Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress

Changes from November 17, 2023 to April 3, 2024

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Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on
~~November 17, 2023~~April 3, 2024
Artificial Intelligence for Congress
Laurie A. Harris
On October 30, 2023, the Biden Administration released Executive Order (E.O.) 14110 on On October 30, 2023, the Biden Administration released Executive Order (E.O.) 14110 on Safe,
Analyst in Science and Analyst in Science and
Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence. It establishes a . It establishes a
Technology Policy Technology Policy
government-wide effort to guide responsible artificial intelligence (AI) development and government-wide effort to guide responsible artificial intelligence (AI) development and

deployment through federal agency leadership, regulation of industry, and engagement with deployment through federal agency leadership, regulation of industry, and engagement with
Chris Jaikaran
international partners. international partners.
Specialist in Cybersecurity Specialist in Cybersecurity
Policy Policy
The E.O. directs over 50 federal entities to engage in more than 100 specific actions to The E.O. directs over 50 federal entities to engage in more than 100 specific actions to

implement the guidance set forth across eight overarching policy areas. implement the guidance set forth across eight overarching policy areas.

• • Safety and security. The E.O. promotes the development and implementation of The E.O. promotes the development and implementation of
repeatable processes and mechanisms to understand and mitigate risks related to AI adoption, including repeatable processes and mechanisms to understand and mitigate risks related to AI adoption, including
with respect to biosecurity, cybersecurity, national security, and critical infrastructure. with respect to biosecurity, cybersecurity, national security, and critical infrastructure.
• • Innovation and competition. The E.O. compels actions to attract AI talent to the United States, understand . The E.O. compels actions to attract AI talent to the United States, understand
novel intellectual property (IP) questions, protect inventors and creators, and promote AI innovation, novel intellectual property (IP) questions, protect inventors and creators, and promote AI innovation,
including at startups and small businesses. including at startups and small businesses.
• • Worker support. The E.O. states that AI adoption may be disruptive to the workforce and directs agencies . The E.O. states that AI adoption may be disruptive to the workforce and directs agencies
to research and develop potential mitigations against such disruptions. to research and develop potential mitigations against such disruptions.
• • Consideration of AI bias and civil rights. The E.O. states that AI models may perpetuate biases and their . The E.O. states that AI models may perpetuate biases and their
implementation may lead to civil rights violations. The E.O. includes a section on equity and civil rights implementation may lead to civil rights violations. The E.O. includes a section on equity and civil rights
considerations for use of AI in the criminal justice system and the administration of federal government considerations for use of AI in the criminal justice system and the administration of federal government
programs and benefits.programs and benefits.
• • Consumer protection. The E.O. instructs agencies to enforce existing, technology-agnostic authorities in an The E.O. instructs agencies to enforce existing, technology-agnostic authorities in an
effort to minimize harms to consumers, and to identify needed authorities related to AI. effort to minimize harms to consumers, and to identify needed authorities related to AI.
• • Privacy. The E.O. calls for the evaluation and mitigation of privacy risks—potentially exacerbated by AI—. The E.O. calls for the evaluation and mitigation of privacy risks—potentially exacerbated by AI—
associated with the collection, use, and retention of user data. associated with the collection, use, and retention of user data.
• • Federal use of AI. The E.O. requires the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to establish an . The E.O. requires the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to establish an
interagency council to coordinate AI use by federal agencies and develop guidance on AI governance and interagency council to coordinate AI use by federal agencies and develop guidance on AI governance and
risk management activities for agencies. It acknowledges the ubiquity of generative AI (GenAI) tools, and risk management activities for agencies. It acknowledges the ubiquity of generative AI (GenAI) tools, and
directs agencies to move toward adoption with safeguards in place. The E.O. also calls for additional directs agencies to move toward adoption with safeguards in place. The E.O. also calls for additional
agency hiring and training activities to increase the AI workforce capacity across the federal governmentagency hiring and training activities to increase the AI workforce capacity across the federal government.
• • International leadership. The E.O. declares that the United States should be a global leader in AI . The E.O. declares that the United States should be a global leader in AI
development and adoption by engaging with international allies and partners, leading efforts to develop development and adoption by engaging with international allies and partners, leading efforts to develop
common AI regulatory and accountability principles, and advancing responsible global technical standards common AI regulatory and accountability principles, and advancing responsible global technical standards
for AI. for AI.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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Introduction and Overview
On October 30, 2023, the Biden Administration released Executive Order (E.O.) 14110 on On October 30, 2023, the Biden Administration released Executive Order (E.O.) 14110 on Safe,
Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence.1 It establishes a .1 It establishes a
government-wide effort to guide responsible artificial intelligence (AI) development and government-wide effort to guide responsible artificial intelligence (AI) development and
deployment through federal agency leadership, regulation of industry, and engagement with deployment through federal agency leadership, regulation of industry, and engagement with
international partners. The E.O. states its purpose as follows. international partners. The E.O. states its purpose as follows.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) holds extraordinary potential for both promise and peril. Artificial Intelligence (AI) holds extraordinary potential for both promise and peril.
Responsible AI use has the potential to help solve urgent challenges while making our Responsible AI use has the potential to help solve urgent challenges while making our
world more prosperous, productive, innovative, and secure. At the same time, irresponsible world more prosperous, productive, innovative, and secure. At the same time, irresponsible
use could exacerbate societal harms such as fraud, discrimination, bias, and disinformation; use could exacerbate societal harms such as fraud, discrimination, bias, and disinformation;
displace and disempower workers; stifle competition; and pose risks to national security. displace and disempower workers; stifle competition; and pose risks to national security.
Harnessing AI for good and realizing its myriad benefits requires mitigating its substantial Harnessing AI for good and realizing its myriad benefits requires mitigating its substantial
risks. This endeavor demands a society-wide effort that includes government, the private risks. This endeavor demands a society-wide effort that includes government, the private
sector, academia, and civil society. sector, academia, and civil society.
E.O. 14110 builds on prior work to support the development of responsible AI technologies and E.O. 14110 builds on prior work to support the development of responsible AI technologies and
policies, including the Office of Science and Technology Policy’s (OSTP) policies, including the Office of Science and Technology Policy’s (OSTP) Blueprint for an AI Bill
of Rights and the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s (NIST) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s (NIST) AI Risk Management
Framework (AI RMF).2 (AI RMF).2
This CRS report provides a summary of requirements for agency action in the E.O. and timelines This CRS report provides a summary of requirements for agency action in the E.O. and timelines
for their deliverables. It is organized in tables that correspond to each policy area listed in the for their deliverables. It is organized in tables that correspond to each policy area listed in the
E.O. E.O.
The E.O. describes eight overarching policy areas: The E.O. describes eight overarching policy areas:
1. Safety and security; 1. Safety and security;
2. Innovation and competition; 2. Innovation and competition;
3. Worker support; 3. Worker support;
4. Consideration of AI bias and civil rights; 4. Consideration of AI bias and civil rights;
5. Consumer protection; 5. Consumer protection;
6. Privacy; 6. Privacy;
7. Federal use of AI; and 7. Federal use of AI; and
8. International leadership. 8. International leadership.
These areas and the actions listed within are further described in the section These areas and the actions listed within are further described in the section “Requirements and
Deliverables,” below. ” below.
To help federal departments and agencies implement the E.O., and consistent with the Artificial To help federal departments and agencies implement the E.O., and consistent with the Artificial
Intelligence in Government Act (P.L. 116-260) and the Advancing American AI Act (P.L. 117-Intelligence in Government Act (P.L. 116-260) and the Advancing American AI Act (P.L. 117-
263), OMB released a 263), OMB released a ~~draft~~ memorandum on memorandum on Advancing Governance, Innovation, and Risk

1 Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 1 Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,”
88 88 Federal Register 75191, November 1, 2023, at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/ 75191, November 1, 2023, at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/
safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence. safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence.
2 White House, 2 White House, Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights: Making Automated Systems Work for the American People, October , October
2022, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Blueprint-for-an-AI-Bill-of-Rights.pdf; and 2022, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Blueprint-for-an-AI-Bill-of-Rights.pdf; and
National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (NIST AI 100-1), (NIST AI 100-1),
January 2023, at https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ai/NIST.AI.100-1.pdf. January 2023, at https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ai/NIST.AI.100-1.pdf.
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Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress

Management for Agency Use of Artificial Intelligence.3 The stated purpose of the memorandum is .3 The stated purpose of the memorandum is
to “direct[s] agencies to advance AI governance and innovation while managing risks from the to “direct[s] agencies to advance AI governance and innovation while managing risks from the
use of AI, particularly those affecting the safety and rights of the public.”4use of AI, particularly those affecting the safety and rights of the public.”4 ~~The public has until~~
~~December 5, 2023, to comment on the draft.5~~
To coordinate the timely implementation of federal AI policies, including those set forth in the To coordinate the timely implementation of federal AI policies, including those set forth in the
E.O., it establishes the White House Artificial Intelligence Council. The Assistant to the President E.O., it establishes the White House Artificial Intelligence Council. The Assistant to the President
and Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy serves as the council’s chair. The council is composed of the and Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy serves as the council’s chair. The council is composed of the
heads of the following departments and agencies, or their designees: heads of the following departments and agencies, or their designees:
1. Department of State; 1. Department of State;
2. Department of the Treasury; 2. Department of the Treasury;
3. Department of Defense; 3. Department of Defense;
4. Department of Justice; 4. Department of Justice;
5. Department of Agriculture; 5. Department of Agriculture;
6. Department of Commerce; 6. Department of Commerce;
7. Department of Labor; 7. Department of Labor;
8. Department of Health and Human Services; 8. Department of Health and Human Services;
9. Department of Housing and Urban Development; 9. Department of Housing and Urban Development;
10. Department of Transportation; 10. Department of Transportation;
11. Department of Energy; 11. Department of Energy;
12. Department of Education; 12. Department of Education;
13. Department of Veterans Affairs; 13. Department of Veterans Affairs;
14. Department of Homeland Security; 14. Department of Homeland Security;
15. Small Business Administration; 15. Small Business Administration;
16. United States Agency for International Development; 16. United States Agency for International Development;
17. Office of the Director of National Intelligence; 17. Office of the Director of National Intelligence;
18. National Science Foundation; 18. National Science Foundation;
19. Office of Management and Budget; 19. Office of Management and Budget;
20. Office of Science and Technology Policy; 20. Office of Science and Technology Policy;
as well as the as well as the
21. National Security Advisor; 21. National Security Advisor;
22. Director of the Council of Economic Advisors; 22. Director of the Council of Economic Advisors;
23. Domestic Policy Advisor; 23. Domestic Policy Advisor;
24. Chief of Staff to the Vice President; 24. Chief of Staff to the Vice President;
25. Director of the Gender Policy Council; 25. Director of the Gender Policy Council;
26. Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors; 27. National Cyber Director; and
3 Office of Management and Budget, “Advancing Governance, Innovation, and Risk Management for Agency Use of 3 Office of Management and Budget, “Advancing Governance, Innovation, and Risk Management for Agency Use of
Artificial Intelligence,” Artificial Intelligence,” ~~draft November 1, 2023, at~~ M-24-10, March 28, 2024, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/~~2023/11/AI-in-~~
~~Government-Memo-draft-for-public-review~~2024/03/M-24-10-Advancing-Governance-Innovation-and-Risk-Management-for-Agency-Use-of-Artificial-Intelligence.pdf; The Artificial Intelligence in Government Act, P.L. 116-260, Division .pdf; The Artificial Intelligence in Government Act, P.L. 116-260, Division
U, Title I; and The Advancing American AI Act, P.L. 117-263, Title LXXII, Subtitle B. U, Title I; and The Advancing American AI Act, P.L. 117-263, Title LXXII, Subtitle B.
4 Office of Management and Budget, “Advancing Governance, Innovation, and Risk Management for Agency Use of 4 Office of Management and Budget, “Advancing Governance, Innovation, and Risk Management for Agency Use of
Artificial Intelligence,” Artificial Intelligence,” ~~draft November 1, 2023, at~~M-24-10, March 28, 2024, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/ https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/~~2023/11/AI-in-~~
~~Government-Memo-draft-for-public-review.pdf.~~
~~5 White House, “Make Your Voice Heard,” website, at https://ai.gov/input/.~~
2024/03/M-24-10-Advancing-Governance-Innovation-and-Risk-Management-for-Agency-Use-of-Artificial-Intelligence.pdf. Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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~~26. Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors;~~
~~27. National Cyber Director; and~~
28. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. 28. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Other agencies and executive offices may be added to the council at the discretion of the chair. Other agencies and executive offices may be added to the council at the discretion of the chair.
Requirements and Deliverables
E.O. 14110 directs over 50 federal entities to engage in more than 100 specific actions to E.O. 14110 directs over 50 federal entities to engage in more than 100 specific actions to
implement the guidance set forth in the E.O. CRS has outlined the requirements of the E.O. (as implement the guidance set forth in the E.O. CRS has outlined the requirements of the E.O. (as
well as any deliverables) in the tables below, organized by policy area. The tables only list well as any deliverables) in the tables below, organized by policy area. The tables only list
requirements with explicit deliverables and due dates, as well as the responsible agency or requirements with explicit deliverables and due dates, as well as the responsible agency or
agencies for those deliverables. The E.O. encourages independent federal regulators to engage in agencies for those deliverables. The E.O. encourages independent federal regulators to engage in
given tasks, but does not prescribe accompanying deadlines for those tasks. Those tasks are given tasks, but does not prescribe accompanying deadlines for those tasks. Those tasks are
described below each table. Abbreviations used in the tables can be found in tdescribed below each table. Abbreviations used in the tables can be found in the Appendix.
Safety and Security
The E.O. promotes the development and implementation of repeatable processes and mechanisms The E.O. promotes the development and implementation of repeatable processes and mechanisms
to understand and mitigate risks related to AI adoption, especially with respect to biosecurity, to understand and mitigate risks related to AI adoption, especially with respect to biosecurity,
cybersecurity, national security, and critical infrastructure risk. Actions related to this policy area cybersecurity, national security, and critical infrastructure risk. Actions related to this policy area
are prescribed inare prescribed in Section 4 of the E.O. There are 27 requirements involving over 30 federal Section 4 of the E.O. There are 27 requirements involving over 30 federal
entities in this sectientities in this section. Table 1 lists these requirements. lists these requirements.
Table 1. Requirements and Deliverables in Section 4 on Safety and Security
Ascending by Section Citation Ascending by Section Citation
Lead Agency
(Supporting
Due
Requirements
Agencies)
Dates
Section
Notes
Develop guidelines and best Develop guidelines and best
NIST NIST
July 26, July 26,
4.1(a) 4.1(a)
Includes development of Includes development of
practices—with the aim of practices—with the aim of
(DOE, DHS, (DOE, DHS,
2024 (270 2024 (270
companion resources to the companion resources to the AI
promoting consensus industry promoting consensus industry
DOC, NSF) DOC, NSF)
days) days)
Risk Management Framework
standards—and testing standards—and testing
(for GenAI) and (for GenAI) and Secure
environments, for developing and environments, for developing and
Software Development
deploying safe, secure, and deploying safe, secure, and
Framework (for GenAI and (for GenAI and
trustworthy AI safety and security. trustworthy AI safety and security.
dual-use foundational models), dual-use foundational models),
and launching an initiative to and launching an initiative to
create guidance and create guidance and
benchmarks for AI audits. benchmarks for AI audits.
Develop and implement a plan to Develop and implement a plan to
DOE DOE
July 26, July 26,
4.1(b) 4.1(b)
Efforts shall use existing Efforts shall use existing
develop AI model evaluation tools develop AI model evaluation tools
(SRMAs) (SRMAs)
2024 (270 2024 (270
solutions where possible and, solutions where possible and,
and testbeds, in order to and testbeds, in order to
days) days)
at a minimum, include at a minimum, include
understand and mitigate AI understand and mitigate AI
development of tools to development of tools to
security risks. security risks.
evaluate security threats and evaluate security threats and
hazards. hazards.
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~~Lead Agency~~
~~(Supporting~~
~~Due~~
~~Requirements~~
~~Agencies)~~
~~Dates~~
~~Section~~
~~Notes~~
Require (1) companies developing, Require (1) companies developing,
DOC DOC
January 28, January 28,
4.2(a) 4.2(a)
This requirement uses Defense This requirement uses Defense
or intending to develop, dual-use or intending to develop, dual-use
2024 (90 2024 (90
Production Act (DPA, 50 Production Act (DPA, 50
AI models to report to the AI models to report to the
days) days)
U.S.C. §§4501-4568) U.S.C. §§4501-4568)
government on model training, government on model training,
authorities to require authorities to require
testing, and data ownership; and testing, and data ownership; and
responses. responses.
(2) entities that acquire, develop, (2) entities that acquire, develop,
or possess potential large or possess potential large
computing infrastructure to report computing infrastructure to report
to the government on the location to the government on the location
and amount of computing power.and amount of computing power. Congressional Research Service 3 link to page 9 Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress Lead Agency (Supporting Due Requirements Agencies) Dates Section Notes
Define the set of technical Define the set of technical
DOC DOC
January 28, January 28,
4.2(b) 4.2(b)
The minimum computational The minimum computational
conditions used to determine conditions used to determine
(DOS, DOD, (DOS, DOD,
2024 (90 2024 (90
threshold that would trigger a threshold that would trigger a
which models and computing which models and computing
DOE, DNI) DOE, DNI)
days) days)
reporting requirement for reporting requirement for
infrastructure are subject to the infrastructure are subject to the
companies currently exceeds companies currently exceeds
reporting in 4.2(a). reporting in 4.2(a).
most models in u most models in use.a
Propose regulations for Cloud Propose regulations for Cloud
DOC DOC
January 28, January 28,
4.2(c) 4.2(c)
This requirement fol ows E.O. This requirement fol ows E.O.
Service Providers (CSPs) to report Service Providers (CSPs) to report
2024 (90 2024 (90
13984, which proposed a 13984, which proposed a
when foreign persons use U.S. when foreign persons use U.S.
days) days)
know-your-customer regime know-your-customer regime
infrastructure to train AI systems. infrastructure to train AI systems.
for CSPs. for CSPs.
Extend regulation from Section Extend regulation from Section
DOC DOC
April 27, April 27,
4.2(d) 4.2(d)
Also prescribes minimum Also prescribes minimum
4.2(c) to foreign resel ers of CSP 4.2(c) to foreign resel ers of CSP
2024 (180 2024 (180
reporting information. reporting information.
products used for AI. products used for AI.
days) days)
Evaluate and assess potential risks Evaluate and assess potential risks
SRMAs SRMAs
January 28, January 28,
4.3(a)(i) 4.3(a)(i)
The report shall be made to The report shall be made to
related to critical infrastructure related to critical infrastructure
(CISA) (CISA)
2024 (90 2024 (90
DHS. DHS.
adoption and use of AI and adoption and use of AI and
days) and days) and
consider ways to mitigate consider ways to mitigate
annually annually
vulnerabilities. vulnerabilities.
thereafter thereafter
Issue best practices for financial Issue best practices for financial
Treasury Treasury
March 28, March 28,
4.3(a)(i ) 4.3(a)(i )
The report shall be public. The report shall be public.
institutions to manage AI-specific institutions to manage AI-specific
2024 (150 2024 (150
cybersecurity risks. cybersecurity risks.
days) days)
Incorporate the Incorporate the AI Risk
DHS DHS
April 27, April 27,
4.3(a)(i i) 4.3(a)(i i)
Management Framework, and other , and other
(DOC, SRMAs, 2024 (180 (DOC, SRMAs, 2024 (180
appropriate security guidance, appropriate security guidance, into into
IRAs) IRAs)
days) days)
safety and security guidelines used safety and security guidelines used
by CI owners and operators. by CI owners and operators.
Take steps to mandate adoption of APNSA & Take steps to mandate adoption of APNSA &
December December
4.3(a)(iv) IRAs shall consider adopting 4.3(a)(iv) IRAs shall consider adopting
the guidelines from Section the guidelines from Section
OMB OMB
23, 2024 23, 2024
regulatory action. regulatory action.
4.3(a)(i i). 4.3(a)(i i).
(DHS) (DHS)
(240 days (240 days
from from
guidelines) guidelines)
Establish an Artificial Intelligence Establish an Artificial Intelligence
DHS DHS
No date No date
4.3(a)(v) 4.3(a)(v)
In accordance with 6 U.S.C. In accordance with 6 U.S.C.
Safety and Security Board. Safety and Security Board.
assigned assigned
§451 on advisory committees. §451 on advisory committees.
Plan for and conduct a pilot to use Plan for and conduct a pilot to use
DOD & DHS DOD & DHS
April 27, April 27,
4.3(b)(i ) 4.3(b)(i )
DOD shall carry out a pilot for DOD shall carry out a pilot for
AI models to discover and AI models to discover and
2024 (180 2024 (180
national security systems; DHS national security systems; DHS
remediate vulnerabilities in federal remediate vulnerabilities in federal
days) days)
shall carry out a pilot for non- shall carry out a pilot for non-
IT systems. IT systems.
national security systems. national security systems.
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~~Lead Agency~~
~~(Supporting~~
~~Due~~
~~Requirements~~
~~Agencies)~~
~~Dates~~
~~Section~~
~~Notes~~
Report (from each agency) on Report (from each agency) on
DOD & DHS DOD & DHS
July 26, July 26,
4.3(b)(i i) The reports are to the 4.3(b)(i i) The reports are to the
results of the pilot projects results of the pilot projects
2024 (270 2024 (270
APNSA. APNSA.
(Section 4.3(b)(i )), vulnerabilities (Section 4.3(b)(i )), vulnerabilities
days) days)
AI systems discovered, and how AI systems discovered, and how
those vulnerabilities were those vulnerabilities were
mitigated. mitigated.
Evaluate potential for AI to be Evaluate potential for AI to be
DHS DHS
April 27, April 27,
4.4(a)(i) 4.4(a)(i)
Report shall be made to the Report shall be made to the
used to develop, produce, or used to develop, produce, or
(DOE, OSTP) (DOE, OSTP)
2024 (180 2024 (180
President, including President, including
counter chemical, biological, counter chemical, biological,
days) days)
recommendations for recommendations for
radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) radiological, and nuclear (CBRN)
regulating or overseeing such regulating or overseeing such
threats. threats.
AI models. AI models.
Congressional Research Service 4 Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress Lead Agency (Supporting Due Requirements Agencies) Dates Section Notes Study and report on the use of AI Study and report on the use of AI
DOD DOD
February February
4.4(a)(i ) 4.4(a)(i )
DOD shall contract with the DOD shall contract with the
in biology and the potential to in biology and the potential to
(APNSA, (APNSA,
27, 2024 27, 2024
National Academies of National Academies of
increase biosecurity and national increase biosecurity and national
OSTP) OSTP)
(120 days) (120 days)
Sciences, Engineering, and Sciences, Engineering, and
security risks, and make security risks, and make
Medicine for the study. Medicine for the study.
recommendations to mitigate such recommendations to mitigate such
risks. risks.
Develop a framework for Develop a framework for
OSTP OSTP
April 27, April 27,
4.4(b)(i) 4.4(b)(i)
The stated goal is to reduce The stated goal is to reduce
providers of synthetic nucleic acids (DOS, DOD, providers of synthetic nucleic acids (DOS, DOD,
2024 (180 2024 (180
the misuse of synthetic genetic the misuse of synthetic genetic
(companies that manipulate certain DOJ, DOC, (companies that manipulate certain DOJ, DOC,
days) days)
material, which might be material, which might be
biologic genetic material) to biologic genetic material) to
HHS, DOE, HHS, DOE,
substantially increased by AI’s substantially increased by AI’s
encourage such providers to encourage such providers to
DHS, DNI) DHS, DNI)
capabilities, and improve capabilities, and improve
implement procurement screening implement procurement screening
biosecurity measures for the biosecurity measures for the
mechanisms, including standards mechanisms, including standards
industry. industry.
and incentives. and incentives.
Develop procurement screening Develop procurement screening
NIST & OSTP NIST & OSTP
April 27, April 27,
4.4(b)(i ) 4.4(b)(i )

specifications and guides, and best specifications and guides, and best
(DOS, HHS) (DOS, HHS)
2024 (180 2024 (180
practices for sequence-of-concern practices for sequence-of-concern
days) days)
database management and database management and
conformity-assessment, for use by conformity-assessment, for use by
nucleic acid sequence providers. nucleic acid sequence providers.
Establish requirements that life Establish requirements that life
Al agencies Al agencies
October October
4.4(b)(i i) The APNSA and OSTP shall 4.4(b)(i i) The APNSA and OSTP shall
science researchers receiving science researchers receiving
that fund life that fund life
24, 2024 24, 2024
review funding requirements review funding requirements
federal funding must procure federal funding must procure
sciences sciences
(180 days (180 days
for consistency. for consistency.
synthetic nucleic acids from synthetic nucleic acids from
research research
from the from the
manufacturers adhering to the manufacturers adhering to the
framework framework
framework in Section 4.4(b)(i). framework in Section 4.4(b)(i).
in 4.4(b)(i)) in 4.4(b)(i))
Develop a framework to conduct Develop a framework to conduct
DHS DHS
October October
4.4(b)(iv) Submit an annual report, 4.4(b)(iv) Submit an annual report,
structured evaluation and stress structured evaluation and stress
24, 2024 24, 2024
including recommendations, to including recommendations, to
testing of the nucleic acid testing of the nucleic acid
(180 days (180 days
the APNSA, OPPRP, and the APNSA, OPPRP, and
procurement screening systems. procurement screening systems.
from the from the
OSTP. OSTP.
framework framework
in 4.4(b)(i)) in 4.4(b)(i))
Identify existing and potential Identify existing and potential
DOC DOC
June 26, June 26,
4.5(a) 4.5(a)
Report to APNSA and OMB. Report to APNSA and OMB.
standards, tools, and methods for standards, tools, and methods for
2024 (240 2024 (240
The report shall also consider The report shall also consider
authenticating, tracking authenticating, tracking
days) days)
(1) preventing GenAI from (1) preventing GenAI from
provenance of, labeling, and provenance of, labeling, and
producing child sexual abuse producing child sexual abuse
detecting AI-generated content. detecting AI-generated content.
material, (2) testing software material, (2) testing software
which can be used as a tool, which can be used as a tool,
and (3) auditing synthetic and (3) auditing synthetic
content. content.
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~Lead Agency~~
~~(Supporting~~
~~Due~~
~~Requirements~~
~~Agencies)~~
~~Dates~~
~~Section~~
~~Notes~~
Develop guidance for adopting the Develop guidance for adopting the
DOC DOC
December December
4.5(b) 4.5(b)
Shall be updated periodically Shall be updated periodically
tools and practices for digital tools and practices for digital
(OMB) (OMB)
23, 2024 23, 2024
after development. after development.
content authentication and content authentication and
(180 days (180 days
synthetic content detection synthetic content detection
from from
measures identified in the report measures identified in the report
report) report)
in 4.5(a). in 4.5(a).
Issue guidance to agencies for Issue guidance to agencies for
OMB OMB
June 21, June 21,
4.5(c) 4.5(c)

labeling and authenticating digital labeling and authenticating digital
(DOS, DOD, (DOS, DOD,
2025 (180 2025 (180
and synthetic content the federal and synthetic content the federal
DOJ, NIST, DOJ, NIST,
days from days from
government uses. government uses.
DHS, DNI) DHS, DNI)
guidance in guidance in
section section
4.5(b))4.5(b)) Congressional Research Service 5 link to page 22 link to page 10 Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress Lead Agency (Supporting Due Requirements Agencies) Dates Section Notes
Consider amending the Federal Consider amending the Federal
FARC FARC
No date No date
4.5(d) 4.5(d)

Acquisition Regulation to account Acquisition Regulation to account
assigned assigned
for guidance established under for guidance established under
section 4.5. section 4.5.
Solicit expert input and report on Solicit expert input and report on
NTIA NTIA
July 26, July 26,
4.6 4.6
Report is to be submitted to Report is to be submitted to
the risks, benefits, and policy and the risks, benefits, and policy and
(DOS) (DOS)
2024 (270 2024 (270
the President. the President.
regulatory mechanisms on dual- regulatory mechanisms on dual-
days) days)
use foundation AI models with use foundation AI models with
widely available model weights. widely available model weights.
Develop guidelines for performing Develop guidelines for performing
CDOC CDOC
July 26, July 26,
4.7(a) 4.7(a)

security reviews before releasing security reviews before releasing
(DOD, DOC, (DOD, DOC,
2024 (270 2024 (270
federal information that could be federal information that could be
DOE, DHS, DOE, DHS,
days) days)
used to develop CBRN weapons used to develop CBRN weapons
DNI) DNI)
or offensive cyber capabilities. or offensive cyber capabilities.
Conduct security reviews using Conduct security reviews using
Agencies Agencies
January 22, January 22,
4.7(b) 4.7(b)

guidelines from Section 4.7(a) and guidelines from Section 4.7(a) and
2025 (180 2025 (180
take steps to address the highest- take steps to address the highest-
days from days from
priority potential security risks. priority potential security risks.
guidelines) guidelines)
Develop an accompanying Develop an accompanying
APNSA & APNSA &
July 26, July 26,
4.8 4.8
Memorandum shall use an Memorandum shall use an
National Security Memorandum National Security Memorandum
DCOSP DCOSP
2024 (270 2024 (270
interagency development interagency development
on AI. on AI.
days) days)
process. process.
Source: CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and
Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Federal Register 75191, November 1, 2023, at 75191, November 1, 2023, at
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-
and-use-of-artificial-intelligence. and-use-of-artificial-intelligence.
Notes: For a list of acronyms, please see the For a list of acronyms, please see the Appendix.
a. For example, researchers have estimated that the computational power minimum threshold in the E.O. a. For example, researchers have estimated that the computational power minimum threshold in the E.O.
(10^26 floating-point operations [FLOPs]) is “more than any model trained to date” and that OpenAI’s (10^26 floating-point operations [FLOPs]) is “more than any model trained to date” and that OpenAI’s
GPT-4 model was just under this threshold. See Markus Anderljung et al., “Frontier AI Regulation: Managing GPT-4 model was just under this threshold. See Markus Anderljung et al., “Frontier AI Regulation: Managing
Emerging Risks to Public Safety,” Emerging Risks to Public Safety,” arXiv (non-peer reviewed), July 6, 2023, at https://arxiv.org/abs/ (non-peer reviewed), July 6, 2023, at https://arxiv.org/abs/
2307.03718; and Rishi Bommasani et al., “Decoding the White House AI Executive Order’s Achievements,” 2307.03718; and Rishi Bommasani et al., “Decoding the White House AI Executive Order’s Achievements,”
Stanford University Institute for Human-Centered AI, November 2, 2023, at https://hai.stanford.edu/news/Stanford University Institute for Human-Centered AI, November 2, 2023, at https://hai.stanford.edu/news/
decoding-white-house-ai-executive-orders-achievements. decoding-white-house-ai-executive-orders-achievements.
Additionally, Section 4.3 encourages independent regulatory agencies to consider rulemaking to Additionally, Section 4.3 encourages independent regulatory agencies to consider rulemaking to
help critical infrastructure owners and operators safely adopt AI technologies and mitigate risks. help critical infrastructure owners and operators safely adopt AI technologies and mitigate risks.
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Innovation and Competition
The E.O. compels actions to attract AI talent to the United States, understand novel intellectual The E.O. compels actions to attract AI talent to the United States, understand novel intellectual
property (IP) questions to protect inventors and creators, and promote AI innovation, including at property (IP) questions to protect inventors and creators, and promote AI innovation, including at
startups and small businesses.startups and small businesses. Actions related to this policy area are prescribed in Section 5 of the Actions related to this policy area are prescribed in Section 5 of the
E.O. There are 21 requirements involving 10 federal entities in this sectioE.O. There are 21 requirements involving 10 federal entities in this section. Table 2 lists these lists these
requirements. requirements.
Congressional Research Service 6 link to page 12 link to page 12 link to page 12 Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress Table 2. Requirements and Deliverables in Section 5 on Innovation and Competition
Ascending by Section Citation Ascending by Section Citation
Lead Agency
(Supporting
Due
Requirements
Agencies)
Dates
Section
Notes
Streamline processes for visas for DOS & DHS Streamline processes for visas for DOS & DHS
January 28, 5.1(a) January 28, 5.1(a)
Also applies to other critical Also applies to other critical
foreigners seeking to come to foreigners seeking to come to
2024 (90 2024 (90
and emerging technologies, as and emerging technologies, as
the United States for AI the United States for AI
days) days)
identified in the White House identified in the White House
education or work. education or work.
Critical and Emerging Critical and Emerging
Technologies LiTechnologies List.a
Consider (1) rulemaking to Consider (1) rulemaking to
DOS DOS
February February
5.1(b) 5.1(b)

establish new criteria for establish new criteria for
27, 2024 27, 2024
designating countries and critical designating countries and critical
(120 days) (120 days)
skil s for visas, and (2) skil s for visas, and (2)
implementing a visa renewal implementing a visa renewal
program to help highly skil ed AI program to help highly skil ed AI
talent continue to work in the talent continue to work in the
United States. United States.
Consider rulemaking to expand Consider rulemaking to expand
DOS DOS
April 27, April 27,
5.1(c) 5.1(c)

nonimmigrant eligibility for the nonimmigrant eligibility for the
2024 (180 2024 (180
domestic visa renewal program, domestic visa renewal program,
days) days)
and establish a program to and establish a program to
identify and attract top AI talent identify and attract top AI talent
from overseas. from overseas.
Review and initiate policy Review and initiate policy
DHS DHS
April 27, April 27,
5.1(d) 5.1(d)

changes related to immigration changes related to immigration
2024 (180 2024 (180
pathways for AI experts, and pathways for AI experts, and
days) days)
consider rulemaking to enhance consider rulemaking to enhance
visa modernization processes and visa modernization processes and
permanent resident pathways. permanent resident pathways.
Solicit public input to identify AI Solicit public input to identify AI
DOL DOL
December December
5.1(e) 5.1(e)
Refers to Schedule A of 20 Refers to Schedule A of 20
and STEM-related occupations and STEM-related occupations
14, 2023 14, 2023
C.F.R. §656.5. C.F.R. §656.5.
for which there is an inadequate for which there is an inadequate
(45 days) (45 days)
number of U.S. workers, so to number of U.S. workers, so to
update the “Schedule A” list. update the “Schedule A” list.
Develop and publish resources to DHS Develop and publish resources to DHS
February February
5.1(g) 5.1(g)
Also includes a requirement to Also includes a requirement to
help attract and retain AI experts help attract and retain AI experts
(DOS, DOC, (DOS, DOC,
27, 2024 27, 2024
publish a public report with publish a public report with
from other countries, and help from other countries, and help
OSTP) OSTP)
(120 days) (120 days)
data on how AI experts have data on how AI experts have
them understand their options them understand their options
utilized the immigration system utilized the immigration system
for working in the United States. for working in the United States.
through the end of FY2023. through the end of FY2023.
Launch a pilot program Launch a pilot program
NSF NSF
January 28, 5.2(a)(i) January 28, 5.2(a)(i)
By December 14 (45 days) By December 14 (45 days)
implementing the National AI implementing the National AI
2024 (90 2024 (90
agencies are to identify agencies are to identify
Research Resource (NAIRR), Research Resource (NAIRR),
days) days)
resources that could be resources that could be
consistent with previous consistent with previous
integrated into this pilot. integrated into this pilot.
recommendation recommendations.b
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~Lead Agency~~
~~(Supporting~~
~~Due~~
~~Requirements~~
~~Agencies)~~
~~Dates~~
~~Section~~
~~Notes~~
Fund and launch at least one NSF Fund and launch at least one NSF
NSF NSF
March 28, March 28,
5.2(a)(i ) 5.2(a)(i )

Regional Innovation Engine that Regional Innovation Engine that
2024 (150 2024 (150
prioritizes AI-related work. prioritizes AI-related work.
days) days)
Establish at least four new Establish at least four new
NSF NSF
April 22, April 22,
5.2(a)(i i) 5.2(a)(i i)
25 are currently funded; NSF 25 are currently funded; NSF
National AI Research Institutes. National AI Research Institutes.
2025 (540 2025 (540
funds 20 of those, and USDA funds 20 of those, and USDA
days) days)
NIFA funds NIFA funds 5.c Congressional Research Service 7 Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress Lead Agency (Supporting Due Requirements Agencies) Dates Section Notes
Establish a pilot program to Establish a pilot program to
DOE & NSF DOE & NSF
February February
5.2(b) 5.2(b)
The E.O.’s goal is to reach 500 The E.O.’s goal is to reach 500
enhance existing training enhance existing training
27, 2024 27, 2024
new AI researchers by 2025. new AI researchers by 2025.
programs for scientists. programs for scientists.
(120 days) (120 days)
Publish guidance to USPTO Publish guidance to USPTO
USPTO USPTO
February February
5.2(c)(i) 5.2(c)(i)

patent examiners and applicants patent examiners and applicants
27, 2024 27, 2024
on use of AI in the inventive on use of AI in the inventive
(120 days) (120 days)
process. process.
Issue additional guidance to Issue additional guidance to
USPTO USPTO
July 26, July 26,
5.2(c)(i ) 5.2(c)(i )
Could include updated Could include updated
USPTO patent examiners and USPTO patent examiners and
2024 (270 2024 (270
guidance on patent eligibility to guidance on patent eligibility to
applicants to address other applicants to address other
days) days)
address innovation in AI and address innovation in AI and
considerations at the intersection considerations at the intersection
critical and emerging critical and emerging
of AI and IP. of AI and IP.
technologies. technologies.
Recommend further executive Recommend further executive
USPTO USPTO
July 26, July 26,
5.2(c)(i i) 5.2(c)(i i)
Could also be 180 days after Could also be 180 days after
actions on copyright and AI. actions on copyright and AI.
2024 (270 2024 (270
the U.S. Copyright Office the U.S. Copyright Office
days) days)
publishes a study on AI in publishes a study on AI in
copyright issues pursuant to 37 copyright issues pursuant to 37
C.F.R. Part 202. C.F.R. Part 202.
Develop a training, analysis, and Develop a training, analysis, and
DHS DHS
April 27, April 27,
5.2(d) 5.2(d)
This includes devoting This includes devoting
evaluation program to mitigate evaluation program to mitigate
(DOJ) (DOJ)
2024 (180 2024 (180
personnel, developing guidance personnel, developing guidance
AI-related IP risks. AI-related IP risks.
days) days)
for the private sector, and for the private sector, and
sharing information. sharing information.
Identify and prioritize funding Identify and prioritize funding
HHS HHS
No date No date
5.2(e) 5.2(e)
Includes col aborating with the Includes col aborating with the
awards—and undertake related awards—and undertake related
assigned assigned
private sector to support private sector to support
efforts—to support responsible efforts—to support responsible
personalized medicine, personalized medicine,
AI development. AI development.
prioritizing awards to improve prioritizing awards to improve
~~healthcare~~health care data quality, and data quality, and
accelerating AIM-AHEAD accelerating AIM-AHEAD
program awards. program awards.
Host two three-month long AI Host two three-month long AI
VA VA
October October
5.2(f) 5.2(f)
VA is also to provide access to VA is also to provide access to
Tech Sprint competitions. Tech Sprint competitions.
29, 2024 29, 2024
technical assistance, technical assistance,
(365 days) (365 days)
mentorship opportunities, mentorship opportunities,
expert feedback, and potential expert feedback, and potential
contract opportunities to contract opportunities to
competitors. competitors.
Issue a public report describing Issue a public report describing
DOE DOE
April 27, April 27,
5.2(g)(i) 5.2(g)(i)
The overarching goals of the The overarching goals of the
how AI could improve electric how AI could improve electric
(FERC, OSTP, (FERC, OSTP,
2024 (180 2024 (180
requirements under Section requirements under Section
grid infrastructure. grid infrastructure.
CEQ, APNCA) CEQ, APNCA)
days) days)
5.2(g) are to strengthen U.S. 5.2(g) are to strengthen U.S.
resilience against climate resilience against climate
change impacts. change impacts.
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~Lead Agency~~
~~(Supporting~~
~~Due~~
~~Requirements~~
~~Agencies)~~
~~Dates~~
~~Section~~
~~Notes~~
Develop tools to help build Develop tools to help build
DOE DOE
April 27, April 27,
5.2(g)(i ) 5.2(g)(i )
AI models should also improve AI models should also improve
foundational AI models for basic foundational AI models for basic
(FERC, OSTP, (FERC, OSTP,
2024 (180 2024 (180
5.2(g)(i i) environmental and social 5.2(g)(i i) environmental and social
and applied science, including for and applied science, including for
CEQ, APNCA) CEQ, APNCA)
days) days)
outcomes, and agencies should outcomes, and agencies should
environmental reviews and environmental reviews and
col aborate with private sector col aborate with private sector
permitting, and to mitigate permitting, and to mitigate
organizations and academic organizations and academic
climate change risks. climate change risks.
researchers when developing researchers when developing
tools to mitigate risks.tools to mitigate risks. Congressional Research Service 8 link to page 22 link to page 13 Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress Lead Agency (Supporting Due Requirements Agencies) Dates Section Notes
Partner with nongovernmental Partner with nongovernmental
DOE DOE
April 27, April 27,
5.2(g)(iv) To include partnerships that 5.2(g)(iv) To include partnerships that
entities and international allies entities and international allies
(FERC, OSTP, (FERC, OSTP,
2024 (180 2024 (180
increase community increase community
and partners to model climate and partners to model climate
CEQ, APNCA) CEQ, APNCA)
days) days)
preparedness, enable clean- preparedness, enable clean-
risks and projects using DOE’s risks and projects using DOE’s
energy deployment, and energy deployment, and
computing capabilities and AI computing capabilities and AI
enhance grid reliability and enhance grid reliability and
testbeds. testbeds.
resilience. resilience.
Establish an office in DOE to Establish an office in DOE to
DOE DOE
April 27, April 27,
5.2(g)(v) 5.2(g)(v)

coordinate AI programs across coordinate AI programs across
(FERC, OSTP, (FERC, OSTP,
2024 (180 2024 (180
the national laboratories. the national laboratories.
CEQ, APNCA) CEQ, APNCA)
days) days)
Report on the potential of AI for Report on the potential of AI for
PCAST PCAST
April 27, April 27,
5.2(h) 5.2(h)
Report shall be submitted to Report shall be submitted to
scientific research. scientific research.
2024 (180 2024 (180
the President and made the President and made
days) days)
publicly available. publicly available.
Source: CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and
Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Federal Register 75191, November 1, 2023, at 75191, November 1, 2023, at
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-
and-use-of-artificial-intelligence. and-use-of-artificial-intelligence.
Notes: For a list of acronyms, please see th For a list of acronyms, please see the Appendix.
a. Executive Office of the President, “Critical and Emerging Technologies List Update,” report, February 2022, a. Executive Office of the President, “Critical and Emerging Technologies List Update,” report, February 2022,
at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/02-2022-Critical-and-Emerging-Technologies- at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/02-2022-Critical-and-Emerging-Technologies-
List-Update.pdf. List-Update.pdf.
b. NSF and OSTP are jointly chairing a NAIRR Pilot Interagency Working Group, which is developing an b. NSF and OSTP are jointly chairing a NAIRR Pilot Interagency Working Group, which is developing an
implementation plan for the NAIRR; see NASA, “Participation in National AI Research Resource (NAIRR) implementation plan for the NAIRR; see NASA, “Participation in National AI Research Resource (NAIRR)
Pilot Interagency Working Group,” June 26, 2023, at https://science.msfc.nasa.gov/2023/06/26/participation-Pilot Interagency Working Group,” June 26, 2023, at https://science.msfc.nasa.gov/2023/06/26/participation-
in-national-ai-research-resource-nairr-pilot-interagency-working-group/. Per the NSF FY2024 Budget in-national-ai-research-resource-nairr-pilot-interagency-working-group/. Per the NSF FY2024 Budget
Request to Congress, “NSF wil work with agencies and the broader community on the NAIRR Pilot Request to Congress, “NSF wil work with agencies and the broader community on the NAIRR Pilot
Option outlined in the report to provide pilot-scale access to existing computational resources, software, Option outlined in the report to provide pilot-scale access to existing computational resources, software,
datasets, services, and user portals across the current national cyberinfrastructure ecosystem”; see NSF datasets, services, and user portals across the current national cyberinfrastructure ecosystem”; see NSF
FY2024 Budget Request to Congress, March 13, 2023, p. Emerging Industries–19. FY2024 Budget Request to Congress, March 13, 2023, p. Emerging Industries–19.
c. James Donlon, “National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research Institutes,” Program Webinar, September 5, c. James Donlon, “National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research Institutes,” Program Webinar, September 5,
2023, at https://nsf.gov/attachments/308263/public/ 2023, at https://nsf.gov/attachments/308263/public/
National_AI_Research_Institutes_Webinar2023_508verified.pptx. National_AI_Research_Institutes_Webinar2023_508verified.pptx.
Section 5.2 (a)(i) encourages independent regulatory agencies to consider complementary actions Section 5.2 (a)(i) encourages independent regulatory agencies to consider complementary actions
to AI research resource pilots for their regulated industries. Additionally, Section 5.3(a) to AI research resource pilots for their regulated industries. Additionally, Section 5.3(a)
encourages the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to consider rulemaking to ensure fair encourages the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to consider rulemaking to ensure fair
competition for consumers in the AI marketplace. Section 5.3(b) provides guidance to the competition for consumers in the AI marketplace. Section 5.3(b) provides guidance to the
Department of Commerce in implementing the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Department of Commerce in implementing the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce
Semiconductors (CHIPS) Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-167). Sections 5.3(c) and (d) provide guidance to Semiconductors (CHIPS) Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-167). Sections 5.3(c) and (d) provide guidance to
the Small Business Administration (SBA) on supporting small businesses’ use of AI. These the Small Business Administration (SBA) on supporting small businesses’ use of AI. These
directions do not carry accompanying deliverables or specific due dates. directions do not carry accompanying deliverables or specific due dates.
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Worker Support
The E.O. recognizes that AI adoption may be disruptive to the workforce and directs agencies to The E.O. recognizes that AI adoption may be disruptive to the workforce and directs agencies to
research and develop potential mitigations against such disruptions.research and develop potential mitigations against such disruptions. Actions related to this policy Actions related to this policy
area are prescribed in Section 6 of the E.O. There are four requirements involving two federal area are prescribed in Section 6 of the E.O. There are four requirements involving two federal
entitiesentities. Table 3 lists these requirements. lists these requirements.
Congressional Research Service 9 link to page 22 link to page 14 Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress Table 3. Requirements and Deliverables in Section 6 on Worker Support
Ascending by Section Citation Ascending by Section Citation
Lead Agency
(Supporting
Requirements
Agencies)
Due Dates
Section
Notes
Report on the effects of AI on Report on the effects of AI on
CEA CEA
April 27, April 27,
6(a)(i) 6(a)(i)
The report is to the The report is to the
the labor market. the labor market.
2024 (180 2024 (180
President. President.
days) days)
Report on the ability agencies Report on the ability agencies
DOL DOL
April 27, April 27,
6(a)(i ) 6(a)(i )
The report is to the The report is to the
have to assist workers displaced have to assist workers displaced
2024 (180 2024 (180
President. President.
by AI adoption. by AI adoption.
days) days)
Publish principles and best Publish principles and best
DOL DOL
April 27, April 27,
6(b)(i) 6(b)(i)
DOL shall also encourage DOL shall also encourage
practices employers could adopt practices employers could adopt
2024 (180 2024 (180
6(b)(i ) 6(b)(i )
adoption of these practices. adoption of these practices.
to minimize harms to employees. to minimize harms to employees.
days) days)
Issue guidance on complying with Issue guidance on complying with
DOL DOL
April 27, April 27,
6(b)(i i) 6(b)(i i)
Including complying with Including complying with
legal requirements for employers legal requirements for employers
2024 (180 2024 (180
protections ensuring worker protections ensuring worker
that deploy AI to monitor or that deploy AI to monitor or
days) days)
compensation for time compensation for time
augment employees’ work. augment employees’ work.
worked under 29 U.S.C. §201 worked under 29 U.S.C. §201
et seq. et seq.
Source: CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and
Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Federal Register 75191, November 1, 2023, at 75191, November 1, 2023, at
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-
and-use-of-artificial-intelligence. and-use-of-artificial-intelligence.
Note: For a list of acronyms, please see th For a list of acronyms, please see the Appendix.
Section 6(c) also directs NSF to prioritize available resources to support AI-related education and Section 6(c) also directs NSF to prioritize available resources to support AI-related education and
AI-related workforce development through existing programs, and to consult with other federal AI-related workforce development through existing programs, and to consult with other federal
agencies to further allocate resources for such purposes. agencies to further allocate resources for such purposes.
Consideration of AI Bias and Civil Rights
The E.O. recognizes that AI models may perpetuate biases and that their implementation may The E.O. recognizes that AI models may perpetuate biases and that their implementation may
lead to civil rights violations. This section includes a focus on equity and civil rights lead to civil rights violations. This section includes a focus on equity and civil rights
considerations with use of AI in the criminal justice system and the administration of federal considerations with use of AI in the criminal justice system and the administration of federal
government programs and benefits.government programs and benefits. Actions related to this policy area are prescribed in Section 7 Actions related to this policy area are prescribed in Section 7
of the E.O. There are nine requirements involving eight federal entitiesof the E.O. There are nine requirements involving eight federal entities. Table 4 lists these lists these
requirements. Numerous requirements in this section of E.O. 14110 reference requirements and requirements. Numerous requirements in this section of E.O. 14110 reference requirements and
deliverables from E.O. 14074, “Advancing Effective, Accountable Policing and Criminal Justice deliverables from E.O. 14074, “Advancing Effective, Accountable Policing and Criminal Justice
Practices to Enhance Public Trust and Public Safety.”Practices to Enhance Public Trust and Public Safety.”65

65 Executive Office of the President, “Advancing Effective, Accountable Policing and Criminal Justice Practices to Executive Office of the President, “Advancing Effective, Accountable Policing and Criminal Justice Practices to
Enhance Public Trust and Public Safety,” 87Enhance Public Trust and Public Safety,” 87 Federal Register 32945-32963, May 31, 2022. 32945-32963, May 31, 2022.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress

Table 4. Requirements and Deliverables in Section 7 on AI Biases and Civil Rights
Ascending by Section Citation Ascending by Section Citation
Lead Agency
(Supporting
Due
Requirements
Agencies)
Dates
Section
Notes
Convene agencies and Convene agencies and
DOJ DOJ
January 28, January 28,
7.1(a)(i ) 7.1(a)(i )
They shall also consider They shall also consider
regulators to discuss how they regulators to discuss how they
2024 (90 2024 (90
improving external improving external
can use their authorities to can use their authorities to
days) days)
stakeholder engagement and stakeholder engagement and
prevent algorithmic and AI- prevent algorithmic and AI-
developing additional training, developing additional training,
related discrimination. related discrimination.
guidance, and resources. guidance, and resources.
Report on the use of AI in the Report on the use of AI in the
DOJ DOJ
October October
7.1(b) 7.1(b)
The report is to the The report is to the
criminal justice system. criminal justice system.
(DHS, OSTP) (DHS, OSTP)
29, 2023 29, 2023
President. The report is to President. The report is to
(365 days) (365 days)
address uses by police, address uses by police,
prosecutors, and courts; and prosecutors, and courts; and
recommend best practices recommend best practices
for safeguards and use limits for safeguards and use limits
for AI. for AI.
Identify and publish best Identify and publish best
OPM OPM
April 27, April 27,
7.1(c)(i) 7.1(c)(i)
OPM is the chair of the OPM is the chair of the
practices to recruit law practices to recruit law
2024 (180 2024 (180
Interagency Working Group Interagency Working Group
enforcement (LE) professionals enforcement (LE) professionals
days) days)
on Policies, Best Practices for on Policies, Best Practices for
with AI expertise and train LE with AI expertise and train LE
Federal Law Enforcement Federal Law Enforcement
professionals about responsible professionals about responsible
Agencies. This working group Agencies. This working group
application of AI. application of AI.
is responsible for this is responsible for this
deliverable. deliverable.
Review practices identified in Review practices identified in
DOJ DOJ
July 26, July 26,
7.1(c)(i ) 7.1(c)(i )
Extends to tribal law Extends to tribal law
7.1(c)(i) and, if necessary, 7.1(c)(i) and, if necessary,
(DHS) (DHS)
2024 (270 2024 (270
enforcement agencies. enforcement agencies.
develop recommendations for develop recommendations for
days) days)
state and local law enforcement state and local law enforcement
agencies. agencies.
Assess departmental capacity to Assess departmental capacity to
DOJ DOJ
October October
7.1(c)(i i) 7.1(c)(i i)
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §242. Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §242.
investigate cases related to AI investigate cases related to AI
29, 2024 29, 2024
involving the deprivation of involving the deprivation of
(365 days) (365 days)
rights by governmental agencies rights by governmental agencies
acting under actual or perceived acting under actual or perceived
authorities. authorities.
Publish a plan addressing states’ Publish a plan addressing states’
HHS HHS
April 27, April 27,
7.2(b)(i) 7.2(b)(i)
The plan should promote The plan should promote
and localities’ use of automated and localities’ use of automated
2024 (180 2024 (180
equitable administration of equitable administration of
or algorithmic systems in or algorithmic systems in
days) days)
benefits, including benefits, including
distributing public benefits and distributing public benefits and
assessments, disclosure, and assessments, disclosure, and
services funded by the services funded by the
monitoring of systems and monitoring of systems and
department. department.
processes to appeal denials. processes to appeal denials.
Issue guidance to state, local, Issue guidance to state, local,
USDA USDA
April 27, April 27,
7.2(b)(i ) 7.2(b)(i )
The guidance should also The guidance should also
tribal, and territorial public tribal, and territorial public
2024 (180 2024 (180
address the use of automated address the use of automated
benefits administrators on the benefits administrators on the
days) days)
or algorithmic systems in or algorithmic systems in
use of automated or algorithmic use of automated or algorithmic
providing customer support providing customer support
systems in distributing benefits. systems in distributing benefits.
for benefits programs funded for benefits programs funded
by USDA. by USDA.
Publish guidance for federal Publish guidance for federal
DOL DOL
October October
7.3(a) 7.3(a)

contractors on preventing bias contractors on preventing bias
29, 2024 29, 2024
in AI systems used in hiring. in AI systems used in hiring.
(365 days) (365 days)
Issue guidance on AI use in Issue guidance on AI use in
HUD HUD
April 27, April 27,
7.3(c) 7.3(c)

housing decisions. housing decisions.
2024 (180 2024 (180
days) days)
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link to page 22 link to page 15 link to page 22 link to page 15 Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress

Source: CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and
Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Federal Register 75191, November 1, 2023, at 75191, November 1, 2023, at
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-
and-use-of-artificial-intelligence. and-use-of-artificial-intelligence.
Note: For a list of acronyms, please see th For a list of acronyms, please see the Appendix.
Section 7.1(a)(ii) encourages independent regulatory agencies to consider participating in DOJ’s Section 7.1(a)(ii) encourages independent regulatory agencies to consider participating in DOJ’s
civil rights efforts. Additionally, Section 7.3(b) encourages the Federal Housing Finance Agency civil rights efforts. Additionally, Section 7.3(b) encourages the Federal Housing Finance Agency
(FHFA) and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) to consider using their authorities (FHFA) and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) to consider using their authorities
to govern industry use of AI in underwriting, valuation, and appraisal processes in housing to govern industry use of AI in underwriting, valuation, and appraisal processes in housing
markets. markets.
Consumer Protection
The E.O. instructs agencies to enforce existing technology-agnostic authorities in an effort to The E.O. instructs agencies to enforce existing technology-agnostic authorities in an effort to
minimize harms to consumers, and to identify needed authorities related to AI. Actions related to minimize harms to consumers, and to identify needed authorities related to AI. Actions related to
this policy area are prescribed in Section 8 of the E.O. There are nine requirements in this section this policy area are prescribed in Section 8 of the E.O. There are nine requirements in this section
involving five federal entities.involving five federal entities. Table 5 lists these requirements. lists these requirements.
Table 5. Requirements and Deliverables in Section 8 on Consumer Protection
Ascending by Section Citation Ascending by Section Citation
Lead Agency
(Supporting
Due
Requirements
Agencies)
Dates
Section
Notes
Establish an HHS AI Task Force. HHS Establish an HHS AI Task Force. HHS
January 28, January 28,
8(b)(i) 8(b)(i)
Within a year of its creation, Within a year of its creation,
(DOD, VA) (DOD, VA)
2024 (90 2024 (90
the task force shall issue a the task force shall issue a
days) days)
plan for federal actions plan for federal actions
regarding the responsible regarding the responsible
adoption of AI in the health adoption of AI in the health
and human services sector. and human services sector.
Develop a strategy to assess AI Develop a strategy to assess AI
HHS HHS
April 27, April 27,
8(b)(i ) 8(b)(i )

quality, including the quality, including the
2024 (180 2024 (180
development of an AI assurance development of an AI assurance
days) days)
policy and infrastructure needs. policy and infrastructure needs.
Consider actions to advance Consider actions to advance
HHS HHS
April 27, April 27,
8(b)(i i) 8(b)(i i)
Actions may include providing Actions may include providing
industry understanding of, and industry understanding of, and
2024 (180 2024 (180
technical assistance about technical assistance about
compliance with, federal compliance with, federal
days) days)
obligations under obligations under
nondiscrimination laws as they nondiscrimination laws as they
discrimination and privacy discrimination and privacy
relate to AI for health and relate to AI for health and
laws as related to AI use and laws as related to AI use and
human service providers human service providers
potential consequences of potential consequences of
receiving federal funding. receiving federal funding.
noncompliance, and issuing noncompliance, and issuing
guidance in response to guidance in response to
complaints. complaints.
Establish an AI safety program Establish an AI safety program
HHS HHS
October October
8(b)(iv) 8(b)(iv)
In partnership with Patient In partnership with Patient
to monitor and improve AI to monitor and improve AI
(DOD, VA) (DOD, VA)
29, 2024 29, 2024
Safety Organizations. Safety Organizations.
deployment in deployment in ~~healthcare~~health care
(365 days) (365 days)
through a common framework through a common framework
to identify AI-associated clinical to identify AI-associated clinical
errors and guidelines to avoid errors and guidelines to avoid
such harms. such harms.
Develop a strategy for the use Develop a strategy for the use
HHS HHS
October October
8(b)(v) 8(b)(v)

of AI and AI-enabled tools in of AI and AI-enabled tools in
29, 2024 29, 2024
drug development. drug development.
(365 days) (365 days)
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link to page 22 link to page 17 link to page 22 link to page 17 Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress

Lead Agency
(Supporting
Due
Requirements
Agencies)
Dates
Section
Notes
Task the Nontraditional and Task the Nontraditional and
DOT DOT
November November
8(c)(i) 8(c)(i)
DOT shall further direct the DOT shall further direct the
Emerging Transportation Emerging Transportation
29, 2023 29, 2023
NETT Council to support NETT Council to support
Technology (NETT) Council to Technology (NETT) Council to
(30 days) (30 days)
transportation-related AI transportation-related AI
assess the need for guidance assess the need for guidance
pilot programs, assess pilot programs, assess
regarding AI use in regarding AI use in
outcomes to inform outcomes to inform
transportation. transportation.
regulatory actions, and regulatory actions, and
establish a DOT Cross-Modal establish a DOT Cross-Modal
Executive Working Group. Executive Working Group.
Task DOT FACA committees Task DOT FACA committees
DOT DOT
January 28, January 28,
8(c)(i ) 8(c)(i )

to provide advice on safe and to provide advice on safe and
2024 (90 2024 (90
responsible AI use in responsible AI use in
days) days)
transportation. transportation.
Task the Advanced Research Task the Advanced Research
DOT DOT
April 27, April 27,
8(c)(i i) 8(c)(i i)

Projects Agency–Infrastructure Projects Agency–Infrastructure
2024 (180 2024 (180
(ARPA-I) to explore research (ARPA-I) to explore research
days) days)
and development projects for and development projects for
AI use in transportation. AI use in transportation.
Develop resources, policies, and ED Develop resources, policies, and ED
October October
8(d) 8(d)
Shall include development of Shall include development of
guidance for AI use in guidance for AI use in
29, 2024 29, 2024
an AI toolkit for educators. an AI toolkit for educators.
education. education.
(365 days) (365 days)
Source: CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and
Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Federal Register 75191, November 1, 2023, at 75191, November 1, 2023, at
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-
and-use-of-artificial-intelligence. and-use-of-artificial-intelligence.
Note: For a list of acronyms, please see th For a list of acronyms, please see the Appendix.
Additionally, Section 8(a) encourages independent regulatory agencies to consider using their Additionally, Section 8(a) encourages independent regulatory agencies to consider using their
authorities to protect American consumers from fraud, discrimination, and threats to privacy and authorities to protect American consumers from fraud, discrimination, and threats to privacy and
to address other risks that may arise from the use of AI, including risks to financial stability; and to address other risks that may arise from the use of AI, including risks to financial stability; and
to consider rulemaking, as well as emphasizing or clarifying where existing regulations and to consider rulemaking, as well as emphasizing or clarifying where existing regulations and
guidance apply to AI. Section 8(e) encourages the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) guidance apply to AI. Section 8(e) encourages the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
to consider actions related to how AI will affect communications networks and consumers, to consider actions related to how AI will affect communications networks and consumers,
including its potential for spectrum management, and encourages efforts to combat unwanted including its potential for spectrum management, and encourages efforts to combat unwanted
robocalls and robotexts. robocalls and robotexts.
Privacy
The E.O. calls for the evaluation and mitigation of privacy risks—potentially exacerbated by The E.O. calls for the evaluation and mitigation of privacy risks—potentially exacerbated by
AI—associated with the collection, use, and retention of Americans’ data. Actions related to this AI—associated with the collection, use, and retention of Americans’ data. Actions related to this
policy area are prescribed in Section 9 of the E.O. There are six requirements in this section policy area are prescribed in Section 9 of the E.O. There are six requirements in this section
involving nine federal entitiesinvolving nine federal entities. Table 6 lists these requirements. lists these requirements.
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link to page 22 link to page 18 link to page 22 link to page 18 Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress

Table 6. Requirements and Deliverables in Section 9 on Privacy
Ascending by Section Citation Ascending by Section Citation
Lead Agency
(Supporting
Due
Requirements
Agencies)
Dates
Section
Notes
Identify commercially available Identify commercially available
OMB OMB
No date No date
9(a)(i) 9(a)(i)
Particular focus on personally Particular focus on personally
information procured by information procured by
assigned assigned
identifiable information (PII). identifiable information (PII).
agencies. agencies.
National security purposes National security purposes
are excluded. are excluded.
Evaluate agency standards and Evaluate agency standards and
OMB OMB
No date No date
9(a)(i ) 9(a)(i )
Evaluation to include looking Evaluation to include looking
procedures associated with procedures associated with
(FPC, ICSP) (FPC, ICSP)
assigned assigned
at col ection, processing, at col ection, processing,
agency use of commercially agency use of commercially
maintenance, use, sharing, and maintenance, use, sharing, and
available information to inform available information to inform
disposition of data that disposition of data that
ways to mitigate privacy and ways to mitigate privacy and
contains PII. contains PII.
confidentiality risks. confidentiality risks.
Solicit public comment on Solicit public comment on
OMB OMB
April 27, April 27,
9(a)(i i) 9(a)(i i)
Take additional steps to act Take additional steps to act
changes to federal guidance changes to federal guidance
(DOJ, CEA, (DOJ, CEA,
2024 (180 2024 (180
on feedback in implementing on feedback in implementing
related to privacy and mitigating related to privacy and mitigating
OSTP) OSTP)
days) days)
changes to federal guidance changes to federal guidance
AI-related risks. AI-related risks.
(Section 9(a)(iv)). (Section 9(a)(iv)).
Create guidance for agencies to Create guidance for agencies to
NIST NIST
October October
9(b) 9(b)

fol ow when they evaluate the fol ow when they evaluate the
29, 2024 29, 2024
use of privacy-enhancing use of privacy-enhancing
(365 days) (365 days)
technologies. technologies.
Fund the creation of a Research Fund the creation of a Research
NSF NSF
February February
9(c)(i) 9(c)(i)
Particular focus on deploying Particular focus on deploying
Coordination Network for Coordination Network for
(DOE) (DOE)
27, 2024 27, 2024
and scaling privacy-enhancing and scaling privacy-enhancing
advancing privacy research. advancing privacy research.
(120 days) (120 days)
technologies. technologies.
Work with agencies to identify Work with agencies to identify
NSF NSF
June 26, June 26,
9(c)(i ) 9(c)(i )
Prioritize use-inspired Prioritize use-inspired
opportunities to incorporate opportunities to incorporate
2024 (240 2024 (240
research, including through research, including through
privacy-enhancing technologies privacy-enhancing technologies
days) days)
engagements with the engagements with the
into their operations. into their operations.
Research Coordination Research Coordination
Network. Network.
Source: CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and
Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Federal Register 75191, November 1, 2023, at 75191, November 1, 2023, at
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-
and-use-of-artificial-intelligence. and-use-of-artificial-intelligence.
Note: For a list of acronyms, please see th For a list of acronyms, please see the Appendix.
Federal Use of AI
The E.O. requires the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to establish an interagency The E.O. requires the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to establish an interagency
council to coordinate AI use by federal agencies and develop guidance on AI governance and risk council to coordinate AI use by federal agencies and develop guidance on AI governance and risk
management activities for agencies. The section acknowledges the ubiquity of generative AI management activities for agencies. The section acknowledges the ubiquity of generative AI
(GenAI) tools, and directs agencies to provide access with safeguards in place. This section calls (GenAI) tools, and directs agencies to provide access with safeguards in place. This section calls
for additional agency hiring and training activities to increase the AI workforce capacity across for additional agency hiring and training activities to increase the AI workforce capacity across
the federal governmentthe federal government. Actions related to this policy area are prescribed in Section 10 of the E.O. Actions related to this policy area are prescribed in Section 10 of the E.O.
There are 29 requirements in this section involving 40 federal entitiesThere are 29 requirements in this section involving 40 federal entities. Table 7 lists these lists these
requirements. requirements.
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Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress

Table 7. Requirements and Deliverables in Section 10 on Federal Use of AI
Ascending by Section Citation Ascending by Section Citation
Lead Agency
(Supporting
Due
Requirements
Agencies)
Dates
Section
Notes
Convene and chair an Convene and chair an
OMB OMB
December December
10.1(a) 10.1(a)
OSTP is the vice chair of the OSTP is the vice chair of the
interagency council on federal interagency council on federal
29, 2023 29, 2023
council. CFO Act agencies council. CFO Act agencies
use of AI. use of AI.
(60 days) (60 days)
(31 U.S.C. §902(b)) and DNI (31 U.S.C. §902(b)) and DNI
are members. are members.
Issue guidance to agencies on AI Issue guidance to agencies on AI
OMB & OSTP OMB & OSTP
March 28, March 28,
10.1(b) 10.1(b)
Guidance shall address Guidance shall address
use. use.
(Interagency (Interagency
2024 (150 2024 (150
appropriate and effective appropriate and effective

council members council members
days, and days, and
testing, use, and testing, use, and
from 10(a)) from 10(a))
periodically periodically
documentation of AI; documentation of AI;
thereafter) thereafter)
advancing innovation; and advancing innovation; and
managing AI-related risks. managing AI-related risks.
Designate a Chief Artificial Designate a Chief Artificial
CFO Act CFO Act
May 27, May 27,
10.1 10.1
This requirement shall be This requirement shall be
Intelligence Officer. Intelligence Officer.
Agencies Agencies
2024 (60 2024 (60
(b)(i) (b)(i)
part of OMB’s guidance from part of OMB’s guidance from
days from days from
10.1(b). 10.1(b).
guidance) guidance)
Create Artificial Intelligence Create Artificial Intelligence
CFO Act CFO Act
May 27, May 27,
10.1 10.1
Another mechanism may be Another mechanism may be
Governance Boards within the Governance Boards within the
Agencies Agencies
2024 (60 2024 (60
(b)(i i) (b)(i i)
substituted for this board. substituted for this board.
agencies. agencies.
days from days from
This requirement shall be This requirement shall be
guidance) guidance)
part of OMB’s guidance from part of OMB’s guidance from
10.1(b). 10.1(b).
Specify minimum risk Specify minimum risk
OMB OMB
No date No date
10.1 10.1

management practices for management practices for
specified specified
(b)(iv) (b)(iv)
government use of AI that impact government use of AI that impact
people’s rights or safety. people’s rights or safety.
Develop AI strategies and pursue Develop AI strategies and pursue
CFO Act CFO Act
No date No date
10.1(b)(v 10.1(b)(v
This requirement shall be This requirement shall be
high-impact AI use cases. high-impact AI use cases.
Agencies Agencies
specified specified
ii) ii)
part of OMB’s guidance from part of OMB’s guidance from
10.1(b). 10.1(b).
Establish a system to track Establish a system to track
OMB OMB
May 27, May 27,
10.1(c) 10.1(c)

agency AI progress. agency AI progress.
2024 (60 2024 (60
days from days from
OMB OMB
guidance guidance
and and
periodically periodically
thereafter) thereafter)
Develop guidelines, tools, and Develop guidelines, tools, and
NIST NIST
June 26, June 26,
10.1 10.1

practices to support practices to support
(OMB, OSTP) (OMB, OSTP)
2024 (90 2024 (90
(d)(i) (d)(i)
implementation of the minimum implementation of the minimum
days from days from
risk-management practices risk-management practices
OMB OMB
described in the OMB guidance. described in the OMB guidance.
guidance) guidance)
Develop means to ensure that Develop means to ensure that
OMB OMB
September September
10.1 10.1
The means should also The means should also
agency contracts for AI system agency contracts for AI system
24, 2024 24, 2024
(d)(i ) (d)(i )
advance aims from the advance aims from the
and services procurement align and services procurement align
(180 days (180 days
Advancing American AI Act Advancing American AI Act
with OMB guidance. with OMB guidance.
from OMB from OMB
(P.L. 117-263, Div. G, Title (P.L. 117-263, Div. G, Title
guidance) guidance)
LXXII, Subtitle B, LXXII, Subtitle B,
§7224(d)(1)). §7224(d)(1)).
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Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress

Lead Agency
(Supporting
Due
Requirements
Agencies)
Dates
Section
Notes
Issue instructions to agencies for Issue instructions to agencies for
OMB OMB
No date No date
10.1(e) 10.1(e)
Pursuant to the Advancing Pursuant to the Advancing
the col ection, reporting, and the col ection, reporting, and
specified specified
American AI Act (P.L. 117- American AI Act (P.L. 117-
publication of agency AI use publication of agency AI use
263, §7225(a)). These 263, §7225(a)). These
cases. cases.
instructions shall include, as instructions shall include, as
appropriate, an expansion of appropriate, an expansion of
agencies’ reporting on how agencies’ reporting on how
they are managing risks from they are managing risks from
AI uses. AI uses.
Develop a framework to Develop a framework to
GSA & OMB GSA & OMB
January 28, January 28,
10.1 10.1
The framework shall initially The framework shall initially
incorporate AI in FedRAMP. incorporate AI in FedRAMP.
(Federal Secure (Federal Secure
2024 (90 2024 (90
(f)(i ) (f)(i )
prioritize generative AI prioritize generative AI
Cloud Advisory Cloud Advisory
days) days)
technologies. technologies.
Committee) Committee)
Develop guidance for federal Develop guidance for federal
OPM & OMB OPM & OMB
April 27, April 27,
10.1 10.1

employee use of generative AI. employee use of generative AI.
2024 (180 2024 (180
(f)(i i) (f)(i i)
days) days)
Consider prioritizing funding for Consider prioritizing funding for
Technology Technology
November November
10.1(g) 10.1(g)
This board administers the This board administers the
projects related to AI. projects related to AI.
Modernization Modernization
29, 2023 29, 2023
Technology Modernization Technology Modernization
Board Board
(30 days) (30 days)
Fund within GSA. Fund within GSA.
Facilitate access to AI vendors Facilitate access to AI vendors
GSA & OMB GSA & OMB
April 27, April 27,
10.1(h) 10.1(h)
Specified types of AI Specified types of AI
through government-wide through government-wide
(DOD, DHS, (DOD, DHS,
2024 (180 2024 (180
capabilities shall include capabilities shall include
acquisition vehicles or tools. acquisition vehicles or tools.
DNI, NASA) DNI, NASA)
days) days)
generative AI and specialized generative AI and specialized
computing infrastructure. computing infrastructure.
Excludes AI components of Excludes AI components of
national security systems. national security systems.
Plan to surge AI talent in the Plan to surge AI talent in the
OSTP & OMB OSTP & OMB
December December
10.2(a) 10.2(a)
Shall include identifying Shall include identifying
federal government. federal government.
(APNSA, APEA, (APNSA, APEA,
14, 2023 14, 2023
priority mission areas and priority mission areas and
APDP, DGPC) APDP, DGPC)
(45 days) (45 days)
types of AI talent to types of AI talent to
implement this E.O. implement this E.O.
Create and convene an AI and Create and convene an AI and
DCOSP, OSTP, DCOSP, OSTP,
December December
10.2(b) 10.2(b)
The task force is to The task force is to
Technology Talent Task Force. Technology Talent Task Force.
OMB OMB
14, 2023 14, 2023
accelerate and track the accelerate and track the
(NCD) (NCD)
(45 days) (45 days)
hiring of AI talent in the hiring of AI talent in the
federal government. federal government.
Track, report progress on, and Track, report progress on, and
AI and AI and
April 27, April 27,
10.2 10.2
Recommendations are to the Recommendations are to the
make recommendations on make recommendations on
Technology Technology
2024 (180 2024 (180
(b)(i) (b)(i)
President. The task force shall President. The task force shall
increasing AI capacity across the increasing AI capacity across the
Talent Task Talent Task
days) days)
also convene a cross-agency also convene a cross-agency
federal government. federal government.
Force Force
forum for AI professionals to forum for AI professionals to
share best practices and share best practices and
improve retention. improve retention.
Develop and implement plans to Develop and implement plans to
USDS, USDS,
December December
10.2(c) 10.2(c)

support the rapid recruitment of support the rapid recruitment of
Presidential Presidential
14, 2023 14, 2023
AI talent in the federal AI talent in the federal
Innovation Innovation
(45 days) (45 days)
government. government.
Fellowship, Fellowship,
USDC, OPM, USDC, OPM,
Agencies Agencies
Conduct a review of hiring Conduct a review of hiring
OPM OPM
December December
10.2 10.2
Shall include direct-hire Shall include direct-hire
authorities and workplace authorities and workplace
(OMB) (OMB)
29, 2023 29, 2023
(d)(i) (d)(i)
authorities. authorities.
flexibilities needed to recruit AI flexibilities needed to recruit AI
(60 days) (60 days)
talent. talent.
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link to page 22 link to page 22 Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress

Lead Agency
(Supporting
Due
Requirements
Agencies)
Dates
Section
Notes
Consider the use of the excepted OPM Consider the use of the excepted OPM
December December
10.2 10.2

service appointments to recruit service appointments to recruit
(OMB) (OMB)
29, 2023 29, 2023
(d)(i ) (d)(i )
AI talent. AI talent.
(60 days) (60 days)
Coordinate a pooled-hiring Coordinate a pooled-hiring
OPM OPM
January 28, January 28,
10.2 10.2

action to support AI talent action to support AI talent
(OMB) (OMB)
2024 (90 2024 (90
(d)(i i) (d)(i i)
recruitment. recruitment.
days) days)
Issue guidance to agencies on Issue guidance to agencies on
OPM OPM
February February
10.2 10.2

using existing pay flexibilities or using existing pay flexibilities or
(OMB) (OMB)
27, 2024 27, 2024
(d)(iv) (d)(iv)
incentive pay programs for AI, incentive pay programs for AI,
(120 days) (120 days)
AI-enabling, and key technical AI-enabling, and key technical
positions. positions.
Issue guidance to agencies on Issue guidance to agencies on
OPM OPM
April 27, April 27,
10.2 10.2

increasing the employment of AI, increasing the employment of AI,
(OMB) (OMB)
2024 (180 2024 (180
(d)(v) (d)(v)
data, and technology talent from data, and technology talent from
days) days)
nontraditional academic nontraditional academic
backgrounds. backgrounds.
Establish an interagency working Establish an interagency working
OPM OPM
April 27, April 27,
10.2 10.2

group composed of experts in group composed of experts in
(OMB) (OMB)
2024 (180 2024 (180
(d)(vi) (d)(vi)
human resources and AI to human resources and AI to
days) days)
inform hiring practices. inform hiring practices.
Review the qualifications for the Review the qualifications for the
OPM OPM
April 27, April 27,
10.2 10.2

Senior Executive Service to Senior Executive Service to
(OMB) (OMB)
2024 (180 2024 (180
(d)(vii) (d)(vii)
account for AI expertise. account for AI expertise.
days) days)
Review the job description for Review the job description for
OPM OPM
April 27, April 27,
10.2 10.2

civil engineers (and other civil engineers (and other
(OMB) (OMB)
2024 (180 2024 (180
(d)(vii ) (d)(vii )
positions) to account for, and positions) to account for, and
days) days)
ensure adequate, AI expertise. ensure adequate, AI expertise.
Develop a position description Develop a position description
CDOC CDOC
No date No date
10.2(f) 10.2(f)

library for data scientist jobs and library for data scientist jobs and
prescribed prescribed
a hiring guide for agencies. a hiring guide for agencies.
Implement and/or increase the Implement and/or increase the
Agencies Agencies
No date No date
10.2(g) 10.2(g)
Agencies should ensure Agencies should ensure
use of AI training programs use of AI training programs
prescribed prescribed
employees in nontechnical employees in nontechnical
among employees. among employees.
roles are also eligible for AI roles are also eligible for AI
training programs. training programs.
Report on the AI talent gap in Report on the AI talent gap in
DOD DOD
April 27, April 27,
10.2(h) 10.2(h)
Report is to the APNSA and Report is to the APNSA and
national defense, with a focus on national defense, with a focus on
2024 (180 2024 (180
President. President.
hiring and retaining certain hiring and retaining certain
days) days)
noncitizens. noncitizens.
Source: CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and
Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Federal Register 75191, November 1, 2023, at 75191, November 1, 2023, at
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development- https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-
and-use-of-artificial-intelligence. and-use-of-artificial-intelligence.
Note: For a list of acronyms, please see th For a list of acronyms, please see the Appendix.
International Leadership
The E.O. declares that the United States should be a global leader in AI development and The E.O. declares that the United States should be a global leader in AI development and
adoption by engaging with international allies and partners, leading efforts to develop common AI adoption by engaging with international allies and partners, leading efforts to develop common AI
regulatory and accountability principles, and advancing responsible global technical standards for regulatory and accountability principles, and advancing responsible global technical standards for
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link to page 21 link to page 22 link to page 21 link to page 22 Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress

AI. Actions related to this policy area are prescribed in Section 11 of the E.O. There are six AI. Actions related to this policy area are prescribed in Section 11 of the E.O. There are six
requirements involving seven federal agencierequirements involving seven federal agencies. Table 8 lists these requirements. lists these requirements.
Table 8. Requirements and Deliverables in Section 11 on International Leadership
Ascending by Section Citation Ascending by Section Citation
Lead Agency
(Supporting
Due
Requirements
Agencies)
Dates
Section
Notes
Establish a global engagement plan Establish a global engagement plan
DOC DOC
July 26, July 26,
11(b)(i) 11(b)(i)
May include efforts on AI May include efforts on AI
for promoting and developing AI for promoting and developing AI
2024 (270 2024 (270
terminology, data and privacy terminology, data and privacy
standards. standards.
days) days)
best practices, verification and best practices, verification and
assurance of AI systems, and assurance of AI systems, and
AI risk management. AI risk management.
Report to the President on Report to the President on
DOC DOC
January 22, January 22,

Ensure that such efforts are Ensure that such efforts are
priority actions taken pursuant to priority actions taken pursuant to
2025 (180 2025 (180
guided by the NIST AI RMF guided by the NIST AI RMF
the plan in 11(b)(i). the plan in 11(b)(i).
days after days after
and USG NSS for Critical and and USG NSS for Critical and
the plan in the plan in
Emerging Technology. Emerging Technology.
11(b)(i)) 11(b)(i))
Publish an AI in Global Publish an AI in Global
DOS & USAID DOS & USAID
October October
11(c)(i) 11(c)(i)

Development Playbook. Development Playbook.
(NIST) (NIST)
29, 2024 29, 2024
(365 days) (365 days)
Develop a Global AI Research Develop a Global AI Research
DOS & USAID DOS & USAID
No date No date
11(c)(i ) 11(c)(i )
Shall include consideration of Shall include consideration of
Agenda. Agenda.
(DOE, NSF) (DOE, NSF)
prescribed. prescribed.
AI’s potential labor market AI’s potential labor market
implications. implications.
Plan for multilateral engagements Plan for multilateral engagements
DHS DHS
July 26, July 26,
11(d)(i) 11(d)(i)

on encouraging the adoption of AI on encouraging the adoption of AI
(DOS) (DOS)
2024 (270 2024 (270
safety and security guidelines safety and security guidelines
days) days)
among global and cross-border CI among global and cross-border CI
owners and operators. owners and operators.
Report on priority actions to Report on priority actions to
DHS DHS
January 22, January 22,
11(d)(i ) 11(d)(i )
The report is to the President. The report is to the President.
mitigate cross-border risks to U.S. mitigate cross-border risks to U.S.
(DOS) (DOS)
2025 (180 2025 (180
critical infrastructure. critical infrastructure.
days of days of
establishing establishing
the plan in the plan in
11(d)(i)) 11(d)(i))
Source: CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and CRS analysis of Executive Order 14110. Executive Office of the President, “Safe, Secure, and
Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence,” 88 Federal Register 75191, November 1, 2023, at 75191, November 1, 2023, at
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-
and-use-of-artificial-intelligence. and-use-of-artificial-intelligence.
Note: For a list of acronyms, please see th For a list of acronyms, please see the Appendix.
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Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress

Appendix. Abbreviations
Abbreviations used in this report are listed below, alphabetically. Abbreviations used in this report are listed below, alphabetically.
AI

AI Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence
AI RMF AI RMF

NIST’s AI Risk Management Framework NIST’s AI Risk Management Framework
AIM-HEAD AIM-HEAD
National Institutes of Health Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning National Institutes of Health Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning
Consortium to Advance Consortium to Advance Health Equity and Researcher Diversity Health Equity and Researcher Diversity
~~APDP~~

APDP Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy
~~APEA~~

APEA Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs Assistant to the President for Economic Affairs
APNSA APNSA

Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (a.k.a. the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (a.k.a. the
National Security Advisor) National Security Advisor)
~~CBRN~~

CBRN Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear
~~CDOC~~

CDOC Chief Data Office Council Chief Data Office Council
~~CEA~~

CEA Council of Economic Advisors Council of Economic Advisors
~~CEQ~~

CEQ Council on Environmental Quality Council on Environmental Quality
~~CFO~~

CFO Chief Financial Officer Chief Financial Officer
C.F.R. C.F.R.

Code of Federal Regulations Code of Federal Regulations
CI

CI Critical Infrastructure Critical Infrastructure
~~CISA~~

CISA Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency
CSP CSP

Cloud Service Provider Cloud Service Provider
DCOSP DCOSP

The President’s Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy The President’s Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy
~~DGPC~~

DGPC Assistant to the President and Director of the Gender Policy Council Assistant to the President and Director of the Gender Policy Council
~~DHS~~

DHS Department of Homeland Security Department of Homeland Security
DNI DNI

Director of National Intelligence (Office of the) Director of National Intelligence (Office of the)
~~DOC~~

DOC Department of Commerce Department of Commerce
~~DOD~~

DOD Department of Defense Department of Defense
~~DOE~~

DOE Department of Energy Department of Energy
DOJ DOJ

Department of Justice Department of Justice
~~DOL~~

DOL Department of Labor Department of Labor
~~DOS~~

DOS Department of State Department of State
~~DOT~~

DOT Department of Transportation Department of Transportation
DPA DPA

Defense Production Act Defense Production Act
ED

ED Department of Education Department of Education
E.O. E.O.

Executive Order Executive Order
~~FACA~~

FACA Federal Advisory Committee Act Federal Advisory Committee Act
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress~~

~~FARC~~

FARC Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council
~~FedRAMP~~
FedRAMP Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program
~~FERC~~

FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
FPC ~~FPC~~

Federal Privacy Council Federal Privacy Council
~~GSA~~

Congressional Research Service 19 Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress GSA General Services Administration General Services Administration
~~HHS~~

HHS Department of Health and Human Services Department of Health and Human Services
~~HUD~~

HUD Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Housing and Urban Development
~~ISCP~~

ISCP Interagency Council on Statistical Policy Interagency Council on Statistical Policy
IRA IRA

Independent Regulatory Agencies Independent Regulatory Agencies
IP

IP Intellectual Property Intellectual Property
IT

IT Information Technology Information Technology
LE

LE Law Enforcement Law Enforcement
~~NASA~~

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration
~~NCD~~

NCD National Cyber Director National Cyber Director
~~NIFA~~

NIFA National Institute of Food and Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture
~~NIST~~

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology
NSF NSF

National Science Foundation National Science Foundation
~~NTIA~~

NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Administration National Telecommunications and Information Administration
~~OMB~~

OMB Office of Management and Budget Office of Management and Budget
~~OPPRP~~

OPPRP Office of Pandemic Preparedness and Response Policy in the White House Office of Pandemic Preparedness and Response Policy in the White House
~~OPM~~

OPM Office of Personnel Management Office of Personnel Management
~~OSTP~~

OSTP Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy
PCAST PCAST

President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
~~PII~~

PII Personally Identifiable Information Personally Identifiable Information
P.L. P.L.

Public Law Public Law
~~RMF~~

RMF Risk Management Framework Risk Management Framework
~~SRMA~~

SRMA Sector Risk Management Agency Sector Risk Management Agency
~~STEM~~

STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math
Treasury Treasury

Department of the Treasury Department of the Treasury
~~USAID~~

USAID United States Agency for International Development United States Agency for International Development
U.S.C. U.S.C.

United States Code United States Code
~~USDA~~

USDA Department of Agriculture Department of Agriculture
~~USDC~~

USDC United States Digital Corps United States Digital Corps
~~USDS~~

USDS United States Digital Service United States Digital Service
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress~~

USG NSSUSG NSS
United States Government National Standards Strategy United States Government National Standards Strategy
USTPO USTPO

United States Patent and Trademark Office United States Patent and Trademark Office
VA

~~Department of Veterans Affairs~~

VA Department of Veterans Affairs Congressional Research Service 20 Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress
Author Information

Laurie Laurie A. Harris Harris
Chris Jaikaran Chris Jaikaran
Analyst in Science and Technology Policy Analyst in Science and Technology Policy
Specialist in Cybersecurity Policy Specialist in Cybersecurity Policy

Disclaimer
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