future of the opposition," Brookings Institution, April 19, 2021; and, Luai Allarakia and Hamad H. Albloshi, "The Politics of Permanent Deadlock in Kuwait," Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington (AGSIW), March 11, 2021.
Fiona MacDonald, "Kuwaiti Emir Dissolves Parliament After MPs' Offensive Language," Bloomberg, February 15, 2024.
Courtney Freer, "Kuwait's Legislative Stalemate and Prospects for Reform," Gulf International Forum, April 2024, and AGSIW, "What Do the Latest Parliamentary Elections Mean for Democratic Politics in Kuwait?" April 15, 2024.
Past instances of the suspension of constitution articles may be relevant to future developments in Kuwait and U.S. policy considerations. In 1976 and 1986, Kuwait's then-emir suspended Articles 56 (paragraph three), 107, 174, and 181. The 2024 decree suspends articles 51, 56 (paragraphs two and three), 71 (paragraph two), 79, 107, 174 and 181. Article 71 (paragraph two) provides for legislative review of decrees issued during the Assembly's dissolution. Article 181 states that constitutional provisions may not be suspended unless martial law has been declared. The Emir's May 10 decree did not declare martial law. In 1976, the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait reported in a now released cable that "Under article 181 of the Kuwaiti constitution of 1962, the Amir was expressly barred from suspending any article of that constitution, except after declaring martial law, which he did not declare. Thus, it seems that the Amir acted unconstitutionally when he suspended several provisions of the constitution without declaring martial law. (The fact that he suspended the article barring his own action (181) raises a legal paradox.)" See U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Diplomatic Records Archival Database, Cable Record, U.S. Embassy Kuwait to SECSTATE (KUWAIT 4265), "Rule by Decree in Kuwait: Nature, Duration and Then What?" September 7, 1976.
In August 1986, following the prior such decree, the State Department replied to a congressional question for the record about the measures taken by stating "It would be inappropriate to discuss publicly diplomatic exchanges we might have with the government of Kuwait about these measures.... We regret restrictions on the democratic process but note that in his decree, the Emir of Kuwait reiterated his commitment to Kuwait's parliamentary path." U.S. Congress, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East, Developments in the Middle East, August 1986, hearing, 99th Congress, 2nd Session, August 14, 1986, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1986.
Merza al Kuwaidi, "Kuwaiti PM: Talk of Family 'Feud' Is Just 'Drama," Al Sharq Al Awsat, February 6, 2024.
Reuters, "Kuwait's Emir makes Sheikh Sabah al-Khalid crown prince," June 1, 2024.
U.S. State Department, "Congratulations for the Appointment of His Highness Sheikh Sabah Khaled Al-Sabah as the Crown Prince of Kuwait," June 2, 2024.
Reuters, "Kuwait executes seven convicted of murder," November 17, 2022.
U.S. State Department, 2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Kuwait, April 22, 2024.
U.S. State Department, 2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Kuwait, April 22, 2024. The Arabic term for such persons is bidoon jinsiya (without nationality) or, colloquially, Bidoon [(those) without].
U.S. State Department, 2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Kuwait, April 22, 2024. According to the report, "Sentences for organizing public demonstrations among the Bidoon, participating in unlicensed or illegal demonstrations against the country's ruling system, spreading false news, or criticizing the amir or other leaders on social media ranged from six months in prison to 10 years plus fines for multiple offenses.... The government actively monitored social media and incarcerated bloggers and political activists for expressing opinions and ideas critical of the government."
Courtney Freer and Andrew Leber, "Defining the 'Tribal Advantage' in Kuwaiti Politics," Middle East Law and Governance, 2021, pp. 1-30.
Arab Times, "No shows for pro-Palestinian rally in Kuwait," and "Unauthorized Gatherings or Marches Prohibited in Kuwait," March 2, 2024.
U.S. State Department, 2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Kuwait, April 22, 2024.
Ibid.
Nadda Osman, "Kuwait abolishes child marriage and ends leniency for 'honour killings,'" The New Arab, March 18, 2025.
Osman, "Kuwait abolishes child marriage and ends leniency for 'honour killings,'" The New Arab, March 18, 2025.
U.S. State Department, 2024 Report on Trafficking in Persons: Kuwait, June 24, 2024.
U.S. State Department, 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kuwait, May 15, 2023.
U.S. State Department, 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kuwait, May 15, 2023.
U.S. State Department, 2020 Country Report on Terrorism: Kuwait, December 16, 2021.
For a detailed review of Kuwait's votes on selected UN measures related to Ukraine, see Appendix in CRS Report R47160, Middle East and North Africa: Implications of the Russia-Ukraine War, coordinated by Christopher M. Blanchard.
U.S. Department of Defense Office of Inspector General, Management Advisory: Maintenance Concerns for the Army's Prepositioned Stock–5 Equipment Designated for Ukraine (DODIG-2023-076), May 23, 2023.
See CRS In Focus IF11735, China's "One Belt, One Road" Initiative: Economic Issues, by Karen M. Sutter, Andres B. Schwarzenberg, and Michael D. Sutherland. See also, Kuwait News Agency, "Kuwait, China sign Silk City, 5 islands MoU," November 18, 2018; Fiona MacDonald, "'Silk City' Dream Stifled in Only Gulf State Where Voters Matter," Bloomberg, November 6, 2019; and, Sylvia Westall and Ahmed Hagagy, "Kuwait plan for northern mega city faces political hurdles," Reuters, May 1, 2019.
For background, see CRS In Focus IF11251, National Security Implications of Fifth Generation (5G) Mobile Technologies, by Kelley M. Sayler.
Kuwait News Agency, Kuwait Crown Prince concludes productive China's (sic) visit," September 24, 2023.
"Kuwait to directly contract Chinese firm for Mubarak Port," Kuwait Times, January 22, 2025; and, "Kuwait, China Sign Contract for Mubarak Al-Kabeer Port Study and Design," Al Sharq Al Awsat, February 17, 2025.
"China Tightens Ties to Kuwait with Deal to Expand Solar Power," Al Sharq Al Awsat, March 18, 2025.
For background, see CRS Insight IN11917, Political Transition in Yemen, by Carla E. Humud.
Reuters, "Kuwait, Saudi Arabia have 'exclusive rights' in Durra gas field, Kuwait oil minister says," July 10, 2023.
Reuters, "Iran will pursue rights over Durra gas field if other parties shun cooperation, oil minister says," July 30, 2023; and Reuters, "Saudi Arabia, Kuwait reaffirm rights to natural resources in Durra gas field, Saudi ministry says," August 2, 2023.
Iranian Vice President for Legal Affairs Mohammed Dehghan quoted in E'temad, March 8, 2024.
Times Kuwait, "Kuwait, Saudi advance Dorra gas field development with Khafji Joint Operations," March 18, 2025; and, Indrajit Sen, "KJO makes progress with Dorra gas field project, MEED, March 18, 2025.
Kuwait News Agency, "Kuwait strongly denounces Israeli occupation aggression on Gaza," December 2, 2023; Kuwait News Agency, "Kuwait condemns Israeli bombing of Palestinians waiting for humanitarian aid," February 29, 2023; "Kuwait submits pleading to ICJ for legal opinion on services to Palestinians," KUNA, February 28, 2025; "Egypt, Kuwait leaders warn continued Israeli attacks on Gaza threaten regional stability," Ahram Online, March 18, 2025; "Kuwait urges protection of Palestinians from Israeli occupation's crimes," KUNA, March 19, 2025.
Cleary Waldo, Gabriel Epstein, Sydney Hilbush, Aaron Y. Zelin, "International Reactions to the Hamas Attack on Israel," October 11, 2023. The Kuwaiti Ministry of Foreign Affairs October 7, 2023 statement linked in this report is no longer active, but several Kuwaiti and regional news outlets contemporaneously carried the text cited in this report.
Kuwait News Agency, "Kuwait strongly denounces Israeli occupation aggression on Gaza," December 2, 2023.
Egypt State information Service, Joint statement of the Arab Ministerial Meeting in Cairo, February 1, 2025.
Samy Magdy and Mohammad Jahjouh, "Arab leaders endorse Egypt's plan to rebuild Gaza as an alternative to Trump's proposal," AP, March 4, 2025.
U.S. Department of the Treasury, "Treasury Targets Covert Hamas Investment Network and Finance Official," May 24, 2022.
Joby Warrick and Souad Mekhennet, "Seeking cash, Hamas turns to allies experienced in 'financial jihad,'" Washington Post, January 12, 2024.
Arab Times, "Ten charities blocked for good from collecting donations," March 19, 2024.
See Middle East Monitor, "Kuwait calls on Iraq to complete maritime border demarcation," December 21, 2022; Al Sharqiya (Iraq), "Kuwait calls on Iraq to withdraw naval vessels that exceeded its territorial waters," December 2, 2022; and, Bader Al Saif, "Think Big: Why Broadening Negotiations Could Help Resolve the Kuwaiti-Iraqi Maritime Dispute," Carnegie Middle East Center, March 19, 2021.
U.S. State Department, "Joint Statement on the Sixth Round of the U.S.-Kuwait Strategic Dialogue," December 13, 2024.
"Iraq, Kuwait to continue dialogue to settle outstanding issues," Iraqi News, February 11, 2025; and Iraqi News Agency report on Prime Minister office statement.
"Kuwait reaffirms support to Syria's unity, sovereignty," KUNA, February 13, 2025.
"Kuwait Strongly Condemnd Israeli Occupation's Raids on Syrian Lands," KUNA, March 19, 2025.
"GCC reaffirms support for Syria's unity and stability," KUNA, March 18, 2025.
Sylvia Westall and Mahmoud Harby, "Insight: Kuwaitis campaign privately to arm Syrian rebels," Reuters, June 27, 2013.
The National, "Full text of Arab League's Bahrain Declaration," May 16, 2024.
For a summary of New Kuwait 2040, see World Bank Group, State of Kuwait Country Engagement Framework, 2021–2025; and information from the Kuwaiti government available at http://www.newkuwait.gov.kw/home.aspx.
B Izzak, "Kuwait's Cabinet passes 2025-2026 budget with KD 6.3 deficit" Kuwait Times, February 2, 2025.
B Izzak, "Kuwait's Cabinet passes 2025-2026 budget with KD 6.3 deficit" Kuwait Times, February 2, 2025.
Adrienne Klasa, Andrew England, and Simeon Kerr, "Inside the Kuwait Investment Authority: 'It's chaos there now,'" Financial Times, July 29, 2022.
Fiona MacDonald, "This $600 Billion Wealth Fund Got Caught in a Power Struggle," Bloomberg, June 20, 2021.
Fiona MacDonald, "One of World's Richest Nations Taps Wealth Fund as Cash Dries Up," Bloomberg, February 3, 2021.
For examples, see Fiona MacDonald, "Oil Money Can't Buy Progress for Gulf's Laggard State Kuwait," Bloomberg, January 3, 2023.
U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, Country Commercial Guide: Kuwait, Market Overview, September 13, 2022.
U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, Investment Climate Statement, July 17, 2024.
International Monetary Fund, "Kuwait: 2024 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Kuwait" December 9, 2024.
For a detailed study see, Deen Shariff Sharp, Abrar Alshammari, and Kanwal Hameed, The Quiet Emergency: Experiences and Understandings of Climate Change in Kuwait, London School of Economics, October 13, 2021.
Yesar Al Maleki, "Kuwait's Summer Electricity Crunch Set to Worsen," Middle East Economic Survey, November 3, 2023; and, Nebal Snan, "Massive fuel shortage forces electricity cuts in Kuwait," Kuwait Times, August 17, 2024.
Kuwaiti Foreign Minister Salem Al Sabah quoted in Reuters, "Kuwait says to become carbon neutral in oil and gas by 2050," November 8, 2022.