National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025

National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding:
FY1996-FY2024
May 17, 2023FY2025 June 25, 2024
Kavya Sekar
This report details the National Institutes of Health (NIH) budget and appropriations process with This report details the National Institutes of Health (NIH) budget and appropriations process with
Analyst in Health Policy Analyst in Health Policy
a focus on a focus on FY2023 and FY2024FY2024 and FY2025. NIH is the primary federal agency charged with conducting and . NIH is the primary federal agency charged with conducting and

supporting medical, health, and behavioral research. It supporting medical, health, and behavioral research. It is made upconsists of 27 Institutes and Centers of 27 Institutes and Centers
(ICs) and the Office of the Director (OD). and the Office of the Director (OD). More than 84In addition, the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H), first funded in FY2022, is established as an independent agency housed within NIH to advance “high-potential, high-impact” biomedical and health research. Nearly 83% of the NIH budget funds extramural research % of the NIH budget funds extramural research

through grants, contracts, and other awards to universities and other research institutions. About through grants, contracts, and other awards to universities and other research institutions. About
1011% of NIH funding goes to intramural researchers at NIH-operated facilities. Almost all of NIH’s funding is provided in the % of NIH funding goes to intramural researchers at NIH-operated facilities. Almost all of NIH’s funding is provided in the
annual Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies (LHHS) Appropriations annual Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies (LHHS) Appropriations
Act. NIH also receives smaller amounts of funding from the Act. NIH also receives smaller amounts of funding from the Department of Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies (INT) Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies (INT)
Appropriations Act and a mandatory budget authority for type 1 diabetes research. Appropriations Act and a mandatory budget authority for type 1 diabetes research.
The FY2023 NIH program level of $49.183 billion represents a $3 billion increase (+6.5%) relative to FY2022 enacted
program level. The FY2023 enacted total for NIH is also $13.324 billion (-21.3%) less than the FY2023 budget request
program level. (The budget request included a $12 billion pandemic preparedness mandatory appropriations proposal that
was not adopted by Congress.) In FY2023, all Institute and Center (IC) accounts receive an increase relative to FY2022
funding levels (see Table A-1). In addition, the NIH FY2023 program level in this CRS report includes $1.5 billion in
FY2023 funding for the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H), a new agency within NIH that was first
funded in FY2022. ARPA-H received FY2023 appropriations in a separate account under the HHS Office of the Secretary.
ARPA-H was formally authorized as a part of the PREVENT Pandemics Act (P.L. 117-328, Division FF, Title II), which
placed the agency within NIH by statute.
The FY2024 budget request for NIH proposes an increase of $1.92 billion (+3.9%) relative to the FY2023 enacted funding
level. Under this request, most ICs would receive no changes in funding compared with FY2023 enacted levels. The FY2024
budget request also proposes $2.5 billion for ARPA-H, an increase of $1.0 billion from the FY2023 enacted level. The
request also proposes $2.69 billion in new mandatory appropriations FY2024 Enacted and FY2025 Request In FY2024, NIH received a total program level of $47.311 billion, a decrease in its overall program level (-$368 million, or -0.8%) for the first time since FY2013. Accounting for ARPA-H, which saw level funding for FY2024 and FY2023, the overall NIH and ARPA-H program level decreased by 0.7%. The overall program level decrease owes primarily to a reduction in funding authorized for the 21st Century Cures Act NIH Innovation Account in FY2024: $407 million in FY2024 compared with $1,085 million in FY2023. The NIH Innovation Account is effectively exempt from discretionary spending limits. Even with the overall decrease in funding, Congress directed FY2024 increases to certain research areas within NIH accounts through accompanying report language, for example, for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias and for mental health. The FY2025 budget request proposes an NIH and ARPA-H program level of $50.174 billion, an increase of $1.363 billion (+2.8%) over the FY2024-enacted level. As proposed, most NIH ICs would see an increase, though in many cases a small increase (less than 1%). The request also proposes two new mandatory funds for NIH: $1.448 billion for the Cancer Moonshot initiative in FY2025, and $2.690 billion for pandemic preparedness to be made available for five for pandemic preparedness to be made available for five
years. Accounting for this proposed mandatory funding, NIH and ARPA-H would receive a total years. Accounting for this proposed mandatory funding, NIH and ARPA-H would receive a total FY2024FY2025 program level of program level of
$53.788 $54.312 billion, a $billion, a $4.6105.5 billion (+ billion (+9.411.3%) increase from %) increase from FY2023 FY2024-enacted levels. enacted levels.
Trends NIH has seen periods of high and low funding growth during the period covered by this report, as illustrated inNIH has seen periods of high and low funding growth during the period covered by this report, as illustrated in Figure 1.
Between FY1996 and FY1998, funding for NIH grew from $11.928 billion to $13.675 billion (nominal dollars). Over the Between FY1996 and FY1998, funding for NIH grew from $11.928 billion to $13.675 billion (nominal dollars). Over the
next five years, Congress and the President doubled the NIH budget to $27.167 billion in FY2003. In each of FY1999 next five years, Congress and the President doubled the NIH budget to $27.167 billion in FY2003. In each of FY1999
through FY2003, NIH received annual funding increases of 14% to 16%. From FY2003 to FY2015, NIH funding increased through FY2003, NIH received annual funding increases of 14% to 16%. From FY2003 to FY2015, NIH funding increased
more gradually in nominal dollars. In some years (FY2006, FY2011, and FY2013), agency funding decreased in nominal more gradually in nominal dollars. In some years (FY2006, FY2011, and FY2013), agency funding decreased in nominal
dollars. From FY2016 through FY2023, NIH dollars. From FY2016 through FY2023, NIH has seensaw funding increases each year funding increases each year until FY2024. .
When looking at NIH funding adjusted for inflation (in projected constant When looking at NIH funding adjusted for inflation (in projected constant FY2022FY2023 dollars using the Biomedical Research dollars using the Biomedical Research
and Development Price Index; BRDPI), the purchasing power of NIH funding initially peaked in FY2003—the last year of and Development Price Index; BRDPI), the purchasing power of NIH funding initially peaked in FY2003—the last year of
the five-year doubling period—and then declined fairly steadily for more than a decade until funding increases were provided the five-year doubling period—and then declined fairly steadily for more than a decade until funding increases were provided
in each of FY2016 through FY2023. In inflation-adjusted dollars, the FY2023 program level in each of FY2016 through FY2023. In inflation-adjusted dollars, the FY2023 program level is 1.2was 1.3% greater than the FY2003 % greater than the FY2003
program level at the end of the doubling period. However, the inflation-adjusted FY2023 program level includes funding for program level at the end of the doubling period. However, the inflation-adjusted FY2023 program level includes funding for
the new ARPA-Hthe new ARPA-H, and therefore is not directly comparable to the FY2003 level. Excluding ARPA-H, the inflation-adjusted and therefore is not directly comparable to the FY2003 level. Excluding ARPA-H, the inflation-adjusted
FY2023 program level is -1.FY2023 program level is -1.98% less than the FY2003 level. With the decrease in FY2024 funding, the adjusted NIH program level (including ARPA-H) is now less than the FY2003 peak level (-2.7%). % less than the FY2003 level. The FY2024 proposed inflation-adjusted NIH program level is
1.9% greater than the FY2003 program level, but -2.7% less than the FY2003 level when excluding proposed ARPA-H
funding.
This CRS report details NIH budget and appropriations for FY2023 and FY2024, and provides an overview of funding trends
in regular appropriations to the agency from FY1996 to FY2024 (proposed). Coronavirus supplemental funding for NIH is
discussed in Appendix B of the report, but is generally not included in the budgetary figures elsewhere in the report.
Appendix A includes funding tables by account and program-specific funding levels for FY2023. Appendix C provides a
list of acronyms and abbreviations used in the report.

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Contents
NIH Funding: FY1996-FY2023 .............FY2025 Request ......................................................................................... 1
Funding Sources ........................................................................................................................ 2
FY2023 Budget Request .................NIH Funding: FY2023-FY2025 Request .......................................................................................... 3
FY2023 Enacted Funding 3 FY2024 Enacted ................................................................................................................. 4
FY2024 Budget Request FY2025 Request ................................................................................................................. 5
Trends ........................................................................................................................................ 68

Figures
Figure 1. NIH Funding, FY1996-FY2024 ................FY2025 Request ....................................................................... 810

Tables
Table 1. NIH Funding, FY1996-FY2024Authorizations of Appropriations for NIH Innovation Projects Under the Cures Act ........................................................................................ 9

Table A-1. National Institutes of Health Funding ............................................................................ 11
Table A-2. Specified NIH Funding Levels in FY2023 Explanatory Statement 3 Table 2. National Institutes of Health Funding, FY2023-FY2025 .................................................. 136
Table A-3. Specified NIH Funding Levels in the FY2024 HHS Budget in Brief3. NIH Funding, FY1996-FY2025 Request ......................... 17

Appendixes
Appendix A. NIH Funding Details .................................................................................................. 11
Appendix B. Coronavirus Supplemental Appropriations (FY2020 and FY2021) and
Additional American Rescue Plan Act funding 11 Table A-1. Specified NIH Funding Levels in FY2024 Explanatory Statement............................. 14 Table A-2. Specified NIH Funding Levels in the FY2025 HHS Budget in Brief ......................... 16 Appendixes Appendix A. NIH Funding Details ............................................................................. 19
................... 13 Appendix CB. Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................... 2218

Contacts
Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 2319


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link to page 22 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2024FY2025

NIH Funding: FY1996-FY2023
This report details theFY2025 Request The National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institutes of Health (NIH) budget and appropriations process with
a focus on FY2022, FY2023, and the FY2024 request. Almost all of NIH’s funding is provided in
the annual Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related
Agencies (LHHS) Appropriations Act. NIH also receives smaller amounts of funding from the
Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies (INT) Appropriations Act and a mandatory budget
authority for type 1 diabetes research.1
NIH is the primary federal agency for medical, health, and behavioral research. It is the largest of is the primary federal agency for medical, health, and behavioral research. It is the largest of
the agencies that make up the Public Health Service (PHS) within the Department of Health and the agencies that make up the Public Health Service (PHS) within the Department of Health and
Human Services (HHS).Human Services (HHS).21 NIH consists of the Office of the Director (OD) and 27 Institutes and NIH consists of the Office of the Director (OD) and 27 Institutes and
Centers (ICs) that focus on aspects of health, human development, and biomedical science. Of Centers (ICs) that focus on aspects of health, human development, and biomedical science. Of
these, 24 ICs and OD support research programs. The OD sets overall policy for NIH and these, 24 ICs and OD support research programs. The OD sets overall policy for NIH and
coordinates the programs and activities of all NIH components, particularly in areas of research coordinates the programs and activities of all NIH components, particularly in areas of research
that involve multiple institutes. Through the annual appropriations process, Congress provides
funding to the 24 research ICs, OD, and a Buildings and Facilities account. Three support centers
are funded through transfers from other accounts.
In addition, FY2022 appropriations established a new entity that has been placed within NIH: the
Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H), as discussed further in this report.
that involve multiple institutes. In addition, the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H), first funded in FY2022, is established as an independent agency housed within NIH to advance “high-potential, high-impact” biomedical and health research.2 This report details the NIH budget with a focus on FY2024 and the FY2025 request. Almost all of NIH’s funding is provided in the annual Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies (LHHS) Appropriations Act. NIH also receives smaller amounts of funding from the Department of Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies (INT) Appropriations Act and a mandatory budget authority for type 1 diabetes research.3 Through the annual appropriations process, Congress provides funding to the 24 research ICs, OD, ARPA-H, and a Buildings and Facilities account. Three support centers are funded through transfers from other accounts. NIH activities cover a wide range of basic, NIH activities cover a wide range of basic,
Supplemental Funding for NIH
clinical, and translational research, focused on clinical, and translational research, focused on
In In FY2021 and priorsome years, NIH years, NIH has received supplemental received supplemental
particular diseases, areas of human health and particular diseases, areas of human health and
appropriations provided as an emergency requirement. appropriations provided as an emergency requirement.
development, or more fundamental aspects of development, or more fundamental aspects of
Given that this report examines trends in regularIn some years, supplemental funding to NIH was biology and behavior. Its mission also includes substantial, such as the over $10 bil ion in appropriations provided in the American Recovery and research training and health information Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA; P.L. 111-5), which collection and dissemination.4 As of fall 2023, was a 33% increase to the regular FY2009 nearly 83% of the NIH budget funded appropriations NIH received. NIH has also received extramural research (i.e., external) through supplemental appropriations during several infectious grants, contracts, and other awards.5 In disease emergencies, such as for the Ebola and Zika outbreaks and for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 FY2025, NIH expects to support research pandemic. Given that this report examines trends in performed by more than 300,000 individuals regular annual appropriations to NIH for the normal who work at over 2,800 hospitals, medical operations of the agency, amounts provided to NIH schools, universities, and other research pursuant to an emergency requirement are generally institutions around the country. excluded from this report. 6 In addition, as 1 The Public Health Service (PHS) also includes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
biology and behavior. Its mission also includes
annual appropriations to NIH enacted by Congress and
the President for the normal operations of the agency,
research training and health information
amounts provided to NIH pursuant to an emergency
collection and dissemination.3 More than 84%
requirement are generally excluded from this report. In
of the NIH budget funds extramural research
some years, supplemental funding to NIH was
(i.e., external) through grants, contracts, and
substantial, such as the over $10 bil ion in
other awards. This funding supports research
appropriations provided in the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA; P.L. 111-5), which
performed by more than 300,000 individuals
was a 33% increase to the regular FY2009
who work at over 2,500 hospitals, medical
appropriations NIH received. NIH has also received
schools, universities, and other research
supplemental appropriations during several infectious
disease emergencies, such as for the Ebola and Zika
outbreaks. Given ongoing interest, a summary of the
FY2020 and FY2021 amounts for the Coronavirus
Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is provided in
Appendix B.

1 “Mandatory spending” is controlled by authorization acts; “discretionary spending” is controlled by appropriations
acts. For further information, see CRS Report R44582, Overview of Funding Mechanisms in the Federal Budget
Process, and Selected Examples.
2 The Public Health Service (PHS) also includes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and , the Food and
Drug AdministrationDrug Administration (FDA), the Indian Health Service, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Health Resources and , the Health Resources and
Services AdministrationServices Administration (HRSA), the Substance Abuse and Mental , the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, and the Office of Global Affairs. 2 CRS Report R47568, Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H): Overview and Selected Issues. 3 “Mandatory spending” is controlled by authorization acts; “discretionary spending” is controlled by appropriations acts. For further information, see CRS Report R44582, Overview of Funding Mechanisms in the Federal Budget Process, and Selected Examples. 4Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the
Indian Health Service (IHS), and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). HHS also made an
administrative decision to change the preexisting Office of the Assistant Secretary Preparedness and Response to a PHS
operating division, the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response.
3 For further information on the National Institutes of Health (NIH), see CRS Report R41705, For further information on the National Institutes of Health (NIH), see CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of
Health (NIH): Background and Congressional Issues. .
5 NIH, “What We Do - Budget,” October 2023, at https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/budget. 6 HHS, “FY2025 Budget in Brief,” March, 2024, at https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2025-budget-in-brief.pdf. Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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institutions around the country.4 About 10FY2025 of 2023, about 11% of the agency’s budget % of the agency’s budget supportssupported intramural research intramural research
(i.e., internal) conducted by nearly 6,000 NIH physicians and scientists, most of whom are (i.e., internal) conducted by nearly 6,000 NIH physicians and scientists, most of whom are
located on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD.located on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD.5
The remaining 6% of the budget supported administration, construction, maintenance, and operations.7 Funding Sources
The vast majority of NIH funding comes from annual discretionary appropriations. NIH The vast majority of NIH funding comes from annual discretionary appropriations. NIH
additionally receives some mandatory funding and other funding due to unique transfer or additionally receives some mandatory funding and other funding due to unique transfer or
budgetary rules, as explained below. The total funding available for NIH activities, taking account budgetary rules, as explained below. The total funding available for NIH activities, taking account
of add-ons and transfers, is referred to as the NIH “program level.”of add-ons and transfers, is referred to as the NIH “program level.”68
Discretionary budget authority:. NIH’s discretionary budget authority comes primarily from NIH’s discretionary budget authority comes primarily from
annual LHHS Appropriations Acts, with an additional smaller amount for the Superfund Research annual LHHS Appropriations Acts, with an additional smaller amount for the Superfund Research
Program and related activities from the INT Appropriations Act.Program and related activities from the INT Appropriations Act.79
PHS Evaluation Set-Aside: Through LHHS appropriations, some funding is subject to. The PHS Evaluation Set-Aside, also known as the PHS the PHS
Evaluation Set-Aside or the “PHS Evaluation Tap” transfer authority.8 Authorized by Section 241
of the Public Health Service Act, the evaluation tap allows the Secretary of HHS, with the
approval of appropriators, to redistribute a portion of eligible PHS agency appropriations across
HHS for program evaluation and implementation purposes. The PHSA section limits the set-aside
to not less than 0.2% and not more than 1% of eligible program appropriations. However, LHHS
Appropriations Acts have commonly established a higher maximum percentage for the set-aside
and have directed transfers of specific amounts of “tap” funding to selected HHS programs. In the
context of NIH, these transfers have been made to National Institute of General Medical Sciences
in recent years.9 Since FY2010, and including in FY2023, this higher maximum set-aside level
has been 2.5% of eligible appropriations.10 By convention, totals in this report and NIH source
documents include amounts “transferred in” pursuant to the PHS tap as directed by appropriations

4 NIH, “What We Do - Budget,” August, 2022, at https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/budget.
5 Ibid.
6Evaluation Tap, has the effect of redistributing a certain percentage of eligible appropriations among HHS accounts funded by the LHHS Act (up to 2.5% of eligible appropriations in FY2024).10 Eligible appropriations potentially subject to the transfer include any provided for programs authorized in the Public Health Service Act, with some exemptions.11 In recent years, appropriations laws have directed specific amounts of PHS tap funds to specific agencies. NIH has received a large share of PHS Evaluation Tap transfers in recent years, specifically to the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS). By convention, appropriations acts direct where specified PHS Evaluation Tap transfers are to be allocated but do not specify the accounts that are to be the sources of those transfers. Thus, tables in this report show only the amount of PHS Evaluation Tap funds received in any NIH account. Mandatory Type I Diabetes Funding. In addition, NIH has received mandatory funding of $150 million annually that is provided in Public Health Service Act (PHSA) Section 330B for a special program on type 1 diabetes research, most recently extended to December 31, 2024, by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-42). 7 NIH, “What We Do - Budget,” October 2023, at https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/budget. 8 NIH program levels in this report reflect total funding for all Institutes and Centers (ICs), the Office of the Director NIH program levels in this report reflect total funding for all Institutes and Centers (ICs), the Office of the Director
(OD), the PHS Evaluation Set-Aside (“PHS Evaluation Tap”), the Superfund Research Program, mandatory type I (OD), the PHS Evaluation Set-Aside (“PHS Evaluation Tap”), the Superfund Research Program, mandatory type I
diabetes research (provided in Public Health Service Act [PHSA] Section 330B), diabetes research (provided in Public Health Service Act [PHSA] Section 330B), and the nonrecurring expenses fund the nonrecurring expenses fund
(NEF)(NEF), and, when applicable, and mandatory pandemic preparedness funding proposed in the FY2023 budget.
7 when applicable. 9 The Hazardous Substance Basic Research and Training Program (Superfund Research Program) funds research on the The Hazardous Substance Basic Research and Training Program (Superfund Research Program) funds research on the
health effects of exposures to hazardous substances and related solutions at the National Institute of Environmental health effects of exposures to hazardous substances and related solutions at the National Institute of Environmental
Health Sciences. It is authorized by 311(a) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Health Sciences. It is authorized by 311(a) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act of 1980 (42 U.S.C. §9660(a)) and Section 126(g) of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act Liability Act of 1980 (42 U.S.C. §9660(a)) and Section 126(g) of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
of 1986. of 1986.
8 For more information on the PHS Evaluation Tap, or PHS Evaluation Set-Aside, see discussion in CRS Report
R44916, Public Health Service Agencies: Overview and Funding (FY2016-FY2018).
9 Prior to FY2015, NIH had traditionally been by far the largest net donor of tap funds, rather than a net recipient. The
joint explanatory statement accompanying the FY2015 omnibus explained this shift as being intended to ensure that tap
transfers are a “net benefit to NIH rather than a liability” and noted that this change was in response to a growing
concern at the loss of NIH funds to the tap. Joint Explanatory Statement, Proceedings and Debates of the
113th Congress, Second Session, Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151, Book II, December 11, 2014, p. H9832.
10 See Section 204 of Division H, Title II, of P.L. 117-328 for the FY2023 maximum set-aside level. The last time that
an appropriations act set the PHS tap percentage at a level other than 2.5% was in FY2009, when it was 2.4% (see P.L.
111-8). The FY2023 omnibus also retained a change to this provision, first included in the FY2014 omnibus, allowing
tap transfers to be used for the “evaluation and the implementation” of programs funded in the HHS title of the LHHS
Appropriations Act. Prior to FY2014, such provisions had restricted tap funds to the “evaluation of the
implementation” of programs authorized under the Public Health Service Act.
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measures or proposed in the budget request, but do not include any amounts “transferred out”
under this same authority.
21st Century Cures Act Innovation Account:10 Authorized by Section 241 of the Public Health Service Act (PHSA), 42 U.S.C. §238j. The authorizing law allows the HHS Secretary to redistribute a portion of eligible PHS agency appropriations across HHS for program evaluation purposes. The PHSA limits the set-aside to not less than 0.2% and not more than 1.0% of eligible program appropriations. In recent years, annual appropriations laws have established requirements in addition to those in statute. These include a higher maximum percentage for the set-aside and directing specific amounts of tap funding to selected HHS programs. Since FY2010, and including in FY2024, this higher maximum set-aside level has been 2.5% of eligible appropriations. 11 Annual appropriations laws have exempted certain appropriations from transfer that would be otherwise eligible. For example, see Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) appropriation for mental health, “none of the funds provided for section 1911 of the PHS Act shall be subject to section 241 of such Act” in P.L. 118-47. Congressional Research Service 2 link to page 6 link to page 9 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025 21st Century Cures Act Innovation Account. NIH also receives funding through LHHS NIH also receives funding through LHHS
appropriations subject to different budget enforcement rules than the rest of the NIH funding in appropriations subject to different budget enforcement rules than the rest of the NIH funding in
the act: appropriations to the NIH Innovation Account created by the 21st Century Cures Act (“the the act: appropriations to the NIH Innovation Account created by the 21st Century Cures Act (“the
Cures Act,” P.L. 114-255) to fund programs authorized by the act for FY2017 through FY2026Cures Act,” P.L. 114-255) to fund programs authorized by the act for FY2017 through FY2026.11
, as shown in Table 1.12 For appropriated amounts to the account—up the limit authorized for each fiscal year—the For appropriated amounts to the account—up the limit authorized for each fiscal year—the
amounts are subtracted from any cost estimate for enforcing discretionary spending limits (i.e., amounts are subtracted from any cost estimate for enforcing discretionary spending limits (i.e.,
the budget caps). In effect, appropriations to the NIH Innovation Account as authorized by the the budget caps). In effect, appropriations to the NIH Innovation Account as authorized by the
Cures Act are not subject to discretionary spending limits.Cures Act are not subject to discretionary spending limits.1213 The NIH Director may transfer these The NIH Director may transfer these
amounts from the NIH Innovation Account to other NIH accounts, but only for the purposes amounts from the NIH Innovation Account to other NIH accounts, but only for the purposes
specified in the Cures Act. All amounts authorized by the Cures Act have been fully appropriated specified in the Cures Act. All amounts authorized by the Cures Act have been fully appropriated
to the Innovation Account from FY2017 to to the Innovation Account from FY2017 to FY2023FY2024, including $, including $1.085 billion for FY2023407 million for FY2024. For FY2025, $127. For
FY2024, $407 million is authorized to be appropriated.
Mandatory Type I Diabetes Funding: In addition, NIH has received mandatory funding of $150
million annually that is provided in Public Health Service Act (PHSA) Section 330B for a special
program on type 1 diabetes research, most recently extended through FY2023 by the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260; Division BB, Title III).
Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H)
President Biden’s FY2022 budget request to Congress proposed the creation of an Advanced Research Projects
Agency for Health (ARPA-H) within the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The budget request proposed $6.5
bil ion for ARPA-H “to build platforms and capabilities to deliver cures for cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes,
and other diseases.” The agency was proposed to fol ow a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
approach to funding research. Funding was requested for a period of three years.
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103), provided $1 bil ion to HHS to establish the Advanced
Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H). The law created a new ARPA-H account at HHS, with funding
available until September 30, 2024, and allowed the HHS Secretary to place the new agency anywhere within the
department within 30 days of enactment. On March 30, 2022, HHS Secretary Xavier Becerra submitted a notice
to the appropriations committees that ARPA-H was to be housed within the NIH, while the ARPA-H Director
was to report directly to the HHS Secretary.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328) provided additional funding of $1.5 bil ion for ARPA-H,
available until the end of FY2025, in a separate account under the HHS Office of the Secretary. The law also
formally authorized the new agency as a part of the PREVENT Pandemics Act in Division FF, Title II, Section 2331.
The new authorization places ARPA-H within NIH by statute with the Director reporting to the HHS Secretary.
For further information and analysis regarding ARPA-H, see CRS Report R47074, Advanced Research Projects Agency
for Health (ARPA-H): Congressional Action and Selected Policy Issues.
FY2023 Budget Request
President Biden’s FY2023 budget request would have provided NIH with a total program level of
$62.508 billion, an increase of $16.330 billion (+35.4%) from FY2022 enacted levels. The
proposed FY2023 program level would have provided (see Table A-1)
• $43.962 billion in discretionary LHHS budget authority (nontransfer; does not
include funding for ARPA-H);
• $1.272 billion pursuant to the PHS program evaluation transfer;

11 See section on 21st Century Cures Act in CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background
and Congressional Issues.
12 CRS Report R45778, Exceptions to the Budget Control Act’s Discretionary Spending Limits.
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• $83 million for the Superfund research program and related activities from
Interior/Environment appropriations;
• $141 million in annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research
program;13
• $12.05 billion in proposed mandatory appropriations for pandemic preparedness,
to be available for five years;14 and
• $5 billion for ARPA-H, to be available for three years.
FY2023 Enacted Funding
On December 29, 2022, Congress and President Biden finalized NIH FY2023 appropriations by
enacting the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328), which includes final FY2023
LHHS appropriations in Division H and Interior/Environment appropriations in Division G. The
enacted FY2023 NIH program level is made up of the following (see Table A-1):
• $46.042 billion in discretionary LHHS budget authority (nontransfer; does not
include ARPA-H);15
• $1.412 billion in PHS program evaluation transfers;
• $83 million for the Superfund research program and related activities from
Interior/Environment appropriations; and
• $141 million in annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research
program.16
In total, the NIH FY2023 program level as enacted is $47.678 billion. In addition, the law
provides $1.5 billion for ARPA-H in an account under the Office of the Secretary with funds
available until the end of FY2025. According to the new authorization for ARPA-H, also enacted
in Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328; Division FF; Title II, Section 2331), the
new agency is established within NIH (see textbox above for further details).
Accounting for the ARPA-H funding, the NIH FY2023 enacted program level is $49.178 billion.
This FY2023 NIH program level is a $3 billion increase (+6.5%) relative to the FY2022 enacted
program level of $46.178 billion. The FY2023 enacted total for NIH is also $13.329 billion
(-21.3%) less than the FY2023 budget request. The difference between FY2023 enacted and
FY2023 requested program level is primarily because Congress did not fund the Administration’s

13 This proposed amount for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research program differs from the already enacted amount
for FY2023 of $150 million in PHSA Section 330B, as amended in P.L. 116-260, Division BB, Title III. According to
the budget request, the FY2023 amount reflects sequestration of $8.55 million. See “Budget Mechanism Table,” p. 44,
at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY23/br/Overview%20of%20FY%202023%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf.

14 The FY2023 budget request proposed an HHS-wide total of $81.7 billion for pandemic preparedness to “transform
U.S. capabilities to prepare for and respond rapidly and effectively to future pandemics and other high consequence
biological threats.” The $12.05 billion directed to NIH would have been for “NIH research and development of
vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics against high priority viral families, biosafety and biosecurity, and to expand
laboratory capacity and clinical trial infrastructure.” See HHS, Budget in Brief: FY2023, p. 55, https://www.hhs.gov/
sites/default/files/fy-2023-budget-in-brief.pdf.
15 Includes some post-appropriations adjustments.
16 The FY2023 enacted amount for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research program differs from the appropriated
amount for FY2023 of $150 million in PHSA Section 330B (42 U.S.C. §254c-2), as amended in P.L. 116-260, Division
BB, Title III. According to the FY2024 budget request, the FY2023 amount reflects sequestration of $8.55 million. See
“Appropriations Adjustments Table for FY 2023,” p. 102, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY24/br/
Overview%20of%20FY%202024%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf.
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$12 billion Pandemic Preparedness mandatory funding proposal17 and also funded ARPA-H at a
lower level than requested. The President’s budget requested $5 billion for ARPA-H, while in the
FY2023 enacted law, ARPA-H instead receives $1.5 billion.
In FY2023, all Institutes and Centers (IC) accounts receive an increase relative to FY2022
funding levels. For the Innovation Account, the full amount authorized by the 21st Century Cures
Act ($1.085 billion) is appropriated. Among the ICs, the National Institute of Minority Health and
Health Disparities (NIMHD) saw the largest percentage increase compared with FY2022
(+14.2%). Of the total $65 million increase for NIMHD, $25 million was directed for health
disparities research in the explanatory statement.18
The explanatory statement also directed increases for certain diseases and research areas within
NIH accounts (see Table A-2 ). For example, a $226 million total increase for Alzheimer’s
disease and related dementias research across NIH, including increases specified for the National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ($75 million) and for the National Institute on
Aging ($151 million).19 The explanatory statement also directed $75 million for implementing the
Accelerating Access to Critical Therapies for ALS Act (ACT for ALS Act; P.L. 117-79), an
increase of $50 million within the Office of the Director account.20
FY2024 Budget Request
President Biden’s FY2024 budget request proposes a NIH total program level of $48.598 billion,
an increase of $920 million (+1.9%) from FY2023 enacted levels. The proposed FY2024 program
level would provide (see Table A-1)
• $46.317 billion in discretionary LHHS budget authority (nontransfer);
• $1.948 billion in PHS program evaluation transfers;
• $83 million for the Superfund research program and related activities from
Interior/Environment appropriations; and
• $250 million in proposed funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research
program.21
The FY2024 budget request also proposes $2.5 billion for ARPA-H, an increase of $1.0 billion
from the FY2023 enacted level.22 Accounting for the ARPA-H funding, the FY2024 request
includes a total program level of $51.098 billion for both NIH and ARPA-H, a proposed increase
of $1.92 billion (3.9%) from the FY2023 enacted level.
Under this request, almost all accounts would receive no changes in funding compared with
FY2023 enacted levels (see Table A-1), except for the National Cancer Institute (+$503 million;
+6.9%), the National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke (+16 million; +0.6%), the

17 The FY2023 request proposed $12 billion in new mandatory appropriations for pandemic preparedness activities at
NIH, to be made available for five years. This is out of a $81.7 billion HHS-wide total. See NIH, Overview of FY2023
Presidential Budget Proposal, p. 17, https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY23/br/
Overview%20of%20FY%202023%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf.
18 Congressional Record, vol. 168, no. 198 (December 20, 2022), p. S8884.
19 Congressional Record, vol. 168, no. 198 (December 20, 2022), pp. S8882-S8883.
20 Congressional Record, vol. 168, no. 198 (December 20, 2022), p. S8885.
21 Under current law, funding for the type 1 diabetes research program expires at the end of FY2023. See Public Health
Service Act Sec. 330B; 42 U.S.C. §254c-2.
22 NIH, Overview of FY 2024 Presidential Budget Proposal, p. 100, https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY24/br/
Overview%20of%20FY%202024%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf.
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (+$25 million; +2.7%), the National Institute
of Mental Health (+$200 million; +8.5%), and the Office of the Director (+$251 million; +9.5%).
(The National Institute of General Medical Sciences would be flat-funded when taking into
account proposed PHS evaluation tap transfers.) The Innovation Account would receive the full
amount authorized to be appropriated: $407 million.23
The budget request also proposes $2.69 billion in new mandatory appropriations for pandemic
preparedness, to be made available for five years. Accounting for this proposed mandatory
funding, NIH and ARPA-H would receive a total FY2024 program level of $53.788 billion, a
$4.61 billion (+9.4%) increase from FY2023 enacted. (CRS follows conventions used in the
budget request documents and treats the pandemic preparedness proposed funding as a non-add
within the request.) The pandemic preparedness proposal generally did not designate specific
amounts for NIH ICs but describes a number of activities the new funding would support,
including vaccine and therapeutic development, expanding laboratory capacity, manufacturing
drugs for research, and developing next-generation diagnostics to fill critical gaps.24
The Administration estimates that the proposed FY2024 funding level would support 44,410
research project grants, an increase of 790 from FY2023 enacted, with a total of 10,414 new and
competing grants.25 With respect to specific research areas and initiatives, some selected funding
requests include (see Table A-3 for a full list) the following: 26
• Cancer Moonshot: $716 million total for the Cancer Moonshot initiative at the National
Cancer Institute, an increase of $500 million more than FY2023 enacted. This research
would support the President’s goal of reducing the cancer death rate by half within 25
years and improving the lives of people with cancer and cancer survivors.
• All of US Precision Medicine Initiative and Brain Research Through Advancing
Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN): An additional $462 million to continue these
two initiatives authorized by the 21st Century Cures Act.
• Innovating mental health research and treatment: An increase of $200 million to
support better diagnostics, improved treatments, and enhanced precision of care for
mental health.
• Impact of climate change on human health: Increase of $25 million.
Trends
Table 1 outlines NIH program level funding from FY1996 to the FY2024 request. Figure 1
illustrates funding trends in both current (also called nominal dollars) and projected constant (i.e.,
inflation-adjusted) FY2022 dollars (funding shown is total budget authority).
NIH has seen periods of high and low funding growth. Between FY1996 and FY1998, funding
for NIH grew from $11.928 billion to $13.675 billion (nominal dollars). Over the next five years,
Congress and the President doubled the NIH budget to $27.167 billion in FY2003. In each of
million is authorized to be appropriated. Table 1. Authorizations of Appropriations for NIH Innovation Projects Under the Cures Act Millions of dollars Total Cancer Regenerative Innovation Fiscal Year PMI BRAIN Moonshot Medicine Account 2017 40 10 300 2 352 2018 100 86 300 10 496 2019 186 115 400 10 711 2020 149 140 195 8 492 2021 109 100 195 404 2022 150 152 194 496 2023 419 450 216 1,085 2024 235 172 407 2025 36 91 127 2026 31 195 226 TOTAL 1,455 1,511 1,800 30 4,766 Source: P.L. 114-255, Section 1001(b)(4). Notes: PMI= Precision Medicine Initiative, BRAIN= Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies. NIH Funding: FY2023-FY2025 Request Table 2 provides an overview of recent-year NIH funding from FY2023 final appropriations to proposed amounts in the FY2025 budget request. The first section of the table summarizes discretionary funding to each of NIH’s accounts in annual LHHS appropriations, ending with the total discretionary amount enacted or proposed in LHHS each year. Next, the table summarizes funding by other sources (see previous section) and then summarizes the total NIH program level for each year accounting for all sources of funds. In this table, ARPA-H funding is presented 12 See section on 21st Century Cures Act in CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background and Congressional Issues. 13 CRS Report R45778, Exceptions to the Budget Control Act’s Discretionary Spending Limits. Congressional Research Service 3 link to page 9 link to page 14 link to page 6 link to page 17 link to page 6 link to page 9 link to page 17 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025 separately from the rest of NIH, and thus a separate “NIH and ARPA-H” program level is shown. The table ends with proposed mandatory funding in the President’s budget requests. The following discussion provides a summary of enacted and proposed NIH funding in FY2024 and FY2025, respectively, with a discussion of highlighted changes in each year. FY2024 Enacted As shown in Table 2, in FY2024-enacted appropriations, NIH received a total program level of $47.311 billion, a decrease in its overall program level from the prior year (-$368 million, or -0.8%) for the first time since FY2013 (see Table 3). Accounting for ARPA-H, which saw level funding for FY2024 and FY2023, the overall NIH and ARPA-H program level decreased by 0.7%. The overall program level decrease owes primarily to a reduction in funding authorized for the 21st Century Cures Act NIH Innovation Account, which is effectively exempt from discretionary spending limits: $407 million in FY2024 compared with $1,085 million in FY2023 (see previous section and Table 1). In terms of LHHS discretionary budget authority effectively subject to the spending limits, NIH actually received an increase in FY2024 funding relative to FY2023 enacted (+305 million; +0.7%). However, this increase in discretionary funding did not fully compensate for the effect of the decreased Cures Act Innovation Account authorization level in FY2024. The NIH account that saw the largest increase relative to FY2023 was the National Institute on Aging (NIA), an increase of $96 million (+2.2%), which included an increase of $90 million for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias research (see below and Table A-1). Several NIH accounts, all of which have received Cures Act transfers, saw notable decreases in FY2024 funding when accounting for such transfers: (1) the National Cancer Institute (-$93 million, or -1.3%); (2) the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS; -$119 million, or -4.3%); and (3) the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH; -$68 million, or -3.2%). These decreases reflect reductions in authorized funding for the Cancer Moonshot and BRAIN initiative programs under the Cures Act, as shown in Table 1. When not accounting for Cures Act transfers, all three accounts saw increases in LHHS discretionary budget authority, as shown in Table 2. In addition, through accompanying report language, Congress directed increases for program funding within NIH accounts, even when those accounts did not see increases in their overall FY2024 funding level relative to FY2023. For the most part, Congress has not specified NIH funding for particular diseases or research topics through appropriations and instead allows the ICs to award funding within their mission areas based on their own strategic planning and priority-setting processes. However, there are some exceptions, as summarized in Table A-1. Some selected directed increases include the following: • Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias: An increase of $100 million across NIH, including $10 million for NINDS and $90 million for NIA. • Mental health research: An increase of $75 million for the NIMH to fund mental health diagnosis, treatment, and prevention research, including the impact of social media on mental health. • Lyme and tick-borne disease: $100 million for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). In FY2023, NIH spent a total of $99 million on Congressional Research Service 4 link to page 9 link to page 6 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025 tickborne disease research across all ICs, including $93 million funded by NIAID.14 FY2025 Request Under the Biden Administration’s FY2025 request, NIH would receive a program level of $48.674 billion, an increase of $1.363 billion relative to FY2024 enacted (+2.9%,) as shown in Table 2. (Note that the FY2025 request was formulated before FY2024-enacted appropriations were finalized.)15 As proposed, most IC accounts would receive an increase in funding compared with FY2024-enacted levels, though in many cases a small increase (less than 1%). The accounts that would see decreases are (1) the National Institute on Aging ($82 million decrease, or -1.8%), (2) the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities ($7.7 million decrease, or -1.4%), and (3) the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences ($2.2 million decrease, or -0.2%).16 ARPA-H would see level funding with FY2024-enacted appropriations: $1.500 billion. The Innovation Account would receive the full amount authorized to be appropriated: $127 million.17 The budget request also proposes two new sources of mandatory funding for NIH: $1.448 billion in new mandatory funding for the Cancer Moonshot for FY2025 and $2.69 billion in new mandatory funding for pandemic preparedness, to be made available for five years. Accounting for this proposed mandatory funding, NIH and ARPA-H would receive a total FY2025 program level of $54.312 billion, a $5.5 billion (11.3%) increase from FY2024 enacted. The mandatory Cancer Moonshot proposed funding would go to the National Cancer Institute, which, in addition to $742 million in proposed discretionary funding, would provide for an overall FY2025 Cancer Moonshot funding level of $2.164 billion. The Cancer Moonshot is President Biden’s initiative to cut the U.S. death rate from cancer by 50% over the next 25 years and to improve the experience of patients and their families living with cancer.18 The new mandatory Cancer Moonshot funding would extend the expired Cures Act authorization for the Cancer Moonshot initiative (see Table 1 ). The total program funding would support related research, training, and health education activities.19 The $2.960 billion pandemic preparedness funding is NIH’s portion of $20 billion in total mandatory funding proposed across HHS, to be appropriated to the Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund, according to the request.20 The proposal generally does not designate specific amounts for NIH ICs but describes a 14 CRS analysis of NIH’s Estimates of Funding for Various Research, Condition, and Disease Categories (RCDC) data, last updated May 14, 2024, available at https://report.nih.gov/funding/categorical-spending#/. 15 The Biden Administration published its FY2025 budget request, including NIH-specific documents, on March 11, 2024. The Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-47), which included final LHHS appropriations, became law on March 23, 2024. 16 Accounting for proposed transfers and other funding sources. Excluding the PHS evaluation tap transfer, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) would see a decrease of $601.3 million compared with FY2024 enacted (-18.5%). Excluding the mandatory type 1 diabetes funding, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) would also see a slight decrease compared with FY2024 enacted. 17 NIH, Overview of FY 2025 President’s Budget Proposal, p. 47, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY25/br/Overview%20of%20FY%202025%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf. 18 CRS In Focus IF12504, The Cancer Moonshot: Overview and Issues. 19 NIH, Overview of FY 2025 President’s Budget Proposal, p. 8, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY25/br/Overview%20of%20FY%202025%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf. 20 Called “biodefense” in the HHS Budget in Brief. HHS, Budget in Brief: FY2025, p. 171, at https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2025-budget-in-brief.pdf. Congressional Research Service 5 link to page 19 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025 number of activities the new funding would support, including vaccine and therapeutic development, expanding laboratory capacity, and developing next-generation diagnostics.21 This is the third year in which the Administration has proposed mandatory pandemic preparedness funding; Congress has not adopted the proposal to date. The Administration estimates that the proposed FY2025 funding level would support 43,636 research project grants, an increase of 460 from FY2023 enacted, with a total of 10,273 new and competing grants.22 With respect to specific research areas and initiatives, some highlights and increases from the request include the following:23 • Women’s health research: The FY2025 request includes $154 million for the Office of Women’s Health research within the Office of the Director, an increase of $76 million from both FY2023 and FY2024 enacted, each of which provided $76.5 million.24 The new funds are intended to support research on topics such as research in menopause and diabetes, opioid use disorder in pregnant women, and alcohol use during pregnancy. NIH also intends to create a new nationwide network of centers of excellence and innovation in women’s health. • Mental and behavioral health: The FY2025 request includes an increase of $200 million relative to FY2023 for the National Institute of Mental Health to support better diagnostics, improved treatments, and enhanced precision of care for mental health. Compared with FY2024 enacted, NIMH would see a $274.8 million (12.1%) increase under the FY2025 request (accounting for Cures Act transfers), per the table below. See Table A-2 for a summary of specific program funding requested in the FY2025 budget request. Table 2. National Institutes of Health Funding, FY2023-FY2025 (budget authority, in millions of dollars) FY2023 FY2024 FY2024 FY2025 Institutes/Centers Final Request Enacted Request Cancer Institute (NCI) $7,101 $7,820 $7,224 $7,839 Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) $3,985 $3,985 $3,982 $3,997 Dental/Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) $520 $520 $520 $522 Diabetes/Digestive/Kidney (NIDDK)a $2,303 $2,303 $2,311 $2,310 Neurological Disorders/Stroke (NINDS) $2,584 $2,739 $2,604 $2,788 Allergy/Infectious Diseases (NIAID) $6,562 $6,562 $6,562 $6,581 General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)b $1,827 $1,292 $1,832 $1,231 Child Health/Human Development (NICHD) $1,748 $1,748 $1,759 $1,766 National Eye Institute (NEI) $896 $896 $897 $899 Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)c $914 $939 $914 $917 21 NIH, Overview of FY 2025 President’s Budget Proposal, pp. 19-20, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY25/br/Overview%20of%20FY%202025%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf. 22 HHS, Budget in Brief: FY2025, p. 54, at https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2025-budget-in-brief.pdf. 23 HHS, Budget in Brief: FY2025, pp. 47-51, at https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2025-budget-in-brief.pdf. 24 Congressional Record, vol. 168, no. 198, Book II, December 20, 2022, pp. S8881-S8887, S8853 and Congressional Record, vol. 170, no. 51, Book II, March 22, 2024, p. H1891. Congressional Research Service 6 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025 FY2023 FY2024 FY2024 FY2025 Institutes/Centers Final Request Enacted Request National Institute on Aging (NIA) $4,412 $4,412 $4,508 $4,425 Arthritis/Musculoskeletal/Skin Diseases (NIAMS) $688 $688 $685 $690 Deafness/Communication Disorders (NIDCD) $534 $534 $534 $536 Alcohol Abuse/Alcoholism (NIAAA) $597 $597 $198 $198 Nursing Research (NINR) $198 $198 $595 $599 National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) $1,663 $1,663 $1,663 $1,668 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) $2,117 $2,456 $2,188 $2,503 Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) $661 $661 $663 $664 Biomedical Imaging/Bioengineering (NIBIB) $441 $441 $441 $442 Complementary/Integrative Health (NCCIH) $170 $170 $170 $171 Minority Health/Health Disparities (NIMHD) $525 $525 $534 $527 Fogarty International Center (FIC) $95 $95 $95 $95 National Library of Medicine (NLM) $495 $495 $498 $527 Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) $923 $923 $928 $926 Office of Director (OD)d $2,647 $2,903 $2,606 $3,013 (Common Fund) ($722.4) ($722.4) ($672.4) ($722.4) (Office for Research on Women’s Health) ($76.5) ($76.6) ($76.5) ($153.9) Buildings and Facilities (B&F) $350 $350 $350 $350 Subtotal, NIH (LHHS Discretionary BA) $44,957 $45,915 $45,262 $46,185 Cures Act Innovation Accounte $1,085 $407 $407 $127 PHS Program Evaluation (provided to NIGMS) $1,412 $1,948 $1,412 $2,018 Superfund (Interior approp. to NIEHS)f $83 $83 $80 $83 Mandatory type 1 diabetes funds (to NIDDK)g $141 $250h $150 $260h NIH Program Level $47,678 $48,603 $47,311 $48,674 Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health $1,500 $2,500 $1,500 $1,500 (ARPA-H)i NIH and ARPA-H Program Level $49,178 $51,103 $48,811 $50,174 Pandemic Preparedness (proposed mandatory)j — $2,690 — $2,690 Cancer Moonshot (proposed mandatory) — — — $1,448 Total w/ Proposed mandatory $49,178 $53,793 $48,811 $54,312 Source: FY2024 request and FY2024 enacted numbers from Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 170, no. 51, Book 11, March 22, 2024, pp. H2022-H2025, accessed at https://www.congress.gov/118/crec/2024/03/22/170/51/CREC-2024-03-22-bk2.pdf, and P.L. 118-47. FY2023 final and FY2025 request numbers from NIH, Overview of FY2025 President’s Budget, pp. 100, 101, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY25/br/ Overview%20of%20FY%202025%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf, and ARPA-H, Congressional Justification: FY2025, p. 9, accessed at https://arpa-h.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/ARPA-H%20FY%202025.pdf, except where noted below. Notes: Table shows selected non-add amounts found in the explanatory statement. Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Amounts in table may differ from actuals in some cases. By convention, Congressional Research Service 7 link to page 9 link to page 14 link to page 13 link to page 14 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025 budget tables such as Table 2 do not subtract the amount of transfers to the evaluation tap from the agencies’ appropriation. In general, amounts provided to NIH for emergency requirements are excluded from these totals. a. Amounts for the NIDDK do not include mandatory funding for type 1 diabetes research (see note h). b. Amounts for NIGMS do not include funds from PHS Evaluation Set-Aside (§241 of the PHS Act). c. Amounts for NIEHS do not include Interior/Environment Appropriations amount for Superfund research (see note g). d. Includes $12.6 mil ion transfer from the Pediatric Research Initiative Fund (PRIF) as initially authorized by the Gabriella Mil er Kids First Research Act (P.L. 113-94). e. Innovation account amounts are transferred to specific Institutes and Centers in accordance with the 21st Century Cures Act (P.L. 114-255). In FY2023, NCI received $216 mil ion, and each of NINDS and NIMH received $225 mil ion, with $419 mil ion remaining in the Innovation Account. For FY2024, expected allocations include $86 mil ion allocated to each of NINDS and NIMH and $235 mil ion remaining in the Innovation Account. For FY2025, expected allocations include $45.5 mil ion allocated to each of NINDS and NIMH and $36 mil ion remaining in the Innovation Account. See footnote 77 in HHS, Budget in Brief: FY2025, p. 52, https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2025-budget-in-brief.pdf. f. This is a separate account in the Interior/Environment appropriations for NIEHS research activities related to Superfund research. g. Mandatory funds are available to NIDDK for type 1 diabetes research under PHSA Section 330B (42 U.S.C. §254c-2), which was most recently extended through December 31, 2024. The FY2023 amount for the type I diabetes research program ($141 mil ion) is lower than funding level in law for FY2023 ($150 mil ion), reflecting sequestration of $8.55 mil ion. See “Budget Mechanism Table,” p. 50, in https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY25/br/Overview%20of%20FY%202025%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf h. Proposed amount. i. ARPA-H was funded under a separate account under the Office of the Secretary in FY2023. For FY2023, ARPA-H authorizing legislation in Division FF (P.L. 117-328) established it as a component of NIH. In FY2024, ARPA-H was funded under an account within NIH. j. The FY2024 and FY2025 requests propose new mandatory funding for pandemic preparedness to be available for five years. The requests propose an HHS-wide total of $20 bil ion for pandemic preparedness, with $2.69 bil ion of the total designated for NIH. This amount is shown as a non-add in the requests. See NIH, Overview of FY2024 President’s Budget, March 9, 2023, p. 7, and NIH, Overview of FY2025 President’s Budget, March 11, 2024, p. 19-20. Trends Table 3 outlines NIH program level funding from FY1996 to the FY2025 request. Figure 1 illustrates funding trends in both current (also called nominal dollars) and projected constant (i.e., inflation-adjusted) FY2023 dollars (funding shown is total budget authority). NIH has seen periods of high and low funding growth. Between FY1996 and FY1998, funding for NIH grew from $11.928 billion to $13.675 billion (nominal dollars). Over the next five years, Congress and the President doubled the NIH budget to $27.167 billion in FY2003 (often referred to as the NIH budget doubling period). In each of FY1999 through FY2003, NIH received annual funding increases of 14% to 16%. From FY2003 FY1999 through FY2003, NIH received annual funding increases of 14% to 16%. From FY2003

23 NIH, Overview of FY 2024 Presidential Budget Proposal, p. 7, https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY24/br/
Overview%20of%20FY%202024%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf.
24 NIH, Overview of FY 2024 Presidential Budget Proposal, p. 7, https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY24/br/
Overview%20of%20FY%202024%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf.
25 HHS, Budget in Brief: FY2024, p. 47, https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2024-budget-in-brief.pdf.
26 HHS, Budget in Brief: FY2024, pp. 47-51, https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2024-budget-in-brief.pdf.
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to FY2015, NIH funding increased more gradually in nominal dollars.27 In some years, (FY2006,
FY2011, and FY2013) funding for the agency decreased in nominal dollars.28 From FY2016
through FY2023, NIH has seen funding increases each year. The largest to FY2015, NIH funding increased more gradually in nominal dollars.25 In some years, (FY2006, FY2011, and FY2013) funding for the agency decreased in nominal dollars.26 From FY2016 through FY2023, NIH received funding 25 Amounts shown in Table 3 include appropriations for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria (FY2002-FY2011) that were subject to transfer-out. As of FY2012, NIH no longer receives appropriations for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) identifying resources for the Global Fund; this responsibility was transferred to another federal agency. For further details on the amounts transferred out by fiscal year, see the “Supplemental Appropriation Data Table” for “History of Congressional Appropriations, Fiscal Years 2000-2012” at http://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/approp_hist.html. 26 For instance, the FY2006 total was 0.1% lower than the previous year, the first time that NIH appropriations had decreased since FY1970; the FY2011 total, provided in the Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-(continued...) Congressional Research Service 8 link to page 13 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025 increases each year. The largest percentage increase was from increase was from
FY2017 to FY2018, where the program level increased by $3.010 billion (+8.8%), making this FY2017 to FY2018, where the program level increased by $3.010 billion (+8.8%), making this
the largest percentage increase the largest percentage increase since FY2003. As noted earlier, the FY2024 program level marks the first decrease since FY2013, representing a 0.7% decrease from the FY2023since FY2003. The FY2023 program level represents a 6.5%
increase over the FY2022 level (including ARPA-H funding). level (including ARPA-H funding). The FY2025 The FY2024 budget request would budget request would
provide a provide a 3.92.8% increase to the % increase to the FY2023 FY2024-enacted level. enacted level.
The lower half of The lower half of Figure 1 shows NIH funding adjusted for inflation (in projected constant shows NIH funding adjusted for inflation (in projected constant
FY2022FY2023 dollars) using the Biomedical Research and Development Price Index (BRDPI). dollars) using the Biomedical Research and Development Price Index (BRDPI).2927 It It
shows that the purchasing power of NIH funding initially peaked in FY2003 (the last year of the shows that the purchasing power of NIH funding initially peaked in FY2003 (the last year of the
five-year doubling period) and then declined fairly steadily for more than a decade until five-year doubling period) and then declined fairly steadily for more than a decade until
consecutive funding increases were provided in each of FY2016 through FY2023. The FY2023 consecutive funding increases were provided in each of FY2016 through FY2023. The FY2023
program level program level iswas 1.2% greater than the peak FY2003 program level, although the FY2023 1.2% greater than the peak FY2003 program level, although the FY2023
program level program level includesincluded funding for a new agency, ARPA-H, and therefore funding for a new agency, ARPA-H, and therefore maywas not not be exactly comparable comparable
to the FY2003 level. to the FY2003 level. Once again in FY2024, the NIH program level (including ARPA-H) is less than the FY2003 peak level (-2.7%). When excluding funding for ARPA-H, the When excluding funding for ARPA-H, the FY2023FY2024 level is level is 1.95.2% less than % less than
the FY2003 level. The the FY2003 level. The FY2024FY2025 proposed inflation-adjusted NIH proposed inflation-adjusted NIH program level is 1.9% greater
and ARPA-H program level is 2.6% less than the FY2003 program levelthan the FY2003 program level, but 2.7 and 3.3% less than the FY2003 level when excluding % less than the FY2003 level when excluding proposed
ARPA-H funding.

27 Amounts shown in Table 1 include appropriations for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria (FY2002-
FY2011) that were subject to transfer-out. As of FY2012, NIH no longer receives appropriations for the National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) identifying resources for the Global Fund; this responsibility was
transferred to another federal agency. For further details on the amounts transferred out by fiscal year, see the
“Supplemental Appropriation Data Table” for “History of Congressional Appropriations, Fiscal Years 2000-2012” at
http://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/approp_hist.html.
28 For instance, the FY2006 total was 0.1% lower than the previous year, the first time that NIH appropriations had
decreased since FY1970; the FY2011 total, provided in the Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-
ARPA-H funding. 10), was 1.0% less than the previous fiscal year; the FY2013 total, provided in the Consolidated and Further 10), was 1.0% less than the previous fiscal year; the FY2013 total, provided in the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6), was reduced by the March 2013 sequestration and a transfer of Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6), was reduced by the March 2013 sequestration and a transfer of
funding under the authority of the HHS Secretary ($1.553 billion and $173 million, respectively), resulting in a budget funding under the authority of the HHS Secretary ($1.553 billion and $173 million, respectively), resulting in a budget
that was 5.0% lower than the prior year. that was 5.0% lower than the prior year.
2927 The index is developed for NIH by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the Department of Commerce. It reflects the The index is developed for NIH by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the Department of Commerce. It reflects the
increase in prices of the resources needed to conduct biomedical research, including personnel services, supplies, and increase in prices of the resources needed to conduct biomedical research, including personnel services, supplies, and
equipment. It indicates how much the NIH budget must change to maintain purchasing power. See “NIH Price equipment. It indicates how much the NIH budget must change to maintain purchasing power. See “NIH Price
Indexes,” at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/gbiPriceIndexes.html. Indexes,” at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/gbiPriceIndexes.html.
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National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2024FY2025

Figure 1. NIH Funding, FY1996-FY2024FY2025 Request
Program Level Funding in Current and Projected Constant ( Program Level Funding in Current and Projected Constant (FY2022FY2023) Dollars. ) Dollars.

Source: Sources used for Sources used for the FY2025 request and for FY2024 and FY2023 program levels are inFY2024 and FY2023 program levels are in Table A-12. The FY2022 (and earlier) The FY2022 (and earlier)
program levels are from NIH Budget Office, Appropriations History by Institute/Center (1938 to Present), at program levels are from NIH Budget Office, Appropriations History by Institute/Center (1938 to Present), at
http://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/approp_hist.html. Inflation adjustment reflects the Biomedical Research and http://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/approp_hist.html. Inflation adjustment reflects the Biomedical Research and
Development Price Index (BRDPI), updated January Development Price Index (BRDPI), updated January 20232024, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/
gbiPriceIndexes.html.gbiPriceIndexes.html.
Notes: By convention, program level totals include amounts “transferred in” pursuant to PHS tap but do not By convention, program level totals include amounts “transferred in” pursuant to PHS tap but do not
include any amounts “transferred out” under this same authority. Program level includes all budget authority, include any amounts “transferred out” under this same authority. Program level includes all budget authority,
including appropriations for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria (FY2002-FY2011) that were subject including appropriations for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria (FY2002-FY2011) that were subject
to transfer-out. As of FY2012, NIH no longer receives appropriations for the National Institute of Allergy and to transfer-out. As of FY2012, NIH no longer receives appropriations for the National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases (NIAID) identifying resources for the Global Fund; this responsibility was transferred to Infectious Diseases (NIAID) identifying resources for the Global Fund; this responsibility was transferred to
another federal agency. In general, amounts provided to NIH designated for emergency requirements are another federal agency. In general, amounts provided to NIH designated for emergency requirements are
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excluded from these totals (e.g., the FY2020 and FY2021 amounts do not include the amounts provided in the
coronavirus supplemental appropriations acts, summarized in Appendix B). PB = President’s Budget.
Table 1. NIH Funding, FY1996-FY2024
Program Level Funding in Current and Constant (FY2022) Dollars (Billions)
Program Level
Projected
Program Level
excluded from these totals (e.g., the FY2020 and FY2021 amounts do not include the amounts provided in the coronavirus supplemental appropriations acts). PB = President’s budget. Congressional Research Service 10 link to page 15 link to page 9 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025 Table 3. NIH Funding, FY1996-FY2025 Request Program Level Funding in Current and Constant (FY2023) Dollars (Billions) Program Level Program Level Projected Constant
% Relative to
Fiscal Year
Current $
% Change
FY2022FY2023 $
FY2003a
1996 1996
11.928 11.928
5.6% 5.6%
25.76326.780

1997 1997
12.741 12.741
6.8% 6.8%
26.77427.832

1998 1998
13.675 13.675
7.3% 7.3%
27.79528.893

1999 1999
15.629 15.629
14.3% 14.3%
30.79232.009

2000 2000
17.841 17.841
14.1% 14.1%
33.88635.225

2001 2001
20.459 20.459
14.7% 14.7%
37.60839.094

2002 2002
23.321 23.321
14.0% 14.0%
41.49643.136

2003 2003
27.167 27.167
16.5% 16.5%
46.69748.542

2004 2004
28.037 28.037
3.2% 3.2%
46.46148.297
-0.5% -0.5%
2005 2005
28.594 28.594
2.0% 2.0%
45.61147.413
-2.3% -2.3%
2006 2006
28.560 28.560
-0.1% -0.1%
43.54145.262
-6.8% -6.8%
2007 2007
29.179 29.179
2.2% 2.2%
42.85844.551
-8.2% -8.2%
2008 2008
29.607 29.607
1.5% 1.5%
41.54343.184
-11.0% -11.0%
2009 2009
30.545 30.545
3.2% 3.2%
41.64043.285
-10.8% -10.8%
2010 2010
31.238 31.238
2.3% 2.3%
41.32842.960
-11.5% -11.5%
2011 2011
30.916 30.916
-1.0% -1.0%
39.76441.335
-14.8% -14.8%
2012 2012
30.861 30.861
-0.2% -0.2%
39.19140.739
-16.1% -16.1%
2013 2013
29.316 29.316
-5.0% -5.0%
36.54537.989
-21.7% -21.7%
2014 2014
30.143 30.143
2.8% 2.8%
36.78538.238
-21.2% -21.2%
2015 2015
30.311 30.311
0.6% 0.6%
36.25337.685
-22.4% -22.4%
2016 2016
32.311 32.311
6.6% 6.6%
37.82239.317
-19.0% -19.0%
2017 2017
34.301 34.301
6.2% 6.2%
39.13440.681
-16.2% -16.2%
2018 2018
37.311 37.311
8.8% 8.8%
41.53243.173
-11.1% -11.1%
2019 2019
39.313 39.313
5.4% 5.4%
42.85544.548
-8.2% -8.2%
2020 2020
41.690 41.690
6.0% 6.0%
44.66646.431
-4.4% -4.4%
2021 2021
42.941 42.941
3.0% 3.0%
44.88546.659
-3.9% -3.9%
2022 2022
46. 46.178183
7.5% 7.5%
46.17847.979
-1. -1.12% %
2023 2023
49.178 49.178
6.5% 6.5%
47.24249.178
1. 1.23%%
2024 2024
Proposed
51.098
3.9%
47.577
1.948.811 -0.7% 47.253 -2.7% 2025 Proposed 50.174 2.8% 47.282 -2.6% %
Sources: Sources used for Sources used for FY2024FY2025 proposed, FY2024, and FY2023 program levels are in and FY2023 program levels are in Table A-12. The FY2022 (and earlier) The FY2022 (and earlier)
program levels are from NIH Budget Office, Appropriations History by Institute/Center (1938 to Present), at program levels are from NIH Budget Office, Appropriations History by Institute/Center (1938 to Present), at
http://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/approp_hist.html. Inflation adjustment reflects the Biomedical http://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/approp_hist.html. Inflation adjustment reflects the Biomedical Research and Development Price Index (BRDPI), updated January 2024, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/gbiPriceIndexes.html. Research and
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Development Price Index (BRDPI), updated February 2023, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/
gbiPriceIndexes.html.
FY2025 Notes: By convention, budget tables, such aBy convention, budget tables, such as Table 13, include amounts “transferred in” pursuant to PHS tap nclude amounts “transferred in” pursuant to PHS tap
but do not include any amounts “transferred out” under this same authority. Program level includes all budget but do not include any amounts “transferred out” under this same authority. Program level includes all budget
authority, including appropriations for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria (FY2002-FY2011) that authority, including appropriations for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria (FY2002-FY2011) that
were subject to transfer-out. As of FY2012, NIH no longer receives appropriations for the National Institute of were subject to transfer-out. As of FY2012, NIH no longer receives appropriations for the National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) identifying resources for the Global Fund; this responsibility was Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) identifying resources for the Global Fund; this responsibility was
transferred to another federal agency. In general, amounts provided to NIH for emergency requirements are transferred to another federal agency. In general, amounts provided to NIH for emergency requirements are
excluded from these totals (e.g., the FY2020 and FY2021 amounts do not include the amounts provided in the excluded from these totals (e.g., the FY2020 and FY2021 amounts do not include the amounts provided in the
coronavirus supplemental appropriations actscoronavirus supplemental appropriations acts, summarized in Appendix B). FY2022, FY2023, and FY2024
). FY2022-FY2025 amounts include funding for the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H). PB denotes amounts include funding for the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H). PB denotes
“President’s “President’s Budgetbudget.” .”
a. FY2003 was the year that NIH received the most program level funding (prior to FY2023) in a. FY2003 was the year that NIH received the most program level funding (prior to FY2023) in 20222023 constant constant
dol ars. dol ars.
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Appendix A. NIH Funding Details
Table A-1. National Institutes of Health Funding
(budget authority, in millions of dollars)
FY2023
FY2023
FY2024
Institutes/Centers
Request
Enacted
Request
Cancer Institute (NCI)
$6,714
$7,317
$7,820
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
$3,823
$3,985
$3,985
Dental/Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
$513
$520
$520
Diabetes/Digestive/Kidney (NIDDK)a
$2,206
$2,303
$2,303
Neurological Disorders/Stroke (NINDS)
$2,768
$2,809
$2,825
Allergy/Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
$6,268
$6,562
$6,562
General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)b
$1,826
$1,827
$1,292
Child Health/Human Development (NICHD)
$1,675
$1,748
$1,748
National Eye Institute (NEI)
$853
$896
$896
Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)c
$932
$914
$939
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
$4,011
$4,412
$4,412
Arthritis/Musculoskeletal/Skin Diseases
$676
$688
$688
(NIAMS)
Deafness/Communication Disorders
$509
$534
$534
(NIDCD)
Alcohol Abuse/Alcoholism (NIAAA)
$567
$597
$597
Nursing Research (NINR)
$199
$198
$198
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
$1,843
$1,663
$1,663
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
$2,211
$2,342
$2,542
Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
$629
$661
$661
Biomedical Imaging/Bioengineering (NIBIB)
$419
$441
$441
Complementary/Integrative Health (NCCIH)
$183
$170
$170
Minority Health/Health Disparities (NIMHD)
$660
$525
$525
Fogarty International Center (FIC)
$96
$95
$95
National Library of Medicine (NLM)
$472
$495
$495
Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS)
$874
$923
$923
Office of Director (OD)d
$2,315
$2,647
$2,898
(Common Fund)
($646)


(Office for Research on Women’s Health)
($53)


Innovation Accounte
$419
$419
$235
Buildings and Facilities (B&F)
$300
$350
$350
Subtotal, NIH (LHHS Discretionary
$43,962
$46,042
$46,317
BA)
PHS Program Evaluation (provided to
$1,272
$1,412
$1,948
NIGMS)
Superfund (Interior approp. to NIEHS)g
$83
$83
$83
Mandatory type 1 diabetes funds (to
$141
$141
$250i
NIDDK)h
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FY2023
FY2023
FY2024
Institutes/Centers
Request
Enacted
Request
NIH Program Level
$45,458
$47,678
$48,598
Advanced Research Projects Agency for
$5,000
$1,500
$2,500
Health (ARPA-H)f
NIH and ARPA-H Program Level
$50,458
$49,178
$51,098
Pandemic Preparedness (proposed
$12,050
—
$2,690
mandatory)j
Total w/ Pandemic Preparedness
$62,508
$49,178
$53,788
Source: The FY2024 Request and FY2023 Enacted program levels are from NIH, Congressional Justification:
FY2024, “Supplementary Tables,” March 9, 2023, p. 100-102, https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY24/br/
Overview%20of%20FY%202024%20Supplementary%20Tables.pdf. FY2023 request amounts are from
Congressional Record, vol. 168, no. 198, Book II, December 20, 2022, pp. S9145-S9147, S8853.
Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Amounts in table may differ from
actuals in many cases. By convention, budget tables such as Table A-1 do not subtract the amount of transfers
to the evaluation tap from the agencies’ appropriation. In general, amounts provided to NIH for emergency
requirements are excluded from these totals (e.g., FY2021 amounts do not include the amounts provided in the
coronavirus supplemental appropriations acts, summarized in Appendix B).
a. Amounts for the NIDDK do not include mandatory funding for type 1 diabetes research (see note h).
b. Amounts for NIGMS do not include funds from PHS Evaluation Set-Aside (§241 of the PHS Act).
c. Amounts for NIEHS do not include Interior/Environment Appropriations amount for Superfund research
(see note g).
d. Includes $12.6 mil ion transfer from the Pediatric Research Initiative Fund (PRIF) as authorized by the
Gabriella Mil er Kids First Research Act P.L. 113-94).
e. The amount shown for the NIH Innovation Account in each column represents only a portion of the total
appropriation to the account ($1.085 bil ion for FY2023; $407 mil ion for FY2024 proposed). The remaining
funds for this account are reflected, where applicable, in the totals for other ICs. For FY2023, this includes
$216 mil ion to NCI for cancer research and $225 mil ion to each of NINDS and NIMH for the BRAIN
Initiative ($450 mil ion total). For FY2024, this includes a total of $172 to both of NINDS and NIMH for the
BRAIN Initiative. NIH, Overview of FY2024 President’s Budget, March 9, 2023, p. 56.
f.
ARPA-H was funded under a separate account under the Office of the Secretary in FY2023. For FY2023,
ARPA-H authorizing legislation in Division FF (P.L. 117-328) established it as a component of NIH. In
addition, both the FY2023 and FY2024 budgets proposed ARPA-H funding as a part of NIH. Therefore,
ARPA-H is shown within the NIH program level in this report.
g. This is a separate account in the Interior/Environment appropriations for NIEHS research activities related
to Superfund research.
h. Mandatory funds are available to NIDDK for type 1 diabetes research under PHSA Section 330Bm, which
was most recently extended through FY2023 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260;
Division BB, Title II). The FY2023 amounts for the type I diabetes research program ($141 mil ion) are
lower than the enacted funding level for FY2023 ($150 mil ion). According to the budget request, the
amount reflects sequestration of $8.55 mil ion. See “Budget Mechanism Table,” p. 44 in
https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY23/br/Overview%20of%20FY%202023%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf.
i.
Proposed amount.
j.
The FY2023 request proposed new mandatory funding for pandemic preparedness to be available for five
years. The request proposed an HHS-wide total of $81.7 bil ion for pandemic preparedness, with $12.05
bil ion of the total designated for NIH. The FY2024 request proposes new mandatory funding for pandemic
preparedness to be available for five years. The request proposes an HHS-wide total of proposes an HHS-
wide total of $20 bil ion for pandemic preparedness with $2.69 bil ion of the total designated for NIH. This
amount is shown as a non-add in the request. NIH, Overview of FY2024 President’s Budget, March 9, 2023, p.
7.
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Program-Specific Funding
In recent years, Congress and the President have increasingly specified funding levels for
programs or research areas within NIH accounts throughout the budget and appropriations research areas within NIH accounts throughout the budget and appropriations
process. Congress uses appropriations report language to designate funding for specified process. Congress uses appropriations report language to designate funding for specified
purposes, whereas the President proposes amounts in purposes, whereas the President proposes amounts in histhe annual budget request. annual budget request.3029 This practice This practice
has expanded since has expanded since FY2015.30 In FY2024FY2015.31 For the most part, Congress does not specify NIH funding for
particular diseases or research topics in the appropriations process and instead allows the ICs to
award funding within their mission areas based on their own strategic planning and priority-
setting processes. Research funding is generally awarded on a flexible and competitive basis
through various funding mechanisms intended to balance scientific and health priorities.32
In FY2023, Congress used appropriations report language to specify a certain amount of IC , Congress used appropriations report language to specify a certain amount of IC
funding for designated purposes, as summarized funding for designated purposes, as summarized inin Table A-21. Most of these amounts are Most of these amounts are
specified in the explanatory statement accompanying enacted appropriationsspecified in the explanatory statement accompanying enacted appropriations;33 in.31 In a few cases, a few cases,
amounts specified in the amounts specified in the House AppropriationsSenate appropriations report ( report (HS.Rept. .Rept. 117-96118-84) are incorporated by ) are incorporated by
reference.reference.3432 Sometimes the language specifies a certain amount for a certain purpose; in other Sometimes the language specifies a certain amount for a certain purpose; in other
cases, the language provides increased or additional funding. The appropriations reports also cases, the language provides increased or additional funding. The appropriations reports also
include many general statements recommending the agency to fund certain programs or areas of include many general statements recommending the agency to fund certain programs or areas of
research, as well as statements expressing the opinion or concerns of Congress regarding NIH. research, as well as statements expressing the opinion or concerns of Congress regarding NIH.
These broad statements are not summarized here. These broad statements are not summarized here.
Table A-2. Specified NIH Funding Levels in FY2023 Explanatory Statement
Institute/Center
Program/Activity
Amount
National Cancer Institute
Childhood Cancer Data Initiative (CCDI)
No less than $50 mil ion
(NCI)
including no less than $750
thousand to continue to
support enhancement of the
CCDI Molecular
Characterization Initiative.
Childhood Cancer Survivorship, Treatment
No less than $30 mil ion
Access, and Research (STAR) Act
(including $2 mil ion for cancer
registry case capture efforts for
childhood and adolescent
cancers.*)
NCI Paylines
An increase of $150 mil ion

30 28 CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background and Congressional Issues. 29 For a general overview, see CRS Report R44124, For a general overview, see CRS Report R44124, Appropriations Report Language: Overview of Development and
Components, and CRS Report R47019, and CRS Report R47019, The Executive Budget Process: An Overview..
31 30 For example, in December 2014, the explanatory statement on the FY2015 omnibus stipulated, “In keeping with For example, in December 2014, the explanatory statement on the FY2015 omnibus stipulated, “In keeping with
longstanding practice, the agreement does not recommend a specific amount of NIH funding for this purpose longstanding practice, the agreement does not recommend a specific amount of NIH funding for this purpose
[Alzheimer’s disease] or for any other individual disease. Doing so would establish a dangerous precedent that could [Alzheimer’s disease] or for any other individual disease. Doing so would establish a dangerous precedent that could
politicize the NIH peer review system. Nevertheless, in recognition that Alzheimer’s disease poses a serious threat to politicize the NIH peer review system. Nevertheless, in recognition that Alzheimer’s disease poses a serious threat to
the Nation’s long-term health and economic stability, the agreement expects that a significant portion of the the Nation’s long-term health and economic stability, the agreement expects that a significant portion of the
recommended increase for NIA should be directed to research on Alzheimerrecommended increase for NIA should be directed to research on Alzheimer'’s. The exact amount should be determined s. The exact amount should be determined
by scientific opportunity of additional research on this disease and the quality of grant applications that are submitted by scientific opportunity of additional research on this disease and the quality of grant applications that are submitted
for Alzheimer’s relative to those submitted for other diseases.” See for Alzheimer’s relative to those submitted for other diseases.” See Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 160, no. , daily edition, vol. 160, no.
151, Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9832. 151, Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9832.
32 CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background and Congressional Issues.
3331 Congressional Record, vol. 168, no. 198, Book II, , vol. 168, no. 198, Book II, December 20, 2022, pp. S8881-S8887, S8853.
34 HouseMarch 22, 2024, pp. H1890-H1891. 32 Senate report amounts cited where not superseded by the explanatory statement per direction in the explanatory report amounts cited where not superseded by the explanatory statement per direction in the explanatory
statement, “Unless otherwise noted, the language set forth in statement, “Unless otherwise noted, the language set forth in H.Rept. 117-403Senate Report 118-84 carries the same weight as language carries the same weight as language
included in this explanatory statement and should be complied with unless specifically addressed to the contrary in this included in this explanatory statement and should be complied with unless specifically addressed to the contrary in this
explanatory statementexplanatory statement.” (” (Congressional Record, vol. , vol. 168170, no. , no. 19851, Book II, , Book II, December 20, 2022, p. S8874).
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link to page 20 link to page 20 link to page 20 link to page 20 link to page 20March 22, 2024, p. H1886). CRS is unable to determine precisely which directives in S.Rept. 118-84 are to be complied with. Congressional Research Service 13 link to page 19 link to page 19 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2024

Institute/Center
Program/Activity
Amount
Health Disparities Researcha
An increase of $10 mil ion
National Heart, Lung, and
Community Engagement Alliance Against
$30 mil ion
Blood Institute (NHLBI)
COVID–19 Disparities (CEAL) Initiative
Health Disparities Researcha
An increase of $15 mil ion
Valvular Heart Disease Research
$20 mil ion
National Institute of
Pain Management Researcha
An increase of $9 mil ion
Dental and Craniofacial
Research (NIDCR)
National Institute of
Special Diabetes Program
$8.55 mil ion to restore cuts
Diabetes and Digestive
for SDP from sequestration
and Kidney Diseases
Pain Management Research
An increase of $5 mil ion
(NIDDK)
National Institute of
Alzheimer’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease
An increase in $75 mil ion for
Neurological Disorders
Related Dementias (AD/ADRD)
NINDS out of the $226 mil ion
and Stroke (NINDS)
increase for AD/ADRD across
NIH
HEAL Initiative (opioids, stimulants, and pain
No less than $280.295 mil ion,
management)
an increase of $10 mil ion
Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN)
$18 mil ion
National Institute of
Consortium of Food Allergy Research
$12.1 mil ion, an increase of $3
Allergy and Infectious
(CoFAR)
mil ion
Diseases (NIAID)
Regional biocontainment laboratories (RBL)
$52 mil ion of which not less
than $1 mil ion shall be
provided to each of the 12
RBLs to support the
maintenance of a capable
research workforce, facilities,
and equipment.
Centers for AIDS Research (CFARS)a
$71 mil ion
Responding to infectious diseases/Antimicrobial
No less than $565 mil ion, an
Resistance
increase of $25 mil ion
Universal flu vaccine
No less than $270 mil ion, an
increase of $25 mil ion
Health Disparities Researcha
$10 mil ion
National Institute of
Health Disparities Research
An increase of $5 mil ion
General Medical Sciences
Increasing diversity in biomedical research
An increase of $10 mil ion
(NIGMS)
Institutional Development Award (IDeA) Program $425.956 mil ion, an increase of
$15.503 mil ion
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
Heath Impacts on Children of Technology and
$15 mil ion
National Institute of Child Social Media Use
Health and Human
Impact of COVID–19 on children
An increase of $2.5 mil ion
Development (NICHD)
Impact of COVID-19 on Pregnant and Lactating
An increase of $3 mil ion
Women
Implementing a Maternal Health and Pregnancy
No less than $43.4 mil ion
Outcomes Vision for Everyone (IMPROVE)
Initiative
National Institute of
Additional Research
An increase of $40 mil ion
Environmental Health
Sciences (NIEHS)
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Institute/Center
Program/Activity
Amount
National Institute on
Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias
An increase in $151 mil ion for
Aging (NIA)
NIA out of the $226 mil ion
increase for AD/ADRD,
including $1.5 mil ion for a
National Academies of
Sciences, Engineering, and
Medicine (NASEM) report on
research priorities on
AD/ADRD informed by an
expert panel.
National Institute of
Opioids and pain/pain management research
An increase of $5 mil ion
Arthritis and
Musculoskeletal and Skin
Diseases (NIAMS)
FY2025 Table A-1. Specified NIH Funding Levels in FY2024 Explanatory Statement Institute/Center Program/Activity Amount National Cancer Institute Childhood Cancer Data Initiative (CCDI) No less than $50 mil ion, (NCI) including no less than $750,000 to continue to support enhancement of the CCDI Molecular Characterization Initiative Childhood Cancer Survivorship, Treatment No less than $30 mil ion Access, and Research (STAR) Act (including $2 mil ion for cancer registry case capture efforts for childhood and adolescent cancers) NCI Paylines An increase of $120 mil ion National Heart, Lung, and Community Engagement Alliance Against $30 mil ion Blood Institute (NHLBI) COVID–19 Disparities (CEAL) Initiative Valvular Heart Disease Research $20 mil ion National Institute of Diabetes researcha Additional $10 mil ion Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) National Institute of Alzheimer’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease An increase in $10 mil ion for Neurological Disorders Related Dementias (AD/ADRD) NINDS out of the $100 mil ion and Stroke (NINDS) increase for AD/ADRD across NIH Helping to End Addiction Long-term (HEAL) An increase of $5 mil ion Initiative (opioids, stimulants, and pain management) Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) $18 mil ion National Institute of Consortium of Food Allergy Research (CoFAR) $12.1 mil ion Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Lyme and Tick-Borne Disease Research No less than $100 mil ion Regional biocontainment laboratories (RBL) $52 mil ion, of which not less than $3 mil ion shall be provided to each of the 12 RBLs to support the maintenance of a capable research workforce, facilities, and equipment Research on antimicrobial resistancea No less than $565 mil ion Universal flu vaccine No less than $270 mil ion, the same as FY2023 National Institute of Institutional Development Award (IDeA) Program $430.956 mil ion, an increase of General Medical Sciences $5 mil ion (NIGMS) Eunice Kennedy Shriver Implementing a Maternal Health and Pregnancy No less than $53.4 mil ion, an National Institute of Child Outcomes Vision for Everyone (IMPROVE) increase of $10 mil ion Initiative Congressional Research Service 14 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 19 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025 Institute/Center Program/Activity Amount Health and Human Development (NICHD) National Institute on Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias An increase in $90 mil ion for Aging (NIA) NIA out of the $100 mil ion an increase for AD/ADRD across NIH Palliative Care Research $12.5 mil ion National Institute on Drug National Institute on
HEAL Initiative (opioids, stimulants, and pain HEAL Initiative (opioids, stimulants, and pain
No less than $ No less than $355365.295 mil ion.295 mil ion,
Drug Abuse (NIDA)
management)
Pain and pain management
Additional $10 mil ion
Youth and Perinatal Marijuana Usea
$2 mil ion to enter into
contract with NASEM to study
youth and perinatal marijuana
use
National Institute of
Impact of COVID on mental health
An increase of $5Abuse (NIDA) management)a an increase of $10 mil ion National Institute of Mental Health Research An increase of $75 mil ion Mental Health (NIMH) National Institute of Health Disparities Researcha mil ion
Mental Health (NIMH)
Mental Health Treatment Research
An increase of $5 mil ion
National Institute of
Health disparities research
An increase of $10 mil ion $10 mil ion
Nursing Research (NINR) Nursing Research (NINR)
National Institute on National Institute on
Chronic Disease Centers
An additional $11Improving Native American Cancer Outcomes $6 mil ion mil ion
Minority Health and Minority Health and
Health disparities research
An increase of $25 mil ion
Health Disparities
Research Centers in Minority Institutions
$88.765 mil ion
(NIMHD)
Coordination Network
Research Endowment ProgramHealth Disparities Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Health Research $4 mil ion Officer Research Endowment Programa
$12 mil ion $12 mil ion
National Center for National Center for
Pain and pain management Pain and pain management research
An additional researcha $5 mil ion $5 mil ion
Complementary and Complementary and
Integrative Health Integrative Health
(NCCIH) (NCCIH)
National Center for National Center for
Clinical and Translational Science Awards Clinical and Translational Science Awards
$629.56 mil ion $629.56 mil ion, an increase of
Advancing Translational Advancing Translational
( (CTSAs)
$22.914 mil ionCTSAs)a
Sciences (NCATS) Sciences (NCATS)
Cures Acceleration Network (CAN) Cures Acceleration Network (CAN)
$ $70 mil ion
John E. Fogarty
Health disparities researcha
An increase of $5 mil ion
International Center (FIC)
Office of the Director
Administration Offices
$4.55 mil ion
(OD)/ Multi-Institute
75 mil ion Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS))a
$75 mil ion for implementation $75 mil ion for implementation
Research Initiatives
of the Accelerating Access to of the Accelerating Access to
Critical Therapies for ALS ActCritical Therapies for ALS Act
(P.L. 117-79), an increase of
$50 mil ion.
All of Us Precision Medicine Initiativea
$541 mil ion, including $419
mil ion from the Innovation
Account
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Institute/Center
Program/Activity
Amount
Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML))a $135 mil ion Biomedical Research Facilities- grants to renovate $80 mil ion and construct nonfederal research facilities Brain Research through Advancing Innovative $680 mil ionb Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiativea Cybersecurity $265 mil ion Developmental Delaysa $10 mil ion Environmental Influences on Child Health $180 mil ion Outcomes (ECHO)a Firearm injury and mortality prevention research $12.5 mil ion, the same level as FY2023 Foreign influence: HHS Office of Extramural $2.5 mil ion Research allocationa Funding Replication Experiments and/or Fraud $10 mil ion Detectiona Congressional Research Service 15 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 17 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025 Institute/Center Program/Activity Amount Investigation of Co-Occurring Conditions Across No less than $90 mil ion the Lifespan to Understand Down Syndrome (INCLUDE) National Primate Research Centersa $30 mil ion NIH Support for Pediatric Research- National $1.5 mil ion Academies assessment of NIH’s current pediatric research portfolioa Office of the Chief Officer for Scientific $22.415 mil ion Workforce Diversity (COSWD)a Office of Nutrition Research (ONR) The same as FY2023 ($1.313 mil ion)c Office of Research on Women’s Health (ORWH) $76.48 mil ion, including $7 mil ion, an increase of $2 mil ion, for the Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women’s Health (BIRCWH) program Research on Enhanced Potential Pandemic $1 mil ion Pathogens- implementation office for technical assistancea Term Limits—Implementing NIH policy to limit $500,000 IC Directors to serve two termsa Source: Congressional Record, vol. 168, no. 198, Book II, March 22, 2024, pp. H1890-H1891. Senate report
$135 mil ion including $85
mil ion for Office of Data
Science Strategy (an increase of
$15 mil ion), $50 mil ion for
AI/ML focused investment, and
$3 mil ion for the Office of
Portfolio Analysis
Autoimmune Diseases
$10 mil ion to establish an
Office of Autoimmune Disease
Research (OADR) within the
Office of Research on
Women’s Health
(ORWH).
Grants for biomedical research facilities
$80 mil ion
Brain Research through Advancing Innovative
$680 mil ion,b including $95
Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative
mil ion for the Human Brain
Cell Atlas, $10 mil ion for the
Armamentarium for Brain Cell
Access, and $30 mil ion for the
Brain Connectivity Map
Foreign Threats to Research
$5 mil ion transferred from
NIH to the Inspector General
to conduct investigation into
foreign threats to research*
Common Fund
Increase of $65 mil ion
Office of Nutrition Research (ONR)a
$40 mil ion
Cybersecurity
$265 mil ion, an increase of $40
mil ion
Developmental Delays
$10 mil ion
Environmental Influences on Child Health
$180 mil ion, the same level as
Outcomes (ECHO)a
FY2022
Firearm injury and mortality prevention research
$12.5 mil ion, the same level as
FY2022
HHS Office of Extramural Research allocation for
$2.5 mil ion
foreign influence
NASEM Study on Heritable Genetic Information
$1.3 mil ion
Investigation of Co-Occurring Conditions Across
No less than $90 mil ion
the Lifespan to Understand Down Syndrome
(INCLUDE)
Office of AIDS Research, for HIV/AIDS research
An increase of $100 mil ion
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Institute/Center
Program/Activity
Amount
Office of Research on Women’s Health (ORWH)
$76.48 mil ion, including $5
mil ion, an increase of $1
mil ion, for the Building
Interdisciplinary Research
Careers in Women’s Health
(BIRCWH) program.

$10 mil ion to establish an
Office of Autoimmune Disease
Research (OADR) (mentioned
earlier).

$2 mil ion to contract NASEM
on a study on gaps in
knowledge of women’s health.
Office of the Chief Officer for Scientific
$22.415 mil ion
Workforce Diversity (COSWD)
Source: Congressional Record, vol. 168, no. 198, Book II, December 20, 2022, pp. S8881-S8887, S8853. House
report amounts cited where not superseded by the explanatory statement per direction in the explanatory amounts cited where not superseded by the explanatory statement per direction in the explanatory
statement, “Unless otherwise noted, the language set forth in statement, “Unless otherwise noted, the language set forth in HS.Rept. .Rept. 117-403118-84 carries the same weight as carries the same weight as
language included in this explanatory statement and should be complied with unless specifically addressed to the language included in this explanatory statement and should be complied with unless specifically addressed to the
contrary in this explanatory statement” (p. contrary in this explanatory statement” (p. S8874).
H1886). CRS is unable to determine precisely which directives in S.Rept. 118-84 are to be complied with. Notes: Table does not include amounts already shown inTable does not include amounts already shown in Table A-21. Dol ar amounts are at the level of detail Dol ar amounts are at the level of detail
used in the appropriations report text. used in the appropriations report text.
a. From a. From HS.Rept. .Rept. 117-96
118-84. b. Amount includes $b. Amount includes $450172 mil ion from the Innovation Account for the BRAIN Initiative as authorized by the mil ion from the Innovation Account for the BRAIN Initiative as authorized by the
Cures Act (split between NINDS and NIMH in Cures Act (split between NINDS and NIMH in FY2023 appropriations).
Table A-3. Specified NIH Funding Levels in the FY2024FY2024 appropriations). c. See pages OD-18 and OD-26 in the FY2025 Congressional Justification for the NIH Office of the Director, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY25/insti_center_subs/27-OD_FY25_CJ_Chapter.pdf. Table A-2. Specified NIH Funding Levels in the FY2025 HHS Budget in Brief
Institute/Center
Program/Activity
Amount
National Cancer Institute National Cancer Institute
Cancer Moonshot Cancer Moonshot
$716 mil ion total $716 mil ion total, an in
(NCI) (NCI)
discretionary funds, an increase of $500 mil ion increase of $500 mil ion
Office of the Director
Nutrition research
$121 mil ion
(OD)/Office of Nutrition
Research
over FY2023 (in addition to proposed mandatory funds discussed in this report) Office of the Director Office of Women’s Health Research $154 mil ion, an increase of (OD) $76 mil ion Firearm research $25 mil ion, $12 mil ion more than FY2023 Congressional Research Service 16 link to page 20 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025 Institute/Center Program/Activity Amount Several ICs Several ICs
All of Us Precision Medicine Initiative and Brain Precision Medicine Initiative and Brain
Additional $462 mil$1.2 bil ion for ion for
both Research Through Advancing Innovative Research Through Advancing Innovative
total of $1.2 bil ion for
Neurotechnologies (BRAIN)
both initiativesa (same
funding initiativesa (same funding Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) level as FY2023) level as FY2023)
Several ICs Several ICs
Opioids, stimulant Opioids, stimulant, and pain research and pain research
$1.8 bil ion (same as $1.8 bil ion (same as
FY2023 enacted), including FY2023 enacted), including
$636 mil ion for the $636 mil ion for the
Helping to End Addiction Helping to End Addiction
Long-term (HEAL) Long-term (HEAL)
Initiative Initiative
National Institute on National Institute on
Health disparities and inequities research Health disparities and inequities research
$95 mil ion $95 mil ion
Minority Health and Minority Health and
Health Disparities Health Disparities
(NIMHD) and other ICs (NIMHD) and other ICs
National Institute of National Institute of
Developing a universal Developing a universal influenza vaccine influenza vaccine
$270 mil ion $270 mil ion
Allergy and Infectious Allergy and Infectious
Ending the HIV epidemic in the United States Ending the HIV epidemic in the United States
$26 mil ion (same as $26 mil ion (same as FY23
Diseases (NIAID) and Diseases (NIAID) and
FY2023 enacted) enacted)
other ICs other ICs
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Institute/Center
Program/Activity
Amount
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
Impact of COVID-19 on pregnant and lactating
$3 mil ion
National Institute of Child women
Health and Human
Development (NICHD)
National Institute of
Eunice Kennedy Shriver IMPROVE Initiative $43 mil ion, increase of National Institute of Child $13.4 mil ion relative to Health and Human FY2023 Development (NICHD) Impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy and lactation $3 mil ion National Institute of Innovating mental health research and treatment, Innovating mental health research and treatment,
An increase of $200 An increase of $200 mil ion
Mental Health (NIMH) Mental Health (NIMH)
including to support better diagnostics, improved including to support better diagnostics, improved
mil ion; $10 mil ion to treatments, and enhanced precision of care for mental treatments, and enhanced precision of care for mental
health.
Not specified
Impact of climate change on human health
An increase of $25 mil ion
support NIH-led effort to health. promote effective approaches to prevent or reduce risk for behavioral health disorders National Library of Create and maintain col ection, storage, and cutting- $30 mil ion Medicine edge analytics for clinical care data for NIH’s artificial intelligence initiative Buildings and Facilities Buildings and Facilities
Address NIH’s backlog of maintenance and repair on Address NIH’s backlog of maintenance and repair on
$350 mil ion $350 mil ion
its intramural campus its intramural campus
Source: HHS, HHS, Budget in Brief: FY2024FY2025, pp. pp. 46-5154-56, https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-, https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-20242025-budget-in--budget-in-
brief.pdf. brief.pdf.
Notes: Table does not include amounts already shown in Table A-2. DolDol ar amounts are at the level of detail ar amounts are at the level of detail
used in the budget request and are presented in the order they used in the budget request and are presented in the order they appear in the budget in brief, except where grouped by IC. Table does not include proposed mandatory spending. a. Total amount includes $127 mil ion from the Innovation Account for the BRAIN Initiative and PMI as authorized by the Cures Act. Congressional Research Service 17 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025 Appendix B. Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym/ Abbreviation Organization/Term ARPA-H Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health BRAIN Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DOD Department of Defense FIC Fogarty International Center FY Fiscal Year IC Institutes and Centers appear in the budget in brief.
a. Total amount includes $407 mil ion from the Innovation Account for the BRAIN Initiative and PMI as
authorized by the Cures Act.

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Appendix B. Coronavirus Supplemental
Appropriations (FY2020 and FY2021) and Additional
American Rescue Plan Act funding
NIH received FY2020 and FY2021 emergency supplemental appropriations to several IC
accounts and as transfers from the Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund (PHSSEF)
account as provided by four coronavirus supplemental appropriations acts:35
• First Measure: Division A of the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response
Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-123), enacted on March 6,
2020.
• Second Measure: Division B of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic
Security Act (CARES Act, P.L. 116-136), enacted on March 27, 2020.
• Third Measure: Division B of the Paycheck Protection Program and Health
Care Enhancement Act (PPPHCEA, P.L. 116-139), enacted on April 24, 2020.
• Fourth Measure: Division M of Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L.
116-260), enacted on December 27, 2020.
NIH received a total of $3.031 billion to NIH IC accounts, along with directed transfers from the
PHSSEF account to NIH accounts totaling not less than $1.806 billion. Accounting for transfers,
NIH received a total of at least $4.837 billion (see text box below for information on American
Rescue Plan Act funding). All appropriations to NIH accounts are available until September 30,
2024, and all transfers from the PHSSEF are available until expended. This funding was primarily
provided in three categories:
Broadly Available Funding. In the first (P.L. 116-123) and third measure (CARES Act; P.L. 116-
136), funding was made available to several NIH IC accounts “to prevent, prepare for and
respond to coronavirus, domestically and internationally.” NIH IC accounts that received broadly
available funds and their totals include the following:
• National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID): $1.542 billion,
including $836 million in the first measure and $706 million in the CARES Act.
Some transfers or set-asides were directed for specific purposes in the NIAID
appropriations. The first measure directed a transfer of not less than $10 million
to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) for “worker-
based training to prevent and reduce exposure of hospital employees, emergency
first responders, and other workers who are at risk of exposure to coronavirus
through their work duties.” The third measure set aside not less than $156 million
of the total for “the study of, construction of, demolition of, renovation of, and
acquisition of equipment for, vaccine and infectious diseases research facilities of
or used by NIH, including the acquisition of real property.”
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI): $103 million in the
CARES Act.
• National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB): $60
million in the CARES Act.

35 NIH did not receive supplemental appropriations from the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA, P.L.
116-127), enacted on March 18, 2020.
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• National Library of Medicine (NLM): $10 million in the CARES Act.
• National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS): $36 million
in the CARES Act.
• Office of the Director (OD): $30 million in the CARES Act.
Diagnostic Testing Research and Development (R&D). In the fourth and fifth measures, NIH
received funding for specific purposes related to diagnostic test R&D. This funding was directed
to NIH as “not less than” transfers from the PHSSEF account in the fourth measure, and directly
to the OD account in the fifth measure. These amounts included the following:
• National Cancer Institute (NCI): Transfer of not less than $306 million from
PHSSEF to NCI “to develop, validate, improve, and implement serological
testing and associated technologies” in the fourth measure.
• NIBIB: Transfer of not less than $500 million from PHSSEF to NIBIB “to
accelerate research, development, and implementation of point of care and other
rapid testing related to coronavirus” in the fourth measure.
• OD: Transfer of not less than $1 billion from PHSSEF to OD “to develop,
validate, improve, and implement testing and associated technologies; to
accelerate research, development, and implementation of point of care and other
rapid testing; and for partnerships with governmental and non-governmental
entities” in the fourth measure. In the fifth measure, not less than $100 million of
the $1.250 billion total provided to the OD account is for “the Rapid Acceleration
of Diagnostics.”
NIH’s Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx) initiative is an effort to innovate and scale up
COVID-19 diagnostic technologies. As communicated to CRS, the $1.5 billion total for NIBIB
and OD in the fourth measure was used to support RADx initially, with additional funds in the
fifth measure as specified above.36
Long-Term Studies of COVID-19. The fifth measure directed $1.15 billion of the total $1.25
billion provided to the OD account “for research and clinical trials related to long-term studies of
COVID-19.” The $1.15 billion has since been directed toward NIH’s REsearching COVID to
Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Initiative, a large coordinated research initiative to study Long
COVID.37 The fifth measure also allows the total $1.25 billion appropriation to OD to be
transferred to other IC accounts (in addition to other HHS transfer authorities in the law).

36 CRS communication with NIH, July 24, 2020.
37 See “How is RECOVER being paid for” at RECOVER: Frequently Asked Questions, https://recovercovid.org/
faqs#paid. As reported by the Government Accountability Office (GA)-22-105497), HHS transferred $1,063.5 million
of the $1.25 appropriation for NIH OD in the fifth measure to the Administration for Children and Families’
Unaccompanied Children Program (see “Appendix: HHS COVID-19 Funding,” GAO-22-105397). NIH’s RECOVER
website states that “the primary funding source for RECOVER has changed to the American Rescue Plan (ARP) Act of
2021 (Sec. 2401), the $1.15 billion budget remains and NIH RECOVER research activities have neither stopped nor
had any delays.”
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American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) Appropriations
The ARPA did not provide any mandatory appropriations directly to NIH but made available several
appropriations that could be allocated to NIH. For example, $6.05 bil ion was provided to the HHS Secretary in
mandatory appropriations (i.e., direct appropriations) for research, development, manufacturing, production, and
the purchase of vaccines, therapeutics, and ancil ary medical products and supplies—available to address COVID-
19, SARS-CoV-2 or its variants, and any disease with potential for creating a pandemic (Title II, Section 2303). The
HHS Secretary can allocate a portion of these funds to NIH accounts at his discretion. In addition, NIH has
reported that the HHS Secretary has allocated other ARPA funding in Section 2401 toward the RECOVER
Initiative (see above) after an initial transfer of $1,063.5 from NIH to HHS’s Administration for Children and
Families’ Unaccompanied Children Program of the original appropriation for that program in the fifth measure
(see footnote 27).

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Appendix C. Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acronym/
Abbreviation
Organization/Term
ARPA-H
Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health
DARPA
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DOD
Department of Defense
FIC
Fogarty International Center
FY
Fiscal Year
IC
Institutes and Centers
NASEM
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
NCATS
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
NCCIH
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
NCI
National Cancer Institute National Cancer Institute
NEF
Nonrecurring Expenses Fund Nonrecurring Expenses Fund
NEI
National Eye Institute National Eye Institute
NHGRI
National Human Genome Research Institute National Human Genome Research Institute
NHLBI
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
NIA
National Institute on Aging National Institute on Aging
NIAAA
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
NIAID
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
NIAMS
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
NIBIB
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
NICHD
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
NIDA
National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institute on Drug Abuse
NIDCD
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
NIDCR
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
NIDDK
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
NIEHS
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
NIGMS
National Institute of General Medical Sciences National Institute of General Medical Sciences
NIMH
National Institute of Mental Health National Institute of Mental Health
NIMHD
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
NINDS
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
NINR
National Institute of Nursing Research National Institute of Nursing Research
NLM
National Library of Medicine National Library of Medicine
OD
NIH Office of the Director NIH Office of the Director
PHS
Public Health Service Public Health Service

PMI Precision Medicine Initiative Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2024FY2025



Author Information

Kavya Sekar Kavya Sekar

Analyst in Health Policy Analyst in Health Policy


Acknowledgments
CRS Research CRS Research AssistantAssistants John Gorman John Gorman and Joe Angert provided assistance for this report. provided assistance for this report.

Disclaimer
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Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service
R43341 R43341 · VERSION 4750 · UPDATED
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