Monuments and Memorials Authorized Under the Commemorative Works Act in the District of Columbia: Current Development of In-Progress and Lapsed Works

Monuments and Memorials Authorized Under May 5, 2023
the Commemorative Works Act in the District
Jacob R. Straus
of Columbia: Current Development of In
Specialist on the Congress

Progress and Lapsed Works

Under the Commemorative Works Act (CWA) of 1986, Congress may authorize commemorative
works to be placed in the District of Columbia or its environs. Once a commemorative work has been authorized, Congress
continues to be responsible for statutorily designating a memorial site location.
This report provides a status update on 18 in-progress memorials, 7 memorials with lapsed authorizations, and 1 with a
repealed authorization. For each monument or memorial, the report provides a rationale for the work as expressed in the
Congressional Record or a House or Senate committee report; its statutory authority; the group or groups sponsoring the
commemoration; and the memorial’s location (or proposed location), if known. A picture or rendering of each work is also
included, when available.
For more information on the Commemorative Works Act, see CRS Report R41658, Commemorative Works in the District of
Columbia: Background and Practice, by Jacob R. Straus; CRS Report R43241, Monuments and Memorials in the District of
Columbia: Analysis and Options for Proposed Exemptions to the Commemorative Works Act, by Jacob R. Straus; and CRS
Report R43743, Monuments and Memorials Authorized and Completed Under the Commemorative Works Act in the District
of Columbia, by Jacob R. Straus.

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Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Commemorative Works Areas of the District of Columbia ............................................................. 1
Reserve ...................................................................................................................................... 2
Area I ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Area II ....................................................................................................................................... 2
Factors Potentially Influencing Commemorative Works’ Completion ............................................ 2
Site Location ............................................................................................................................. 3
Design Approval........................................................................................................................ 3
Fundraising ................................................................................................................................ 3
Authorized Commemorative Works ................................................................................................ 4
In-Progress Commemorative Works................................................................................................ 5
Memorials Under Construction ................................................................................................. 6
Desert Storm and Desert Shield .......................................................................................... 6
World War II D-Day Prayer ................................................................................................ 8
Memorials Being Designed ..................................................................................................... 10
Second Division Memorial Additions ............................................................................... 10
Peace Corps ........................................................................................................................ 11
First Division Monument Modifications........................................................................... 13
Global War on Terrorism Memorial .................................................................................. 14
Site Locations to Be Determined ............................................................................................ 16
John Adams and His Family’s Legacy .............................................................................. 16
National Liberty Memorial (Slaves and Free Black Persons Who Served in the
Revolutionary War) ........................................................................................................ 17
Emergency Medical Services Memorial ........................................................................... 19
Republic of Texas Legation .............................................................................................. 20
Fallen Journalists .............................................................................................................. 20
Women’s Suffrage Movement Memorial .......................................................................... 21
Medal of Honor Memorial ................................................................................................ 22
Women Who Worked on the Home Front in World War II ............................................... 22
National Service Animals and Handlers ........................................................................... 23
Jean Monnet ...................................................................................................................... 24
Enslaved Individuals Who Endured the Middle Passage .................................................. 24
Thomas Paine .................................................................................................................... 25
Commemorative Works with Lapsed, Replaced, or Repealed Authorizations .............................. 25
Lapsed Authorization With Reauthorizing Legislation Introduced in the 117th
Congress ............................................................................................................................... 26
Gold Star Mothers ............................................................................................................. 26
Lapsed Authorization Without Reauthorizing Legislation Introduced in the 117th
Congress ............................................................................................................................... 27
National Peace Garden ...................................................................................................... 27
Benjamin Banneker ........................................................................................................... 28
Frederick Douglass ........................................................................................................... 28
Brigadier General Francis Marion .................................................................................... 29
Vietnam Veterans Memorial Visitors Center ..................................................................... 29
Replaced Authorization ........................................................................................................... 30
Thomas Paine .................................................................................................................... 30
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Repealed Authorization ........................................................................................................... 31
Black Revolutionary War Patriots ..................................................................................... 31

Figures
Figure 1. National Desert Storm and Desert Shield War Memorial ................................................ 8
Figure 2. World War II D-Day Prayer Plaque Approved Design .................................................... 9
Figure 3. Second Division Memorial ............................................................................................. 11
Figure 4. Peace Corps Memorial ................................................................................................... 12
Figure 5. First Division Monument ............................................................................................... 14
Figure 6. National Liberty Memorial ............................................................................................ 18

Tables
Table 1. In-Progress and Lapsed Memorials in the District of Columbia and Its Environs ............ 4

Contacts
Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 32

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Introduction
Since November 1986, the Commemorative Works Act (CWA) has provided the legal framework
for the placement of commemorative works in the District of Columbia. Congress enacted the
CWA to establish a statutory process for ensuring “that future commemorative works in areas
administered by the National Park Service (NPS) and the General Services Administration (GSA)
in the District of Columbia and its environs (1) are appropriately designed, constructed, and
located and (2) reflect a consensus of the lasting significance of the subjects involved.”1 Areas
administered by other agencies are not subject to the CWA. Responsibility for overseeing the
design, construction, and maintenance of such works was delegated to the Secretary of the
Interior or the Administrator of the GSA,2 the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC),
and the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts (CFA). Additionally, the CWA restricts placement of
commemorative works to certain areas of the District of Columbia based on the subject’s historic
importance.
Pursuant to the CWA, locating a commemorative work on federally owned and administered land
in the District of Columbia requires the federal government to maintain the memorial unless
otherwise stipulated in the enabling legislation. In some cases, however, authorized memorials are
ultimately sited on land that falls outside of CWA jurisdiction and outside the boundaries of the
District of Columbia and its environs. For example, Congress authorized the Air Force Memorial
for placement on land owned and administered by either NPS or GSA in the District of Columbia.
Memorial organizers, however, chose a site near the Pentagon in Arlington, VA, that is owned and
administered by the Department of Defense. Consequently, the Department of Defense, not the
NPS or GSA, is responsible for maintenance.
This report highlights in-progress works and memorials with lapsed authorizations since the
passage of the CWA in 1986. The report provides information—located within text boxes for easy
reference—on the statute(s) authorizing the work; the sponsor organization; statutory legislative
extensions, if any;3 and the memorial’s location or proposed location, if known. A picture or
rendering of each work is also included, when available.
Commemorative Works Areas of the District of
Columbia
The CWA divides areas administered by the NPS and the GSA in the District of Columbia and its
environs into three sections for the placement of memorials: the Reserve, Area I, and Area II. For

1 40 U.S.C. §8901(4).
2 Whether oversight of the design, construction, and maintenance of commemorative works authorized pursuant to the
Commemorative Works Act falls to the Secretary of the Interior or the Administrator of the General Services
Administration is determined by who administers the land on which the memorial is to be constructed. In all cases to
date, the Secretary of the Interior has been the oversight official, as all authorized commemorative works have been
placed or are scheduled to be placed on National Park Service land.
3 Pursuant to the Commemorative Works Act (40 U.S.C. §8903(e)(1)), all sponsor groups are provided with a seven-
year period to complete the work necessary to complete (i.e., dedicate) the memorial. This time period can be extended
administratively if the Secretary of the Interior or the Administrator of General Services issues a construction permit, or
if Congress amends the initial statute to provide for additional time to complete the memorial’s design and
construction. For more information, see CRS Report R41658, Commemorative Works in the District of Columbia:
Background and Practice, by Jacob R. Straus.
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each area, the standards for memorial placement are specified in law, and congressional approval
of monument location is required.
Reserve
The Reserve was created in November 2003, by P.L. 108-126, to prohibit the addition of future
memorials in an area defined as “the great cross-axis of the Mall, which generally extends from
the United States Capitol to the Lincoln Memorial, and from the White House to the Jefferson
Memorial.”4 Under the act, this area is considered “a substantially completed work of civic art.”5
Within this area, “to preserve the integrity of the Mall … the siting of new commemorative works
is prohibited.”6
Area I
Created as part of the original CWA in 1986, Area I is reserved for commemorative works of
“preeminent historical and lasting significance to the United States.”7 Area I is roughly bounded
by the West Front of the Capitol; Pennsylvania Avenue NW (between 1st and 15th Streets NW);
Lafayette Square; 17th Street NW (between H Street and Constitution Avenue); Constitution
Avenue NW (between 17th and 23rd Streets); the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
waterfront area; Theodore Roosevelt Island; National Park Service land in Virginia surrounding
the George Washington Memorial Parkway; the 14th Street Bridge area; and Maryland Avenue
SW, from Maine Avenue SW, to Independence Avenue SW, at the U.S. Botanic Garden.
Area II
Also created as part of the original CWA statute, Area II is reserved for “subjects of lasting
historical significance to the American people.”8 Area II encompasses all sections of the District
of Columbia and its environs not part of the Reserve or Area I.
Factors Potentially Influencing Commemorative
Works’ Completion
Several factors may affect a memorial foundation’s ability to complete a memorial. These include
settling on a desired site location, getting design approval, and raising the funds necessary to
design and build a commemorative work.

4 40 U.S.C. §8902.
5 P.L. 108-126, §202(a), 117 Stat. 1348 (2003).
6 40 U.S.C. §8901 note; and 40 U.S.C. §8908(c). The placement of museums and visitors centers is also prohibited
under 40 U.S.C. §8905(b)(5) and 40 U.S.C. §8908(c).
7 40 U.S.C. §8908 (b)(1). The Secretary of the Interior or the Administrator of General Services, after seeking the
advice of the National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission, can recommend that a memorial be placed in Area I. If
either the Secretary or the Administrator recommends placement in Area I, he or she must notify the House Committee
on Natural Resources and the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. The Secretary or the Administrator
notifies Congress by sending a letter to the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate. If the
recommendation is not enacted into law within 150 calendar days, the recommendation is not adopted and the
memorial sponsor must consider sites in Area II.
8 40 U.S.C. §8908(b)(2).
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Site Location
Choosing a memorial site location is one of the biggest tasks for all authorized sponsor groups.
Many groups want locations on or near the National Mall. The creation of the Reserve in 2003,9
however, makes placement of a future memorial on the National Mall difficult. Subsequently,
many sponsor groups attempt to locate sites as close to the National Mall as possible in order to
ensure that visitors have easy access to the memorial. For example, the Dwight D. Eisenhower
Memorial is located on land directly south of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum,
thus providing a prominent—just off the Mall—location.10
Likewise, the foundation previously authorized to construct a memorial to honor John Adams and
his family’s legacy evaluated site locations as close to the National Mall as possible.
Design Approval
In 1986, as part of the CWA, Congress authorized the NCPC and the CFA to approve memorial
designs. The NCPC and the CFA were tasked with carrying out the goals of the CWA, which are
(1) to preserve the integrity of the comprehensive design of the L’Enfant and McMillan
plans for the Nation’s Capital; (2) to ensure the continued public use and enjoyment of
open space in the District of Columbia and its environs, and to encourage the location of
commemorative works within the urban fabric of the District of Columbia; (3) to preserve,
protect, and maintain the limited amount of open space available to residents of, and
visitors to, the Nation’s Capital; and (4) to ensure that future commemorative works in
areas administered by the National Park Service and the Administrator of General Services
in the District of Columbia and its environs are … appropriately designed, constructed, and
located; and … reflect a consensus of lasting national significance of the subjects
involved.11
In some instances, sponsor groups have difficulty creating a memorial vision that meets the
specifications of the NCPC, CFA, and the National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission
(NCMAC). In these cases, groups will often have to present multiple designs to these bodies
before getting final design approval. For example, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission has
presented variations on the design for the Eisenhower Memorial to the NCPC multiple times.12 In
all instances, the NCPC gave feedback to the memorial design team and asked them to continue
work to comply with NCPC guidelines for memorial construction.13
Fundraising
Perhaps the most challenging step in the commemorative works process for many sponsor groups
is raising the necessary funds to design and build a commemorative work. Although most sponsor
groups do not anticipate fundraising difficulties, some groups have experienced challenges.

9 P.L. 108-126, §202, 117 Stat. 1349 (2003).
10 For a further discussion of memorial siting, see CRS In Focus IF11937, Commemorative Works Act: Siting
Memorials in the District of Columbia, by Jacob R. Straus.
11 40 U.S.C. §8901.
12 For example, the National Capital Planning Commission’s web page on the Eisenhower Memorial lists five formal
presentations by the Eisenhower Memorial Commission. For more information, see National Capital Planning
Commission, “Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial,” at https://www.ncpc.gov/projects/eisenhower/.
13 National Capital Planning Commission, “Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial,” Commission Action, File No. 6694, at
https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2017October/
6694_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Memorial_Modification_Staff_Report_Oct2017.pdf.
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Failure to raise the necessary funds can be used as a reason not to extend a memorial’s
authorization beyond the initial seven-year period. In some cases, even though the CWA generally
prohibits the use of federal funds for memorial design and construction,14 Congress has
authorized appropriations to aid sponsor groups in their fundraising efforts. For example, in 2005,
Congress appropriated $10 million to the Secretary of the Interior “for necessary expenses for the
Memorial to Martin Luther King, Jr.”15 The appropriation was designated as matching funds,
making them available only after being matched by nonfederal contributions.16
Since the enactment of the Commemorative Works Act in 1986, 43 memorials and monuments
have been authorized by statute. On a yearly basis, however, legislation is pending before
Congress to consider a wide range of additional commemorative works. Pursuant to the CWA,
future commemorative works will continue to be considered according to congressional
guidelines. If new commemorative works are authorized or currently authorized commemorative
works are completed, this report will be updated accordingly.
Authorized Commemorative Works
Since the passage of the Commemorative Works Act (CWA) in 1986, Congress has authorized 48
commemorative works to be placed in the District of Columbia or its environs. Of these works,
18 are in progress, 7 have lapsed authorizations, and 1 had its authorization repealed. Table 1 lists
commemorative works authorized by Congress since 1986 that are in progress, with
authorizations that have lapsed, or with an authorization that has been repealed.
Table 1. In-Progress and Lapsed Memorials
in the District of Columbia and Its Environs
Congress
Memorial
Authorizing Legislation
In-Progress Commemorative Works
107
John Adams and his Family’s Legacy
P.L. 107-62, 115 Stat. 411 (2001)a
112
National Liberty Memorial (Slaves and Free
P.L. 112-239, §2860, 126 Stat. 2164 (2013)
Black Persons Who Served in American
Revolution)f
113
World War II Memorial Prayer
P.L. 113-123, 128 Stat. 1377 (2014)
113
Desert Storm and Desert Shield
P.L. 113-291, §3093, 128 Stat. 3879 (2014)
113
Peace Corps
P.L. 113-78, 127 Stat. 647 (2013)
115
Global War on Terrorismb
P.L. 115-51, 131 Stat. 1003 (2017)
115
Second Division Memorial Modifications
P.L. 115-141, Division G, §121(a)(1), 132 Stat. 661
(2018)c
115
Emergency Medical Services
P.L. 115-275, 132 Stat. 4164 (2018)
116
Women’s Suffrage Movement Memorial
P.L. 116-217, 134 Stat. 1052 (2020)
116
Republic of Texas Legation
P.L. 116-248, 134 Stat. 1124 (2020)
116
Fallen Journalists
P.L. 116-253, 134 Stat. 1135 (2020)

14 For example, see the statute authorizing the American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial (P.L. 106-348, 114 Stat.
1358 [2000]).
15 P.L. 109-54, §134, 119 Stat. 526 (2005).
16 P.L. 109-54, §134, 119 Stat. 527 (2005).
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Congress
Memorial
Authorizing Legislation
116
First Division Monument Modifications
P.L. 116-283, Title X, §1083, 134 Stat. 3875
(2021)
117
Medal of Honor
P.L. 117-80, 135 Stat. 1538 (2021)
117
Women Who Worked on the Home Front in
P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII,
World War II
§702 (2022)
117
Service Animals and Handlers
P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII,
§704 (2022)
117
Jean Monnet
P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII,
§705 (2022)
117
Enslaved Individuals who Endured the Middle
P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII,
Passage
§707 (2022)
117
Thomas Paine
P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII,
§709 (2022)
Lapsed Authorizations for Commemorative Worksd
100
National Peace Garden
P.L. 100-63, 101 Stat. 379 (1987)
102
Thomas Paine
P.L. 102-407, 106 Stat. 1991 (1992)
105
Benjamin Banneker
P.L. 105-355, Title V, §512, 112 Stat. 3266 (1998)
106
Frederick Douglass
P.L. 106-479, 114 Stat. 2184 (2000)
108
Vietnam Veterans Memorial Visitors Center
P.L. 108-126, 117 Stat. 1348 (2003)
110
Brigadier General Francis Marion
P.L. 110-229, §331, 122 Stat. 781 (2008)
112
Gold Star Motherse
P.L. 112-239, §2859, 126 Stat. 2164 (2013)
Repealed Authorizations
99
Black Revolutionary War Patriotsf
P.L. 99-558, 100 Stat. 3144 (1986)
Source: 40 U.S.C. §8903 note and CRS analysis of memorial legislation.
a. The memorial to John Adams and his family’s legacy was reauthorized by P.L. 116-9, (§2406(l), 133 Stat. 749,
[2019]), until December 2025.
b. P.L. 117-81 (§6605), the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, authorized the Global
War on Terrorism Memorial Foundation to site the Global War on Terrorism Memorial in the Reserve.
c. P.L. 115-141 incorporated S. 1460, §7130 (115th Congress; Energy and Natural Resources Act of 2017) to
authorize modifications to the Second Division Memorial.
d. Authority for these memorials lapsed prior to construction permits being issued to the sponsoring group.
e. Legislation to reauthorize this memorial was introduced in the 117th Congress (H.R. 2365, introduced April
5, 2021, passed the House July 26, 2021, and S. 1938, introduced May 27, 2021).
f.
P.L. 112-239, §2860 repealed an authorization to the Black Revolutionary War Patriots Foundation to
create a Black Revolutionary War Veterans Memorial that had been authorized by P.L. 99-558 (100 Stat.
3144 [1986]). P.L. 112-239 provided a new authorization for the Slaves and Free Black Persons Who Served
in the American Revolution Memorial to the National Mall Liberty Fund DC. The Liberty Fund commonly
calls the memorial the National Liberty Memorial. P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §703
reauthorized and extended the Liberty Fund’s authorization until September 30, 2027.
In-Progress Commemorative Works
Currently, 18 commemorative works have active authorizations and are in various stages of
development. These include the following:
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• Memorials Under Construction
Desert Storm and Desert Shield, and
World War II Prayer plaque
• Memorials Being Designed
Second Division Memorial modifications,
Peace Corps Memorial,
First Division Monument modifications, and
Global War on Terrorism Memorial.
• Memorials Evaluating Site Locations
John Adams and his Family’s Legacy Memorial,
National Liberty Memorial (Slaves and Free Black Persons Who Served in the
Revolutionary War),
Emergency Medical Services Memorial,
Texas Legation Memorial,
Fallen Journalists Memorial,
Women’s Suffrage Movement Memorial,
Medal of Honor Memorial,
Women Who Worked on the Home Front in World War II,
Service Animals and Handlers,
Jean Monnet,
Enslaved Individuals who Endured the Middle Passage, and
Thomas Paine.
Memorials Under Construction
Desert Storm and Desert Shield
In December 2014, as part of the FY2015 National Defense Authorization Act, Congress
authorized the National Desert Storm Memorial Association to establish a National Desert Storm
and Desert Shield Memorial in the District of Columbia to “commemorate and honor those who,
as a member of the Armed forces, served on active duty in support of Operation Desert Storm or
Operation Desert Shield.”17 During debate on the House version of the bill (H.R. 503),
Representative Doc Hastings, chair of the House Natural Resources Committee, summarized the
need for a memorial:
Over 600,000 American servicemen deployed for Operations Desert Storm and Desert
Shield and successfully led a coalition of over 30 countries to evict an invading army to
secure the independence of Kuwait.

17 P.L. 113-291, §3093(b)(1), 128 Stat. 3858 (2014).
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This memorial will recognize their success, but it will also serve as a commemoration of
those nearly 300 Americans who made the ultimate sacrifice on our behalf.18
On March 31, 2017, President Trump signed S.J.Res. 1, to provide the memorial with a location
in Area I.19 The memorial will be located at the southwest corner of Constitution Avenue, NW,
and 23rd Street, NW. In October 2021, CFA approved the revised concept design for the memorial,
and in December 2022,20 NCPC approved the memorial’s final site development plans with
comments.21 On July 14, 2022, the National Desert Storm Memorial Association held a
ceremonial groundbreaking ceremony.22 Figure 1 shows a rendering for the National Desert
Storm and Desert Shield Veteran’s War Memorial.

18 Rep. Doc Hastings, “National Desert Storm and Desert Shield War Memorial Act,” House debate, Congressional
Record, daily edition, vol. 160 (May 28, 2014), p. H4858. In August 2016, Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell
notified Congress of her recommendation that the memorial be placed in Area I (Letter from Sally Jewell, Secretary of
the Interior, to Vice President Joe Biden, August 31, 2016).
19 P.L. 115-18, 131 Stat. 82 (2017).
20 Letter from Thomas E. Luebke, secretary, Commission of Fine Arts, to Kym A. Hall, Director, Region 1-National
Capital Area, National Park Service, October 27, 2021, at https://cfa.gov/records-research/project-search/cfa-21-oct-21-
1.
21 National Capitol Planning Commission, “Commission Action,” National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial,
NCPC File Number 7745, December 1, 2022, at https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2022December/
7745_National_Desert_Shield_and_Desert_Storm_Memorial_Commission_Action_Dec2022.pdf.
22 National Desert Storm Memorial Association, “Groundbreaking Ceremony July 14, 2022: National Desert Storm and
Desert Shield Memorial,” press release, July 12, 2022, at https://static1.squarespace.com/static/
5953eb36e58c622063d2f399/t/62cd907f73135467d88aeb6b/1657639039812/July+12+Press+Release.pdf; and
National Desert Storm Memorial Association, “Groundbreaking Ceremony,” at http://www.ndswm.org/
groundbreaking-ceremony.
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Figure 1. National Desert Storm and Desert Shield War Memorial
Approved Final Site Development Plan

Source: National Capitol Planning Commission, “Commission Action,” National Desert Storm and Desert
Shield Memorial, NCPC File Number 7745, December 1, 2022, at https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/
2022December/
7745_National_Desert_Shield_and_Desert_Storm_Memorial_Commission_Action_Dec2022.pdf.
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 113-291, §3093 (2014)
Sponsor Organization:


National Desert Storm Memorial Association








(http://www.ndswm.org)
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





Area I
Dedication:




TBD
World War II D-Day Prayer
In June 2014, Congress authorized the placement of a plaque containing President Franklin D.
Roosevelt’s D-Day prayer at the “area of the World War II Memorial in the District of
Columbia.... ”23 During debate on the bill in the 112th Congress (H.R. 2070), Representative Bill
Johnson summarized why he believed the prayer should be added to the World War II Memorial.
This legislation directs the Secretary of the Interior to install at the World War II Memorial
a suitable plaque or an inscription with the words that President Franklin Roosevelt prayed
with the Nation on the morning of the D-day invasion. This prayer, which has been entitled
“Let Our Hearts Be Stout,’’ gave solace, comfort and strength to our Nation and our brave

23 P.L. 113-123, 128 Stat. 1377 (2014).
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warriors as we fought against tyranny and oppression. The memorial was built to honor the
16 million who served in the Armed Forces of the United States during World War II and
the more than 400,000 who died during the war ... I have no doubt that the prayer should
be included among the tributes to the Greatest Generation memorialized on the National
Mall, and I strongly urge all of my colleagues to support this legislation.24
The prayer plaque will be located at the “Circle of Remembrance” on the northwest side of the
World War II Memorial.25 Final prayer plaque design approval was granted by NCPC in June
2021,26 and by CFA in January 2022.27 On December 20, 2022, the Friends of the National World
War II Memorial held an unveiling ceremony of the plaque at the Circle of Remembrance.28 A
formal dedication ceremony will take place in 2023.29 Figure 2 shows the proposed location of
the plaque at the Circle of Remembrance.
Figure 2. World War II D-Day Prayer Plaque Approved Design

Source: Friends of the National World War II Memorial, Inc, “Presentation to the Commission of Fine Arts
(Commemorative Feature Details and Revisions)” January 20, 2022, p. 1, at https://cfa.gov/system/files/meeting-
materials/1_CFA-20-JAN-22-1%20%28NPS-WWII%29%20pres-sm%20%5B1-19%20update%5D.pdf.
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 113-123, 128 Stat. 1377 (2014)

24 Rep. Bill Johnson, “World War II Memorial Prayer Act of 2011,” remarks in the House, Congressional Record, daily
edition, vol. 158 (January 24, 2012), pp. H131-H132.
25 National Capital Planning Commission, “President Franklin D. Roosevelt Prayer Plaque,” Commission Action, File
No. 7727, July 13, 2017, at https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2017July/
7727_President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Prayer_Plaque_Commission_Action_Jul2017.pdf.
26 National Capital Planning Commission, “President Franklin D. Roosevelt Prayer Plaque,” Commission Action, File
No. 7727, June 3, 2021, at https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2021June/
7727_President_Franklin_D_Roosevelt_Prayer_Plaque_Commission_Action_Jun2021.pdf.
27 Letter from Thomas E. Luebke, secretary, U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, to Kym A. Hall, Area Director, Region 1—
National Capital Area, National Park Service, January 27, 2022, at https://cfa.gov/records-research/project-search/cfa-
20-jan-22-1.
28 Friends of the National World War II Memorial, “Sen. Rob Portman and Special Guests to Join Unveiling of FDR D-
Day Prayer Plaque at Circle of Remembrance at National World War II Memorial,” press release, December 16, 2022,
https://global-uploads.webflow.com/609c1c0e062b0c72ffb14a6e/
639cb392e0af0253e0bc9ffd_Plaque%20Unveiling%20Media%20Advisory%202022.pdf.
29 Ibid.
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Sponsor Organization:


Secretary of the Interior
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





Reserve (Area of the World War II Memorial)
Dedication:




TBD
Memorials Being Designed
Second Division Memorial Additions
On March 23, 2018, as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141),
modifications to the Second Division Memorial were authorized.30 The Second Division
Memorial was initially dedicated on July 18, 1936, to commemorate the division’s World War I
casualties, and “two wings were dedicated on June 20, 1962, with significant battles of World
War II inscribed on the west and of the Korean War on the east.”31 P.L. 115-141 authorizes the
placement of “additional commemorative elements or engravings on the raised platform or stone
work of the existing Second Division Memorial ... to further honor the members of the Second
Infantry Division who have given their lives in service to the United States.”32
In November 2020, CFA reviewed proposed modifications to the Second Division Memorial.33 In
March 2021, NCPC approved the final plans for the memorial additions.34 Figure 3 shows the
proposed modification to the Second Division Memorial.

30 P.L. 115-141, Division G, §121(a)(1), 132 Stat. 661 (2018). P.L. 115-141 incorporated by reference Section 7130 of
S. 1460, the Energy and Natural Resources Act of 2017.
31 U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, “Second Division Memorial,” President’s Park: Explore the
Southern Trail, at https://www.nps.gov/whho/planyourvisit/explore-the-southern-trail.htm#CP_JUMP_2801870/
32 P.L. 115-141, Division G, §121(a)(1).
33 Letter from Thomas E. Luebke, secretary, U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, to Kym A. Hall, Area Director, Region 1—
National Capital Area, National Park Service, November 25, 2020, at https://cfa.gov/records-research/project-search/
cfa-19-nov-20-2.
34 National Capital Planning Commission, “NCPC Approves Final Plans for Second Division Memorial Modification,”
press release, March 5, 2021, at https://www.ncpc.gov/news/item/133/1/.
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Figure 3. Second Division Memorial

Source: Second Infantry Division Association Memorial Foundation, “Second Infantry Division Memorial
Modification,” CFA Submission, November 19, 2020, p. 21, at https://www.cfa.gov/system/files/meeting-materials/
CFA-19NOV20-2-Second_Division_Memorial_%28pres%29.pdf.
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 115-141, Division G, §121(a)(1), 132 Stat. 661 (2018)
Sponsor Organization:


Second Division Indianhead Division Association, Inc.








(http://2ida.org)
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





Reserve
Dedication:




TBD
Peace Corps
In January 2014, Congress authorized the Peace Corps Memorial Foundation to establish a
commemorative work in the District of Columbia to “commemorate the mission of the Peace
Corps and the ideals on which the Peace Corps was founded.”35 During House debate on the bill
(S. 230), Representative Raúl Grijalva, then-ranking member of the House Natural Resources
Committee, Subcommittee on Public Lands and Environmental Regulations, summarized his
understanding of the aims of the Peace Corps Memorial:
Last November, we marked the 50th anniversary of President Kennedy’s tragic
assassination. Losing President Kennedy left a lasting scar on the American psyche, but
his legacy lives on through his words and ideas, including the establishment of the Peace
Corps, an institution that has sent over 200,000 Americans to 139 countries in its 52-year
history.
S. 230 authorizes construction of a memorial to commemorate the mission of the Peace
Corps and the values on which it was founded. I cannot think of a better way to celebrate
President Kennedy’s legacy and the tremendous accomplishments of the Peace Corps.

35 P.L. 113-78, §1(a), 127 Stat. 647 (2014).
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With the passage of S. 230, we will be sending a worthwhile bill to the President’s desk. I
am glad we have been able to put our differences aside and pass such a meaningful bill in
the first few weeks of the new year.36
The Peace Corps Memorial will be located between 1st Street, NW, Louisiana Avenue, NW, and C
Street, NW, in the District of Columbia. In November 2021, the Peace Corps Memorial
Foundation received preliminary design approval with comments from CFA.37 In September
2022, NCPC approved the memorial’s preliminary site development plans.38
In the 116th Congress, the Peace Corps Commemorative Foundation’s authority to construct a
memorial was extended until January 24, 2028.39 Figure 4 shows the concept design for the
Peace Corps Memorial as presented to CFA and NCPC.
Figure 4. Peace Corps Memorial
Concept Design

Source: Peace Corps Commemorative Foundation, “View of threshold between benches.”
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 113-78, 127 Stat. 647 (2014)
Sponsor Organization:


Peace Corps Commemorative Foundation








(https://www.peacecorpscommemorative.org)

36 Rep. Raúl Grijalva, “Peace Corps DC Commemorative Work Act,” House debate, Congressional Record, daily
edition, vol. 160 (January 13, 2014), p. H168.
37 Letter from Thomas E. Luebke, Secretary, U.S. Commission of Fine Arts to Kym. A. Hall, area director, Region 1-
National Capital Area, National Park Service, November 24, 2021, at https://www.cfa.gov/records-research/project-
search/cfa-18-nov-21-1.
38 National Capital Planning Commission, “Commission Action,” Peace Corps Commemorative Park, NCPC File
Number 7623, at https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2022September/
7623_Peace_Corps_Commemorative_Park_Commission_Action_Sep2022.pdf.
39 P.L. 116-318, 134 Stat. 5069 (2021).
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Statutory Extension:


Authorization extended through January 24, 2028








P.L. 116-318, 134 Stat. 5069 (2021)
Location:





Area II
Dedication:




TBD
First Division Monument Modifications
On January 1, 2021, as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (P.L.
116-283, §1083), modifications to the First Division Monument were authorized. The First
Division Monument was initially dedicated on October 4, 1924, to “honor the 5,516 soldiers of
the First Division who lost their lives during World War I.”40 In 1957, the monument was
modified to honor the 4,325 soldiers who died in World War II, in 1977 it was modified to honor
soldiers from the Vietnam War, and in 1995 it was modified to include a plaque to honor soldiers
from Desert Storm.41
P.L. 116-283 authorizes modifications “to honor the dead of the First Infantry Division, United
States Forces, in (1) Operation Desert Storm; (2) Operation Iraqi Freedom and New Dawn; and
(3) Operation Enduring Freedom.”42 In December 2021, NCPC approved comments on the
concept plan.43 In March 2023, CFA approved the final plans for additional monuments and
plaques at the memorial.44 Figure 5 shows the current design of the First Division Monument.

40 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Natural Resources, First Infantry Recognition of Sacrifice in Theater Act, report
to accompany H.R. 1088, 116th Cong., 1st sess., November 8, 2019, H.Rept. 116-275, p. 2.
41 Ibid.; and National Park Service, “First Division Monument History,” at https://www.nps.gov/whho/learn/
historyculture/first-division-monument.htm.
42 P.L. 116-283, §1083(a), 134 Stat. 3875 (2021).
43 National Capital Planning Commission, “First Division Monument Modification,” Commission Action, NCPC File
8329, December 2, 2021, at https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2021December/
8329_First_Division_Monument_Modification_Commission_Action_Dec2021.pdf.
44 Letter from Thomas E. Luebke, secretary, U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, to Kym Hall, area director, Region 1-
Natioanl Capital Area, National Park Service, March 23, 2023, at https://cfa.gov/records-research/project-search/cfa-
16-mar-23-1. See also, Commission of Fine Arts, “Society of the 1st Infantry Division Monument Expansion: Project
Booklet,” March 16, 2023, at https://cfa.gov/system/files/meeting-materials/1-CFA-16MAR23-1-NPS-first-
division_pres.pdf.
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Figure 5. First Division Monument

Source: Society of the 1st Infantry Division Monument Expansion, National Park Service, “Commission of Fine
Arts Project Booklet,” March 2023, p. 21, at https://cfa.gov/system/files/meeting-materials/1-CFA-16MAR23-1-
NPS-first-division_pres.pdf#page=21.
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 116-283, §1083, 134 Stat. 3875 (2021)
Sponsor Organization:


Society of the First Infantry Division








(https://www.1stid.org)
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





Reserve
Dedication:




TBD
Global War on Terrorism Memorial
In August 2017, Congress authorized the Global War on Terrorism Memorial Foundation to
establish a commemorative work in the District of Columbia to “commemorate and honor the
members of the Armed Forces that served on active duty in support of the Global War on
Terrorism.”45 During debate on the bill (H.R. 873) in the House, Representative Tom McClintock,
then chair of the Federal Lands Subcommittee of the House Committee on Natural Resources,
stated why a memorial to the Global War on Terrorism is important, despite a statutory
prohibition against war memorials for ongoing conflicts.46
The Commemorative Works Act requires that a war be ended for at least 10 years before
planning can commence on a national memorial. There is good reason for this requirement:
it gives history the insight to place the war in an historic context and to begin to fully
appreciate its full significance to our country and future generations.
But the war on terrorism has been fought in a decidedly different way than our past wars.
We are now approaching the 16th anniversary of the attack on New York and Washington.
The veterans who sacrificed so much to keep that war away from our shores deserve some
tangible and lasting tribute to their patriotism and altruism while they, their families, and

45 P.L. 115-51, 121 Stat. 1003 (2017).
46 40 U.S.C. §8903(b) and (c).
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their fellow countrymen can know it. The Gold Star families of our fallen heroes for whom
the war will never end deserve some assurance that their sons and daughters will never be
forgotten by a grateful Nation.
We should remember that many of our Nation’s heroes from World War II never lived to
see the completion of the World War II Memorial, which was completed 59 years after the
end of that conflict.
For these reasons, this measure suspends the 10-year period in current law. It doesn't repeal
it. It merely sets it aside for the unique circumstances of the current war on terrorism.47
On December 27, 2021, President Joe Biden signed legislation that authorizes the Global War on
Terrorism memorial to be located in the Reserve and provides that the memorial is otherwise
subject to the CWA.48 The legislation states:
The National Global War on Terrorism Memorial authorized by section 2(a) of the Global
War on Terrorism War Memorial Act (40 U.S.C. 8903 note; P.L. 115-51; 131 Stat. 1003)
(referred to in this section as the “Memorial”) shall be located within the Reserve.49
The Global War on Terrorism Memorial Foundation is currently conducting site evaluations
focused on three locations: Constitution Avenue and 23rd Street, NW; Constitution Gardens; and
along the Potomac River on Ohio Drive.50 The foundation presented its site selection study to the
NCMAC in October 2022,51 to the CFA in March 2023,52 and to NCPC in April 2023.53
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 115-51, 131 Stat. 1003 (2017)
Sponsor Organization:


Global War on Terrorism Memorial Foundation








(https://www.gwotmemorialfoundation.org)
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





Reserve
Dedication:




TBD

47 Rep. Tom McClintock, “Global War on Terrorism Memorial Act,” Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 163
(July 28, 2017), p. H6544.
48 P.L. 117-81, §6605, 135 Stat. 2442 (2021). In the 116th Congress (H.R. 5046 and S. 4564) and the 117th Congress
(H.R. 1115 and S. 535), legislation was introduced to authorize the siting of the Global War on Terrorism Memorial in
the Reserve at three specific sites: Constitution Gardens, the JFK Hockey Fields, and West Potomac Park. P.L. 117-81
does not provide specific site locations for consideration.
49 P.L. 117-81, §6605(a).
50 Global War on Terrorism Memorial Foundation, “Site Selection Study/Concept Review: U.S. Commission of Fine
Arts, March 16, 2023,” p. 16, at https://cfa.gov/system/files/meeting-materials/2-CFA-16MAR23-2-NPS-GWOT-site-
selection_pres.pdf.
51 National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission, “Global War on Terrorism Memorial Site Assessment and
Presentation,” October 18, 2022, at https://parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?parkID=463&projectID=44217&
documentID=123676; and National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission, “January 31, 2023 Meeting Transcript,”
at https://parkplanning.nps.gov/showFile.cfm?projectID=44217&MIMEType=application%252Fpdf&filename=
013123%20NPS%20NCMAC%5FTranscript%2Epdf&sfid=635323.
52 U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, “CFA Meeting—16 March 2023,” at https://cfa.gov/records-research/record-cfa-
actions/2023/03/cfa-meeting; and Letter from Thomas E. Luebke, secretary, U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, to Kym
Hall, area director, Region 1-National Capital Area, National Park Service, March 23, 2023, at https://cfa.gov/records-
research/project-search/cfa-16-mar-23-2.
53 National Capital Planning Commission, “Global War on Terrorism Memorial Site Selection,” Commission Action,
NCPC File, No. 8450, April 6, 2023, athttps://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2023April/
8450_Global_War_on_Terrorism_Memorial_Site_Selection_Commission_Action_Apr2023.pdf.
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Site Locations to Be Determined
John Adams and His Family’s Legacy
In November 2001, Congress authorized the Adams Memorial Foundation to “establish a
commemorative work on Federal land in the District of Columbia and its environs to honor
former President John Adams, along with his wife Abigail Adams and former President John
Quincy Adams, and the family’s legacy of public service.”54 In remarks during debate on the bill
(H.R. 1668), Representative Joel Hefley summarized the importance of the Adams family to
American history:
Perhaps no American family has contributed as profoundly to public service as the family
that gave the Nation its second President, John Adams; his wife, Abigail Adams; and their
son, our sixth President, John Quincy Adams, who was also, by the way, a member of this
body. The family’s legacy was far reaching, continuing with John Quincy Adams’s son,
Charles Francis Adams, who was also a member of this body and an ambassador to England
during the Civil War; and his son, Henry Adams, an eminent writer and scholar, and it goes
on and on.55
In March 2019, as part of the enactment of the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management,
and Recreation Act, Congress created the Adams Memorial Commission.56 The Adams Memorial
Commission replaces the Adams Memorial Foundation as the memorial’s sponsor. Moving
forward, the commission will be responsible for all aspects of the memorial’s siting, design, and
construction.
Previously, in December 2013, the Adams Memorial Foundation’s authorization expired. Prior to
its lapse of authorization, the Adams Memorial Foundation was working with the NCMAC on the
potential recommendation of Area I.57 While the commission had not endorsed any particular site
location, it had recommended that the foundation continue its examination of numerous sites in
the District of Columbia in order to find a suitable location.58
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 107-62, 115 Stat. 411 (2001)
Sponsor Organization:


Adams Memorial Commission








(P.L. 116-9, §2406(l), 133 Stat. 749 [2019])
Statutory Extensions:



Authorization extended through September 30, 2010








P.L. 111-88, §130, 123 Stat. 2933 (2009)
Authorization extended through December 2, 2013








P.L. 111-169, 124 Stat. 1192 (2010)

54 P.L. 107-62, 115 Stat. 411-412 (2001).
55 Rep. Joel Hefley, “Authorizing Adams Memorial Foundation to Establish Commemorative Work Honoring Former
President John Adams,” remarks in the House, Congressional Record, vol. 147, part 8 (June 25, 2001), p. 11757.
56 P.L. 116-9, §2406, 133 Stat. 748 (2019). The commission consists of 12 members: four appointed by the President;
four Senators appointed by the President pro tempore of the Senate in consultation with the Senate majority leader and
the Senate minority leader; and four Members of the House of Representatives appointed by the Speaker of the House
in consultation with the House majority leader and the House minority leader.
57 National Park Service, “National Capital Memorial Advisory Committee Meeting,” 76 Federal Register 32986, June
7, 2011.
58 Author’s notes of National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission Meeting, June 23, 2011, National Building
Museum, Washington, DC.
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Authorization extended through December 2, 2020








P.L. 113-291, §3094, 128 Stat. 3880 (2014)
Authorization Extended through December 2, 2025








P.L. 116-9, §2406(l), 133 Stat. 749 (2019)
Location:





Area I59
Dedication:




TBD
National Liberty Memorial (Slaves and Free Black Persons Who Served in the
Revolutionary War)
In December 2012, Congress authorized the National Mall Liberty Fund DC to establish a
commemorative work “to honor the more than 5,000 courageous slaves and free Black persons
who served as soldiers and sailors or provided civilian assistance during the American
Revolution.”60 Additionally, P.L. 112-239 repealed a 1986 authorization to the Black
Revolutionary War Patriots Foundation to establish a commemorative work for black
Revolutionary War veterans (discussed further in the section below on “Repealed
Authorization”).61
In prepared remarks to the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, Senator Joseph
Lieberman summarized the need, from his perspective, for a memorial to African Americans who
served in the Revolutionary War:
Throughout our history the sacrifices of these remarkable patriots have often been relegated
to a mere footnote. This is unfortunate not only because it overlooks their service, but also
because it prevents us from taking an honest, nuanced view of our nation’s history. By
establishing a memorial to honor African Americans’ contributions to our nation’s
founding, we will broaden all Americans’ understanding of the diversity of the patriots
who helped to secure our independence.62
Further, in the Senate report accompanying the 2012 authorization (S. 883, 112th Congress), the
Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources summarized the history of memorializing
Black Revolutionary War veterans in the District of Columbia.
In 1986, Congress authorized the Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial Foundation
to establish the Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial to honor the 5,000 courageous
slaves and free Black persons who served as soldiers or provided civilian assistance during
the American Revolution (P.L. 99-558).
In 1987 Congress enacted a second law, P.L. 100-265, authorizing placement of that
memorial within the monumental core area as it was then defined by the Commemorative
Works Act. In 1988, the National Park Service, the Commission of Fine Arts, and the
National Capital Planning Commission approved a site in Constitution Gardens for the

59 P.L. 107-315, 116 Stat. 2763 (2002).
60 P.L. 112-239, §2860, 126 Stat. 2164 (2013).
61 P.L. 112-239, §2860(f) repeals P.L. 99-558 (100 Stat. 3144 [1986]), as amended by P.L. 99-590 (100 Stat. 3330
[1986]); and P.L. 99-591 (100 Stat. 3341 [1986]), which authorized the Black Revolutionary War Patriots Foundation
to establish a memorial in the District of Columbia “the estimated five thousand courageous slaves and free black
persons who served as soldiers and sailors or provided civilian assistance during the American Revolution and to honor
countless black men, women, and children who ran away from slavery or filed petitions with courts and legislatures
seeking their freedom.”
62 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Miscellaneous National Park Bills, hearing on
S. 264, S. 265, S. 324, S. 764, S. 864, S. 883, S. 888, S. 925, S. 970, S. 1063, and S. 1134, 112th Cong., 1st sess., July
28, 2011, S.Hrg. 112-214, p. 7.
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Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial and, in 1996, approved the final design.
Despite four extensions of the memorial’s legislative authorization over 21 years, the
Foundation was unable to raise sufficient funds for construction, the authority (and
associated site and design approvals) finally lapsed in October 2005, and the Foundation
disbanded with numerous outstanding debts and unpaid creditors.
S. 883 would authorize another nonprofit organization, the National Mall Liberty Fund
D.C., to construct a commemorative work honoring the same individuals as proposed by
the Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial Foundation, subject to the requirements
of the Commemorative Works Act.63
On September 26, 2014, President Obama signed H.J.Res. 120 to provide the memorial with a
location in Area I.64 In December 2022, Congress extended the National Mall Liberty Fund’s
authority to construct a memorial until September 30, 2027.65 Previously, the Fund’s authority
had expired in January 2020. Figure 6 shows a memorial concept design.
Figure 6. National Liberty Memorial
Concept Design

Source: Liberty Mall Fund DC, “Conceptual Design—National Liberty Memorial,” National Liberty Memorial Site
Selection Report, presentation to the National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission, July 23, 2013.
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 112-239, §2860, 126 Stat. 2164 (2013)

63 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Establishment of a Memorial to Honor
Contributions of Free Persons and Slaves During the American Revolution, report to accompany S. 883, 112th Cong.,
2nd sess., January 13, 2012, S.Rept. 112-118, pp. 1-2.
64 P.L. 113-176, 128 Stat. 1910 (2014). See also, “Approval of Memorial to Commemorative Slaves and Free Black
Persons who Fought in the American Revolution,” Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 160 (September 8, 2014),
pp. H7273-H7274; and “Approving the Location of an American Revolution Memorial,” Congressional Record, daily
edition, vol. 160 (September 11, 2014), p. S5518. Prior to the Liberty Memorial Fund’s authorization expiration in
2020, it had publicly expressed interest in three sites: the National Mall at 14th Street and Independence Avenue, NW;
Freedom Plaza; and Virginia Avenue and 19th Streets, NW, with a strong preference for the National Mall site, which is
currently under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (http://libertyfunddc.com/site-selection-2). In the
114th Congress (2015-2016), legislation was introduced to designate the Secretary of Agriculture as the officer
“responsible for the consideration of the site and design proposals and the submission of such proposals on behalf of
the sponsor to the Commission of Fine Arts and the National Capital Planning Commission” in order to apply the CWA
to the memorial. H.R. 1949 (114th Congress), passed the House on September 16, 2015. On March 17, 2016, the Senate
Energy and Natural Resources Committee, Subcommittee on National Parks held a hearing on H.R. 1949. Additionally,
the provisions of H.R. 1949 were also included as a House amendment to S. 2012, the North American Energy Security
and Infrastructure Act of 2016. S. 2012 passed the Senate and the House in different forms, and a conference was held.
No further action on S. 2012 occurred in the 114th Congress. No further action was taken on the measure.
65 P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §703 (2022).
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Sponsor Organization:


National Mall Liberty Fund DC








(http://www.libertyfunddc.com)
Statutory Extension:



Authorization extended through September 30, 2027
(P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §703 [2022])
Location:





Area I66
Dedication:




TBD
Emergency Medical Services Memorial
In October 2018, Congress authorized the National Emergency Medical Services Memorial
Foundation to establish a commemorative work in the District of Columbia to “commemorate the
commitment and service represented by emergency medical services.”67 During House debate on
the bill (H.R. 1037), Representative Tom McClintock, then chair of the Federal Lands
Subcommittee of the House Committee on Natural Resources, stated why he considered a
memorial to the emergency medical services providers to be important:
Mr. Speaker, each year 850,000 EMS providers answer more than 30 million calls to serve
22 million patients in need at a moment’s notice and without reservation. For these heroes
who serve on the front lines of medicine, sacrifice is a part of their calling. EMTs and
paramedics have a rate of injury that is about three times the national average for all
occupations, and some pay the ultimate price in the service of helping others.
The men and women of the emergency medical services profession face danger every day
to save lives and help their neighbors in crisis. They respond to incidents ranging from a
single person’s medical emergency to natural and manmade disasters, including terrorist
attacks. But while their first responder peers in law enforcement and firefighting have been
honored with national memorials, EMS providers have not.68
In October 2019, the National Emergency Medical Services Memorial Foundation presented its
site selection study to CFA,69 and in December 2019 to NCPC.70
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 115-275, 132 Stat. 4164 (2018)
Sponsor Organization:


National Emergency Medical Services Memorial Foundation








(https://www.emsmemorial.org)
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





TBD
Dedication:




TBD

66 P.L. 113-176, 128 Stat. 1910 (2014).
67 P.L. 115-275, 132 Stat. 4164 (2018).
68 Rep. Tom McClintock, “Authorizing National Emergency Medical Services Memorial Foundation to Establish a
Commemorative Work,” Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 164 (July 17, 2018), p. H6338.
69 Letter from Thomas E. Luebke, Commission of Fine Arts secretary, to Lisa Mendelson-Ielmini, Acting Director,
Region 1-National Capital Area, National Park Service, October 24, 2019, https://cfa.gov/records-research/project-
search/cfa-17-oct-19-1.
70 National Capital Planning Commission, “Commission Action: Emergency Medical Services Memorial Site
Selection,” NCPC File Number 8130, December 5, 2019, at https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2019December/
8130_Emergency_Medical_Services_Memorial_Site_Selection_Commission_Action_Dec2019.pdf.
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Republic of Texas Legation
In December 2020, Congress authorized the Daughters of the Republic of Texas to establish a
commemorative work in the District of Columbia to “honor those who, as representatives of the
Republic of Texas, served in the District of Columbia as diplomats to the United States and made
possible the annexation of Texas as the twenty-eighth State of the United States.”71 During House
debate on the bill (H.R. 3349), Representative Deb Haaland, then chair of the National Parks,
Forests, and Public Lands Subcommittee of the House Committee on Natural Resources, stated
why she considered a memorial to the Republic of Texas Legation to be important:
Shortly after Texas declared its independence from Mexico in 1836, the Republic of Texas
sent diplomats to several countries to represent the Republic’s interests. Among other
things, these diplomats advocated for protection from Mexico, financial assistance, and
annexation by the United States.
London and Paris have each erected commemorative works to recognize the role their
Texas legations played in their countries, and it seems only fitting to install one here in the
capital of the country proud to claim Texas as its own.72
In late 2021, the Daughters of the Republic of Texas presented their site selection study to the
CFA (November 2021),73 and NCPC (December 2021).74 Preferred areas for the memorial are
located in Area II.75
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 116-248, 134 Stat. 1124 (2020)
Sponsor Organization:


Daughters of the Republic of Texas








(https://www.drtinfo.org)
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





TBD
Dedication:




TBD
Fallen Journalists
In December 2020, Congress authorized the Fallen Journalists Memorial Foundation to establish
a commemorative work in the District of Columbia to “commemorate America’s commitment to
a free press by honoring journalists who sacrificed their lives in service to that cause.”76 During
House debate on the bill (H.R. 3465), Representative Deb Haaland, then chair of the National

71 P.L. 116-248, sec. 2(a), 134 Stat. 1124 (2020).
72 Rep. Deb Haaland, “Republic of Texas Legation Memorial Act,” Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 166
(September 21, 2020), p. H4558.
73 U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, “CFA Meeting—18 November 2021,” at https://www.cfa.gov/records-research/
record-cfa-actions/2021/11/cfa-meeting; and Letter from Thomas E. Luebke, secretary, U.S. Commission of Fine Arts,
to Kym A. Hall, area director, Region 1-National Capital Area, National Park Service, November 24, 2021,
https://www.cfa.gov/records-research/project-search/cfa-18-nov-21-3.
74 National Capital Planning Commission, “Texas Legation Memorial Site Selection,” Commission Action, NCPC File
Number 8330, December 2, 2021, at https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2021December/
8330_Texas_Legation_Memorial_Site_Selection_Commission_Action_Dec2021.pdf.
75 Daughters of the Republic of Texas Elisabet Ney Chapter-DC, VA, and MD, “Republic of Texas Legation to the
United States Memorial Site Selection Study,” presented to the National Capital Planning Commission, December 2,
2021, https://www.ncpc.gov/files/projects/2021/
8330_Texas_Legation_Memorial_Site_Selection_Site_Selection_Study_Dec2021.pdf.
76 P.L. 116-253, §2(a), 134 Stat. 1135 (2020).
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Parks, Forests, and Public Lands Subcommittee of the House Committee on Natural Resources,
stated why she considered a memorial to fallen journalists to be important:
Every day, journalists at home and abroad place their lives at risk in pursuit of the truth
and in defense of our First Amendment right to a free and independent press.
In 2018 alone, nearly 80 journalists from around the world were murdered in their line of
work. Yet, with the closure of the Newseum earlier this year, there is no memorial that
commemorates those who have paid the ultimate sacrifice while fulfilling their duty to
deliver the news.
The memorial envisioned in H.R. 3465 would be a fitting tribute to their sacrifices and an
affirmation of our Nation’s commitment to a free press.77
In December 2022, Congress authorized the Fallen Journalists Memorial Foundation to site the
memorial in Area I.78 In April 2023, the Fallen Journalists Memorial Foundation presented its site
selection study to NCPC,79 and to CFA.80 The Fallen Journalists Memorial Foundation has
identified four preferential sites. They are Edward Murrow Park (between 18th and 19th Streets,
NW), Freedom Plaza (intersection of Pennsylvania Avenue and 13th Street, NW), Pennsylvania
Avenue and Constitution Avenue, NW, and Maryland Avenue and Independence Avenue, SW.
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 116-253, 134 Stat. 1135 (2020)
Sponsor Organization:


Fallen Journalists Memorial Foundation








(https://www.fallenjournalists.org)
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





Area I81
Dedication:




TBD
Women’s Suffrage Movement Memorial
In December 2020, Congress authorized the Every Word We Utter Monument to establish a
commemorative work in the District of Columbia to “commemorate the women’s suffrage
movement and the passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution, which gave women the
right to vote.”82 During House debate on the bill (H.R. 473), Representative Joe Neguse stated
why he considered a memorial to the 19th Amendment to be important:
“Every word we utter, every act we perform, waft unto innumerable circles beyond.” Those
are the words Elizabeth Cady Stanton that inspired the movement for H.R. 473, which will
create Washington, D.C.’s first statue memorializing the women’s suffrage movement.

77 Rep. Deb Haaland, “Fallen Journalists Memorial Act,” Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 166 (September 21,
2020), p. H4560.
78 P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §708 (2022).
79 National Capital Planning Commission, “Fallen Journalists Memorial Site Selection Study,” April 6, 2023, at
https://www.ncpc.gov/files/projects/2023/8449_Fallen_Journalists_Memorial_Submission_Materials_Apr2023.pdf;
and National Capital Planning Commission, “Fallen Journalists Memorial Site Selection,” Commission Action, File No.
8449, at https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2023April/
8449_Fallen_Journalists_Memorial_Site_Selection_Commission_Action_Apr2023.pdf.
80 U.S Commission of Fine Arts, “Fallen Journalists Memorial Site Selection Study,” April 20, 2023, at https://cfa.gov/
system/files/meeting-materials/1-CFA-20APR23-1-NPS-Fallen-Journalists-Mem_pres.pdf.
81 P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §708 (2022).
82 P.L. 116-217, §1(a), 134 Stat. 1135, (2020).
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Today, we have the opportunity to honor the diverse and multigenerational group of
women who fought for decades to secure women the right to vote.83
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 116-217, 134 Stat. 1052 (2020)
Sponsor Organization:


Every Word We Utter Monument








(https://www.womensmonument.org)
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





TBD
Dedication:




TBD
Medal of Honor Memorial
In December 2021, Congress authorized the National Medal of Honor Museum Foundation to
establish a commemorative work in the District of Columbia to “honor the extraordinary acts of
valor, selfless service, and sacrifice displayed by Medal of Honor recipients.”84 During House
debate on the bill (H.R. 1664), the bill’s sponsor, Representative Marc Veasey, stated why he
considered a memorial to Medal of Honor recipients important:
This bill honors our Nation’s brave servicemembers by paving the way for the creation of
a monument in our Nation’s Capital recognizing the Medal of Honor and its more than
3,500 recipients.
Our Nation’s Medal of Honor recipients are patriots. They have put their lives on the line
to ensure we can live freely and prosperously in the greatest nation on Earth. That is why
I am happy to have spearheaded this from the beginning and pay homage to the values the
Medal of Honor represents—courage, patriotism, citizenship, integrity, commitment, and
sacrifice—and the brave individuals who earned it in service to our country.85
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 117-80, 135 Stat. 1539 (2021)
Sponsor Organization:


National Medal of Honor Museum Foundation








(https://mohmuseum.org)
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





TBD
Dedication:




TBD
Women Who Worked on the Home Front in World War II
In December 2022, Congress authorized the Women Who Worked the Home Front Foundation to
establish a commemorative work in the District of Columbia to “commemorate the commitment
and service represented by women who worked on the home front during World War II.”86 During
House consideration of a standalone bill to authorize the memorial (H.R. 3531), Delegate Eleanor
Holmes Norton stated why she considered a memorial to women who worked on the home front
in World War II important:

83 Rep. Joe Neguse, “Authorizing Every Word We Utter Monument to Establish a Commemorative Work,”
Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 166 (February 26, 2020), p. H1205.
84 P.L. 117-80, §1(a), 135 Stat. 1539 (2021).
85 Rep. Marc Veasey, “Authorization to Establish Commemorative Work,” Congressional Record, daily edition, vol.
167 (July 26, 2021), p. H3861.
86 P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §702(a) (2022).
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This bill would authorize the Women Who Worked on the Home Front Foundation to
establish a memorial to honor these women. The memorial is designed to be interactive
and to educate visitors on the important role women played during World War II.
Between 1940 and 1945, the percentage of women in the workforce increased from 27
percent to nearly 37 percent. By 1945, one in four married women worked outside the
home. The work done by women on the home front opened the doors for women in the
workplace widely and has had a profound and lasting effect on the job market ever since.87
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §702 (2022)
Sponsor Organization:


The Women Who Worked on the Home Front Foundation








(https://wwiiwomenmemorial.org)
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





TBD
Dedication:




TBD
National Service Animals and Handlers
In December 2022, Congress authorized the National Service Animals Monument Corporation to
establish a commemorative work in the District of Columbia to “commemorate the heroic deeds
and sacrifices of service animals and handlers of service animals in the United States.”88 During
debate on a standalone bill to authorize the memorial (H.R. 6353), Representative Raúl Grijalva,
then chair of the House Natural Resources Committee, stated why he considered a memorial to
service animals important:
The bill recognizes the National Service Animals Monument Corporation’s mission to
honor and recognize the broad scope of service animals through a memorial to educate the
public of the contributions by service animals and of the human-animal bond between
service animals and their handlers.
The memorial will ensure that the contributions of service and working animals are
understood, and that their history is not forgotten.
In doing so, the bill recognizes the lifesaving and life-sustaining service these animals so
generously provide to our communities.89
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §704 (2022)
Sponsor Organization:


National Service Animals Monument Corporation








(https://nationalserviceanimalsmonument.org)
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





TBD
Dedication:




TBD

87 Del. Eleanor Holmes Norton, “Women Who Worked on the Home Front World War II Memorial Act,”
Congressional Record, vol. 167 (December 1, 2021), p. H6739.
88 P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §704 (2022).
89 Rep. Raul Grijalva, “National Service Animals Memorial Act,” Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 168
(September 19, 2022), p. H7932.
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Jean Monnet
In December 2022, Congress authorized the Embassy of France in Washington, DC to establish a
commemorative work in the District of Columbia to “honor the extraordinary contributions of
Jean Monnet with respect to—(1) restoring peace between European nations; and (2) establishing
the European Union.”90 During debate on a standalone bill to authorize the memorial (H.R. 6611),
Representative Jim Costa stated why he considered a memorial to Jean Monnet important:
Jean Monnet was a distinguished French diplomat whose efforts in the immediate post-
World War II era were instrumental in the establishment of the European Coal and Steel
Community, which was a precursor to what eventually became the European Union (EU).
Monnet is widely considered a “founding father” of the EU. His vision argued that a unified
and economically integrated Europe would lead to long-term peace and stability on the
continent.
Monnet was a strong ally and partner of the United States. He spent time in Washington,
D.C. during World War II and was a strong advocate for U.S. military assistance to the
Allied countries. During his time in Washington, Monnet lived near Rock Creek Park and
frequently took long walks in what he referred to as “my park.” Monnet claimed that it was
on these walks that he thought out and developed plans to achieve lasting peace through a
unified Europe.91
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §705 (2022)
Sponsor Organization:


The Embassy of France in Washington








(https://franceintheus.org)
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





TBD
Dedication:




TBD
Enslaved Individuals Who Endured the Middle Passage
In December 2022, Congress authorized the Georgetown African American Historic Landmark
Project and Tour to establish a commemorative work in the District of Columbia to
“commemorate the enslaved individuals, the identities of whom may be known or unknown, who
endured the Middle Passage.”92 During House consideration of a standalone bill to authorize the
memorial (H.R. 4009), Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton, stated why she considered a memorial
to enslaved individuals who endured the Middle Passage important:
This bill would authorize the Georgetown African American Historic Landmark Project
and Tour to establish a memorial on Federal land in the District of Columbia
commemorating the enslaved individuals who endured forced migration to the United
States by way of the transatlantic slave trade. The National Capital Memorial Advisory
Commission unanimously supported this bill, and it passed out of committee by unanimous
consent.
We must not hide this history. Enslaved individuals, known and unknown, rest at the core
of our Nation’s history. The atrocities of the system of chattel slavery shed light on our

90 P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §705(a) (2022).
91 Rep. Jim Costa, “Authorization to Establish Commemorative Work,” Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 168
(December 12, 2022), p. H9675.
92 P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §707(a) (2022).
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Nation’s central struggle between slavery and freedom—a freedom under which some
could be owned, beaten, separated from their families, and denied any rights.
This bill provides for the creation of a powerful marker of truth-telling and remembrance.
Let us honor the personhood of these individuals who were repeatedly assumed to have
none so that they will never be forgotten.93
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §707 (2022)
Sponsor Organization:


Georgetown African American Historic Landmark Project and Tour








(http://www.gaahlp.org)
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





TBD
Dedication:




TBD
Thomas Paine
In December 2022, Congress authorized the Thomas Paine Memorial Association to establish a
commemorative work in the District of Columbia to “honor the United States patriot, Thomas
Paine.”94 Previously, in October 1992, Congress had authorized the Thomas Paine National
Historical Association to establish a memorial to honor Revolutionary War patriot Thomas
Paine.95 The authorization for that memorial expired on December 31, 2003.96
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §709 (2022)
Sponsor Organization:


Thomas Paine Memorial Association








(https://thomaspainememorial.org)
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





TBD
Dedication:




TBD
Commemorative Works with Lapsed, Replaced, or
Repealed Authorizations
Since 1986, at least eight commemorative works authorized by Congress were not completed in
the time allowed by the CWA. One of these memorials (the Gold Star Mothers) had a lapsed
authorization and had reauthorization legislation introduced in the 117th Congress, but its
authorization has not been extended. Five commemorative works have lapsed authorizations, but
did not have reauthorization legislation introduced in the 117th Congress. These memorials were
to be constructed to honor Benjamin Banneker, Frederick Douglass, and Brigadier General
Francis Marion; to create a National Peace Garden; and to build a Vietnam Veterans Visitor
Center. An additional memorial, to Thomas Paine, had a lapsed authorization that was not

93 Del. Eleanor Holmes Norton, “Enslaved Voyages Memorial Act,” Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 168
(September 19, 2022), p. H7932.
94 P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §709(a) (2022).
95 P.L. 102-407, 106 Stat. 1991 (1992); and P.L. 102-459, 106 Stat. 2268 (1992).
96 P.L. 106-113, §142, 113 Stat. 1501A-171 (1999). The 1999 authorization was given to the Thomas Paine Memorial
Foundation. The authorization in P.L. 117-328 did not repeal the 1999 authorization. Consequently, the Thomas Paine
Memorial listed here is separate from the Thomas Paine Memorial authorized in 1999 and listed under
“Commemorative Works with Lapsed Authorizations,” below.
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extended, but an authorization for a different group to construct a memorial honoring the same
subject became law in 2022 (as discussed elsewhere in this report). Additionally, one memorial
(the Slaves and Free Black Persons who served in the Revolutionary War memorial) had its
authorization lapse, and then subsequently repealed in legislation creating a new memorial
authorization (The National Liberty Memorial). The following section describes the initial
authorization for each of these memorials and congressional extensions of memorial
authorization, if appropriate.
Lapsed Authorization With Reauthorizing Legislation Introduced
in the 117th Congress
Gold Star Mothers
In December 2012, as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013,
Congress authorized the Gold Star Mothers National Monument Foundation to establish a
commemorative work to “commemorate the sacrifices made by mothers, and made by their sons
and daughters who as members of the Armed Forces make the ultimate sacrifice, in defense of the
United States.”97 In testimony before the House Committee on Natural Resources Subcommittee
on National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands, the legislation’s (H.R. 1980’s) sponsor,
Representative Jon Runyan, explained why he thought a memorial to Gold Star Mothers was
needed:
During World War I, mothers of sons and daughters who served in the Armed Forces
displayed flags bearing a blue star to represent pride in their sons or daughters and their
hope that they would return home safely.
For more than 650,000 of these brave mothers, that hope was shattered, and their children
never returned home. Afterwards many of them began displaying flags bearing gold stars
to represent the sacrifice that their sons and daughters made in heroic service to our country.
Over the years the gold star has come to represent a child who was killed while serving in
the Armed Forces, during either war or peacetime.98
In December 2013, the Gold Star Mothers National Monument Foundation presented its site
analysis to the National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission. In that informational
presentation, they expressed a preference for a site location adjacent to Arlington National
Cemetery.99 In January 2015, the NCPC expressed support for a site next to the Arlington
National Cemetery Visitor’s Center on Memorial Drive,100 and the CFA approved that site
location.101

97 P.L. 112-239, §2859, 126 Stat. 2164 (2013).
98 Testimony of Representative Jon Runyan, in U.S. Congress, House Committee on Natural Resources, Subcommittee
on National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands, Legislative Hearing on H.R. 1980, H.R. 2070, H.R. 2621, and H.R. 3155,
112th Cong., 1st sess., November 3, 2011, at http://naturalresources.house.gov/uploadedfiles/
runyanstatement11.03.11.pdf.
99 National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission, “Agenda,” December 12, 2013, at http://parkplanning.nps.gov/
document.cfm?documentID=50005.
100 National Capital Planning Commission, “Proposed Site for the Gold Star Mothers National Monuments,”
Commission Action, at https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2015December/
Gold_Star_Mothers_National_Monument_Recommendation_7731_December2015.pdf.
101 U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, “CFA 19/NOV/15-2, Gold Star Mothers National Monument,” at
https://www.cfa.gov/records-research/project-search/cfa-19nov15-2.
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The Gold Star Mothers National Memorial Foundation’s authority to construct a memorial
expired in January 2020.102 In the 117th Congress (2021-2022), legislation was introduced to
reauthorize the memorial until January 2, 2027, but was not enacted.103
Authorization Statute:

P.L. 112-239, §2859, 126 Stat. 2164 (2013)
Sponsor Organization:


Gold Star Mothers National Memorial Foundation








(http://www.gsmmonument.org)
Statutory Extension:


N/A
Location:





TBD
Dedication:




TBD
Lapsed Authorization Without Reauthorizing Legislation
Introduced in the 117th Congress
National Peace Garden
In June 1987, Congress authorized the Director of the National Park Service to enter into an
agreement with the Peace Garden Project to “construct a garden to be known as the ‘Peace
Garden’ on a site on Federal land in the District of Columbia to honor the commitment of the
people of the United States to world peace.”104 In remarks during debate on the bill (H.R. 191,
100th Congress), Representative Steny Hoyer summarized the need for a memorial to peace:
No one or nation can ever doubt the commitment of the American people to protecting our
freedoms when threatened by foreign aggressors. Our Nation’s Capital rightfully honors
our heroic defenders of freedom—Americans who served their country courageously,
gallantly, and at great risk to their lives.
Our citizens have also exhibited an equal commitment for world peace and international
law and justice. The creation of a Peace Garden is an appropriate symbol of our efforts to
continuing to seek peaceful resolution of world conflict and the institution of the rule of
law.
Certainly, this century has been one of bloodiest and most violent in man’s history. We
have seen countless battles, wars, rebellions, massacres, and civil and international strife
of all kinds—continuing examples of man’s inhumanity toward his fellow man.
At the same time, against this terrible backdrop, there have been encouraging strides toward
world peace. As we honor those who have made sacrifices in war, through monuments, so,
too, should we honor them by striving to ensure that the world they have left us will be a
peaceful one. A garden would be a living monument to our efforts.105

102 The Gold Star Mothers National Memorial Foundation’s authority to construct a memorial expired in January 2020.
103 H.R. 2365 (117th Congress), passed the House on July 26, 2021; and S. 1938 (117th Congress), introduced May 27,
2021. Similar legislation was introduced in the 116th Congress, but was not enacted (H.R. 2819, passed the House on
February 28, 2020; and S. 1673, introduced May 23, 2019). For more information, see U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Natural Resources, Gold Star Families National Monument Extension Act, report to accompany H.R.
2819, 116th Cong., 1st sess., October 18, 2019, H.Rept. 116-243, at https://www.congress.gov/116/crpt/hrpt243/CRPT-
116hrpt243.pdf.
104 P.L. 100-63, 101 Stat. 379 (1987).
105 Rep. Steny Hoyer, “Authorizing the Establishment of a Peace Garden,” remarks in the House, Congressional
Record, vol. 133, part 4 (March 10, 1987), p. 5205.
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In 1988, a site was approved for the Peace Garden at Hains Point in Southwest Washington,
DC.106 Since its initial authorization in 1987, the National Peace Garden was reauthorized
twice.107 The authorization expired on June 30, 2002.108
Benjamin Banneker
In November 1998, Congress authorized the Washington Interdependence Council of the District
of Columbia to establish a memorial to “honor and commemorate the accomplishments of Mr.
Benjamin Banneker.”109 Adopted as part of a larger bill to create a national heritage area in
Michigan, the authorization for the Benjamin Banneker Memorial passed the House and Senate
without debate and by voice vote in October.110 In 2001, the National Park Service reported that
the memorial was to be sited on the L’Enfant Promenade in Southwest Washington and be under
the jurisdiction of the District of Columbia.111
Since its initial authorization, the Washington Interdependence Council has not been granted an
extension to its original authorization, which expired in 2005. A bill (S. 3886) was introduced in
the 111th Congress (2009-2010) to reauthorize a Benjamin Banneker Memorial. S. 3886 was
referred to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, but no further action was
taken.112
Frederick Douglass
In November 2000, Congress authorized the Frederick Douglass Gardens, Inc., “to establish a
memorial and gardens on lands under the administrative jurisdiction of the Secretary of the
Interior in the District of Columbia or its environs in honor and commemoration of Frederick
Douglass.”113 During debate, Representative James Hansen provided a summary of why a
memorial to Frederick Douglass was important:
Mr. Speaker, Frederick Douglass was one of the most prominent leaders of the 19th century
abolitionist movement. Born into slavery in eastern Maryland in 1818, Douglass escaped
to the North as a young man where he became a world-renowned defender of human rights
and eloquent orator, and later a Federal ambassador and advisor to several Presidents.
Frederick Douglass was a powerful voice for human rights during the important period of
American history, and is still revered today for his contributions against racial injustice.114
Early in 2001, the Frederick Douglass Memorial Gardens, Inc., expressed its preference for a site
location near the Douglass Memorial Bridge in Southeast Washington,115 but no further action
was taken by Congress to approve the site location. The Frederick Douglass Memorial’s

106 National Park Service, “New Memorials Update,” press release, March 14, 2001.
107 P.L. 103-321 (108 Stat. 1793, August 26, 1994) extended the Peace Garden’s authorization until 10-years after
enactment (1997). P.L. 105-202 (112 Stat. 676 [1998]) extended the authorization until June 30, 2002.
108 P.L. 105-202, 112 Stat. 676 (1998).
109 P.L. 105-355, Title V, §512, 112 Stat. 3266 (1998).
110 “Automobile National Heritage Area Act of 1998,” Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 144 (October 10,
1998), p. H10423; and “Automobile National Heritage Area,” Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 144 (October
14, 1998), p. S12533.
111 National Park Service, “New Memorials Update,” press release, March 14, 2001.
112 S. 3886 (111th Congress), introduced September 29, 2010.
113 P.L. 106-479, 114 Stat. 2184 (2000).
114 Rep. James Hansen, “Authorizing Memorial and Gardens in Honor and Commemoration of Frederick Douglass,”
Congressional Record, vol. 146, part 14 (October 3, 2000), p. 20630.
115 National Park Service, “New Memorials Update,” press release, March 14, 2001.
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authorization expired in 2008. One attempt was made to reauthorize a Frederick Douglass
Memorial during the 110th Congress (2007-2008), but the bill was not reported by the House
Committee on Natural Resources.116
Brigadier General Francis Marion
In May 2008, Congress authorized the Marion Park Project to establish a commemorative work to
honor Brigadier General Francis Marion.117 In testimony before the Senate Committee on Energy
and Natural Resources, Subcommittee on National Parks, Daniel N. Wenk, deputy director for
operations, National Park Service, supported the enactment of legislation authorizing a Brigadier
General Francis Marion Memorial and explained why such a memorial meets criteria for
commemoration in the District of Columbia.
Brigadier General Francis Marion commanded the Williamsburg Militia Revolutionary
force in South Carolina and was instrumental in delaying the advance of British forces by
leading his troops in disrupting supply lines. He is credited for inventing and applying
innovative battle tactics in this effort, keys to an ultimate victory for the American Colonies
in the Revolutionary War. Additionally Brigadier General Marion’s troops are believed to
have been the first racially integrated force fighting for the United States.118
The Marion Park Project identified its preferred site location for the memorial at Marion Park in
southeast Washington, DC. In December 2014, the National Capital Planning Commission
expressed its support for the Marion Park site.119 Since its initial authorization, the Marion
Memorial was reauthorized once.120 Authorization for the memorial expired on May 8, 2018.
Vietnam Veterans Memorial Visitors Center
In November 2003, Congress authorized the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund to create a visitor
center at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial to “better inform and educate the public about the
Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the Vietnam War.”121 In the House report accompanying the
legislation (H.R. 1442, 108th Congress), the Committee on Resources summarized the need for a
visitor center at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial:
Since its dedication in 1982, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, known to many as simply
“The Wall,” has done much to heal the nation’s wounds after the bitterly divisive
experience of the Vietnam War. For those who served, that year marked a sea change in
the country’s view of the Vietnam veteran. Americans began to understand and respect the
Vietnam veterans’ service and sacrifice. Today, over 4.4 million people visit The Wall
every year—making it the most visited Memorial in the Nation’s Capital. Today, most

116 H.R. 3935 (110th Congress), introduced October 25, 2007.
117 P.L. 110-229, §331, 122 Stat. 781 (2008).
118 Testimony of National Park Service Deputy Director for Operations Daniel N. Wenk, in U.S. Congress, Senate
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Subcommittee on National Parks, Miscellaneous National Park Bills,
hearing on S. 169, S. 312, S. 580, S. 686, S. 722, S. 783, S. 890, H.R. 497, and H.R. 1047, 110th Cong., 1st sess., April
26, 2007, S.Hrg. 110-88, p. 12.
119 The Marion Park Project, “Site Selection & Design Process,” at http://www.swampfoxmemorial.org/
siteselection.html. On December 4, 2014, the National Capital Planning Commission officially expressed its support for
the placement of the Francis Marion Memorial within Marion Park. For more information, see National Capital
Planning Commission, “Commission Action: Francis Marion Memorial,” NCPC File #7615, December 4, 2014, at
https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2014December/
Francis_Marion_Memorial_Recommendation_7615_December_2014.pdf.
120 P.L. 114-92, §2852, 129 Stat. 1184 (2015).
121 P.L. 108-126, 117 Stat. 1348 (2003).
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visitors to The Wall were not alive during the “Vietnam Era.” Many veterans’
organizations and many others believe today’s visitor is shortchanged in his/her
experience. Many leave The Wall not fully understanding its message. To that end, a visitor
center would provide an educational experience for visitors by facilitating self-guided
tours, collecting and displaying remembrances of those whose names are inscribed on the
Memorial, and displaying exhibits discussing the history of the Memorial and the Vietnam
War. The visitor’s center would eventually replace a 168-foot National Park Service kiosk
currently at the site.122
The visitor center was to be constructed underground and located across the street from the
Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the Lincoln Memorial.123 In 2015, the NCPC and CFA approved
the visitor center’s design.124 On September 21, 2018, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund
announced their intention not to seek an extension to its authorization to build the visitor center,
which expired on November 17, 2018.125 At that time, legislation had been introduced, but not
considered, to extend the fund’s authorization into 2022.126 Previously, the fund had received two
statutory extensions.127
Replaced Authorization
Thomas Paine
In October 1992, Congress authorized the Thomas Paine National Historical Association to
establish a memorial to honor Revolutionary War patriot Thomas Paine.128 In remarks
summarizing the need for a memorial to Thomas Paine, Representative William Lacy Clay stated:
Thomas Paine’s writings were a catalyst of the American Revolution. His insistence upon
the right to resist arbitrary rule has inspired oppressed peoples worldwide, just as it

122 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Resources, To Authorize the Design and Construction of a Visitor Center for
the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, report to accompany H.R. 1442, 108th Cong., 1st sess., October 2, 2003, H.Rept. 108-
295, p. 2.
123 P.L. 108-126, §6(b), 117 Stat. 1348 (2003).
124 National Capital Planning Commission, “Vietnam Veterans Memorial Visitor Center,” Commission Action, File No.
6597, July 9, 2015, at https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2015July/
Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial_Visitor_Center_Recommendation_6597_July2015.pdf; Letter from Thomas E. Luebke,
secretary, U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, to Robert Vogel, regional director, National Park Service, National Capital
Region, May 15, 2015, https://www.cfa.gov/records-research/project-search/cfa-21may15-2; and National Capital
Planning Commission, “Vietnam Veterans Memorial Visitor Center,” Commission Action, File No. 6597, at
https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2012July/
Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial_Visitor_Center_Recommendation_6597_July2012_.pdf.
125 Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, “Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund Changes Direction of Education Center
Campaign,” press release, September 21, 2018, http://www.vvmf.org/news/article=Vietnam-Veterans-Memorial-Fund-
changes-direction-of-Education-Center-campaign.
126 S. 3298 (115th Congress), introduced July 30, 2018. The Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee,
Subcommittee on National Parks held a hearing on S. 3298 on August 15, 2018. For more information, see U.S.
Congress, Senate, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Subcommittee on National Parks, “Legislative
Hearing,” August 15, 2018, at https://www.energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/hearings-and-business-meetings?ID=
B763CF41-B503-4EF2-9B06-CD734A00DBB8.
127 P.L. 111-270, 124 Stat. 2851 (2010) [extended through November 17, 2014]; and P.L. 113-21, 127 Stat. 490 (2013)
[extended through November 17, 2018].
128 P.L. 102-407, 106 Stat. 1991 (1992); and P.L. 102-459, 106 Stat. 2268 (1992).
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continues to inspire us. It is time that a grateful nation gives him a permanent place of
honor in the capital of the country he helped build.129
Since its initial authorization in 1992, the authorization for the Thomas Paine memorial was
extended once. Authorization for the memorial expired on December 31, 2003.130 In the 117th
Congress, a new sponsor group, the Thomas Paine Memorial Association, was authorized to
establish a Thomas Paine Memorial.131 The new authorization legislation did not repeal the
expired 1992 authorization.
Repealed Authorization
Since 1986, one commemorative work’s authorization was repealed by Congress—the Black
Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial—as part of legislation creating a new memorial
authorization.
Black Revolutionary War Patriots
In October 1986, Congress authorized the Black Revolutionary War Patriots Foundation to
establish a memorial in the District of Columbia to honor “the estimated five thousand
courageous slaves and free black persons who served as soldiers and sailors or provided civilian
assistance during the American Revolution and to honor countless black men, women, and
children who ran away from slavery or filed petitions with courts and legislatures seeking their
freedom.”132 In remarks introducing the memorial legislation, Representative Mary Rose Oakar
summarized the need for a memorial to Black Revolutionary War Veterans:
Mr. Speaker, as early as 1652 blacks were fighting as members of the Militia in Colonial
America, thus beginning their history of achievement and heroism for our country. Yet,
history books in American schools have for the most part omitted the contributions of black
soldiers since the Revolutionary War, to our most recent conflict in Vietnam.
This memorial to these black Americans is a small tribute to their bravery and valor, an
important part of the founding of our country.133
Following its initial authorization in 1986, the memorial was reauthorized three times.134
Authorization for the memorial expired in 2005,135 and it was repealed when the National Mall
Liberty Fund DC was authorized to build the National Liberty Memorial in 2013 (discussed
above in the section “National Liberty Memorial”).136

129 Rep. William Lacy Clay, “Authorizing Construction of a Monument to Honor Thomas Paine,” remarks in the of a Monument to Honor Thomas Paine,” remarks in the
House, House, Congressional Record, vol. 138, part 13 (July 21, 1992), p. 18660. , vol. 138, part 13 (July 21, 1992), p. 18660.
130 P.L. 106-113, §142, 113 Stat. 1501A-171 (1999). 130 P.L. 106-113, §142, 113 Stat. 1501A-171 (1999).
131 P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §709(a) (2022). 131 P.L. 117-328, Division DD, Subtitle D, Title VII, §709(a) (2022).
132 P.L. 99-558, 100 Stat. 3144 (1986); P.L. 99-590, 100 Stat. 3330 (1986); and P.L. 99-591, 100 Stat. 3341 (1986). 132 P.L. 99-558, 100 Stat. 3144 (1986); P.L. 99-590, 100 Stat. 3330 (1986); and P.L. 99-591, 100 Stat. 3341 (1986).
133 Rep. Mary Oakar, “Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial,”133 Rep. Mary Oakar, “Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial,” Congressional Record, vol. 131, part 22 , vol. 131, part 22
(November 4, 1985), p. 30373. (November 4, 1985), p. 30373.
134 P.L. 103-321 (108 Stat. 1793 [1994]) extended the authorization to 10 years from the date of enactment (1996). P.L. 134 P.L. 103-321 (108 Stat. 1793 [1994]) extended the authorization to 10 years from the date of enactment (1996). P.L.
105-345 (112 Stat. 3205 [1998]) extended the authorization until 2000, and P.L. 106-442 (114 Stat. 1926 [2000]) 105-345 (112 Stat. 3205 [1998]) extended the authorization until 2000, and P.L. 106-442 (114 Stat. 1926 [2000])
extended the authorization until 2005. extended the authorization until 2005.
135 P.L. 106-442, 114 Stat. 1926 (2000). 135 P.L. 106-442, 114 Stat. 1926 (2000).
136 P.L. 112-239, Title XXVIII, §2860, 126 Stat. 2164 (2013). 136 P.L. 112-239, Title XXVIII, §2860, 126 Stat. 2164 (2013).
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Author Information

Jacob R. Straus Jacob R. Straus

Specialist on the Congress Specialist on the Congress



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