Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress

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Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD)
~~April 20~~August 28, 2023 , 2023
Program: Background and Issues for Congress
Ronald O'Rourke
The Aegis ballistic missile defense (BMD) program, which is carried out by the Missile Defense The Aegis ballistic missile defense (BMD) program, which is carried out by the Missile Defense
Specialist in Naval Affairs Specialist in Naval Affairs
Agency (MDA) and the Navy, gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for Agency (MDA) and the Navy, gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for

conducting BMD operations. BMD-capable Aegis ships operate in European waters to defend conducting BMD operations. BMD-capable Aegis ships operate in European waters to defend
Europe from potential ballistic missile attacks from countries such as Iran, and in in the Western Europe from potential ballistic missile attacks from countries such as Iran, and in in the Western

Pacific and the Persian Gulf to provide regional defense against potential ballistic missile attacks Pacific and the Persian Gulf to provide regional defense against potential ballistic missile attacks
from countries such as North Korea and Iran. The number of BMD-capable Aegis ships has been growing over time. MDA’s from countries such as North Korea and Iran. The number of BMD-capable Aegis ships has been growing over time. MDA’s
FY2024 budget submission states that “by the end of FY 2024, there will be 53 total BMD capable [Aegis] ships requiring FY2024 budget submission states that “by the end of FY 2024, there will be 53 total BMD capable [Aegis] ships requiring
maintenance support.” maintenance support.”
The Aegis BMD program is funded mostly through MDA’s budget. The Navy’s budget provides additional funding for The Aegis BMD program is funded mostly through MDA’s budget. The Navy’s budget provides additional funding for
BMD-related efforts. MDA’s proposed FY2024 budget requests a total of $1,747.2 million (i.e., about $1.7 billion) in BMD-related efforts. MDA’s proposed FY2024 budget requests a total of $1,747.2 million (i.e., about $1.7 billion) in
procurement and research and development funding for Aegis BMD efforts, including funding for two Aegis Ashore sites in procurement and research and development funding for Aegis BMD efforts, including funding for two Aegis Ashore sites in
Poland and Romania. MDA’s budget also includes operations and maintenance (O&M) and military construction (MilCon) Poland and Romania. MDA’s budget also includes operations and maintenance (O&M) and military construction (MilCon)
funding for the Aegis BMD program. funding for the Aegis BMD program.
Issues for Congress regarding the Aegis BMD program include the following: Issues for Congress regarding the Aegis BMD program include the following:
• whether to approve, reject, or modify MDA’s annual procurement and research and development funding whether to approve, reject, or modify MDA’s annual procurement and research and development funding
requests for the program; requests for the program;
• the adequacy of MDA’s cost estimating and its reporting of costs; the adequacy of MDA’s cost estimating and its reporting of costs;
• what role the Aegis BMD program should play in defending the U.S. homeland against attack from what role the Aegis BMD program should play in defending the U.S. homeland against attack from
ICBMs; ICBMs;
• required versus available numbers of BMD-capable Aegis ships; required versus available numbers of BMD-capable Aegis ships;
• the burden that BMD operations may be placing on the Navy’s fleet of Aegis ships, and whether there are the burden that BMD operations may be placing on the Navy’s fleet of Aegis ships, and whether there are
alternative ways to perform BMD missions now performed by U.S. Navy Aegis ships, such as establishing alternative ways to perform BMD missions now performed by U.S. Navy Aegis ships, such as establishing
additional Aegis Ashore sites; additional Aegis Ashore sites;
• allied burden sharing—how allied contributions to regional BMD capabilities and operations compare to allied burden sharing—how allied contributions to regional BMD capabilities and operations compare to
U.S. naval contributions to overseas regional BMD capabilities and operations; U.S. naval contributions to overseas regional BMD capabilities and operations;
• whether to convert the Aegis test facility in Hawaii into an operational land-based Aegis BMD site; whether to convert the Aegis test facility in Hawaii into an operational land-based Aegis BMD site;
• the potential for ship-based lasers to contribute in coming years to Navy terminal-phase BMD operations the potential for ship-based lasers to contribute in coming years to Navy terminal-phase BMD operations
and the impact this might eventually have on required numbers of ship-based BMD interceptor missiles; and the impact this might eventually have on required numbers of ship-based BMD interceptor missiles;
and and
~~ technical risk and test and evaluation issues~~• deliveries, testing, and technical risk in the Aegis BMD program. in the Aegis BMD program.

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Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program

Introduction
This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Aegis ballistic This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Aegis ballistic
missile defense (BMD) program, a program carried out by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) missile defense (BMD) program, a program carried out by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA)
and the Navy that gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for conducting BMD and the Navy that gives Navy Aegis cruisers and destroyers a capability for conducting BMD
operations. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify Department of operations. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify Department of
Defense (DOD) acquisition strategies and proposed funding levels for the Aegis BMD program. Defense (DOD) acquisition strategies and proposed funding levels for the Aegis BMD program.
Congress’s decisions on the Aegis BMD program could significantly affect U.S. BMD Congress’s decisions on the Aegis BMD program could significantly affect U.S. BMD
capabilities and funding requirements, and the BMD-related industrial base. capabilities and funding requirements, and the BMD-related industrial base.
Background
Aegis Ships
All but three of the Navy’s cruisers and destroyers are called Aegis ships because they are All but three of the Navy’s cruisers and destroyers are called Aegis ships because they are
equipped with the Aegis ship combat system—an integrated collection of sensors, computers, equipped with the Aegis ship combat system—an integrated collection of sensors, computers,
software, displays, weapon launchers, and weapons named for the mythological shield that software, displays, weapon launchers, and weapons named for the mythological shield that
defended Zeus. (The exceptions are the Navy’s three Zumwalt [DDG-1000] class destroyers, defended Zeus. (The exceptions are the Navy’s three Zumwalt [DDG-1000] class destroyers,
which are discussed below.) The Aegis system was originally developed in the 1970s for which are discussed below.) The Aegis system was originally developed in the 1970s for
defending ships against aircraft, anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), surface threats, and defending ships against aircraft, anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), surface threats, and
subsurface threats. The system was first deployed by the Navy in 1983, and it has been updated subsurface threats. The system was first deployed by the Navy in 1983, and it has been updated
many times since. The Navy’s Aegis ships include Ticonderoga (CG-47) class cruisers and many times since. The Navy’s Aegis ships include Ticonderoga (CG-47) class cruisers and
Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) class destroyers. Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) class destroyers.
Ticonderoga (CG-47) Class Aegis Cruisers
A total of 27 CG-47s (CGs 47 through 73) were procured for the Navy between FY1978 and A total of 27 CG-47s (CGs 47 through 73) were procured for the Navy between FY1978 and
FY1988; the ships entered service between 1983 and 1994. The first five ships in the class (CGs FY1988; the ships entered service between 1983 and 1994. The first five ships in the class (CGs
47 through 51), which were built to an earlier technical standard in certain respects, were judged 47 through 51), which were built to an earlier technical standard in certain respects, were judged
by the Navy to be too expensive to modernize and were removed from service in 2004-2005, by the Navy to be too expensive to modernize and were removed from service in 2004-2005,
leaving 22 ships in operation (CGs 52 through 73). Retirements of these 22 ships began in leaving 22 ships in operation (CGs 52 through 73). Retirements of these 22 ships began in
FY2022. The Navy’s FY2024 budget submission projects that 13 will remain in service at the end FY2022. The Navy’s FY2024 budget submission projects that 13 will remain in service at the end
of FY2023, and proposes that these 13 ships be retired in FY2024 (five ships), FY2025 (three of FY2023, and proposes that these 13 ships be retired in FY2024 (five ships), FY2025 (three
ships), FY2026 (three ships), and FY2027 (two ships). ships), FY2026 (three ships), and FY2027 (two ships).
Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) Class Aegis Destroyers
The Navy began procuring DDG-51s in FY1985, and a total of 92 have been procured through The Navy began procuring DDG-51s in FY1985, and a total of 92 have been procured through
FY2023. The first DDG-51 entered service in 1991, and a total of FY2023. The first DDG-51 entered service in 1991, and a total of 7274 have been delivered as of have been delivered as of
~~April~~August 2023. Under the Navy’s FY2024 budget submission, retirements of older DG-51s are to 2023. Under the Navy’s FY2024 budget submission, retirements of older DG-51s are to
begin in FY2028. begin in FY2028.
The DDG-51 design has been updated multiple times over the years. The first 28 DDG-51s are The DDG-51 design has been updated multiple times over the years. The first 28 DDG-51s are
known as Flight I/II DDG-51s. The next 34, known as Flight IIA DDG-51s, incorporate some known as Flight I/II DDG-51s. The next 34, known as Flight IIA DDG-51s, incorporate some
significant design changes, including the addition of a helicopter hangar. The version currently significant design changes, including the addition of a helicopter hangar. The version currently
being procured, called the Flight III DDG-51 design, incorporates being procured, called the Flight III DDG-51 design, incorporates another significant change—a a new radar, called the SPY 6 new radar, called the SPY 6
radar (and prior to that, the Air and Missile Defense Radar, or AMDR), that is more capable than radar (and prior to that, the Air and Missile Defense Radar, or AMDR), that is more capable than
the SPY-1 radar installed on CG-47s and earlier DDG-51s. the SPY-1 radar installed on CG-47s and earlier DDG-51s.
No DDG-51s were procured in FY2006-FY2009. The Navy during this period instead procured No DDG-51s were procured in FY2006-FY2009. The Navy during this period instead procured
the three above-mentioned Zumwalt (DDG-1000) class destroyers. The DDG-1000 design does the three above-mentioned Zumwalt (DDG-1000) class destroyers. The DDG-1000 design does
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not use the Aegis system and does not include a capability for conducting BMD operations. Navy not use the Aegis system and does not include a capability for conducting BMD operations. Navy
plans do not call for modifying the three DDG-1000s to make them BMD-capable.1 plans do not call for modifying the three DDG-1000s to make them BMD-capable.1
Aegis Ships in Allied Navies
Sales of the Aegis system to allied countries began in the late 1980s. Allied countries that now Sales of the Aegis system to allied countries began in the late 1980s. Allied countries that now
operate, are building, or are planning to build Aegis-equipped ships include Japan, South Korea, operate, are building, or are planning to build Aegis-equipped ships include Japan, South Korea,
Australia, Spain, and Norway.2 Japan’s Aegis-equipped ships are BMD-capable. The Aegis-Australia, Spain, and Norway.2 Japan’s Aegis-equipped ships are BMD-capable. The Aegis-
equipped ships operated by South Korea, Australia, Spain, and Norway are currently not BMD-equipped ships operated by South Korea, Australia, Spain, and Norway are currently not BMD-
capable. capable.
Aegis BMD System3
Aegis ships are given a capability for conducting BMD operations by incorporating changes to Aegis ships are given a capability for conducting BMD operations by incorporating changes to
the Aegis system’s computers and software, and by arming the ships with BMD interceptor the Aegis system’s computers and software, and by arming the ships with BMD interceptor
missiles. Older Aegis ships can be modified to become BMD-capable ships, and DDG-51s missiles. Older Aegis ships can be modified to become BMD-capable ships, and DDG-51s
procured in FY2010 and subsequent years have been built from the start with a BMD capability. procured in FY2010 and subsequent years have been built from the start with a BMD capability.
Versions and Capabilities of Aegis BMD System
Overview
The Aegis BMD system exists in multiple variants whose ascending numerical designations The Aegis BMD system exists in multiple variants whose ascending numerical designations
indicate ascending levels of capability. As part of MDA’s FY2022 budget submission, the indicate ascending levels of capability. As part of MDA’s FY2022 budget submission, the
designations of Aegis BMD system variants were changed and consolidated to 4.X, 5.X, and 6.X, designations of Aegis BMD system variants were changed and consolidated to 4.X, 5.X, and 6.X,
with the X indicating multiple subvariants. (The 4.X variant, for example, includes the 4.1 and with the X indicating multiple subvariants. (The 4.X variant, for example, includes the 4.1 and
4.2 subvariants.4) 4.2 subvariants.4)
BMD system variants correlate with certain versions (i.e., baselines, or BLs) of the overall Aegis BMD system variants correlate with certain versions (i.e., baselines, or BLs) of the overall Aegis
system, which have their own numbering system. The more recent BMD variants, in addition to system, which have their own numbering system. The more recent BMD variants, in addition to
being able to address more challenging BMD scenarios, give BMD-equipped ships a capability to being able to address more challenging BMD scenarios, give BMD-equipped ships a capability to
simultaneously perform both BMD operations against ballistic missiles and anti-air warfare simultaneously perform both BMD operations against ballistic missiles and anti-air warfare
(AAW) operations (aka air-defense operations) against aircraft and anti-ship cruise missiles. (AAW) operations (aka air-defense operations) against aircraft and anti-ship cruise missiles.
Figure 1 provides a 2019 Government Accountability Office (GAO) summary of the capabilities provides a 2019 Government Accountability Office (GAO) summary of the capabilities
of the more recent BMD variants and their correlation to Aegis system baselines as of 2019. of the more recent BMD variants and their correlation to Aegis system baselines as of 2019.
BecausBecause Figure 1 was prepared in 2019, it uses the older designations for Aegis BMD system was prepared in 2019, it uses the older designations for Aegis BMD system
variants, rather than the new designations that were introduced as part of the MDA’s FY2022 variants, rather than the new designations that were introduced as part of the MDA’s FY2022
budget submission. budget submission.
The Aegis BMD system was originally designed primarily to intercept theater-range ballistic The Aegis BMD system was originally designed primarily to intercept theater-range ballistic
missiles, meaning short-, medium-, and intermediate-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs, MRBMs, missiles, meaning short-, medium-, and intermediate-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs, MRBMs,
and IRBMs, respectively). In addition to its capability for intercepting theater-range ballistic and IRBMs, respectively). In addition to its capability for intercepting theater-range ballistic

1 For more on the DDG-51 and DDG-1000 programs, see CRS Report RL32109, 1 For more on the DDG-51 and DDG-1000 programs, see CRS Report RL32109, Navy DDG-51 and DDG-1000
Destroyer Programs: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke. , by Ronald O'Rourke.
2 The Norwegian ships are somewhat smaller than the other Aegis ships, and consequently carry a reduced-size version 2 The Norwegian ships are somewhat smaller than the other Aegis ships, and consequently carry a reduced-size version
of the Aegis system that includes a smaller, less-powerful version of the SPY-1 radar. of the Aegis system that includes a smaller, less-powerful version of the SPY-1 radar.
3 Unless stated otherwise, information in this section is taken from MDA briefings on the Aegis BMD program given to 3 Unless stated otherwise, information in this section is taken from MDA briefings on the Aegis BMD program given to
CRS and CBO analysts on the MDA’s FY2023 and prior-year budget submissions. CRS and CBO analysts on the MDA’s FY2023 and prior-year budget submissions.
4 The 4.X variant is the new designation for the variants previously designated 3.6.X, 4.0.X, 4.1, and 4.2. The 5.X 4 The 4.X variant is the new designation for the variants previously designated 3.6.X, 4.0.X, 4.1, and 4.2. The 5.X
variant is the new designation for the variants previously designated 5.0CU (with the CU standing for Capability variant is the new designation for the variants previously designated 5.0CU (with the CU standing for Capability
Upgrade) and 5.1. The 6.X variant is the new designation for the variant previously designated 6.0. Upgrade) and 5.1. The 6.X variant is the new designation for the variant previously designated 6.0.
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missiles, detection and tracking data collected by the Aegis BMD system’s radar might be passed missiles, detection and tracking data collected by the Aegis BMD system’s radar might be passed
to other U.S. BMD systems that are designed to intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles to other U.S. BMD systems that are designed to intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles
(ICBMs), which might support intercepts of ICBMs that are conducted by those other U.S. BMD (ICBMs), which might support intercepts of ICBMs that are conducted by those other U.S. BMD
systems. systems.
Figure 1. GAO Summary of Capabilities of Aegis BMD System Variants

Source: Government Accountability Office, Government Accountability Office, Missile Defense[:] Delivery Delays Provide Opportunity for Increased
Testing to Better Understand Capability, GAO-19-387, June 2019, Table 5 on p. 31. , GAO-19-387, June 2019, Table 5 on p. 31.
Aegis BMD Interceptor Missiles
The BMD interceptor missiles used by Aegis ships are the Standard5 Missile-3 (SM-3) and the The BMD interceptor missiles used by Aegis ships are the Standard5 Missile-3 (SM-3) and the
SM-6. SM-6.
SM-3 Midcourse Interceptor
The SM-3 is designed to intercept ballistic missiles above the atmosphere (i.e., exo-atmospheric The SM-3 is designed to intercept ballistic missiles above the atmosphere (i.e., exo-atmospheric
intercept), in the midcourse phase of an enemy ballistic missile’s flight. It is equipped with a “hit-intercept), in the midcourse phase of an enemy ballistic missile’s flight. It is equipped with a “hit-

to-kill” warhead, called a kinetic vehicle, that is designed to destroy a ballistic missile’s warhead 5 The Standard Missile is so named because it was originally developed, decades ago, as a surface-to-air (i.e., air 5 The Standard Missile is so named because it was originally developed, decades ago, as a surface-to-air (i.e., air
defense) missile to serve as the common (i.e., standard) successor to the Navy’s then-existing collection of Talos, defense) missile to serve as the common (i.e., standard) successor to the Navy’s then-existing collection of Talos,
Terrier, and Tartar air defense missiles, which were sometimes referred to collectively as the 3-T missiles. Terrier, and Tartar air defense missiles, which were sometimes referred to collectively as the 3-T missiles.
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~~to-kill” warhead, called a kinetic vehicle, that is designed to destroy a ballistic missile’s warhead~~
by colliding with it. The current versions of the SM-3 missile include the SM-3 Block IA, the by colliding with it. The current versions of the SM-3 missile include the SM-3 Block IA, the
SM-3 Block IB, and the SM-3 Block IIA.6 SM-3 Block IB, and the SM-3 Block IIA.6
Compared to the Block IA version, the Block IB version has an improved (two-color) target Compared to the Block IA version, the Block IB version has an improved (two-color) target
seeker, an advanced signal processor, and an improved divert/attitude control system for adjusting seeker, an advanced signal processor, and an improved divert/attitude control system for adjusting
its course. Compared to the Block IA and 1B versions, which have a 21-inch-diameter booster its course. Compared to the Block IA and 1B versions, which have a 21-inch-diameter booster
stage at the bottom but are 13.5 inches in diameter along the remainder of their lengths, the Block stage at the bottom but are 13.5 inches in diameter along the remainder of their lengths, the Block
IIA version has a 21-inch diameter along its entire length. The increase in diameter to a uniform IIA version has a 21-inch diameter along its entire length. The increase in diameter to a uniform
21 inches provides more room for rocket fuel, permitting the Block IIA version to have a burnout 21 inches provides more room for rocket fuel, permitting the Block IIA version to have a burnout
velocity (a maximum velocity, reached at the time the propulsion stack burns out) that is greater velocity (a maximum velocity, reached at the time the propulsion stack burns out) that is greater
than that of the Block IA and IB versions, as well as a larger-diameter kinetic warhead. The than that of the Block IA and IB versions, as well as a larger-diameter kinetic warhead. The
United States and Japan cooperated in developing certain technologies for the Block IIA version, United States and Japan cooperated in developing certain technologies for the Block IIA version,
with Japan funding a significant share of the effort.7 with Japan funding a significant share of the effort.7
A March 31, 2020, press report stated A March 31, 2020, press report stated
Raytheon and the Missile Defense Agency are exploring options to extend the range of the Raytheon and the Missile Defense Agency are exploring options to extend the range of the
Standard Missile-3 Block IB—pushing the ballistic missile interceptor to dramatically Standard Missile-3 Block IB—pushing the ballistic missile interceptor to dramatically
expand a defended area by allowing the weapon to communicate with off-board radars—a expand a defended area by allowing the weapon to communicate with off-board radars—a
move that would require enhancing one of the Aegis ballistic missile defense system’s move that would require enhancing one of the Aegis ballistic missile defense system’s
newest features: Engage-on-Remote…. newest features: Engage-on-Remote….
MDA Director Vice Adm. Jon Hill told Congress earlier this month that the new Engage- MDA Director Vice Adm. Jon Hill told Congress earlier this month that the new Engage-
on-Remote capability provides “aon-Remote capability provides “a seven-fold increase inseven-fold increase in missile defense coveragemissile defense coverage when when
compared to an autonomous Aegis platform.”8 compared to an autonomous Aegis platform.”8
SM-6 Terminal Interceptor (Overview)
The SM-2 Block IV was MDA’s and the Navy’s initial sea-based terminal-phase The SM-2 Block IV was MDA’s and the Navy’s initial sea-based terminal-phase (SBT) BMD BMD
interceptor. It was designed to intercept ballistic missiles inside the atmosphere (i.e., endo-interceptor. It was designed to intercept ballistic missiles inside the atmosphere (i.e., endo-
atmospheric intercept), during the terminal phase of an enemy ballistic missile’s flight. It was atmospheric intercept), during the terminal phase of an enemy ballistic missile’s flight. It was
equipped with a blast fragmentation warhead. A limited number of these missiles were produced equipped with a blast fragmentation warhead. A limited number of these missiles were produced
years ago.9 The SM-2 Block IV has now been replaced by the SM-6. years ago.9 The SM-2 Block IV has now been replaced by the SM-6.
The SM-6 is MDA’s and the Navy’s more capable next-generation The SM-6 is MDA’s and the Navy’s more capable next-generation ~~sea-based terminal-phase (i.e.,~~
~~endo-atmospheric)~~SBT BMD interceptor. It is based on the SM-6 air defense missile (the Navy’s BMD interceptor. It is based on the SM-6 air defense missile (the Navy’s
successor to the SM-2 air defense missile). The SM-6 is a dual-capability missile that can be used successor to the SM-2 air defense missile). The SM-6 is a dual-capability missile that can be used
for either air defense (i.e., countering aircraft and ASCMs) or ballistic missile defense. A July 23, for either air defense (i.e., countering aircraft and ASCMs) or ballistic missile defense. A July 23,
2018, press report states the 2018, press report states the following: The Defense Department has launched a prototype project that aims to dramatically increase the speed and range of the Navy’s Standard Missile-6 by adding a larger rocket ~~following:~~

6 MDA and Navy plans at one point called for the SM-3 Block IIA to be succeeded by a still-more-capable interceptor 6 MDA and Navy plans at one point called for the SM-3 Block IIA to be succeeded by a still-more-capable interceptor
called the SM-3 Block IIB. The effort to develop that missile, however, was ended years ago, and MDA at the time was called the SM-3 Block IIB. The effort to develop that missile, however, was ended years ago, and MDA at the time was
reportedly not pursuing any follow-on capabilities to the SM-3 Block IIA. (See, for example, Justin Doubleday, reportedly not pursuing any follow-on capabilities to the SM-3 Block IIA. (See, for example, Justin Doubleday,
“Missile Defense Agency Not Pursuing Follow-On to SM-3 Block IIA Interceptor,” “Missile Defense Agency Not Pursuing Follow-On to SM-3 Block IIA Interceptor,” Inside the Navy, October 24, , October 24,
2016.) 2016.)
7 The cooperative research effort was carried out under a U.S.-Japan memorandum of agreement signed in 1999. The 7 The cooperative research effort was carried out under a U.S.-Japan memorandum of agreement signed in 1999. The
effort focused on risk reduction for four parts of the missile: the sensor, an advanced kinetic warhead, the second-stage effort focused on risk reduction for four parts of the missile: the sensor, an advanced kinetic warhead, the second-stage
propulsion, and a lightweight nose cone. propulsion, and a lightweight nose cone.
8 Jason Sherman, “After MDA Demonstrates 7x Increase in Defended Area, Raytheon Pitching EOR for Older SM-3s,” 8 Jason Sherman, “After MDA Demonstrates 7x Increase in Defended Area, Raytheon Pitching EOR for Older SM-3s,”
Inside Defense, March 31, 2020. , March 31, 2020.
9 The inventory of SM-2 Block IVs was created by modifying SM-2s that were originally built to intercept aircraft and 9 The inventory of SM-2 Block IVs was created by modifying SM-2s that were originally built to intercept aircraft and
ASCMs. A total of 75 SM-2 Block IVs were modified, and at least 3 were used in BMD flight tests through February ASCMs. A total of 75 SM-2 Block IVs were modified, and at least 3 were used in BMD flight tests through February
2012. 2012.
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~~The Defense Department has launched a prototype project that aims to dramatically~~
~~increase the speed and range of the Navy’s Standard Missile-6 by adding a larger rocket~~
motor to the ship-launched weapon, a move that aims to improve both the offensive and motor to the ship-launched weapon, a move that aims to improve both the offensive and
defensive reach of the Raytheon-built system. defensive reach of the Raytheon-built system.
On Jan. 17 [2018], the Navy approved plans to develop a Dual Thrust Rocket Motor with On Jan. 17 [2018], the Navy approved plans to develop a Dual Thrust Rocket Motor with
a 21-inch diameter for the SM-6,a 21-inch diameter for the SM-6, which is currentlywhich is currently fielded with a 13.5-inch propulsion fielded with a 13.5-inch propulsion
package. The new rocketpackage. The new rocket ~~motor would~~ motor would sit atop the currentsit atop the current 21-inch booster, producing a 21-inch booster, producing a
new variant of the missile: the SM-6 Block IB.10 new variant of the missile: the SM-6 Block IB.10
SM-6 Terminal Interceptor (Hypersonic Threat Intercept Capability)
MDA MDA and the Navy are developing a capability for the SM-6 to intercept hypersonic missiles. MDA testified in May 2022~~testified in May 2022:~~
We are investing in defensive capabilities to counter regional hypersonic missile threats by We are investing in defensive capabilities to counter regional hypersonic missile threats by
upgrading sensors and C2BMC [Command and Control, Battle Management and upgrading sensors and C2BMC [Command and Control, Battle Management and
Communications] for early warning, identification, and tracking of regional and strategic Communications] for early warning, identification, and tracking of regional and strategic
hypersonic threats from space (e.g., HBTSS [Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space hypersonic threats from space (e.g., HBTSS [Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space
Sensor]). We also are leveraging existing systems where possible (including proven Sensor]). We also are leveraging existing systems where possible (including proven
engage-on-remote and launch-on-remote capabilities) and pursuing a Glide Phase Intercept engage-on-remote and launch-on-remote capabilities) and pursuing a Glide Phase Intercept
(GPI) demonstration. We are working closely with the Navy to develop, field, and upgrade (GPI) demonstration. We are working closely with the Navy to develop, field, and upgrade
the SBT [sea-based terminal defense] capability to counter regional maneuvering and the SBT [sea-based terminal defense] capability to counter regional maneuvering and
hypersonic threats in the terminal phase of flight. The SBT program already provides an hypersonic threats in the terminal phase of flight. The SBT program already provides an
initial terminal defensive capability to counter hypersonic threats, and additional initial terminal defensive capability to counter hypersonic threats, and additional
improvements are scheduled for 2024. Today, the SM-6 missile is the only weapon in the improvements are scheduled for 2024. Today, the SM-6 missile is the only weapon in the
country’s arsenal capable of engaging highly-maneuverable hypersonic threats. In FY country’s arsenal capable of engaging highly-maneuverable hypersonic threats. In FY
2023, Aegis SBT will demonstrate a simulated engagement against a hypersonic target 2023, Aegis SBT will demonstrate a simulated engagement against a hypersonic target
(FTX-40) and in FY 2024 will demonstrate a salvo engagement firing two SM-6 Block IA (FTX-40) and in FY 2024 will demonstrate a salvo engagement firing two SM-6 Block IA
Upgraded guided missiles against a Hypersonic Glide Vehicle target (FTM-43). Upgraded guided missiles against a Hypersonic Glide Vehicle target (FTM-43).
Complementing this terminal capability, in FY 2023, MDA will continue to develop and Complementing this terminal capability, in FY 2023, MDA will continue to develop and
plan a GPI demonstration and leverage the Aegis Weapon System to provide the U.S. plan a GPI demonstration and leverage the Aegis Weapon System to provide the U.S.
Warfighter increasingly capable regional defensive capabilities.11 Warfighter increasingly capable regional defensive capabilities.11
~~An April 14, 2021, press report stated~~
~~The Missile Defense Agency, together with the U.S. Navy, plan to test an SM-6 missile~~
~~against an “advanced maneuvering threat,” a term that has been used in relation to~~
~~unpowered hypersonic boost-glide vehicles, later this year. The Pentagon says that~~
~~unspecified versions of the SM-6 have already demonstrated some degree of capability~~
~~against these types of weapons, examples of which Russia and China have already begun~~
~~putting to service. A new variant of the SM-6, the Block IB, is already under development~~
~~and will itself be able to reach hypersonic speeds.~~
~~Barbara McQuiston, a senior U.S. official currently performing the duties of the Under~~
~~Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, including mention of the scheduled~~
~~SM-6 test in her testimony before the Senate Appropriations Committee’s Subcommittee~~
~~on Defense yesterday….~~
~~“MDA [the Missile Defense Agency], in cooperation with the U.S. Navy, demonstrated~~
~~early capability against maneuvering threats during flight-testing of the Standard Missile~~
~~(SM)-6 Sea-Based Terminal (SBT) defense, and it will further demonstrate this capability~~
~~against an advanced maneuvering threat-representative target later this year,” according to~~
~~McQuiston’s written testimony. “We will continue to advance our SBT capability to~~

MDA testified in May 2023 MDA plans to conduct a Tracking Exercise, Flight Test Other (FTX)-23, with two Aegis ships to perform target scene data collection of an MRBM with countermeasures. We will also demonstrate Aegis SBT with a salvo engagement in Flight Test Aegis Weapon System (FTM)-32, firing two (salvo) SM-6 Dual II software upgrade guided missiles against a MRBM. In FTX-40 we will fire a simulated SM-6 missile against a hypersonic glide vehicle…. We also are developing a layered defense capability against regional hypersonic threats and have initiated a development program for a Glide Phase Interceptor, leveraging existing systems where possible, including proven engage-on-remote and launch-on-remote capabilities. We are focusing on the proven Aegis Weapon System to provide the depth-of-fire needed for a layered defense against hypersonic threats. In FY 2024, MDA will continue to develop and mature the GPI capability and leverage the Aegis Weapon System. Today, MDA already provides the Navy an initial terminal defense capability. We also are working closely with the Navy to develop, field, and upgrade SBT defenses to counter more advanced maneuvering and hypersonic threats. We anticipate delivering these Increment 3 capabilities in 2025. In FY 2024, Aegis SBT will demonstrate an 10 Jason Sherman, “Navy Looking to Increase Range, Speed of SM-6 with Larger Rocket Motor,” 10 Jason Sherman, “Navy Looking to Increase Range, Speed of SM-6 with Larger Rocket Motor,” Inside the Navy, July , July
23, 2018. 23, 2018.
11 [Statement of] Vice Admiral Jon A. Hill, USN, Director, Missile Defense Agency, Before the Senate Armed Services 11 [Statement of] Vice Admiral Jon A. Hill, USN, Director, Missile Defense Agency, Before the Senate Armed Services
Committee, Strategic Forces Subcommittee, May 18, 2022, p. 10. Committee, Strategic Forces Subcommittee, May 18, 2022, p. 10.
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~~address the regional hypersonic threat and will test that capability in the FY 2024~~
~~timeframe.”…~~
~~This is not the first time the Pentagon has publicly discussed using a variant of the SM-6~~
~~for hypersonic defense. In March 2020, Mike Griffin, then the Under Secretary of Defense~~
~~for Research and Engineering, first revealed that this missile was among those being~~
~~considered for this role and that there were plans to test one of them against an actual~~
~~hypersonic boost-glide vehicle sometime in the 2023 Fiscal Year. It’s not clear whether the~~
~~test Griffin was referring to is the one now scheduled for this year or the one that MDA~~
~~now plans to carry out in the 2024 Fiscal Year.12~~
~~Development of New Hypersonic Threat Interceptor for Aegis System~~
~~A June 24, 2022, press report stated~~
~~Raytheon Technologies and Northrop Grumman have each won contracts to continue~~
~~developing hypersonic weapons interceptors in a Missile Defense Agency-led competition,~~
~~according to a June 24 Pentagon contract announcement....~~
~~In November 2021, the MDA chose the two companies along with Lockheed Martin to~~
~~design the Glide Phase Interceptor (GPI) for regional hypersonic missile defense. Through~~
~~other transactional agreements, the companies entered an “accelerated concept design”~~
~~phase.~~
~~The interceptors are intended to counter a hypersonic weapon during its glide phase of~~
~~flight, a challenge as the missiles can travel more than five times the speed of sound and~~
~~can maneuver, making it hard to predict a missile’s trajectory.~~
~~The interceptors will be designed to fit into the U.S. Navy’s current Aegis Ballistic Missile~~
~~Defense destroyers. It will be fired from its standard Vertical Launch System and integrated~~
~~with the modified Baseline 9 Aegis Weapon System that detects, tracks, controls and~~
~~engages hypersonic threats.13~~See also Jason Sherman, “DOD Delays by Two Years Maiden Intercept Attempt of Hypersonic Glide Vehicle Target.” Inside Defense, May 17, 2023. Congressional Research Service 5 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program engagement against an advanced target in the terminal phase (FTM-32) and a simulated engagement against a hypersonic glide vehicle (FTX-40). In FY 2025, SBT Increment 3 will demonstrate an engagement against a hypersonic glide vehicle firing an SM-6 Block IAU missile (FTM-43).12
Numbers of BMD-Capable Aegis Ships
The number of BMD-capable Aegis ships has been growing over time. MDA’s FY2024 budget The number of BMD-capable Aegis ships has been growing over time. MDA’s FY2024 budget
submission states that “by the end of FY 2024, there will be 53 total BMD capable [Aegis] ships submission states that “by the end of FY 2024, there will be 53 total BMD capable [Aegis] ships
requiring maintenance support.”requiring maintenance support.”1413
BMD-Capable Aegis Destroyers Forward-Homeported in Spain
On October 5, 2011, the United States, Spain, and NATO jointly announced that four BMD-On October 5, 2011, the United States, Spain, and NATO jointly announced that four BMD-
capable U.S. Navy Aegis destroyers were to be forward-homeported (i.e., based) at the naval base capable U.S. Navy Aegis destroyers were to be forward-homeported (i.e., based) at the naval base

~~12 Joseph Trevithick, “Navy SM-6 Missile Will Attempt To Swat Down A Mock Hypersonic Weapon,” The Drive,~~
~~April 14, 2021.~~
~~13 Jen Judson, “Raytheon, Northrop Advance in Competition to Develop Hypersonic Weapons Interceptor,”~~ ~~Defense~~
~~News, June 24, 2022. See also Jason Sherman, “MDA Selects Raytheon, Northrop to Advance in GPI Design Contest;~~
~~Lockheed Sidelined,” Inside Defense, June 24, 2022.~~
~~14 Missile Defense Agency, Fiscal Year 2024 Budget Estimates, Missile Defense Agency, March 2023, p. 11. (This is~~
~~the FY2024 budget justification book for MDA’s portion of the Operation and Maintenance, Defense-Wide~~
~~appropriation account.)~~
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~~at Rota, Spain.15~~at Rota, Spain.14 The initial set of four ships was transferred to Rota in FY2014 and FY2015. The initial set of four ships was transferred to Rota in FY2014 and FY2015.1615
They were replaced at Rota by a new set of four BMD-capable U.S. Navy Aegis destroyers in They were replaced at Rota by a new set of four BMD-capable U.S. Navy Aegis destroyers in
2020-2022.2020-2022.1716
Navy officials said the four Rota-based ships can provide a level of level of presence in the Navy officials said the four Rota-based ships can provide a level of level of presence in the
Mediterranean for performing BMD patrols and other missions equivalent to what could be Mediterranean for performing BMD patrols and other missions equivalent to what could be
provided by about 10 BMD-capable Aegis ships that are homeported on the U.S. east coast, thus provided by about 10 BMD-capable Aegis ships that are homeported on the U.S. east coast, thus
effectively releasing about six U.S. Navy BMD-capable Aegis ships for performing BMD patrols effectively releasing about six U.S. Navy BMD-capable Aegis ships for performing BMD patrols
or other missions elsewhere. or other missions elsewhere.
In February and March 2020, DOD officials testified that DOD was considering forward-In February and March 2020, DOD officials testified that DOD was considering forward-
homeporting an additional two BMD-capable Aegis destroyers at Rota, which would make for a homeporting an additional two BMD-capable Aegis destroyers at Rota, which would make for a
total of six destroyers at the site.total of six destroyers at the site.1817 Navy officials testified in 2020 that they supported the idea. Navy officials testified in 2020 that they supported the idea.1918
On June 28, 2022, the Biden Administration announced that two additional Aegis destroyers On June 28, 2022, the Biden Administration announced that two additional Aegis destroyers
~~would be homeported at Rota.20 The Navy confirmed that the two additional Aegis destroyers will~~
~~be BMD-capable.21 An October 24, 2022, press report stated that “the U.S. and Spain will soon~~
~~launch negotiations on a new defense pact for an expanded naval presence in Spain,” including~~
~~the two additional BMD-capable Aegis destroyers. The report stated that “while an official~~
~~timeline for the ships’ arrival in Spain hasn’t been set, U.S. military commanders have put 2025~~
~~or 2026 as target years.”22~~

15 12 [Statement of] Vice Admiral Jon A. Hill, USN, Director, Missile Defense Agency, Before the House Armed Services Committee Strategic Forces Subcommittee, May 9, 2023, pp. 8, 10-11. 13 Missile Defense Agency, Fiscal Year 2024 Budget Estimates, Missile Defense Agency, March 2023, p. 11. (This is the FY2024 budget justification book for MDA’s portion of the Operation and Maintenance, Defense-Wide appropriation account.) 14 “Announcement on missile defence cooperation by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, the Prime “Announcement on missile defence cooperation by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, the Prime
Minister of Spain, Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero and US Defense Secretary Leon Panetta,” October 5, 2011, accessed Minister of Spain, Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero and US Defense Secretary Leon Panetta,” October 5, 2011, accessed
May 18, 2022, at http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-107ADE55-FF83A6B8/natolive/opinions_78838.htm. See also May 18, 2022, at http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-107ADE55-FF83A6B8/natolive/opinions_78838.htm. See also
“SECDEF Announces Stationing of Aegis Ships at Rota, Spain,” accessed May 18, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/“SECDEF Announces Stationing of Aegis Ships at Rota, Spain,” accessed May 18, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/
web/20120117065346/http:/www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=63109. web/20120117065346/http:/www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=63109.
Rota is on the southwestern Atlantic coast of Spain, a few miles northwest of Cadiz, and about 65 miles northwest of Rota is on the southwestern Atlantic coast of Spain, a few miles northwest of Cadiz, and about 65 miles northwest of
the Strait of Gibraltar leading into the Mediterranean. U.S. Navy ships have been homeported at Rota at various points the Strait of Gibraltar leading into the Mediterranean. U.S. Navy ships have been homeported at Rota at various points
in the past, most recently (prior to the current arrangement) in 1979. (Source: Sam Fellman, “U.S. To Base Anti-in the past, most recently (prior to the current arrangement) in 1979. (Source: Sam Fellman, “U.S. To Base Anti-
Missile Ships in Spain,” Defense News, October 10, 2011: 76.) Missile Ships in Spain,” Defense News, October 10, 2011: 76.)
16 15 The four ships were the destroyers The four ships were the destroyers Ross (DDG-71) and (DDG-71) and Donald Cook (DDG-75), which moved to Rota in FY2014, (DDG-75), which moved to Rota in FY2014,
and the destroyers and the destroyers Carney (DDG-64) and (DDG-64) and Porter (DDG-78), which moved to Rota in FY2015. (DDG-78), which moved to Rota in FY2015.
1716 See, for example, Mallory Shelbourne, “USS Arleigh Burke Arrives in Spain, USS Donald Cook Will Head to See, for example, Mallory Shelbourne, “USS Arleigh Burke Arrives in Spain, USS Donald Cook Will Head to
Mayport,” Mayport,” USNI News, April 12, 2021. , April 12, 2021.
1817 See, for example, Paul McCleary, “EUCOM Calls For Two More Ships For Spanish Port,” See, for example, Paul McCleary, “EUCOM Calls For Two More Ships For Spanish Port,” Breaking Defense, ,
February 25, 2020; David B. Larter, “Push to Base Six US Navy Destroyers in Spain Could Be Gaining Steam,” February 25, 2020; David B. Larter, “Push to Base Six US Navy Destroyers in Spain Could Be Gaining Steam,”
Defense News, March 3, 2020. , March 3, 2020.
1918 See, for example, David B. Larter, “The US Navy’s Top Officer Declares Support for Basing 6 Destroyers in Spain,” See, for example, David B. Larter, “The US Navy’s Top Officer Declares Support for Basing 6 Destroyers in Spain,”
Defense News, March 5, 2020. See also John Vandiver, “Rota to Gain Two US Destroyers by Middle of the Decade, , March 5, 2020. See also John Vandiver, “Rota to Gain Two US Destroyers by Middle of the Decade,
EUCOM Chief Says,” EUCOM Chief Says,” Stars and Stripes, April 15, 2021. es, April 15, 2021.
~~20 White House, “Press Gaggle by Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre and National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan En~~
~~Route Madrid, Spain,” June 28, 2022. See also Mallory Shelbourne, “Biden Administration Basing Two More~~
~~Destroyers in Rota, Spain,” USNI News, June 28 (updated June 29), 2022; Justin Katz, “‘A Powerful Signal:’ What It~~
~~Means to Send Two More DDGs to Spain,” Breaking Defense, July 1, 2022; Aaron Mehta, “US Increasing Troop~~
~~Presence in Europe, While New NATO Strategy Eyes China,” Breaking Defense, June 29, 2022; Geoff Ziezulewicz~~
~~(Associated Press), “Two More Navy Destroyers Will Be Homeported in Rota, Spain,” Navy Times, June 29, 2022.~~
~~21 Source: Navy Office of Legislative Affairs email to CRS, July 1, 2022.~~
~~22 John Vandiver, “Talks on Addition of 2 Navy Destroyers at Base in Spain Expected to Start Soon,”~~ ~~Stars and~~
~~Stripes, October 24, 2022.~~
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Congressional Research Service 6 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program would be homeported at Rota.19 The Navy confirmed that the two additional Aegis destroyers are to be BMD-capable.20 An October 24, 2022, press report stated that “the U.S. and Spain will soon launch negotiations on a new defense pact for an expanded naval presence in Spain,” including the two additional BMD-capable Aegis destroyers. The report stated that “while an official timeline for the ships’ arrival in Spain hasn’t been set, U.S. military commanders have put 2025 or 2026 as target years.”21 On May 8, 2023, Spain and the United States reportedly signed the new agreement.22
Aegis Ashore Sites
Two Navy-Operated Sites in Romania and Poland
The land-based version of the Aegis BMD system is called Aegis Ashore. There are two Aegis The land-based version of the Aegis BMD system is called Aegis Ashore. There are two Aegis
Ashore sites in Europe—one in Romania, and one in Poland. The sites are intended to help Ashore sites in Europe—one in Romania, and one in Poland. The sites are intended to help
defend Europe against ballistic missile threats from countries such as Iran. Each Aegis Ashore site defend Europe against ballistic missile threats from countries such as Iran. Each Aegis Ashore site
includes a structure housing an Aegis system that is similar to the deckhouse on an Aegis ship, includes a structure housing an Aegis system that is similar to the deckhouse on an Aegis ship,
and 24 SM-3 missiles launched from a relocatable Vertical Launch System (VLS) based on the and 24 SM-3 missiles launched from a relocatable Vertical Launch System (VLS) based on the
VLS that is installed in Navy Aegis ships.23 VLS that is installed in Navy Aegis ships.23
The plan to establish the two Aegis Ashore sites in Romania and Poland was announced in 2009, The plan to establish the two Aegis Ashore sites in Romania and Poland was announced in 2009,
as part of a plan for providing regional BMD defense in Europe called the European Phased as part of a plan for providing regional BMD defense in Europe called the European Phased
Adaptive Approach (EPAA). The Aegis Ashore site in Romania achieved operational certification Adaptive Approach (EPAA). The Aegis Ashore site in Romania achieved operational certification
in May 2016.24 The site in Poland began construction in May 201625 and was initially scheduled in May 2016.24 The site in Poland began construction in May 201625 and was initially scheduled
to be completed in 2018. Its completion, however, has been delayed to be completed in 2018. Its completion, however, has been delayed ~~to 2023~~ by construction by construction
contractor contractor performance issues.26 An August 23, 2023, press report stated that MDA is aiming to turn the 19 White House, “Press Gaggle by Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre and National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan En Route Madrid, Spain,” June 28, 2022. See also Mallory Shelbourne, “Biden Administration Basing Two More Destroyers in Rota, Spain,” USNI News, June 28 (updated June 29), 2022; Justin Katz, “‘A Powerful Signal:’ What It Means to Send Two More DDGs to Spain,” Breaking Defense, July 1, 2022; Aaron Mehta, “US Increasing Troop Presence in Europe, While New NATO Strategy Eyes China,” Breaking Defense, June 29, 2022; Geoff Ziezulewicz (Associated Press), “Two More Navy Destroyers Will Be Homeported in Rota, Spain,” Navy Times, June 29, 2022. 20 Source: Navy Office of Legislative Affairs email to CRS, July 1, 2022. 21 John Vandiver, “Talks on Addition of 2 Navy Destroyers at Base in Spain Expected to Start Soon,” Stars and Stripes, October 24, 2022. 22 Heather Mongilio, “U.S., Spain Agree to Host Two More Warships in Rota,” USNI News, May 9, 2023. ~~performance issues.26 An April 2021 GAO report on deliveries and testing of U.S.~~
~~missile defense systems in FY2020 stated the following:~~
~~According to MDA officials, the Aegis Ashore site in Poland continues to experience~~
~~delays owing to poor performance by the main construction contractor. Based on MDA’s~~
~~latest estimate of completion no earlier than fiscal year 2022, the site will be between three~~
~~and four years late. According to MDA, in February 2020, the Army Corps of Engineers~~
~~(which manages construction at the site) notified the main contractor that earnings from all~~
~~future invoices would be retained, and released only upon the completion of certain key~~
~~activities. MDA stated that the contractor did not meet these benchmarks and as a result~~
~~had not been paid since February 2020.~~
~~MDA currently attributes $79 million in cost increases to these delays.27~~
~~Navy Interest in Divesting Aegis Ashore Sites It Operates~~
~~On January 11, 2021, the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), Admiral Michael Gilday, released a~~
~~guidance document for the Navy entitled CNO NavPlan (with NavPlan being short for navigation~~
~~plan) that states~~

23 For additional discussion of the Aegis Ashore sites, see Edward Lundquist, “Aegis Ashore Adapts Sea-Based Missile 23 For additional discussion of the Aegis Ashore sites, see Edward Lundquist, “Aegis Ashore Adapts Sea-Based Missile
Defense System to Protect Europe,” Defense System to Protect Europe,” National Defense, September 2016. , September 2016.
24 See, for example, Amy Forsythe, “U.S. Navy Aegis Ashore Base in Romania Hosts NATO Country Ambassadors,” 24 See, for example, Amy Forsythe, “U.S. Navy Aegis Ashore Base in Romania Hosts NATO Country Ambassadors,”
Defense Visual Information Distribution Service (DVIDS), November 19, 2019; “Aegis Ashore,” Missile Defense Defense Visual Information Distribution Service (DVIDS), November 19, 2019; “Aegis Ashore,” Missile Defense
Advocacy Alliance, accessed May 18, 2022, at https://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/defense-systems/aegis-ashore/; US Advocacy Alliance, accessed May 18, 2022, at https://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/defense-systems/aegis-ashore/; US
Naval Forces Europe-Africa, “Aegis Ashore Missile Defense System (AAMDS)-Romania Operationally Certified,” Naval Forces Europe-Africa, “Aegis Ashore Missile Defense System (AAMDS)-Romania Operationally Certified,”
Defense-Aerospace.com, May 12, 2016. Defense-Aerospace.com, May 12, 2016.
25 See, for example, “Aegis Ashore,” Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance, accessed May 18, 2022, at 25 See, for example, “Aegis Ashore,” Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance, accessed May 18, 2022, at
https://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/defense-systems/aegis-ashore/. https://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/defense-systems/aegis-ashore/.
26 Source: [Statement of] Vice Admiral Jon A. Hill, USN, Director, Missile Defense Agency, Before the Senate Armed 26 Source: [Statement of] Vice Admiral Jon A. Hill, USN, Director, Missile Defense Agency, Before the Senate Armed
Services Committee, Strategic Forces Subcommittee, May 18, 2022, p. 8. Earlier reporting said construction of the Services Committee, Strategic Forces Subcommittee, May 18, 2022, p. 8. Earlier reporting said construction of the
Poland site would be complete by the end of 2022. See, for example, Rich Abott, “Aegis Ashore Poland Set To Be Poland site would be complete by the end of 2022. See, for example, Rich Abott, “Aegis Ashore Poland Set To Be
Operational By End Of 2022,” Operational By End Of 2022,” Defense Daily, November 22, 2021; Jen Judson, “Construction of Aegis Ashore in , November 22, 2021; Jen Judson, “Construction of Aegis Ashore in
Poland Nearing Completion,” Poland Nearing Completion,” Defense News, March 9, 2022. See also Daniel Wasserbly, “US MDA Plans to Turn On , March 9, 2022. See also Daniel Wasserbly, “US MDA Plans to Turn On
Polish Aegis Ashore Site in June, After Years of Delay,” Polish Aegis Ashore Site in June, After Years of Delay,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, May 24, 2022. , May 24, 2022.
~~27 Government Accountability Office,~~ ~~Missile Defense[:] Fiscal Year 2020 Delivery and Testing Progressed, but~~
~~Annual Goals Unmet, GAO 21-314, April 2021, p. 24.~~
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Congressional Research Service 7 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program Polish site over to the Navy by the end of 2023, and to have the system be fully operational by the spring of 2024.27 Navy Interest in Divesting Aegis Ashore Sites It Operates On January 11, 2021, the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), Admiral Michael Gilday, released a guidance document for the Navy entitled CNO NavPlan (with NavPlan being short for navigation plan) that states
To remain ahead of our competitors, we will divest ourselves of legacy capabilities that no To remain ahead of our competitors, we will divest ourselves of legacy capabilities that no
longer bring sufficient lethality to the fight. This includes divestment of experimental longer bring sufficient lethality to the fight. This includes divestment of experimental
Littoral Combat Ship hulls, legacy Cruisers, and older Dock Landing Ships. It also includes Littoral Combat Ship hulls, legacy Cruisers, and older Dock Landing Ships. It also includes
divesting non-core Navy missions like Aegis-ashore. Transferring shore-based Ballistic divesting non-core Navy missions like Aegis-ashore. Transferring shore-based Ballistic
Missile Defense sites to ground forces enables Sailors to focus on their core missions at Missile Defense sites to ground forces enables Sailors to focus on their core missions at
sea and frees up resources to increase our lethality.28 sea and frees up resources to increase our lethality.28
A January 12, 2021, press report states A January 12, 2021, press report states
The chief of naval operation’s new call to focus on sea control and power projection could The chief of naval operation’s new call to focus on sea control and power projection could
lead the service to shed other non-core missions the Navy conducts today, such as manning lead the service to shed other non-core missions the Navy conducts today, such as manning
Aegis Ashore missile defense sites. Aegis Ashore missile defense sites.
The biggest problem is, no one else has agreed to take over that mission yet…. The biggest problem is, no one else has agreed to take over that mission yet….
… no one else operates Aegis systems today, and no one has yet agreed to take over Aegis … no one else operates Aegis systems today, and no one has yet agreed to take over Aegis
Ashore, Rear Adm. Paul Schlise, the director of surface warfare on the CNO’s staff Ashore, Rear Adm. Paul Schlise, the director of surface warfare on the CNO’s staff
(OPNAV N96), said today during a panel presentation at the Surface Navy Association’s (OPNAV N96), said today during a panel presentation at the Surface Navy Association’s
annual symposium. annual symposium.
“It’s been an ongoing discussion in the building here. Right now we’ve got the Aegis “It’s been an ongoing discussion in the building here. Right now we’ve got the Aegis
Ashore sites in Europe, and there’s discussions about potentially more sites in other places. Ashore sites in Europe, and there’s discussions about potentially more sites in other places.
The general discussion has been, this is not a core Navy mission. Sailors really belong at The general discussion has been, this is not a core Navy mission. Sailors really belong at
sea serving in ships. And we’ve got a good number of highly qualified folks serving in sea serving in ships. And we’ve got a good number of highly qualified folks serving in
those sites, they’re going a great job,” he said. those sites, they’re going a great job,” he said.
“But I think what the CNO teed up is, is this a core Navy mission? I don’t think it is. And “But I think what the CNO teed up is, is this a core Navy mission? I don’t think it is. And
so there’s been some discussion with the Army. The Army, of course, has some missile so there’s been some discussion with the Army. The Army, of course, has some missile
defense capability and of course great soldiers that serve in those roles. But they don’t have defense capability and of course great soldiers that serve in those roles. But they don’t have
any experience with that [Aegis Combat System], the systems that have been installed or any experience with that [Aegis Combat System], the systems that have been installed or
are in progress in Romania and Poland. So that’s been a running discussion.” are in progress in Romania and Poland. So that’s been a running discussion.”
Schlise said the discussion is taking place at the Office of the Secretary of Defense level. Schlise said the discussion is taking place at the Office of the Secretary of Defense level.
Without any final decisions, though, the Navy could not shed Aegis Ashore spending in its Without any final decisions, though, the Navy could not shed Aegis Ashore spending in its
most recent budgeting work, the Fiscal Year 2022 request that will come out after the Biden most recent budgeting work, the Fiscal Year 2022 request that will come out after the Biden
administration comes in and can review it. administration comes in and can review it.
“For the purposes of this past budget cycle, it was just kind of tabled. So we’ll have to see “For the purposes of this past budget cycle, it was just kind of tabled. So we’ll have to see
where that discussion goes. As always, here in the building, it’s about money. So if that where that discussion goes. As always, here in the building, it’s about money. So if that
transition were to be considered and approved for moving forward, to transition it to transition were to be considered and approved for moving forward, to transition it to
another service, ‘who’s going to pay’another service, ‘who’s going to pay’ will of course be part of the discussion,” Schlise said.29 27 Rich Abott, “Poland Aegis Ashore Site To Turn Over To Navy This Year, Operational In 2024,” Defense Daily, August 23, 2023. 28 U.S. Navy, Chief of Naval Operations, CNO NavPlan, January 2021, p. 10. See also Richard R. Burgess, “CNO: Divest Aegis Ashore Sites to Ground Forces,” Seapower, January 11, 2021. 29 Megan Eckstein, “Navy Wants to Shed Aegis Ashore Mission, But Army Still Hasn’t Agreed to Take It,” USNI News, January 12, 2021. Congressional Research Service 8 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program Japan Planned and Later Canceled Two Sites Prior to June 2020, Japan had planned to procure and operate two Aegis Ashore systems that reportedly were to have been located at Ground Self-Defense Force (GSDF) facilities in Akita Prefecture in eastern Japan and Yamaguchi Prefecture in western Japan, and were to have been operated mainly by the GSDF (i.e., Japan’s army).30 The two systems reportedly were to have been equipped with a new Lockheed-made radar called the Long Range Discrimination Radar ~~will of course be part of the discussion,” Schlise~~
~~said.29~~
~~Japan Planned and Later Canceled Two Sites~~
~~Prior to June 2020, Japan had planned to procure and operate two Aegis Ashore systems that~~
~~reportedly were to have been located at Ground Self-Defense Force (GSDF) facilities in Akita~~
~~Prefecture in eastern Japan and Yamaguchi Prefecture in western Japan, and were to have been~~
~~operated mainly by the GSDF (i.e., Japan’s army).30 The two systems reportedly were to have~~
~~been equipped with a new Lockheed-made radar called the Long Range Discrimination Radar~~

~~28 U.S. Navy, Chief of Naval Operations, CNO NavPlan, January 2021, p. 10. See also Richard R. Burgess, “CNO:~~
~~Divest Aegis Ashore Sites to Ground Forces,” Seapower, January 11, 2021.~~
~~29 Megan Eckstein, “Navy Wants to Shed Aegis Ashore Mission, But Army Still Hasn’t Agreed to Take It,”~~ ~~USNI~~
~~News, January 12, 2021.~~
~~30 Yomiuri Shimbun, “Akita, Yamaguchi to Get Aegis Ashore/GSDF Involvement Expected to Strengthen Missile~~
~~Defense,” The Japan News, November 11, 2017. See also Kyodo, “Japan Mulling News Missile Interceptor~~
~~Deployment to Guard Against North Korea,” South China Morning Post, November 11, 2017.~~
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(LRDR) rather than the Raytheon-made SPY-6 AMDR that is being installed on U.S. Navy Flight (LRDR) rather than the Raytheon-made SPY-6 AMDR that is being installed on U.S. Navy Flight
III DDG-51s, and reportedly were to go into operation by 2023.31 On June 15, 2020, however, III DDG-51s, and reportedly were to go into operation by 2023.31 On June 15, 2020, however,
Japan announced that it had suspended implementation of its Aegis Ashore initiative due to cost Japan announced that it had suspended implementation of its Aegis Ashore initiative due to cost
growth and technical concerns.32 On June 25, 2020, Japan confirmed that it had canceled the plan growth and technical concerns.32 On June 25, 2020, Japan confirmed that it had canceled the plan
for deploying the two Aegis Ashore sites. for deploying the two Aegis Ashore sites.
Rather than building the two Aegis Ashore systems, Japan now plans to instead build two Rather than building the two Aegis Ashore systems, Japan now plans to instead build two
additional BMD-capable Aegis shipsadditional BMD-capable Aegis ships that are to be dedicated to BMD operations. A September 6, 2022, press report states. A September 6, 2022, press report states:
Japan’s Ministry of Defence is proposing to build a pair of ballistic missile defense ships— Japan’s Ministry of Defence is proposing to build a pair of ballistic missile defense ships—
the [sic] among largest warships in the Japanese inventory since World War II—the [sic] among largest warships in the Japanese inventory since World War II—
government officials said last week.... government officials said last week....
The two ships would be built instead of the land-based Aegis Ashore installations that the The two ships would be built instead of the land-based Aegis Ashore installations that the
Japanese Self-Defence Force backed away from in 2020 based on risks of missile debris Japanese Self-Defence Force backed away from in 2020 based on risks of missile debris
falling to the ground, USNI News reported at the time.... falling to the ground, USNI News reported at the time....
The two Aegis destroyers are expected to have a displacement of around 20,000 tons with The two Aegis destroyers are expected to have a displacement of around 20,000 tons with
a length of 690 feet and a beam of around 130 feet, making them one of the largest and a length of 690 feet and a beam of around 130 feet, making them one of the largest and
heaviest ship that the JMSDF will operate. In comparison the Izumo class helicopter heaviest ship that the JMSDF will operate. In comparison the Izumo class helicopter
destroyers have a displacement 19,800 tons (27,000 tons with a full load) with a length of destroyers have a displacement 19,800 tons (27,000 tons with a full load) with a length of
800 feet and a beam of 124 feet while Japan’s largest destroyers are the Maya class 800 feet and a beam of 124 feet while Japan’s largest destroyers are the Maya class
destroyers, which have a displacement of 8200 tons and a beam of 22.2 meters. destroyers, which have a displacement of 8200 tons and a beam of 22.2 meters.
The ships are to have a crew of 110 personnel with personnel accommodations being The ships are to have a crew of 110 personnel with personnel accommodations being
enhanced to enable long deployments on station around Japan. The Ministry of Defense is enhanced to enable long deployments on station around Japan. The Ministry of Defense is
likely pushing for the first ship to be commissioned in 2027, with the second in 2028, USNI likely pushing for the first ship to be commissioned in 2027, with the second in 2028, USNI
News understands.... News understands....
[Japan Defense Minister Yasukazu] Hamada said that the two destroyers would be large [Japan Defense Minister Yasukazu] Hamada said that the two destroyers would be large
enough to enable operations that would be carried out in rough weather and enhanced crew enough to enable operations that would be carried out in rough weather and enhanced crew
quarters to allow the ships to conduct longer deployments. The Japanese defense chief also quarters to allow the ships to conduct longer deployments. The Japanese defense chief also
said that the ability to intercept hypersonic glide weapons would also be included in the said that the ability to intercept hypersonic glide weapons would also be included in the
ships’ capabilities. ships’ capabilities.
~~Hamada confirmed that the defense ministry was accelerating the acquisition process to~~
~~get the two destroyers into service faster than usual.~~
~~“We believe it is an extremely important initiative to drastically strengthen our defense~~
~~capabilities within five years,” he said.33~~

30 Yomiuri Shimbun, “Akita, Yamaguchi to Get Aegis Ashore/GSDF Involvement Expected to Strengthen Missile Defense,” The Japan News, November 11, 2017. See also Kyodo, “Japan Mulling News Missile Interceptor Deployment to Guard Against North Korea,” South China Morning Post, November 11, 2017. 31 Anthony Capaccio, “Japan in Talks With U.S. on Buying Aegis Missile Defense,” 31 Anthony Capaccio, “Japan in Talks With U.S. on Buying Aegis Missile Defense,” Bloomberg, November 7, 2017. , November 7, 2017.
32 See, for example, Rich Abott, “Japan Suspends Aegis Ashore Due To Technical And Cost Concerns,” 32 See, for example, Rich Abott, “Japan Suspends Aegis Ashore Due To Technical And Cost Concerns,” Defense Daily, ,
June 15, 2020; Sam LaGrone, “Japan Backing Away From Aegis Ashore,” June 15, 2020; Sam LaGrone, “Japan Backing Away From Aegis Ashore,” USNI News, June 15, 2020; Mari , June 15, 2020; Mari
Yamaguchi, “Japan to Scrap Costly Land-Based US Missile Defense System,” Yamaguchi, “Japan to Scrap Costly Land-Based US Missile Defense System,” Associated Press, June 15, 2020; Mike , June 15, 2020; Mike
Yeo, “Japan Suspends Aegis Ashore Deployment, Pointing to Cost and Technical Issues,” Yeo, “Japan Suspends Aegis Ashore Deployment, Pointing to Cost and Technical Issues,” Defense News, June 15, , June 15,
2020; Brad Glosserman, “Canceling Aegis Ashore Raises Problems—and Hopes,” 2020; Brad Glosserman, “Canceling Aegis Ashore Raises Problems—and Hopes,” Japan Times, June 17, 2020. , June 17, 2020.
Prior to the June 15, 2020, announcement, Japan had announced in early May that it would evaluate alternatives to the Prior to the June 15, 2020, announcement, Japan had announced in early May that it would evaluate alternatives to the
Akita Prefecture site due to strong local opposition to that site. (Masaya Kato, “Japan’s Missile Shield Deployment Akita Prefecture site due to strong local opposition to that site. (Masaya Kato, “Japan’s Missile Shield Deployment
Scuppered by Local Resistance,” Scuppered by Local Resistance,” Nikkei Asian Review, May 7, 2020.) , May 7, 2020.)
~~33 Dzirhan Mahadzir, “Japan to Build Two 20,000-ton Missile Defense Warships, Indian Carrier Commissions,”~~ ~~USNI~~
~~News, September 6, 2022. See also Yoshihiro Inaba, “New Details On Japan’s Future BMD Vessels Revealed,”~~ ~~Naval~~
~~News, September 12, 2022; Inder Singh Bisht, “Japan to Build Aegis-Equipped Ballistic Missile Defense Warships,”~~
Defense Post, September 15, 2022; Sam LaGrone, “Japanese MoD Releases New Details on Ballistic Missile Defense
~~Ships,” USNI News, December 27, 2022; Tyler Rogoway, “First Rendering Of Japan’s Ballistic Missile Defense Ship~~
~~Concept Released,” The Drive, December 29, 2022.~~
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Congressional Research Service 9 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program Hamada confirmed that the defense ministry was accelerating the acquisition process to get the two destroyers into service faster than usual. “We believe it is an extremely important initiative to drastically strengthen our defense capabilities within five years,” he said.33 A June 23, 2023, press report stated that once the two additional BMD-capable Aegis ships go into service for dedicated BMD operations, Japan’s other eight BMD-capable destroyers will revert to anti-air-warfare (AAW) operations.34
Use of Aegis BMD Elements in Guam Missile Defense Architecture
After studying various possible BMD system architectures for Guam, DOD proposed a system After studying various possible BMD system architectures for Guam, DOD proposed a system
combining elements of the Aegis BMD system with elements of Army BMD systems. A March combining elements of the Aegis BMD system with elements of Army BMD systems. A March
30, 2022, press report states 30, 2022, press report states
The The ~~Missile Defense Agency’s initial plan for the architecture to protect Guam turns~~ Missile Defense Agency’s initial plan for the architecture to protect Guam turns to to
proven systems to help the agency meet a 2026 fielding deadline, according Vice Adm. proven systems to help the agency meet a 2026 fielding deadline, according Vice Adm.
Jon Hill, the agency’s director. Jon Hill, the agency’s director.
The defense of Guam from potential ballistic, cruise and The defense of Guam from potential ballistic, cruise and hypersonic missile attacks has hypersonic missile attacks has
become a priority for the MDA, which is seeking $539 million in fiscal 2023 to continue become a priority for the MDA, which is seeking $539 million in fiscal 2023 to continue
to design and develop multiple-land based radar systems, procure weapon system to design and develop multiple-land based radar systems, procure weapon system
components and initiate military construction planning and design activity. components and initiate military construction planning and design activity.
“Current forces are capable of defending Guam against today’s North Korean ballistic “Current forces are capable of defending Guam against today’s North Korean ballistic
missile threats,” Dee Dee Martinez, the MDA’s comptroller said in a March 28 Pentagon missile threats,” Dee Dee Martinez, the MDA’s comptroller said in a March 28 Pentagon
budget briefing. “However, the regional threat to Guam, including from China, continues budget briefing. “However, the regional threat to Guam, including from China, continues
to rapidly evolve.”... to rapidly evolve.”...
The architecture will not be a fixed missile defense site like Aegis Ashore in Romania and The architecture will not be a fixed missile defense site like Aegis Ashore in Romania and
Poland, Hill said. “Think of it as a distributed system.” He added that the agency is Poland, Hill said. “Think of it as a distributed system.” He added that the agency is
interested in using mobile launchers. interested in using mobile launchers.
The architecture The architecture will includewill include Navy SM-3 and SM-6Navy SM-3 and SM-6 missiles, the Patriot air-and-missile missiles, the Patriot air-and-missile
defense system and the Army’s Terminal High Altitude Area Defense System (THAAD). defense system and the Army’s Terminal High Altitude Area Defense System (THAAD).
A THAAD battery has been operating on Guam since 2013. A THAAD battery has been operating on Guam since 2013.
Those elements will be connected through the Army’s Integrated Battle Command System, Those elements will be connected through the Army’s Integrated Battle Command System,
a command-and control-system that connects sensors and shooters on the battlefield. The a command-and control-system that connects sensors and shooters on the battlefield. The
agency will also use the Aegis weapon system’s fire control capability, Hill said. agency will also use the Aegis weapon system’s fire control capability, Hill said.
“Patriot [has] a“Patriot [has] a fabulous capability forfabulous capability for cruise missilecruise missile defense, and that’s our first focus defense, and that’s our first focus
area,” Hill said. “And we have the ability within Aegis to enable that, but, right now, we area,” Hill said. “And we have the ability within Aegis to enable that, but, right now, we
are doing ballistic missiles, hypersonic, on the Aegis part of that overall integrated are doing ballistic missiles, hypersonic, on the Aegis part of that overall integrated
architecture and then the cruise missile piece will be with the Army systems.” architecture and then the cruise missile piece will be with the Army systems.”
While MDA is focused on using existing technology to make up the architecture, it will While MDA is focused on using existing technology to make up the architecture, it will
consider new technology, including the Mid-Range Capability missile the Army will field consider new technology, including the Mid-Range Capability missile the Army will field
in FY23, as it becomes available, according to Hill.... in FY23, as it becomes available, according to Hill....
~~“That topology of the island … it is a tough place,” Hill said. “An Aegis Ashore site is~~
~~limited in what it can do because of the the rise and the fall of the hills, you got radar, it’s~~
~~not a flat earth, and it’s certainly not flat on Guam, so we’ve done some really incredible~~
~~work and analysis over the last couple years ... by dispersing the systems and making sure~~
~~everything’s networked.”34~~
~~Aegis BMD Development Philosophy and Flight Tests~~
~~The Aegis BMD development effort, including Aegis BMD flight tests, has been described as~~
~~following a development philosophy long held within the Aegis program office of “build a little,~~

~~34 Jen Judson, “MDA’s Plan to Protect Guam Relies on Field-Proven Systems,” Defense News, March 30, 2022. See~~
~~also Jason Sherman, “OMB Reveals Land-Based VLS Also Part of New Guam Missile Defense Architecture,”~~ ~~Inside~~
~~Defense, July 13, 2022; Rich Abott, “MDA Decides On Guam Defense Architecture,” Defense Daily, March 29, 2022;~~
~~Jason Sherman, “DOD Picks SPY-7 for Land-Based Aegis, Giving Lockheed First U.S. Customer for New Radar,”~~
Inside Defense, May 6, 2022.
~~Congressional Research Service~~

11

~~link to page 31 link to page 31 link to page 31 link to page 31~~ ~~Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program~~

~~test a little, learn a lot,” meaning that development is done in manageable steps, with each step~~
~~being tested and validated before moving on to the next step.35~~
~~An April 2021 GAO report on deliveries and testing of U.S. missile defense systems in FY2020~~
~~stated the following about testing of the Aegis BMD system:~~
~~In fiscal year 2020, the Aegis BMD program did not conduct any of the six planned flight~~
~~tests, deleting one and delaying the remaining five. Most notably, a major operational flight~~
~~test—FTO-03—was deleted, leaving the SM-3 Block IIA interceptor to enter initial~~
~~production with a single operational flight test. Some flight tests were initially delayed due~~
~~to range availability and higher priority flights tests (such as FEX-01) and delays were then~~
~~exacerbated by pandemic-driven travel restrictions. A congressionally mandated flight~~
~~test—FTM-44—pitting an SM-3 Block IIA interceptor against a simple ICBM, was~~
~~delayed, but executed in November 2020.~~
~~The Aegis BMD program participated in three of five planned ground tests in fiscal year~~
~~2020. The two ground tests were delayed due to the pandemic and the unavailability of the~~
~~Poland Aegis Ashore site, respectively.~~
~~All seven cybersecurity tests scheduled for fiscal year 2020 were consolidated into a single~~
~~test, which was subsequently delayed.36~~
33 Dzirhan Mahadzir, “Japan to Build Two 20,000-ton Missile Defense Warships, Indian Carrier Commissions,” USNI News, September 6, 2022. See also Yoshihiro Inaba, “New Details On Japan’s Future BMD Vessels Revealed,” Naval News, September 12, 2022; Inder Singh Bisht, “Japan to Build Aegis-Equipped Ballistic Missile Defense Warships,” Defense Post, September 15, 2022; Sam LaGrone, “Japanese MoD Releases New Details on Ballistic Missile Defense Ships,” USNI News, December 27, 2022; Tyler Rogoway, “First Rendering Of Japan’s Ballistic Missile Defense Ship Concept Released,” The Drive, December 29, 2022; Yoshihiro Inaba, “Japan’s New ASEV Ships Will Boast An Impressive 128 VLS Cells,” Naval News, June 3, 2023. 34 Ridzwan Rahmat, “Japan to Revert Aegis Destroyers for Air-Defence Roles Once BMD Ships Come Online,” Janes Defence Weekly, June 23, 2023. Congressional Research Service 10 link to page 32 link to page 32 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program “That topology of the island … it is a tough place,” Hill said. “An Aegis Ashore site is limited in what it can do because of the the rise and the fall of the hills, you got radar, it’s not a flat earth, and it’s certainly not flat on Guam, so we’ve done some really incredible work and analysis over the last couple years ... by dispersing the systems and making sure everything’s networked.”35 Aegis BMD Development Philosophy and Flight Tests The Aegis BMD development effort, including Aegis BMD flight tests, has been described as following a development philosophy long held within the Aegis program office of “build a little, test a little, learn a lot,” meaning that development is done in manageable steps, with each step being tested and validated before moving on to the next step.36 For a summary of reported Aegis BMD flight tests since 2002, For a summary of reported Aegis BMD flight tests since 2002, see Table A-1 in tin the Appendix.
Allied Participation and Interest in Aegis BMD Program
Japan
Eight BMD-Capable Aegis Destroyers
Japan operates eight BMD-capable Aegis destroyers—the eighth was commissioned into service Japan operates eight BMD-capable Aegis destroyers—the eighth was commissioned into service
in March 2021.37 As mentioned above, rather than building the two Aegis Ashore systems, Japan in March 2021.37 As mentioned above, rather than building the two Aegis Ashore systems, Japan
now plans to instead build two additional BMD-capable Aegis shipsnow plans to instead build two additional BMD-capable Aegis ships~~. Japanese~~ that are to be dedicated to BMD operations.38 As also mentioned above, a June 23, 2023, press report stated that once the two additional BMD-capable BMD-capable
~~Aegis ships have participated in some of the flight tests of the Aegis BMD system using the SM-3~~
~~interceptor (see Table A-1 in Appendix).38~~

35Aegis ships go into service for dedicated BMD operations, Japan’s other eight BMD-capable destroyers will revert to anti-air-warfare (AAW) operations.39 As also 35 Jen Judson, “MDA’s Plan to Protect Guam Relies on Field-Proven Systems,” Defense News, March 30, 2022. See also Jason Sherman, “OMB Reveals Land-Based VLS Also Part of New Guam Missile Defense Architecture,” Inside Defense, July 13, 2022; Rich Abott, “MDA Decides On Guam Defense Architecture,” Defense Daily, March 29, 2022; Jason Sherman, “DOD Picks SPY-7 for Land-Based Aegis, Giving Lockheed First U.S. Customer for New Radar,” Inside Defense, May 6, 2022. 36 See, for example, “Aegis BMD: “Build a Little, Test a Little, Learn a Lot,” USNI blog, March 15, 2010, accessed See, for example, “Aegis BMD: “Build a Little, Test a Little, Learn a Lot,” USNI blog, March 15, 2010, accessed
May 18, 2022, at http://blog.usni.org/2010/03/15/aegis-bmd-build-a-little-test-a-little-learn-a-lot, and “Aegis Ballistic May 18, 2022, at http://blog.usni.org/2010/03/15/aegis-bmd-build-a-little-test-a-little-learn-a-lot, and “Aegis Ballistic
Missile Defense, Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense Overview for the George C. Marshall Institute, RADM Alan B. Missile Defense, Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense Overview for the George C. Marshall Institute, RADM Alan B.
Hicks, USN, Aegis BMD Program Director, August 3, 2009, slide 16 of 20, entitled “Some of our Philosophies In a Hicks, USN, Aegis BMD Program Director, August 3, 2009, slide 16 of 20, entitled “Some of our Philosophies In a
Nutshell (1 of 2),” accessed May 18, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/web/20100706133017/https:/www.marshall.org/Nutshell (1 of 2),” accessed May 18, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/web/20100706133017/https:/www.marshall.org/
pdf/materials/743.pdf. pdf/materials/743.pdf.
~~36 Government Accountability Office,~~ ~~Missile Defense[:] Fiscal Year 2020 Delivery and Testing Progressed, but~~
~~Annual Goals Unmet, GAO 21-314, April 2021, p. 24.~~
37 See, for example, Xavier Vavasseur, “Japan Commissions New Maya-Class AEGIS Destroyer JS Haguro はぐろ 37 See, for example, Xavier Vavasseur, “Japan Commissions New Maya-Class AEGIS Destroyer JS Haguro はぐろ
DDG-180,” DDG-180,” Naval News, March 19, 2021; Yomiuri Shimbun, “Japan Commissions 8th Aegis Destroyer Haguro,” , March 19, 2021; Yomiuri Shimbun, “Japan Commissions 8th Aegis Destroyer Haguro,” Japan
News, March 20, 2021. , March 20, 2021.
38 38 ~~Mari Yamaguchi (Associated Press), “Japan Confirms It’s Scrapping US Missile Defense System,”~~ ~~Defense~~See, for example, Dzirhan Mahadzir, “Japan to Build Two 20,000-ton Missile Defense Warships, Indian Carrier Commissions,” USNI News, September 6, 2022; Yoshihiro Inaba, “New Details On Japan’s Future BMD Vessels Revealed,” Naval News, September 12, 2022; Inder Singh Bisht, “Japan to Build Aegis-Equipped Ballistic Missile Defense Warships,” Defense Post, September 15, 2022; Sam LaGrone, “Japanese MoD Releases New Details on Ballistic Missile Defense Ships,” USNI News, December 27, 2022; Tyler Rogoway, “First Rendering Of Japan’s Ballistic Missile Defense Ship Concept Released,” The Drive, December 29, 2022; Yoshihiro Inaba, “Japan’s New ASEV Ships Will Boast An Impressive 128 VLS Cells,” Naval News, June 3, 2023. 39 Ridzwan Rahmat, “Japan to Revert Aegis Destroyers for Air-Defence Roles Once BMD Ships Come Online,” Janes Defence Weekly, June 23, 2023. Congressional Research Service 11 link to page 32 link to page 32 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program mentioned above, Japanese BMD-capable Aegis ships have participated in some of the flight tests of the Aegis BMD system using the SM-3 interceptor (see Table A-1 in Appendix).40 ~~News~~,
~~June 25, 2020; Megan Eckstein, “Japan Officially Ends Aegis Ashore Plans After National Security Council~~
~~Deliberations,” USNI News, June 26, 2020.~~
~~See also Grant Newsham “Abe’s Aegis Ashore Cancellation Doesn’t Add Up,” Asia Times, June 30, 2020; Lucy Craft,~~
~~“Why Japan Scrapped a $4 Billion Missile Defense Purchase from the U.S.,” CBS News, July 2, 2020; Tim Kelly,~~
~~“Explainer: Strike Capability, Other Military Options on Table after Japan’s Aegis U-Turn,” Reuters, July 2, 2020;~~
~~Jeffrey W. Hornung, “Japan Is Canceling a U.S. Missile Defense System,” Foreign Policy, July 2, 2020; Bruce~~
~~Klingner, “Japan Undercuts Its Defense Against North Korean Missiles,” Heritage Foundation, July 22, 2020; Tim~~
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Cooperative Development of SM-3 Block IIA Missile
As mentioned earlier, Japan cooperated with the United States on development the SM-3 Block As mentioned earlier, Japan cooperated with the United States on development the SM-3 Block
IIA missile. Japan developed certain technologies for the missile, and paid for the development of IIA missile. Japan developed certain technologies for the missile, and paid for the development of
those technologies, reducing the missile’s development costs for the United States. A July 6, those technologies, reducing the missile’s development costs for the United States. A July 6,
2018, press report states that “the U.S. and Japan are looking to jointly develop next-generation 2018, press report states that “the U.S. and Japan are looking to jointly develop next-generation
radar technology that would use Japanese semiconductors to more than double the detection radar technology that would use Japanese semiconductors to more than double the detection
range of the Aegis missile defense system.”range of the Aegis missile defense system.”3941
South Korea
An October 12, 2018, press report states that “the South Korean military has decided to buy ship-An October 12, 2018, press report states that “the South Korean military has decided to buy ship-
based SM-3 interceptors to thwart potential ballistic missile attacks from North Korea, a top based SM-3 interceptors to thwart potential ballistic missile attacks from North Korea, a top
commander of the Joint Chiefs of Staff revealed Oct. 12.”commander of the Joint Chiefs of Staff revealed Oct. 12.”4042
Other Countries
Other countries that MDA views as potential naval BMD operators (using either the Aegis BMD Other countries that MDA views as potential naval BMD operators (using either the Aegis BMD
system or some other system of their own design) include the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, system or some other system of their own design) include the United Kingdom, the Netherlands,
Spain, Germany, Denmark, and Australia. Spain, South Korea, and Australia either operate, are Spain, Germany, Denmark, and Australia. Spain, South Korea, and Australia either operate, are
building, or are planning to build Aegis ships. The other countries operate destroyers and frigates building, or are planning to build Aegis ships. The other countries operate destroyers and frigates
with different combat systems that may have potential for contributing to BMD operations. with different combat systems that may have potential for contributing to BMD operations.
~~FY2024-FY2028 MDA Procurement and R&D Funding~~
~~The Aegis BMD program is funded mostly through MDA’s budget. The Navy’s budget provides~~
~~additional funding for Aegis BMD-related efforts. Table 1 shows requested (FY2024) and~~
~~projected (FY2025-FY2028) MDA procurement and research and development funding for Aegis~~
~~BMD efforts under MDA’s FY2024 budget submission.~~

40 Mari Yamaguchi (Associated Press), “Japan Confirms It’s Scrapping US Missile Defense System,” Defense News, June 25, 2020; Megan Eckstein, “Japan Officially Ends Aegis Ashore Plans After National Security Council Deliberations,” USNI News, June 26, 2020. See also Grant Newsham “Abe’s Aegis Ashore Cancellation Doesn’t Add Up,” Asia Times, June 30, 2020; Lucy Craft, “Why Japan Scrapped a $4 Billion Missile Defense Purchase from the U.S.,” CBS News, July 2, 2020; Tim Kelly, “Explainer: Strike Capability, Other Military Options on Table after Japan’s Aegis U-Turn,” Reuters, July 2, 2020; Jeffrey W. Hornung, “Japan Is Canceling a U.S. Missile Defense System,” Foreign Policy, July 2, 2020; Bruce Klingner, “Japan Undercuts Its Defense Against North Korean Missiles,” Heritage Foundation, July 22, 2020; Tim Kelly and Yoshifumi Takemoto, “Exclusive: As Japan Weighs Missile-Defence Options, Raytheon Lobbies for Kelly and Yoshifumi Takemoto, “Exclusive: As Japan Weighs Missile-Defence Options, Raytheon Lobbies for
Lockheed’s $300 Million Radar Deal,” Reuters, July 30, 2020; Rieko Miki, “The Price of Peace: Why Japan Scrapped Lockheed’s $300 Million Radar Deal,” Reuters, July 30, 2020; Rieko Miki, “The Price of Peace: Why Japan Scrapped
a $4.2bn US Missile System,” a $4.2bn US Missile System,” Nikkei Asian Review, August 5, 2020; Loren Thompson, “Japan’s Rethink Of Aegis , August 5, 2020; Loren Thompson, “Japan’s Rethink Of Aegis
Ashore Could Tie Up Navy, Increase Costs And Cause Big Delays,” Ashore Could Tie Up Navy, Increase Costs And Cause Big Delays,” Forbes, August 11, 2020. , August 11, 2020.
On June 18, 2020, it was reported that the United States and Japan were in talks to address the technical issues Japan On June 18, 2020, it was reported that the United States and Japan were in talks to address the technical issues Japan
cited and explore potential paths forward for bolstering Japan’s ballistic missile defense capability. See Lara Seligman, cited and explore potential paths forward for bolstering Japan’s ballistic missile defense capability. See Lara Seligman,
“U.S. and Japan in Talks about ‘Alternatives’ to Aegis Ashore Missile Defense System,” “U.S. and Japan in Talks about ‘Alternatives’ to Aegis Ashore Missile Defense System,” Politico Pro, June 18, 2020; , June 18, 2020;
Idrees Ali, “U.S. in Talks with Japan after Aegis Ashore Missile Defense System Suspension: Official,” Idrees Ali, “U.S. in Talks with Japan after Aegis Ashore Missile Defense System Suspension: Official,” Reuters, June , June
18, 2020; Jason Sherman, “MDA Hopes to ‘Resolve’ Japan’s Aegis Ashore Concerns, Reinstate Project,” 18, 2020; Jason Sherman, “MDA Hopes to ‘Resolve’ Japan’s Aegis Ashore Concerns, Reinstate Project,” Inside
Defense, June 18, 2020; “U.S. Talking with Japan on Concerns over Halted Missile Defense Plan,” , June 18, 2020; “U.S. Talking with Japan on Concerns over Halted Missile Defense Plan,” Kyodo News, June , June
19, 2020. See also Asahi Shimbun, “Japan Eyes Offshore Options to Replace Aegis Defense System,” 19, 2020. See also Asahi Shimbun, “Japan Eyes Offshore Options to Replace Aegis Defense System,” Asahi Shimbun, ,
September 10, 2020. September 10, 2020.
3941 Nikkei staff writers, “US Taps Japan Radar Tech to Double Missile Defense Range,” Nikkei staff writers, “US Taps Japan Radar Tech to Double Missile Defense Range,” Nikkei Asian Review, July 6, , July 6,
2018. 2018.
4042 Jeff Jeong, “South Korea to Buy Ship-Based Interceptors to Counter Ballistic Missile Threats,” Jeff Jeong, “South Korea to Buy Ship-Based Interceptors to Counter Ballistic Missile Threats,” Defense News, ,
October 12, 2018. October 12, 2018.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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FY2024-FY2028 MDA Procurement and R&D Funding The Aegis BMD program is funded mostly through MDA’s budget. The Navy’s budget provides additional funding for Aegis BMD-related efforts. Table 1 shows requested (FY2024) and projected (FY2025-FY2028) MDA procurement and research and development funding for Aegis BMD efforts under MDA’s FY2024 budget submission. Table 1. FY2024-FY2028 MDA Procurement and
R&D Funding for Aegis BMD Efforts
(In millions of dollars, rounded to nearest tenth; totals may not add due to rounding) (In millions of dollars, rounded to nearest tenth; totals may not add due to rounding)
FY24
FY25
FY26
FY27
FY28

(req.)
(proj.)
(proj.)
(proj.)
(proj.)
Procurement

Aegis BMD (line 33) Aegis BMD (line 33)
374.8 374.8
372.6 372.6
528.5 528.5
537.1 537.1
550.0 550.0
(SM-3 Block IB missile quantity)
(27)
(24)
(43)
(43)
(43)
Aegis BMD Advance Procurement (line 34) Aegis BMD Advance Procurement (line 34)
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
SM-3 Block IIA (line 36) SM-3 Block IIA (line 36)
432.8 432.8
507.7 507.7
464.1 464.1
457.9 457.9
467.1 467.1
(SM-3 Block IIA missile quantity)
(12)
(12)
(12)
(12)
(12)
Aegis Ashore Phase III (line 40) Aegis Ashore Phase III (line 40)
2.4 2.4
1.0 1.0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Aegis BMD hardware and software (line 42) Aegis BMD hardware and software (line 42)
27.8 27.8
44.9 44.9
28.4 28.4
35.5 35.5
31.8 31.8
SUBTOTAL Procurement
837.8
926.2
1,021.0
1,030.5
1,048.9
Research and development

Aegis BMD (PE 0603892C) (line 83) Aegis BMD (PE 0603892C) (line 83)
693.7 693.7
639.7 639.7
707.0 707.0
699.6 699.6
733.9 733.9
Aegis BMD Test (PE 0604878C) (line 114) Aegis BMD Test (PE 0604878C) (line 114)
193.5 193.5
135.5 135.5
183.0 183.0
203.7 203.7
135.1 135.1
Land-based SM-3 (PE 0604880C) (line 116) Land-based SM-3 (PE 0604880C) (line 116)
22.2 22.2
20.5 20.5
21.2 21.2
21.6 21.6
21.7 21.7
SUBTOTAL RDT&E
909.4
795.7
911.2
924.9
890.7
TOTAL
1,747.2
1,721.9
1,932.2
1,955.4
1,939.6
Source: Table prepared by CRS based on FY2024 MDA budget submission. Table prepared by CRS based on FY2024 MDA budget submission.
Research and development funding in the table for the land-based SM-3 is funding for Aegis Research and development funding in the table for the land-based SM-3 is funding for Aegis
Ashore sites. MDA’s budget also includes additional funding not shown in the table for Ashore sites. MDA’s budget also includes additional funding not shown in the table for
operations and maintenance (O&M) and military construction (MilCon) for the Aegis BMD operations and maintenance (O&M) and military construction (MilCon) for the Aegis BMD
program. program.
Issues for Congress
Annual Funding Request
One issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify MDA’s annual procurement and One issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify MDA’s annual procurement and
research and development funding requests for the program. In considering this issue, Congress research and development funding requests for the program. In considering this issue, Congress
may consider various factors, including whether the work that MDA is proposing to fund for the may consider various factors, including whether the work that MDA is proposing to fund for the
fiscal year in question is properly scoped and scheduled, and accurately priced. fiscal year in question is properly scoped and scheduled, and accurately priced.
Estimating and Reporting Costs
Another issue for Congress concerns the adequacy of MDA’s cost estimating and its reporting of Another issue for Congress concerns the adequacy of MDA’s cost estimating and its reporting of
costs. A February 2022 GAO report on MDA’s cost estimating and reporting of costs for missile costs. A February 2022 GAO report on MDA’s cost estimating and reporting of costs for missile
defense programs, including the Aegis BMD program, states defense programs, including the Aegis BMD program, states
Congressional Research Service 13 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program The Department of Defense’s (DOD) Missile Defense Agency (MDA) is continuing efforts The Department of Defense’s (DOD) Missile Defense Agency (MDA) is continuing efforts
to deliver systems to the warfighter that will protect against enemy missiles. However, to deliver systems to the warfighter that will protect against enemy missiles. However,
shortfalls persist with MDA’s program and flight test cost estimates and reporting. shortfalls persist with MDA’s program and flight test cost estimates and reporting.
Program cost estimates. MDA continues to omit the military services’ operations and MDA continues to omit the military services’ operations and
sustainment costssustainment costs from the program life-cycle cost estimates.... By omitting these costs, from the program life-cycle cost estimates.... By omitting these costs,
MDA limits decision-makers’ insight into the full financial commitments needed for MDA limits decision-makers’ insight into the full financial commitments needed for
affordability and funding determinations.... affordability and funding determinations....
~~Congressional Research Service~~

14

~~Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program~~

Flight test cost estimates. Accuracy issues linger with MDA’s flight test cost estimates that Accuracy issues linger with MDA’s flight test cost estimates that
could skew the agency’s annual $1.3 billion [flight test] funding request, such as not being could skew the agency’s annual $1.3 billion [flight test] funding request, such as not being
regularly updated with actual costs. However, MDA is taking steps to improve these cost regularly updated with actual costs. However, MDA is taking steps to improve these cost
estimates by using a new cost model, among other things.... estimates by using a new cost model, among other things....
Program cost reporting. MDA continues to adjust program baselines without clear MDA continues to adjust program baselines without clear
traceability over time. MDA also forgoes recurrent comparisons to the original baseline. traceability over time. MDA also forgoes recurrent comparisons to the original baseline.
Such adjustments and omissions impede decision-makers’Such adjustments and omissions impede decision-makers’ awareness of eachawareness of each program’s program’s
cost performance and total system cost.... cost performance and total system cost....
Flight test cost reporting. Congress required MDA to report on flight test costs, but we Congress required MDA to report on flight test costs, but we
found the information lacking due to the agency’s reporting methodology. MDA only found the information lacking due to the agency’s reporting methodology. MDA only
accounted for about $1.3 billion of at least $3.5 billion in funding the agency requested for accounted for about $1.3 billion of at least $3.5 billion in funding the agency requested for
flight testing between March 2017 and September 2020. Moreover, the reporting flight testing between March 2017 and September 2020. Moreover, the reporting
requirement ended in December 2021. Withoutrequirement ended in December 2021. Without further reportingfurther reporting on complete flight test on complete flight test
costs, Congress does not have information needed to facilitate holding the agency costs, Congress does not have information needed to facilitate holding the agency
accountable for its spending.accountable for its spending.4143
Potential for Intercepting ICBMs
Another issue for Congress is what role the Aegis BMD program should play in defending the Another issue for Congress is what role the Aegis BMD program should play in defending the
U.S. homeland against attack from ICBMs. With the advent of the SM-3 Block IIA interceptor, U.S. homeland against attack from ICBMs. With the advent of the SM-3 Block IIA interceptor,
DOD is evaluating the potential for the Aegis BMD system to intercept certain ICBMs. Section DOD is evaluating the potential for the Aegis BMD system to intercept certain ICBMs. Section
1680 of the FY2018 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 2810/P.L. 115-91 of December 12, 1680 of the FY2018 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 2810/P.L. 115-91 of December 12,
2017) directed DOD to “conduct a test to evaluate and demonstrate, if technologically feasible, 2017) directed DOD to “conduct a test to evaluate and demonstrate, if technologically feasible,
the capability to defeat a simple intercontinental ballistic missile threat using the standard missile the capability to defeat a simple intercontinental ballistic missile threat using the standard missile
3 block IIA missile interceptor.” DOD’s January 2019 missile defense review report stated the 3 block IIA missile interceptor.” DOD’s January 2019 missile defense review report stated the
following: following:
The SM-3 Blk IIA interceptor is intended as part of the regional missile defense The SM-3 Blk IIA interceptor is intended as part of the regional missile defense
architecture, but also has the potential to provide an important “underlay” to existing GBIs architecture, but also has the potential to provide an important “underlay” to existing GBIs
[ground-based interceptors] for added protection against ICBM threats to the homeland. [ground-based interceptors] for added protection against ICBM threats to the homeland.
This interceptor has the potential to offer an additional defensive capability to ease the This interceptor has the potential to offer an additional defensive capability to ease the
burden on the GBI system and provide continuing protection for the U.S. homeland against burden on the GBI system and provide continuing protection for the U.S. homeland against
evolving rogue states’ long-range missile capabilities. evolving rogue states’ long-range missile capabilities.
Congress has directed DoD to examine the feasibility of the SM-3 Blk IIA against an Congress has directed DoD to examine the feasibility of the SM-3 Blk IIA against an
ICBM-class target. MDA will test this SM-3 Blk IIA capability in 2020. Due to the ICBM-class target. MDA will test this SM-3 Blk IIA capability in 2020. Due to the
mobility of sea-based assets, this new underlay capability will be surged in a crisis or mobility of sea-based assets, this new underlay capability will be surged in a crisis or
conflict to further thicken defensive capabilities for the U.S. homeland. Land-based sites conflict to further thicken defensive capabilities for the U.S. homeland. Land-based sites
in the United States with this SM-3 Blk IIA missile could also be pursued.in the United States with this SM-3 Blk IIA missile could also be pursued.42
~~On November 16, 2020, MDA announced that the congressionally directed ICBM-intercept flight~~
~~test, called FTM-44, had been conducted on that date and had resulted in a successful intercept of~~
~~the ICBM-representative target. MDA stated that “FTM-44, originally scheduled for May 2020,~~
~~was delayed due to restrictions in personnel and equipment movement intended to reduce the~~
~~spread of COVID-19. FTM-44 satisfies a Congressional mandate to evaluate the feasibility of the~~
~~SM-3 Block IIA missile’s capability to defeat an ICBM threat before the end of 2020.”43 A~~

4144 43 Government Accountability Office, Government Accountability Office, Missile Defense[:] Addressing Cost Estimating and Reporting Shortfalls Could
Improve Insight into Full Costs of Programs and Flight Tests, GAO-22-104344, February 2022, highlights page (PDF , GAO-22-104344, February 2022, highlights page (PDF
page 2 of 58). page 2 of 58).
4244 Department of Defense, Department of Defense, Missile Defense Review 2019, released January 17, 2019, p. 55. David Axe, “The U.S. 19, released January 17, 2019, p. 55. David Axe, “The U.S.
Navy’s New Missile Defense Is a Bad Idea,” Navy’s New Missile Defense Is a Bad Idea,” National Interest, January 17, 2019. , January 17, 2019.
~~43 Missile Defense Agency News release 20NEWS-0003, “U.S. Successfully Conducts SM-3 Block IIA Intercept Test~~
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

1514 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program On November 16, 2020, MDA announced that the congressionally directed ICBM-intercept flight test, called FTM-44, had been conducted on that date and had resulted in a successful intercept of the ICBM-representative target. MDA stated that “FTM-44, originally scheduled for May 2020, was delayed due to restrictions in personnel and equipment movement intended to reduce the spread of COVID-19. FTM-44 satisfies a Congressional mandate to evaluate the feasibility of the SM-3 Block IIA missile’s capability to defeat an ICBM threat before the end of 2020.”45 A

~~Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program~~

November 17, 2020, press report about the flight test stated that “the unarmed ICBM was a November 17, 2020, press report about the flight test stated that “the unarmed ICBM was a
replica of a target flown against the Ground-based Midcourse Defense system during a March replica of a target flown against the Ground-based Midcourse Defense system during a March
2019 flight test that featured a salvo launch of a pair of interceptors.”2019 flight test that featured a salvo launch of a pair of interceptors.”4446 An April 2021 GAO An April 2021 GAO
report on deliveries and testing of U.S. missile defense systems in FY2020 stated the following: report on deliveries and testing of U.S. missile defense systems in FY2020 stated the following:
MDA’s effort to include the MDA’s effort to include the SM-3 BlockSM-3 Block IIA interceptor in a new “layered” homeland IIA interceptor in a new “layered” homeland
defense against intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) threats targeting the U.S. could defense against intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) threats targeting the U.S. could
introduce considerable cost, schedule, and performance uncertainty to a program that has introduce considerable cost, schedule, and performance uncertainty to a program that has
just entered initial production. The GMD weapon system currently provides defense just entered initial production. The GMD weapon system currently provides defense
against ICBMs, but this new effort would add the SM-3 Block IIA and THAAD weapon against ICBMs, but this new effort would add the SM-3 Block IIA and THAAD weapon
system as layers underneath that provided by GMD. For further details on the GMD and system as layers underneath that provided by GMD. For further details on the GMD and
THAAD weapon systems see their respective appendixes. THAAD weapon systems see their respective appendixes.
ICBM intercepts are more challenging than the IRBM intercepts for which the SM-3 IIA ICBM intercepts are more challenging than the IRBM intercepts for which the SM-3 IIA
was originally designed. MDA’s most recent attempt to create a system for intercepting was originally designed. MDA’s most recent attempt to create a system for intercepting
ICBMs, known as the Redesigned Kill Vehicle (RKV), re-used some parts from the SM-3 ICBMs, known as the Redesigned Kill Vehicle (RKV), re-used some parts from the SM-3
Block IIA. DOD cancelled the RKV before it could complete development after significant Block IIA. DOD cancelled the RKV before it could complete development after significant
cost and schedule overruns and questions about the ability of the design to overcome cost and schedule overruns and questions about the ability of the design to overcome
specific performance risks. Parts re-used from the SM-3 Block IIA were implicated in some specific performance risks. Parts re-used from the SM-3 Block IIA were implicated in some
of the RKV’s performance shortfalls. Even so, planning for an anti-ICBM capability for of the RKV’s performance shortfalls. Even so, planning for an anti-ICBM capability for
the SM-3 Block IIA continued during and even after the RKV’s termination. the SM-3 Block IIA continued during and even after the RKV’s termination.
Achieving such a capability will require surmounting several challenges. According to Achieving such a capability will require surmounting several challenges. According to
MDA, during the November 2020 flight test named FTM-44, the SM-3 Block IIA struck a MDA, during the November 2020 flight test named FTM-44, the SM-3 Block IIA struck a
simple ICBM target. This was not an operational test, however, and it was executed under simple ICBM target. This was not an operational test, however, and it was executed under
highly favorable conditions. More development work is needed for the SM-3 Block IIA to highly favorable conditions. More development work is needed for the SM-3 Block IIA to
support a layered homeland defense capability. MDA documents show that the agency now support a layered homeland defense capability. MDA documents show that the agency now
plans to develop and procure an upgraded version of the SM-3 Block IIA for the specific plans to develop and procure an upgraded version of the SM-3 Block IIA for the specific
purpose of fulfilling the homeland defense mission.purpose of fulfilling the homeland defense mission.4547
A May 13, 2021, press report stated A May 13, 2021, press report stated
The Missile Defense Agency proved that a Navy destroyer with a Standard Missile-3 Block The Missile Defense Agency proved that a Navy destroyer with a Standard Missile-3 Block
IIA can stop a simple intercontinental ballisticIIA can stop a simple intercontinental ballistic missile threat, but moremissile threat, but more work remains to work remains to
prove whether this combination could contribute to homeland defense, the MDA director prove whether this combination could contribute to homeland defense, the MDA director
said Wednesday [May 12]. said Wednesday [May 12].
Vice Adm. Jon Hill described the Flight Test Aegis Weapon System (FTM) 44, which took Vice Adm. Jon Hill described the Flight Test Aegis Weapon System (FTM) 44, which took
place in the Pacific in November after pandemic-related delays earlier in the year: A simple place in the Pacific in November after pandemic-related delays earlier in the year: A simple
ICBM target was launched from the Army’s Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test ICBM target was launched from the Army’s Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test
Site on the Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Satellites detected the launch, and a Site on the Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Satellites detected the launch, and a
slew of satellites and sensors, including on the Pacific Missile Range Facility in Hawaii, slew of satellites and sensors, including on the Pacific Missile Range Facility in Hawaii,
tracked the target. Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS John Finn (DDG-113), positioned tracked the target. Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS John Finn (DDG-113), positioned
~~hundreds of miles east of Hawaii, launched an SM-3 Block IIA missile from its deck based~~
~~on its best fire control solution at the time, and the missile itself maneuvered to successfully~~
~~hit the target as it received more information in flight.~~
~~The goal of the test, Hill said while speaking at the annual McAleese FY 2022 Defense~~
~~Programs Conference, was “to prove that we have the ability to leverage the robustness in~~
~~the [Aegis] program, so that was really the first test just to see if it’s feasible. And we~~
~~learned a lot.”~~

45 Missile Defense Agency News release 20NEWS-0003, “U.S. Successfully Conducts SM-3 Block IIA Intercept Test Against an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Target,” November 16, 2020. Against an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Target,” November 16, 2020.
4446 Jason Sherman, “SM-3 Block IIA Intercepts ICBM Target, Validating Potential for Homeland Defense Jason Sherman, “SM-3 Block IIA Intercepts ICBM Target, Validating Potential for Homeland Defense
‘Underlayer,’” ‘Underlayer,’” Inside Defense, November 17, 2020. , November 17, 2020.
4547 Government Accountability Office, Government Accountability Office, Missile Defense[:] Fiscal Year 2020 Delivery and Testing Progressed, but
Annual Goals Unmet, GAO 21-314, April 2021, p. 24. See also Jen Judson, “Watchdog Expresses Concern over Using , GAO 21-314, April 2021, p. 24. See also Jen Judson, “Watchdog Expresses Concern over Using
US Navy Interceptor for Homeland Missile Defense,” US Navy Interceptor for Homeland Missile Defense,” Defense News, April 29, 2021. , April 29, 2021.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

1615 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program hundreds of miles east of Hawaii, launched an SM-3 Block IIA missile from its deck based on its best fire control solution at the time, and the missile itself maneuvered to successfully hit the target as it received more information in flight. The goal of the test, Hill said while speaking at the annual McAleese FY 2022 Defense Programs Conference, was “to prove that we have the ability to leverage the robustness in the [Aegis] program, so that was really the first test just to see if it’s feasible. And we learned a lot.”

~~Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program~~

Hill said the crew of John Finn, with limited data due to limited sensor coverage across the Hill said the crew of John Finn, with limited data due to limited sensor coverage across the
vast Pacific, maneuvered the ship to get the highest probability of kill. vast Pacific, maneuvered the ship to get the highest probability of kill.
“It maneuvered, shot the missile; lots of uncertainty because of lack of sensor coverage for “It maneuvered, shot the missile; lots of uncertainty because of lack of sensor coverage for
such a long-range flight where we were doing the exercise. So what we actually saw was a such a long-range flight where we were doing the exercise. So what we actually saw was a
really high divert [from the missile]. So kind of two walkaways from that first test, which really high divert [from the missile]. So kind of two walkaways from that first test, which
is why I think it was really important, was that it was the longest propagated error or is why I think it was really important, was that it was the longest propagated error or
uncertainty that we’ve ever seen in any test. And then we had the highest divert—that uncertainty that we’ve ever seen in any test. And then we had the highest divert—that
meant the [SM-3 IIA] missile was maneuvering to actually take it out, and it still took it meant the [SM-3 IIA] missile was maneuvering to actually take it out, and it still took it
out, which is really great,” Hill continued. out, which is really great,” Hill continued.
“In terms of feasibility, did we accomplish the mission? Absolutely. Every test objective “In terms of feasibility, did we accomplish the mission? Absolutely. Every test objective
achieved in November.” achieved in November.”
Hill was asked about an April Government Accountability Office report that cited concerns Hill was asked about an April Government Accountability Office report that cited concerns
about the Aegis Combat System/SM-3 IIA pairing for the homeland defense mission—as about the Aegis Combat System/SM-3 IIA pairing for the homeland defense mission—as
opposed to the regional defense mission it was built for, to protect a high-value asset such opposed to the regional defense mission it was built for, to protect a high-value asset such
as an aircraft carrier from an intermediate-range missile—and whether the simple ICBM as an aircraft carrier from an intermediate-range missile—and whether the simple ICBM
target used in the November test was representative of the real world. target used in the November test was representative of the real world.
“So what’s next? What’s next is to go against a more complex intercontinental ballistic “So what’s next? What’s next is to go against a more complex intercontinental ballistic
missile threat, and maybe even change the scenario. This scenario was a defense of Hawaii missile threat, and maybe even change the scenario. This scenario was a defense of Hawaii
scenario against a rogue nation—you guess which one out there in the Pacific—and in the scenario against a rogue nation—you guess which one out there in the Pacific—and in the
future we’re going to go to a more complexfuture we’re going to go to a more complex [threat], and that’s within the next couple [threat], and that’s within the next couple
years,” he said. years,” he said.
“So we’re still analyzing data from November, and then we’re going to make upgrades and “So we’re still analyzing data from November, and then we’re going to make upgrades and
changes to the combat system, and we’ll make changes to the missile in terms of threat set changes to the combat system, and we’ll make changes to the missile in terms of threat set
to take on a higher end class threat.” to take on a higher end class threat.”
MDA and the military services would have to further integrate systems together to make MDA and the military services would have to further integrate systems together to make
this a credible layer in the homeland defense network, Hill said. During the November test, this a credible layer in the homeland defense network, Hill said. During the November test,
the MDA commanded and controlled the event from the Missile Defense Interoperability the MDA commanded and controlled the event from the Missile Defense Interoperability
and Operations Center in Colorado Springs, Colo., using the Command and Control Battle and Operations Center in Colorado Springs, Colo., using the Command and Control Battle
Management and Communication System (C2BMC) to receive satellite and sensor data Management and Communication System (C2BMC) to receive satellite and sensor data
and feed it to John Finn,and feed it to John Finn, which fired itswhich fired its missile on remotemissile on remote ~~without~~ without having access to the having access to the
sensor data itself. While that worked in a controlled environment, for a permanent sensor data itself. While that worked in a controlled environment, for a permanent
homeland defense mission the ship would need to be better integrated into U.S. Northern homeland defense mission the ship would need to be better integrated into U.S. Northern
Command’s network to fully share information and targeting data. Command’s network to fully share information and targeting data.
Hill said that Aegis has been integrated to operate with the Terminal High Altitude Area Hill said that Aegis has been integrated to operate with the Terminal High Altitude Area
Defense system, and THAAD has been integrated with the Patriot missile defense system, Defense system, and THAAD has been integrated with the Patriot missile defense system,
but MDA hasn’t integrated all the regional defense systems with homeland defense but MDA hasn’t integrated all the regional defense systems with homeland defense
systems. systems.
Beyond the actual integration and engineering work, Hill added that there was a policy Beyond the actual integration and engineering work, Hill added that there was a policy
question to answer, too. question to answer, too.
“Do we want ships in that role of being off the West Coast … defending against ICBMs as “Do we want ships in that role of being off the West Coast … defending against ICBMs as
a layer to the Ground-Based Mid-Course Defense? That’s an incredible conversation, a layer to the Ground-Based Mid-Course Defense? That’s an incredible conversation,
we’re having that now, and it’s hard to predict where it will go.” we’re having that now, and it’s hard to predict where it will go.”
Congressional Research Service 16 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program Asked on Thursday during the Naval Postgraduate School’s acquisition research Asked on Thursday during the Naval Postgraduate School’s acquisition research
symposium if the Navy has the capacity and appetite to use destroyers for homeland symposium if the Navy has the capacity and appetite to use destroyers for homeland
defense, Hill said much of it comes down to what ships are available for the mission. defense, Hill said much of it comes down to what ships are available for the mission.
“I think if you asked Gen. [Glen] VanHerck from NORTHCOM about his confidence in “I think if you asked Gen. [Glen] VanHerck from NORTHCOM about his confidence in
defending the nation today, the answer would be confident. But as the threat evolves, right, defending the nation today, the answer would be confident. But as the threat evolves, right,
you start to see a little change in that view. And so it’s been viewed for a while that the you start to see a little change in that view. And so it’s been viewed for a while that the
Navy can play a role in that area, but it becomes an asset problem,” Hill said. “There are Navy can play a role in that area, but it becomes an asset problem,” Hill said. “There are
~~Congressional Research Service~~

17

~~Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program~~

only so many ships we have up there. And they’re multi-mission ships, and they have a lot only so many ships we have up there. And they’re multi-mission ships, and they have a lot
of roles around the globe to execute.”of roles around the globe to execute.”4648
A June 22, 2021, press report stated A June 22, 2021, press report stated
The Pentagon’s No. 2 official has ordered 11 missile interceptors transferred from research The Pentagon’s No. 2 official has ordered 11 missile interceptors transferred from research
and development for possible deployment on Navy ships in the Pacific or European regions and development for possible deployment on Navy ships in the Pacific or European regions
after a test in November indicated they could stop an intercontinental ballistic missile. after a test in November indicated they could stop an intercontinental ballistic missile.
In the test, the USS John Finn intercepted a mock ICBM intended to simulate one that In the test, the USS John Finn intercepted a mock ICBM intended to simulate one that
could be launched at Hawaii by North Korea. The destroyer, operating near Hawaii, fired could be launched at Hawaii by North Korea. The destroyer, operating near Hawaii, fired
off one of the Standard Missile-3 model Block IIA interceptors built by Raytheon off one of the Standard Missile-3 model Block IIA interceptors built by Raytheon
Technologies Corp. at the target launched from Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Technologies Corp. at the target launched from Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands.
Deputy Defense Secretary Kathleen Hicks informed Congress May 27 of her rationale for Deputy Defense Secretary Kathleen Hicks informed Congress May 27 of her rationale for
transferring the interceptors, although she didn’t disclose it publicly. transferring the interceptors, although she didn’t disclose it publicly.
“The missiles have conducted successful intercept tests and their deployment is in the “The missiles have conducted successful intercept tests and their deployment is in the
important interest of our national security,” Hicks spokesman Jamal Brown said in an email important interest of our national security,” Hicks spokesman Jamal Brown said in an email
this month. The transfer to the Navy marks the first major missile defense initiative of the this month. The transfer to the Navy marks the first major missile defense initiative of the
Biden administration. Biden administration.
Although the Navy’s Aegis combat system, which launched the missile, and the interceptor Although the Navy’s Aegis combat system, which launched the missile, and the interceptor
“were not designed to defeat an ICBM-class target, this test demonstrated some potential “were not designed to defeat an ICBM-class target, this test demonstrated some potential
limited capability,” Vice Admiral Jon Hill, director of the Missile Defense Agency, said in limited capability,” Vice Admiral Jon Hill, director of the Missile Defense Agency, said in
testimony to Congress last week.testimony to Congress last week.4749
Required vs. Available Numbers of BMD-Capable Aegis Ships
Another potential issue for Congress concerns required versus available numbers of BMD-Another potential issue for Congress concerns required versus available numbers of BMD-
capable Aegis ships. Some observers have expressed concern about the potential operational capable Aegis ships. Some observers have expressed concern about the potential operational
implications of a shortfall in the available number of BMD-capable relative to the required implications of a shortfall in the available number of BMD-capable relative to the required
number. Regarding the required number of BMD-capable Aegis ships, an August 15, 2018, Navy number. Regarding the required number of BMD-capable Aegis ships, an August 15, 2018, Navy
information paper states the following: information paper states the following:
The [Navy’s] 2016 Force Structure Assessment [FSA] The [Navy’s] 2016 Force Structure Assessment [FSA]4850 sets the requirement [for BMD- sets the requirement [for BMD-
capable ships] at 54 BMD-capable ships, as part of the 104 large surface combatant capable ships] at 54 BMD-capable ships, as part of the 104 large surface combatant
requirement, to meet Navy unique requirements to support defense of the sea base and requirement, to meet Navy unique requirements to support defense of the sea base and
limited expeditionary land base sites…. limited expeditionary land base sites….
~~The minimum requirement for 54 BMD ships is based on the Navy unique requirement as~~
~~follows. It accepts risk in the sourcing of combatant commander (CCDR) requests for~~
~~defense of land.~~
~~- 30 to meet CVN escort demand for rotational deployment of the carrier strike groups~~
~~- 11 INCONUS for independent BMD deployment demand~~

46 48 Megan Eckstein, “MDA: Test of DDG, Standard Missile-3 IIA a Good Start, But More Work Needed on Homeland Megan Eckstein, “MDA: Test of DDG, Standard Missile-3 IIA a Good Start, But More Work Needed on Homeland
Defense Mission,” Defense Mission,” USNI News, May 13, 2021. See also Jason Sherman, “MDA Planning Second SM-3 Block IIA , May 13, 2021. See also Jason Sherman, “MDA Planning Second SM-3 Block IIA
Flight Test Against ICBM Target; New Development and Upgraded Interceptor Needed,” Flight Test Against ICBM Target; New Development and Upgraded Interceptor Needed,” Inside Defense, May 12, , May 12,
2021; Rich Abott, “MDA Planning Second Test of SM-3 IIA Against ICBM Target,” 2021; Rich Abott, “MDA Planning Second Test of SM-3 IIA Against ICBM Target,” Defense Daily, May 17, 2021. , May 17, 2021.
4749 Anthony Capaccio, “U.S. Navy Ships Close to Getting Interceptors That Could Stop an ICBM,” Anthony Capaccio, “U.S. Navy Ships Close to Getting Interceptors That Could Stop an ICBM,” Bloomberg, June 22, , June 22,
2021. 2021.
4850 The FSA is the Navy’s analysis, performed every few years, that establishes the Navy’s ship force structure The FSA is the Navy’s analysis, performed every few years, that establishes the Navy’s ship force structure
requirements. For further discussion, see CRS Report RL32665, requirements. For further discussion, see CRS Report RL32665, Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans:
Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke. , by Ronald O'Rourke.
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The minimum requirement for 54 BMD ships is based on the Navy unique requirement as follows. It accepts risk in the sourcing of combatant commander (CCDR) requests for defense of land. - 30 to meet CVN escort demand for rotational deployment of the carrier strike groups - 11 INCONUS for independent BMD deployment demand - 9 in forward deployed naval forces (FDNF) Japan to meet operational timelines in - 9 in forward deployed naval forces (FDNF) Japan to meet operational timelines in
USINDOPACOM USINDOPACOM
- 4 in FDNF Europe for rotational deployment in EUCOM. - 4 in FDNF Europe for rotational deployment in EUCOM.4951
Burden of BMD Mission on U.S. Navy Aegis Ships
A related potential issue for Congress is the burden that BMD operations may be placing on the A related potential issue for Congress is the burden that BMD operations may be placing on the
Navy’s fleet of Aegis ships, particularly since performing BMD patrols requires those ships to Navy’s fleet of Aegis ships, particularly since performing BMD patrols requires those ships to
operate in geographic locations that may be unsuitable for performing other U.S. Navy missions, operate in geographic locations that may be unsuitable for performing other U.S. Navy missions,
and whether there are alternative ways to perform BMD missions now performed by U.S. Navy and whether there are alternative ways to perform BMD missions now performed by U.S. Navy
Aegis ships, such as establishing more Aegis Ashore sites. A June 16, 2018, press report states the Aegis ships, such as establishing more Aegis Ashore sites. A June 16, 2018, press report states the
following: following:
The U.S. Navy’s The U.S. Navy’s top officertop officer ~~wants~~ wants to end standing ballisticto end standing ballistic missile defense patrols and missile defense patrols and
transfer the mission to shore-based assets. transfer the mission to shore-based assets.
Chief of Naval Operations Adm. John Richardson said in no Chief of Naval Operations Adm. John Richardson said in no uncertain terms on June 12 uncertain terms on June 12
that he wants the Navy off the tether of ballistic missile defense patrols, a mission that has that he wants the Navy off the tether of ballistic missile defense patrols, a mission that has
put aput a growing strain on thegrowing strain on the Navy’s hard-worn surface combatants, and theNavy’s hard-worn surface combatants, and the duty shifted duty shifted
towards more shore-based infrastructure. towards more shore-based infrastructure.
“Right now, as we speak, I have six multi-mission, very sophisticated, dynamic cruisers “Right now, as we speak, I have six multi-mission, very sophisticated, dynamic cruisers
and destroyers―six of them are on ballistic missile defense duty at sea,” Richardson said and destroyers―six of them are on ballistic missile defense duty at sea,” Richardson said
during his address at the U.S. Naval War College’s Current Strategy Forum. “And if you during his address at the U.S. Naval War College’s Current Strategy Forum. “And if you
know a little bit about this business you know that geometry is a tyrant. know a little bit about this business you know that geometry is a tyrant.
“You have to be in a tiny little box to have a chance at intercepting that incoming missile. “You have to be in a tiny little box to have a chance at intercepting that incoming missile.
So, we have six ships that could go anywhere in the world, at flank speed, in a tiny little So, we have six ships that could go anywhere in the world, at flank speed, in a tiny little
box, defending land.” box, defending land.”
Richardson continued, saying the Navy could be used in emergencies but that in the long Richardson continued, saying the Navy could be used in emergencies but that in the long
term the problem demands a different solution. term the problem demands a different solution.
“It’s a pretty good capability and if there is an emergent need to provide ballistic missile “It’s a pretty good capability and if there is an emergent need to provide ballistic missile
defense, we’re there,” he said. “But 10 years down the road, it’s time to build something defense, we’re there,” he said. “But 10 years down the road, it’s time to build something
on land to defend the land. Whether that’s AEGIS ashore or whatever, I want to get out of on land to defend the land. Whether that’s AEGIS ashore or whatever, I want to get out of
the long-term missile defense business and move to dynamic missile defense.” the long-term missile defense business and move to dynamic missile defense.”
The unusually direct comments from the CNO come amid growing frustration among the The unusually direct comments from the CNO come amid growing frustration among the
surface warfare community that the mission, which requires ships to stay in a steaming box surface warfare community that the mission, which requires ships to stay in a steaming box
doing figure-eights for weeks on end, is eating up assets and operational availability that doing figure-eights for weeks on end, is eating up assets and operational availability that
could be better used confronting growing high-end threats from China and Russia. could be better used confronting growing high-end threats from China and Russia.
The BMD mission was also a factor in degraded readiness in the surface The BMD mission was also a factor in degraded readiness in the surface fleet. Amid the fleet. Amid the
nuclear threatnuclear threat from North Korea, the BMD mission beganfrom North Korea, the BMD mission began eating more and moreeating more and more of the of the
readiness generated in the Japan-based U.S. 7th Fleet, which created a pressurized situation readiness generated in the Japan-based U.S. 7th Fleet, which created a pressurized situation
that caused leaders in the Pacific to cut corners and sacrifice training time for their crews, that caused leaders in the Pacific to cut corners and sacrifice training time for their crews,
~~an environment described in the Navy’s comprehensive review into the two collisions that~~
~~claimed the lives of 17 sailors in the disastrous summer of 2017.~~
~~Richardson said that as potential enemies double down on anti-access technologies~~
~~designed to keep the U.S. Navy at bay, the Navy needed to focus on missile defense for its~~
~~own assets.~~

49 51 Navy information paper dated August 15, 2018, entitled “Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Capable Ships Navy information paper dated August 15, 2018, entitled “Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Capable Ships
requirement,” provided by Navy Office of Legislative Affairs to CBO and CRS on August 15, 2018. The information requirement,” provided by Navy Office of Legislative Affairs to CBO and CRS on August 15, 2018. The information
paper was requested by CBO. paper was requested by CBO.
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an environment described in the Navy’s comprehensive review into the two collisions that claimed the lives of 17 sailors in the disastrous summer of 2017. Richardson said that as potential enemies double down on anti-access technologies designed to keep the U.S. Navy at bay, the Navy needed to focus on missile defense for its own assets. “We’re going to need missile defense at sea as we kind of fight our way now into the battle “We’re going to need missile defense at sea as we kind of fight our way now into the battle
spaces we need to get into,” he said. “And so restoring dynamic maneuver has something spaces we need to get into,” he said. “And so restoring dynamic maneuver has something
to do with missile defense.to do with missile defense.5052
A June 23, 2018, press report states the following: A June 23, 2018, press report states the following:
The threats from a resurgent Russia and rising China―which is cranking out ships like it’s The threats from a resurgent Russia and rising China―which is cranking out ships like it’s
preparing for war―have put enormous pressure on the now-aging [U.S. Navy Aegis preparing for war―have put enormous pressure on the now-aging [U.S. Navy Aegis
destroyer] fleet. Standing requirements for BMD patrols have put increasing strain on the destroyer] fleet. Standing requirements for BMD patrols have put increasing strain on the
U.S. Navy’s surface ships. U.S. Navy’s surface ships.
The Navy now stands at a crossroads. BMD, while a burden, has also been a cash cow that The Navy now stands at a crossroads. BMD, while a burden, has also been a cash cow that
has pushed the capabilities of thehas pushed the capabilities of the fleet exponentially forward over thefleet exponentially forward over the past decade.past decade. The The
game-changing SPY-6 air and missile defense radar destined for DDG Flight III, for game-changing SPY-6 air and missile defense radar destined for DDG Flight III, for
example, is a direct response to the need for more advanced BMD shooters. But a smaller example, is a direct response to the need for more advanced BMD shooters. But a smaller
fleet, needed for everything from anti-submarine patrols to freedom-of-navigation missions fleet, needed for everything from anti-submarine patrols to freedom-of-navigation missions
in the South China Sea, routinely has a large chunk tethered to BMD missions. in the South China Sea, routinely has a large chunk tethered to BMD missions.
“Right now, as we speak, I have six multimission, very sophisticated, dynamic cruisers and “Right now, as we speak, I have six multimission, very sophisticated, dynamic cruisers and
destroyers―six of them are on ballistic missile defense duty at sea,” Chief of Naval destroyers―six of them are on ballistic missile defense duty at sea,” Chief of Naval
Operations Adm. John Richardson said during an address at the recent U.S. Naval War Operations Adm. John Richardson said during an address at the recent U.S. Naval War
College’s Current Strategy Forum. “You have to be in a tiny little box to have a chance at College’s Current Strategy Forum. “You have to be in a tiny little box to have a chance at
intercepting that incoming missile. So we have six ships that could go anywhere in the intercepting that incoming missile. So we have six ships that could go anywhere in the
world, at flank speed, in a tiny little box, defending land.” world, at flank speed, in a tiny little box, defending land.”
And for every six ships the Navy has deployed in a standing mission, it means 18 ships are And for every six ships the Navy has deployed in a standing mission, it means 18 ships are
in various stages of the deployment cycle preparing to relieve them. in various stages of the deployment cycle preparing to relieve them.
The Pentagon, led by Defense Secretary Jim Mattis, wants the Navy to be more flexible The Pentagon, led by Defense Secretary Jim Mattis, wants the Navy to be more flexible
and less predictable―“dynamic” is the buzzword of moment in Navy circles. What and less predictable―“dynamic” is the buzzword of moment in Navy circles. What
Richardson is proposing is moving standing requirements for BMD patrols away from Richardson is proposing is moving standing requirements for BMD patrols away from
ships underway and all the associated costs that incurs, and toward fixed, shore-based sites, ships underway and all the associated costs that incurs, and toward fixed, shore-based sites,
and also surging the Navy’s at-sea BMD capabilities when there is an active threat.... and also surging the Navy’s at-sea BMD capabilities when there is an active threat....
In a follow-up response to questions posed on the CNO’s comments, Navy spokesman In a follow-up response to questions posed on the CNO’s comments, Navy spokesman
Cmdr. William Speaks said the Navy’s position is that BMD is an integral part of the Cmdr. William Speaks said the Navy’s position is that BMD is an integral part of the
service’sservice’s mission, butmission, but ~~where~~ where long-term threats exist, thelong-term threats exist, the Navy should “consider aNavy should “consider a more more
persistent, land-based solution as an option.” persistent, land-based solution as an option.”
“This idea is not about the nation’s or the Navy’s commitment to BMD for the U.S. and “This idea is not about the nation’s or the Navy’s commitment to BMD for the U.S. and
our allies and partners―the Navy’s commitment to ballistic missile defense is rock-solid,” our allies and partners―the Navy’s commitment to ballistic missile defense is rock-solid,”
Speaks said. “In fact, the Navy will grow the number of BMD-capable ships from 38 to 60 Speaks said. “In fact, the Navy will grow the number of BMD-capable ships from 38 to 60
by 2023, in response to the growing demand for this capability. by 2023, in response to the growing demand for this capability.
“The idea is about how to best meet that commitment. In alignment with our national “The idea is about how to best meet that commitment. In alignment with our national
strategic documents, we have shifted our focus in an era of great power competition―this strategic documents, we have shifted our focus in an era of great power competition―this
calls us to think innovatively about how best to meet the demands of this mission and calls us to think innovatively about how best to meet the demands of this mission and
optimize the power of the joint force.”... optimize the power of the joint force.”...
52 David B. Larter, “The US Navy Is Fed Up with Ballistic Missile Defense Patrols,” Defense News, June 16, 2018. See also Paul McLeary, “Will Budget Crunch Pentagon Laser & Space Investments?” Breaking Defense, November 13, 2018. Congressional Research Service 19 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program While the idea of saving money by having fixed BMD sites and freeing up multimission While the idea of saving money by having fixed BMD sites and freeing up multimission
ships is sensible, it may have unintended consequences, said Bryan McGrath, a retired ships is sensible, it may have unintended consequences, said Bryan McGrath, a retired
destroyer skipper and owner of the defense consultancy The FerryBridge Group. destroyer skipper and owner of the defense consultancy The FerryBridge Group.
“The BMD mission is part of what creates the force structure requirement for large surface “The BMD mission is part of what creates the force structure requirement for large surface
combatants,” McGrath said on Twitter after Defense News reported the CNO’s comments. combatants,” McGrath said on Twitter after Defense News reported the CNO’s comments.
“Absent it, the number of CG’s and DDG’s would necessarily decline. This may in fact be “Absent it, the number of CG’s and DDG’s would necessarily decline. This may in fact be
desirable, depending on the emerging fleet architecture and the roles and missions debate desirable, depending on the emerging fleet architecture and the roles and missions debate

~~50 David B. Larter, “The US Navy Is Fed Up with Ballistic Missile Defense Patrols,” Defense News, June 16, 2018. See~~
~~also Paul McLeary, “Will Budget Crunch Pentagon Laser & Space Investments?” Breaking Defense, November 13,~~
~~2018.~~
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underway. Perhaps we need more smaller, multi-mission ships than larger, more expensive underway. Perhaps we need more smaller, multi-mission ships than larger, more expensive
ones. ones.
“But it cannot be forgotten that while the mission is somewhat wasteful of a capable, multi- “But it cannot be forgotten that while the mission is somewhat wasteful of a capable, multi-
mission ship, the fact that we have built the ships that (among other things) do this mission mission ship, the fact that we have built the ships that (among other things) do this mission
is an incredibly good thing. If there is a penalty to be paid in peacetime sub-optimization is an incredibly good thing. If there is a penalty to be paid in peacetime sub-optimization
in order to have wartime capacity—should this not be considered a positive thing?” in order to have wartime capacity—should this not be considered a positive thing?”
McGrath went on to say that the suite of combat systems that have been built into Aegis McGrath went on to say that the suite of combat systems that have been built into Aegis
have been in response to the BMD threat. And indeed, the crown jewels of the surface have been in response to the BMD threat. And indeed, the crown jewels of the surface
fleet―Aegis Baseline 9 software, which allows a ship to do both air defense and BMD fleet―Aegis Baseline 9 software, which allows a ship to do both air defense and BMD
simultaneously; the Aegis common-source library; the forthcoming SPY-6; cooperative simultaneously; the Aegis common-source library; the forthcoming SPY-6; cooperative
engagement―have come about either in part or entirely driven by the BMD mission.... engagement―have come about either in part or entirely driven by the BMD mission....
A Navy official who spoke on condition of anonymity, to discuss the Navy’s shifting A Navy official who spoke on condition of anonymity, to discuss the Navy’s shifting
language on BMD, acknowledged the tone had shifted since the 2000s when the Navy language on BMD, acknowledged the tone had shifted since the 2000s when the Navy
latched onto the mission. But the official added that the situation more than a decade later latched onto the mission. But the official added that the situation more than a decade later
has dramatically shifted. has dramatically shifted.
“The strategic environment has changed significantly since the early 2000s―particularly “The strategic environment has changed significantly since the early 2000s―particularly
in the western Pacific. We have never before faced multiple peer rivals in a world as in the western Pacific. We have never before faced multiple peer rivals in a world as
interconnected and interdependent as we do today,” the official said. “Nor have we ever interconnected and interdependent as we do today,” the official said. “Nor have we ever
seen technologies that could alter the character of war as dramatically as those we see seen technologies that could alter the character of war as dramatically as those we see
emerging around us. China and Russia have observed our way of war and are on the move emerging around us. China and Russia have observed our way of war and are on the move
to reshape the environment to their favor.” to reshape the environment to their favor.”
In response to the threat and Defense Secretary Jim Mattis’ desire to use the force more In response to the threat and Defense Secretary Jim Mattis’ desire to use the force more
dynamically, the Navy is looking at its options, the official said. “This includes taking a dynamically, the Navy is looking at its options, the official said. “This includes taking a
look at how we employ BMD ships through the lens of great power competition to compete, look at how we employ BMD ships through the lens of great power competition to compete,
deter and win against those who threaten us.”deter and win against those who threaten us.”5153
A January 29, 2019, press report states the following: A January 29, 2019, press report states the following:
The Navy is looking to get out of the missile defense business, the service’s top admiral The Navy is looking to get out of the missile defense business, the service’s top admiral
said today, and the Pentagon’s new missile defense review might give the service the off-said today, and the Pentagon’s new missile defense review might give the service the off-
ramp it has been looking for to stop sailing in circles waiting for ground-based missile ramp it has been looking for to stop sailing in circles waiting for ground-based missile
launches. launches.
This wasn’t the first time Adm. John Richardson bristled in public over his ships sailing in This wasn’t the first time Adm. John Richardson bristled in public over his ships sailing in
“small boxes” at sea tasked with protecting land, when they could be out performing other “small boxes” at sea tasked with protecting land, when they could be out performing other
missions challenging Chinese and Russian adventurism in the South China Sea and the missions challenging Chinese and Russian adventurism in the South China Sea and the
North Atlantic…. North Atlantic….
“We’ve got exquisite capability, but we’ve had ships protecting some pretty static assets “We’ve got exquisite capability, but we’ve had ships protecting some pretty static assets
on land for a decade,” Richardson said at the Brookings Institute. “If that [stationary] asset on land for a decade,” Richardson said at the Brookings Institute. “If that [stationary] asset
is going to be a long-term protected asset, then let’s build something on land and protect is going to be a long-term protected asset, then let’s build something on land and protect
that and liberate these ships from this mission.” that and liberate these ships from this mission.”
Japan is already moving down the path of building up a more robust ground-based sensor Japan is already moving down the path of building up a more robust ground-based sensor
and shooter layer, while also getting its own ships out to sea armed with the Aegis radar and shooter layer, while also getting its own ships out to sea armed with the Aegis radar
~~and missile defense system, both of which would free up American hulls from what~~
~~Richardson on Monday called “the small [geographic] boxes where they have to stay for~~
~~ballistic missile defense.”52~~

51 53 David B. Larter, “As Threats Mount, US Navy Grapples with Costly Ballistic Missile Defense Mission,” David B. Larter, “As Threats Mount, US Navy Grapples with Costly Ballistic Missile Defense Mission,” Defense
News, June 23, 2018. , June 23, 2018.
~~52 Paul McLeary, “The Navy Has Had Enough of Missile Defense And Sees Its Chance,” Breaking Defense, January~~
~~28, 2019.~~
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and missile defense system, both of which would free up American hulls from what Richardson on Monday called “the small [geographic] boxes where they have to stay for ballistic missile defense.”54 Allied Burden Sharing: U.S. vs. Allied Contributions to Regional
BMD Capabilities
Another related potential issue for Congress concerns allied burden sharing—how allied Another related potential issue for Congress concerns allied burden sharing—how allied
contributions to regional BMD capabilities and operations compare to U.S. naval contributions to contributions to regional BMD capabilities and operations compare to U.S. naval contributions to
overseas regional BMD capabilities and operations, particularly in light of constraints on U.S. overseas regional BMD capabilities and operations, particularly in light of constraints on U.S.
defense spending, worldwide operational demands for U.S. Navy Aegis ships, and calls by some defense spending, worldwide operational demands for U.S. Navy Aegis ships, and calls by some
U.S. observers for increased allied defense efforts. The issue can arise in connection with both U.S. observers for increased allied defense efforts. The issue can arise in connection with both
U.S. allies in Europe and U.S. allies in Asia. Regarding U.S. allies in Asia, a December 12, 2018, U.S. allies in Europe and U.S. allies in Asia. Regarding U.S. allies in Asia, a December 12, 2018,
press report states the following: press report states the following:
In June, US Navy Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Admiral John Richardson said during In June, US Navy Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Admiral John Richardson said during
a speech at the US Naval War College that the US Navy should terminate its current a speech at the US Naval War College that the US Navy should terminate its current
practice of dedicating several US Navy warships solely for Ballistic Missile Defense practice of dedicating several US Navy warships solely for Ballistic Missile Defense
(BMD). (BMD).
Richardson wanted US warships to halt BMD patrols off Japan and Europe as they are Richardson wanted US warships to halt BMD patrols off Japan and Europe as they are
limiting, restrictive missions that could be better accomplished by existing land-based limiting, restrictive missions that could be better accomplished by existing land-based
BMD systems such as Patriot anti-missile batteries, the US Terminal High Altitude Area BMD systems such as Patriot anti-missile batteries, the US Terminal High Altitude Area
Defense (THAAD) anti-missile system and the Aegis Ashore anti-missile system. Defense (THAAD) anti-missile system and the Aegis Ashore anti-missile system.
In the months since dropping his bombshell, Richardson—and much of the debate—has In the months since dropping his bombshell, Richardson—and much of the debate—has
gone quiet. gone quiet.
“My guess is the CNO got snapped back by the Pentagon for exceeding where the debate “My guess is the CNO got snapped back by the Pentagon for exceeding where the debate
actually stood,” one expert on US naval affairs told Asia Times. actually stood,” one expert on US naval affairs told Asia Times.
But others agree But others agree with him.with him. Air Force Lt Gen Samuel A Greaves, the director of the US Air Force Lt Gen Samuel A Greaves, the director of the US
Missile Defense Agency (MDA), acknowledges Richardson’s attempts to highlight how Missile Defense Agency (MDA), acknowledges Richardson’s attempts to highlight how
these BMD patrols were placing unwelcome “strain on the (US Navy’s) crews and these BMD patrols were placing unwelcome “strain on the (US Navy’s) crews and
equipment.” equipment.”
But there are complications. While it may free US Navy warships for sea-control, rather But there are complications. While it may free US Navy warships for sea-control, rather
than land defense, there is a concern that next- generation hypersonic cruise missiles could than land defense, there is a concern that next- generation hypersonic cruise missiles could
defeat land-based BMD systems, such as Aegis Ashore, while the US Navy’s Aegis-defeat land-based BMD systems, such as Aegis Ashore, while the US Navy’s Aegis-
equipped warships offer the advantages of high-speed mobility and stealth, resulting in equipped warships offer the advantages of high-speed mobility and stealth, resulting in
greater survivability overall. greater survivability overall.
As Japan prepares to acquire its first Aegis Ashore BMD system – and perhaps other As Japan prepares to acquire its first Aegis Ashore BMD system – and perhaps other
systems such as the THAAD system which has been deployed previously in Romania and systems such as the THAAD system which has been deployed previously in Romania and
South Korea – the possibility that the US Navy will end its important BMD role represents South Korea – the possibility that the US Navy will end its important BMD role represents
abrupt change…. abrupt change….
Japan’s decision to deploy Aegis Ashore can fill in any gap created by a possible US Navy Japan’s decision to deploy Aegis Ashore can fill in any gap created by a possible US Navy
cessation of BMD patrols. “The land-based option is more reliable, less logistically cessation of BMD patrols. “The land-based option is more reliable, less logistically
draining, and despite being horrendously expensive, could be effective in the sense that it draining, and despite being horrendously expensive, could be effective in the sense that it
provides a degree of reassurance to the Japanese people and US government, and provides a degree of reassurance to the Japanese people and US government, and
introduces an element of doubt of missile efficacy into [North Korean] calculations,” said introduces an element of doubt of missile efficacy into [North Korean] calculations,” said
[Garren Mulloy, Associate Professor of International Relations at Daito Bunka University [Garren Mulloy, Associate Professor of International Relations at Daito Bunka University
in Saitama, Japan], adding, however, that these systems could not cover Okinawa. in Saitama, Japan], adding, however, that these systems could not cover Okinawa.
54 Paul McLeary, “The Navy Has Had Enough of Missile Defense And Sees Its Chance,” Breaking Defense, January 28, 2019. Congressional Research Service 21 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program “Fixed sites in Japan could be vulnerable, and the Aegis vessels provide a flexible forward- “Fixed sites in Japan could be vulnerable, and the Aegis vessels provide a flexible forward-
defense, before anything enters Japanese airspace, but with obviously limited reactions defense, before anything enters Japanese airspace, but with obviously limited reactions
times,” Mulloy said. “Aegis Ashore gives more reaction time – but over Japanese times,” Mulloy said. “Aegis Ashore gives more reaction time – but over Japanese
airspace.”… airspace.”…
The silence about this sudden possible shift in the US defense posture in the western Pacific The silence about this sudden possible shift in the US defense posture in the western Pacific
is understandable: it is a sensitive topic in Washington and Tokyo. However, the Trump is understandable: it is a sensitive topic in Washington and Tokyo. However, the Trump
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administration has urged its allies to pay more for their own defense needs and to support administration has urged its allies to pay more for their own defense needs and to support
US troops deployed overseas. US troops deployed overseas.
Meanwhile, Tokyo needs to proceed cautiously given the likelihood that neighbors might Meanwhile, Tokyo needs to proceed cautiously given the likelihood that neighbors might
view a move on BMD as evidence that Tokyo is adopting an increasingly aggressive view a move on BMD as evidence that Tokyo is adopting an increasingly aggressive
defense posture in the region. defense posture in the region.
But for them, it is a no-win situation. If the US does ditch the BMD patrol mission, China But for them, it is a no-win situation. If the US does ditch the BMD patrol mission, China
and North Korea might view the shift as equally menacing given that it greatly enhances and North Korea might view the shift as equally menacing given that it greatly enhances
the US Navy’s maritime warfare capabilities.the US Navy’s maritime warfare capabilities.5355
Conversion of Hawaii Aegis Test Site
Another potential issue for Congress is whether to convert the Aegis test facility in Hawaii into an Another potential issue for Congress is whether to convert the Aegis test facility in Hawaii into an
operational land-based Aegis BMD site. DOD’s January 2019 missile defense review report operational land-based Aegis BMD site. DOD’s January 2019 missile defense review report
states, in a section on improving or adapting existing BMD systems, that states, in a section on improving or adapting existing BMD systems, that
Another repurposing option is to operationalize, either temporarily or permanently, the Another repurposing option is to operationalize, either temporarily or permanently, the
Aegis Ashore Missile Defense Test Center in Kauai, Hawaii, to strengthen the defense of Aegis Ashore Missile Defense Test Center in Kauai, Hawaii, to strengthen the defense of
Hawaii against North Korean missile capabilities. DoD will study this possibility to further Hawaii against North Korean missile capabilities. DoD will study this possibility to further
evaluate it as a viable near-term option to enhance the defense of Hawaii. The United States evaluate it as a viable near-term option to enhance the defense of Hawaii. The United States
will augment the defense of Hawaii in order to stay ahead of any possible North Korean will augment the defense of Hawaii in order to stay ahead of any possible North Korean
missile threat. MDA and the Navy will evaluate the viability of this option and develop an missile threat. MDA and the Navy will evaluate the viability of this option and develop an
Emergency Activation Plan that would enable the Secretary of Defense to operationalize Emergency Activation Plan that would enable the Secretary of Defense to operationalize
the Aegis Ashore test site in Kauai within 30 days of the Secretary’s decision to do so, the the Aegis Ashore test site in Kauai within 30 days of the Secretary’s decision to do so, the
steps that would need to be taken, associated costs, and personnel requirements. This plan steps that would need to be taken, associated costs, and personnel requirements. This plan
will be delivered to USDA&S, USDR&E, and USDP within six months of the release of will be delivered to USDA&S, USDR&E, and USDP within six months of the release of
the MDR.the MDR.5456
A January 25, 2019, press report states the following: A January 25, 2019, press report states the following:
The Defense Department will examine the funding breakdown between the Navy and the The Defense Department will examine the funding breakdown between the Navy and the
Missile Defense Agency should the government make Hawaii’s Aegis Ashore Missile Missile Defense Agency should the government make Hawaii’s Aegis Ashore Missile
Defense Test Center into an operational resource, according to the agency’s director. Defense Test Center into an operational resource, according to the agency’s director.
“Today, it involves both Navy resources for the operational crews—that man that site—as “Today, it involves both Navy resources for the operational crews—that man that site—as
well as funds that come to MDA for research, development and test production and well as funds that come to MDA for research, development and test production and
sustainment,” Lt. Gen. Sam Greaves said of the test center when asked how the funding sustainment,” Lt. Gen. Sam Greaves said of the test center when asked how the funding
would shake out between the Navy and MDA should the Pentagon move forward with the would shake out between the Navy and MDA should the Pentagon move forward with the
recommendation.recommendation.5557
Potential Contribution from Lasers
Another potential issue for Congress concerns the potential for ship-based lasers to contribute in Another potential issue for Congress concerns the potential for ship-based lasers to contribute in
coming years to Navy terminal-phase BMD operations and the impact this might eventually have coming years to Navy terminal-phase BMD operations and the impact this might eventually have
~~on required numbers of ship-based BMD interceptor missiles. Another CRS report discusses the~~
~~potential value of ship-based lasers for performing various missions, including, potentially,~~
~~terminal-phase BMD operations.56~~

53 55 Peter J. Brown, “Japan, US Silent over Ending Ballistic Missile Patrols,” Peter J. Brown, “Japan, US Silent over Ending Ballistic Missile Patrols,” Asia Times, December 12, 2018. , December 12, 2018.
5456 Department of Defense, Department of Defense, Missile Defense Review 2019, released January 17, 2019, pp. 55-56. , released January 17, 2019, pp. 55-56.
5557 Mallory Shelbourne, “DOD to Determine Funding Breakdown for Aegis Ashore Repurposing,” Mallory Shelbourne, “DOD to Determine Funding Breakdown for Aegis Ashore Repurposing,” Inside the Navy, ,
January 25, 2019January 25, 2019.
56 See CRS Report R44175, Navy Shipboard Lasers: Background and Issues for Congress~~, by Ronald O'Rourke~~. .
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

2322

Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program

~~Technical Risk and Test and Evaluation Issues~~
~~Another potential oversight issue for Congress is technical risk and test and evaluation issues in~~
~~the Aegis BMD program.~~
~~June 2022 GAO Report~~
~~A June 2022~~on required numbers of ship-based BMD interceptor missiles. Another CRS report discusses the potential value of ship-based lasers for performing various missions, including, potentially, terminal-phase BMD operations.58 Program Deliveries, Testing, and Technical Risk Another potential oversight issue for Congress concerns deliveries, testing, and technical risk in the Aegis BMD program. May 2023 GAO Report A May 2023 GAO report on U.S. BMD systems, including the Aegis BMD system, stated the GAO report on U.S. BMD systems, including the Aegis BMD system, stated the
following: following:
~~Deliveries~~
~~The Aegis Ashore site in Poland was originally planned to be delivered in fiscal year 2018,~~
~~but has experienced significant construction delays due to contractor under-performance,~~
~~according to Missile Defense Agency (MDA) officials. The program currently estimates~~
~~that this site will be delivered no earlier than fiscal year 2022.~~
~~An AWS [Aegis Weapon System] software spiral—Aegis Baseline 9.C2.1—was delivered~~
~~as planned in fiscal year 2021. The program noted, however, that these capabilities will not~~
~~be available until Command, Control, Battle Management, and Communications (C2BMC)~~
~~spiral 8.2-5 and the Navy’s upgraded SM-6 Dual II missiles are fielded....~~
~~SM-3 interceptors experienced production issues that led to delays in deliveries for fiscal~~
~~year 2021. SM-3 Block IIA production was halted to investigate multiple test and~~
~~component anomalies, some of which required re-work of delivered interceptors. An~~
~~incremental production decision planned for fiscal year 2021 was delayed pending a~~
~~revised cost estimate.~~
~~COVID-19~~
~~Aegis Ashore experienced increased travel and labor costs for all three sites due to travel~~
~~restrictions, but the program does not anticipate these issues for fiscal year 2022.~~
~~According to program officials, AWS software installations were disrupted by ship yard~~
~~availability and deployment dates and quarantine requirements for contractors performing~~
~~the installations led to a $554,000 cost increase.~~
~~SM-3 Block IIA interceptors experienced delays at test facilities due to pandemic~~
~~quarantine requirements.~~
~~Testing~~
~~Aegis BMD conducted eight flight tests in fiscal year 2021. One test—FTM-44—~~
~~demonstrated the SM-3 Block IIA’s ability to intercept an intercontinental range target for~~
~~a potential homeland defense scenario. Another test demonstrated the SM-3 Block IIA’s~~
~~new guidance electronics unit, which has previously experienced performance issues.~~
~~Aegis BMD conducted two tests using SM-6 missiles, but both have ongoing failure review~~
~~boards. FTM-31 E1—a salvo (two missiles) against a medium-range target—failed as~~
~~neither missile intercepted the target. FTM-33—a salvo (4 missiles in total) against a raid~~
~~of two short-range targets—had one success and one failure. Aegis BMD also participated~~
~~in a series of international tests to demonstrate interoperability with North Atlantic Treaty~~
~~Organization partners; all of which were successful.~~
~~Aegis BMD participated in three ground tests in fiscal year 2021. Two assessed AWS’s~~
~~ability to track certain space objects and the other provided data on its search, track, and~~
~~remote engagement capabilities. Remaining tests were delayed due to COVID-19.~~
~~Aegis BMD did not plan to conduct operational cybersecurity tests in fiscal year 2021,~~
~~though the program did conduct several developmental cybersecurity tests.~~
~~Other Program Information~~
~~Layered Homeland Defense~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

24

~~link to page 30~~ ~~Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program~~

~~A flight test in fiscal year 2021—FTM-44—was part of an effort to evaluate if the SM-3~~
~~Block IIA interceptor, either in its current form or upgraded, could contribute to a layered~~
~~homeland defense capability against intercontinental threat missiles.... This flight test was~~
~~successful and MDA was able to use the results to support the planning and analysis for~~
~~this capability. However, further planning for this capability is largely on hold pending~~
~~DOD approval of a report on the possible concepts of operations for this capability,~~
~~additional funding, and direction from Congress according to MDA officials.57~~
~~Regarding deliveries of interceptors, the report stated that of the 32 SM-3 Block IB missiles that~~
~~were scheduled for delivery in FY2021, 23 were delivered, and that “Remaining deliveries were~~
~~halted due to a recent flight test failure of the SM-6 missile, which shares major components with~~
~~the SM-3 Block IB.” The report stated that of the seven SM-3 Block IIA missiles that were~~
~~scheduled for delivery in FY2021, three were delivered, with “Production temporarily halted due~~
~~to missile assembly issues.”58~~
~~January 2023 DOT&E Report59~~DELIVERIES MDA did not meet its fiscal year 2022 goal for SM-3 Block IB interceptors as five planned interceptors were delivered after the fiscal year ended. MDA, however, delivered nine backlogged interceptors that were previously delayed due to a flight test failure. The Aegis program temporarily halted deliveries to investigate the failure, but missile production did not stop and deliveries subsequently resumed. MDA also did not meet its goal for SM-3 Block IIA interceptors. Three interceptors planned for fiscal year 2022 were not delivered. MDA was able to deliver six backlogged interceptors that we previously reported were delayed due to missile assembly issues. The Aegis program addressed the issues, which allowed them to resume deliveries. As reported by the agency, in August 2022, the Director, MDA approved an acquisition strategy to align SM-3 Block IB and Block IIA production under one contract. This production alignment is expected to maximize efficiencies in program management and obsolescence monitoring, among other synergies. According to MDA officials, they have not identified any disadvantages with this strategy. This acquisition strategy is currently under review by the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment to support a production decision for SM-3 Block IIA. TESTING Aegis BMD conducted four flight tests in fiscal year 2022, including a successful intercept test event that demonstrated its interoperability with Japanese and Korean systems. The last test—Flight Test Experiment Aegis Weapon System-01—gathered data while an SM-3 Block IIA interceptor engaged a modified medium range ballistic missile target in a non-intercept test. Aegis BMD conducted two planned ground tests. Ground Test Integrated (GTI)-09 Sprint 1 provided data to support decisions related to system capabilities affecting United States European Command and United States Central Command. GTI-ISR 21 assessed the system’s interoperability with Israeli missile defense systems. Aegis BMD also participated in GTI-08a—a delayed test originally planned for fiscal year 2020—which provided data to support system capabilities decisions for Aegis and other missile defense system elements. A planned Aegis BMD operational cyber test was delayed to fiscal year 2024 due to MDA’s changes to its test plan that affected planned ground and cyber tests. OTHER PROGRAM INFORMATION Aegis Ashore 58 See CRS Report R44175, Navy Shipboard Lasers: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke. Congressional Research Service 23 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program We reported in June 2022 that delivery of the Aegis Ashore system to Poland was originally planned for fiscal year 2018, but that construction challenges delayed delivery.1 Total projected costs increased by 12 percent, including additional costs for retaining engineering and security services during the delays. The site remains under construction, but MDA officials stated there are no known technical risks. In addition, the Aegis Ashore program recently met key milestones. Specifically, Aegis Light Off occurred in June 2022, which signifies the initial powering up of the weapon system to observe if all integrated systems are operational. The program completed physical installation of the system and demonstrated it in October 2022. MDA expects to declare the site safe and technically capable in early 2023 and Navy acceptance is anticipated for later in the year. Safe Service Life Extension The Aegis program has been able to extend the safe service life of SM-3 Block IA and Block IB interceptors to ensure the interceptors can be used with no additional safety risk. Under this effort, the safe service life of Block IA interceptors increased from 12 to 18 years and Block IB interceptors increased from 8 to 12 years. The safe service life of Block IIA interceptors is currently 12 years and MDA is assessing the possibility to increase this to 16, or possibly up to 20, years. MDA officials described the process to extend an interceptor’s safe service life, which includes testing and analysis of aged missile components to determine their suitability for extended service. The testing and analysis is conducted by industry and government stakeholders and subject matter experts at various locations and laboratories. MDA officials said safe service life extensions have helped address the challenge of meeting the Navy’s interceptor inventory requirements, which typically entail high volume procurements and consistent repair and recertification throughput. Software Development MDA officials stated the Navy started implementing a multi-stage Development, Security, and Operations strategy to deliver software upgrades to Aegis platforms. The Navy started using a software factory—an automated process to develop software—in fiscal year 2021 and now plans to eliminate their legacy system for developing and delivering coded software capability in fiscal year 2024.2 According to MDA officials, by fiscal year 2030 the Navy intends for this approach to be the sole means for developing and delivering coded software capability to all Aegis platforms. MDA officials explained this strategy provides the opportunity to significantly increase the speed of software deliveries to the fleet, as well as reduce costs and cybersecurity risk by integrating security functions in the development process. They stated, however, there is risk since it is a significant transition from current development strategies. They said the transition would require extensive retraining and hiring of government personnel to fully execute the strategy, as well as additional costs to develop the new required tools, such as software, models, and infrastructure.59 Regarding the development of a capability for the SM-6 to intercept hypersonic missiles, the GAO report stated: MDA has two main efforts under development to defend against hypersonic weapons: • Glide Phase Intercept (GPI) is a program that includes a missile being designed to be fired from Aegis-equipped ships to intercept a hypersonic weapon in the middle (or “glide”) phase of its flight path. • Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor (HBTSS) is an effort to develop space-based sensors to track and support the intercept of a hypersonic weapon…. GPI is expected to work with existing and future systems to provide hypersonic defense. After a missile launch, SDA’s wide field of view satellites, capable of viewing large 59 Government Accountability Office, Missile Defense[:] Annual Goals Unmet for Deliveries and Testing, GAO-23-106011, May 2023, pp. 22-23. Congressional Research Service 24 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program portions of the globe, detect the threat launch and send sensor measurement data to BOA, which generates track data with accuracy sufficient to cue HBTSS. HBTSS then acquires the deployed Hypersonic Glide Vehicle (HGV) and collects precision angle measurements. These measurements are processed by HBTSS, BOA, and Command, Control, Battle Management, and Communications (C2BMC) to provide fire control quality tracks on the HGV to Aegis for support of an engagement using GPI…. GPI STATUS AND CHALLENGES Events and Milestones By the early 2030s, the GPI program plans to deliver a prototype capability for testing, demonstration data to inform further development, and 10 interceptors to be used for testing. The program established a plan to acquire the capability and identified key events and milestones for tracking development. The plan includes competitive development of the GPI missile leveraging multiple contractors to begin the effort, but only one contractor is anticipated to be selected to complete delivery of the prototype capability. In fiscal year 2022, MDA reported that three contractors were awarded Other Transaction Agreements to initiate work on the GPI program.1 Later, in the fiscal year the program reported selecting two contractors to continue the development of GPI into the next phase of the acquisition process, technology development. In fiscal year 2023, the program expects to focus efforts on technology maturity and applying top level requirements to component level designs in preparation for the Preliminary Design Review…. The Preliminary Design Review is currently planned by the end of fiscal year 2027. The GPI program also anticipates down-selecting from two to one contractor near this date to continue until completing delivery of the prototype capability…. Challenges Previously we found in June 2022 that MDA had not planned to conduct an Independent Cost Estimate (ICE) or Independent Technical Risk Assessment (ITRA) for the GPI program before the product development phase, which is after the technology development phase. These assessments are required for certain elements by DOD Directive-Type Memorandum 20-002 to mitigate risk. Since our reporting, MDA officials stated the Office of Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation (CAPE) completed a preliminary ICE for the GPI program in the August 2022 timeframe. As of February 2023, CAPE is working to finalize the ICE pending the final President’s Budget program schedule. MDA officials also stated the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering completed an ITRA for the GPI program in the August 2022 timeframe as well. According to MDA, the ITRA found that the program should address technical risks earlier in the development schedule by building and testing hardware. The ITRA also recommended earlier testing. We plan to review the ICE and ITRA to assess whether MDA has acquired knowledge to manage risk for the GPI program.60 January 2023 DOT&E Report61
A January 2023 report from DOD’s Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E)—A January 2023 report from DOD’s Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E)—
DOT&E’s annual report for FY2022—states the following regarding the Aegis BMD system: DOT&E’s annual report for FY2022—states the following regarding the Aegis BMD system:
Aegis BMD has demonstrated that it can intercept non-separating, simple-separating, and Aegis BMD has demonstrated that it can intercept non-separating, simple-separating, and
complex-separating ballistic missiles in the midcourse phase of flight with Standard complex-separating ballistic missiles in the midcourse phase of flight with Standard
Missile-3 (SM-3) guided missiles, although flight testing and M&S have not addressed all Missile-3 (SM-3) guided missiles, although flight testing and M&S have not addressed all
expected threat types, ground ranges, and raid sizes. Aegis BMD has also demonstrated a expected threat types, ground ranges, and raid sizes. Aegis BMD has also demonstrated a
60 Government Accountability Office, Missile Defense[:] Annual Goals Unmet for Deliveries and Testing, GAO-23-106011, May 2023, pp. 34-35. 61 Director, Operational Test & Evaluation, January 2023, 396 pp. Congressional Research Service 25 link to page 30 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program capability to intercept select ~~capability to intercept select~~ ballistic missiles in the terminal phaseballistic missiles in the terminal phase of of flight with SM-6 flight with SM-6
guidedguided missiles. However, corrective actions are needed to address failure review board missiles. However, corrective actions are needed to address failure review board
findingsfindings from the two Sea-Based Terminal Increment 2 flight tests in FY21. All fielded from the two Sea-Based Terminal Increment 2 flight tests in FY21. All fielded
Aegis BMD variants have demonstrated sufficient reliability, with operational Aegis BMD variants have demonstrated sufficient reliability, with operational
availabilities that exceed the specification. However, SM-3 Block IIA missile reliability is availabilities that exceed the specification. However, SM-3 Block IIA missile reliability is
not known with a high degree of certainty, due to the relatively small number of live firings not known with a high degree of certainty, due to the relatively small number of live firings
and ground test data collection events to date. The MDA is implementing a process to and ground test data collection events to date. The MDA is implementing a process to
monitor the health and statusmonitor the health and status of deployed SM-3 Block IIA missiles,of deployed SM-3 Block IIA missiles, ~~which~~ which will provide will provide
additional reliability data for future assessments.... additional reliability data for future assessments....
... In FY22, Aegis BMD, with AN/SPY-1, demonstrated the capability to detect, track, and ... In FY22, Aegis BMD, with AN/SPY-1, demonstrated the capability to detect, track, and
report on resident space objects based on SDA tasking received by C2BMC [Command report on resident space objects based on SDA tasking received by C2BMC [Command
and Control, Battle Management, and Communications] during an at-sea demonstration. and Control, Battle Management, and Communications] during an at-sea demonstration.
The AN/SPY-6(V)1 radar prototype at the Pacific Missile Range Facility continues to track The AN/SPY-6(V)1 radar prototype at the Pacific Missile Range Facility continues to track
all classes of ballistic missiles, as available, during MDS flight tests.all classes of ballistic missiles, as available, during MDS flight tests.6062
Legislative Activity for FY2024
Summary of Action on FY2024 MDA Funding Request
Table 2 summarizes congressional action on the FY2024 request for MDA procurement and summarizes congressional action on the FY2024 request for MDA procurement and
research and development funding for the Aegis BMD program. research and development funding for the Aegis BMD program.

~~57 Government Accountability Office,~~ ~~Missile Defense[:] Better Oversight and Coordination Needed for Counter-~~
~~Hypersonic Development, GAO-22-105075, June 2022, pp. 39-40.~~
~~58 Government Accountability Office,~~ ~~Missile Defense[:] Better Oversight and Coordination Needed for Counter-~~
~~Hypersonic Development, GAO-22-105075, June 2022, p. 39. See also Jason Sherman, “MDA Missed Mark for~~
~~Advanced Aegis Interceptor Deliveries, Including No. 1 Unfunded Priority,” Inside Defense, June 29, 2022.~~
~~59 Director, Operational Test & Evaluation, January 2023, 396 pp.~~
~~60 Director, Operational Test & Evaluation, January 2023, pp. 307-308.~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

25

~~Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program~~

Table 2. Summary of Congressional Action on FY2024 MDA Funding Request
(In millions of dollars, rounded to nearest tenth; totals may not add due to rounding) (In millions of dollars, rounded to nearest tenth; totals may not add due to rounding)
Authorization
Appropriation

Request
HASC
SASC
Final
HAC
SAC
Final
Procurement
Aegis BMD (line 33) Aegis BMD (line 33)
374.8 374.8

419.8 374.8 374.8 374.8
(SM-3 Block IB missile quantity)
(27)
(27) (27)

(27) (27)

Aegis BMD Advance Procurement (line 34) Aegis BMD Advance Procurement (line 34)
0 0

0 0 0 0
SM-3 Block IIA (line 36) SM-3 Block IIA (line 36)
432.8 432.8

432.8 432.8 432.8 432.8
(SM-3 Block IIA missile quantity)
(12)
(12) (12)

(12) (12)

Aegis Ashore Phase III (line 40) Aegis Ashore Phase III (line 40)
2.4 2.4

2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4
Aegis BMD hardware and software (line 42) Aegis BMD hardware and software (line 42)
27.8 27.8

27.8 27.8 27.8 27.8
Subtotal Procurement
837.8
882.8 837.8

837.8 837.8

Research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E)
Aegis BMD (PE 0603892C) (line 83) Aegis BMD (PE 0603892C) (line 83)
693.7 693.7

709.7 693.7 698.9 693.7
Aegis BMD test (PE 0604878C) (line 114) Aegis BMD test (PE 0604878C) (line 114)
193.5 193.5

193.5 193.5 188.4 184.3
Land-based SM-3 (PE 0604880C) (line 116) Land-based SM-3 (PE 0604880C) (line 116)
22.2 22.2

22.2 22.2 22.2 22.2
Subtotal RDT&E
909.4
925.4 909.4

909.5 900.2

~~TOTAL~~
~~1,747.2~~

Source: Table prepared by CRS based on DOD’s original FY2024 budget submission, committee and
~~conference reports, and explanatory statements on FY2024 National Defense Authorization Act and FY2024~~
~~DOD Appropriations Act.~~
Notes: HASC is House Armed Services Committee; SASC is Senate Armed Services Committee; HAC is
~~House Appropriations Committee; SAC is Senate Appropriations Committee.~~

~~Congressional Research Service~~

26

~~link to page 31~~ TOTAL 1,747.2 1,808.2 1,747.2 1,747.3 1,738.0 62 Director, Operational Test & Evaluation, January 2023, pp. 307-308. Congressional Research Service 26 link to page 30 link to page 30 link to page 30 link to page 30 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program Source: Table prepared by CRS based on DOD’s original FY2024 budget submission, committee and conference reports, and explanatory statements on FY2024 National Defense Authorization Act and FY2024 DOD Appropriations Act. Notes: HASC is House Armed Services Committee; SASC is Senate Armed Services Committee; HAC is House Appropriations Committee; SAC is Senate Appropriations Committee. FY2024 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 2670/S. 2226) House The House Armed Services Committee, in its report (H.Rept. 118-125 of June 30, 2023) on H.R. 2670, recommended the funding levels shown in the HASC column of Table 2. The recommended increase of $45.0 million for line 33 is for “MDA UPL [Unfunded Priorities list]—SM–3 Blk 1B Life Extension.” (Page 467) The recommended net increase of $16.0 million for line 83 includes a recommended increase of $20.0 million for “PAC–3 [Patriot Advanced Capability 3] MSE [Missile Segment Enhancement]/AEGIS Weapon System Integration” and a recommended reduction of $4.0 million for “Program decrease.” (Page 511) Section 1667 of H.R. 2670 requires MDA to submit a report to the congressional defense committees on potential enhancements to Aegis Ashore sites in Poland and Romania. Senate The Senate Armed Services Committee, in its report (S.Rept. 118-58 of July 12, 2023) on S. 2226, recommended the funding levels shown in the SASC column of Table 2. FY2024 DOD Appropriations Act (H.R. 4365/S. 2587) House The House Appropriations Committee, in its report (H.Rept. 118-121 of June 27, 2023) on H.R. 4365, recommended the funding levels shown in the HAC column of Table 2. The recommended net increase of $5.144 million for line 83 includes a recommended reduction of $4.856 million for “Excess growth” and a recommended increase of $10.0 million for “Program increase—lightweight, radiation-hardened, thermally insensitive sensors.” (Page 243) The recommended reduction of $5.049 million for line 114 is for “Excess growth.” (Page 244) Senate The Senate Appropriations Committee, in its report (S.Rept. 118-81 of July 27, 2023) on S. 2587, recommended the funding levels shown in the SAC column of Table 2. The recommended reduction of $9.231 million for line 114 is for “Prior year test adjustments.” (Page 252) Congressional Research Service 27 link to page 32 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program

Appendix. Reported Aegis BMD Flight Tests
Table A-1 presents a summary of reported Aegis BMD flight tests since January 2002. In addition presents a summary of reported Aegis BMD flight tests since January 2002. In addition
to the flight tests shown in the table, on February 20, 2008, a BMD-capable Aegis cruiser to the flight tests shown in the table, on February 20, 2008, a BMD-capable Aegis cruiser
operating northwest of Hawaii used a modified version of the Aegis BMD system with the SM-3 operating northwest of Hawaii used a modified version of the Aegis BMD system with the SM-3
missile to shoot down an inoperable U.S. surveillance satellite that was in a deteriorating orbit. missile to shoot down an inoperable U.S. surveillance satellite that was in a deteriorating orbit.
Table A-1. Reported Aegis BMD Flight Tests From January 2002 to the Present
Name of flight
Date
Country
test of exercise
Ballistic Missile Target
Successful?
Exo-atmospheric (using SM-3 missile)
1/25/02 1/25/02
US US
FM-2 FM-2
Unitary short-range (TTV) Unitary short-range (TTV)
Yes Yes
6/13/02 6/13/02
US US
FM-3 FM-3
Unitary short-range (TTV) Unitary short-range (TTV)
Yes Yes
11/21/02 11/21/02
US US
FM-4 FM-4
Unitary short-range (TTV) Unitary short-range (TTV)
Yes Yes
6/18/03 6/18/03
US US
FM-5 FM-5
Unitary short-range (TTV) Unitary short-range (TTV)
No
12/11/03 12/11/03
US US
FM-6 FM-6
Unitary short-range (TTV) Unitary short-range (TTV)
Yes Yes
2/24/05 2/24/05
US US
FTM 04-1 (FM-7) Unitary short-range (TTV) FTM 04-1 (FM-7) Unitary short-range (TTV)
Yes Yes
11/17/05 11/17/05
US US
FTM 04-2 (FM-8) Separating short-range (MRT) FTM 04-2 (FM-8) Separating short-range (MRT)
Yes Yes
6/22/06 6/22/06
US US
FTM 10 FTM 10
Separating short-range (TTV) Separating short-range (TTV)
Yes Yes
12/7/06 12/7/06
US US
FTM 11 FTM 11
Unitary short-range (TTV) Unitary short-range (TTV)
No
4/26/07 4/26/07
US US
FTM 11 FTM 11
Unitary short-range (ARAV-A) Unitary short-range (ARAV-A)
Yes Yes
Event 4 Event 4
6/22/07 6/22/07
US US
FTM 12 FTM 12
Separating short-range (MRT) Separating short-range (MRT)
Yes Yes
8/31/07 8/31/07
US US
FTM-11a FTM-11a
Classified Classified
Yes Yes
11/6/07 11/6/07
US US
FTM 13 FTM 13
Unitary short-range (ARAV-A) Unitary short-range (ARAV-A)
Yes Yes

Unitary short-range (ARAV-A) Unitary short-range (ARAV-A)
Yes Yes
12/17/07 12/17/07
Japan Japan
JFTM-1 JFTM-1
Separating short-range (MRT) Separating short-range (MRT)
Yes Yes
11/1/08 11/1/08
US US
Pacific Blitz Pacific Blitz
Unitary short-range (ARAV-A) Unitary short-range (ARAV-A)
Yes Yes

Unitary short-range (ARAV-A) Unitary short-range (ARAV-A)
No
11/19/08 11/19/08
Japan Japan
JFTM-2 JFTM-2
Separating short-range (MRT) Separating short-range (MRT)
No
7/30/09 7/30/09
US US
FTM-17 FTM-17
Unitary short-range (ARAV-A) Unitary short-range (ARAV-A)
Yes Yes
10/27/09 10/27/09
Japan Japan
JFTM-3 JFTM-3
Separating short-range (MRT) Separating short-range (MRT)
Yes Yes
10/28/10 10/28/10
Japan Japan
JFTM-4 JFTM-4
Separating short-range (MRT) Separating short-range (MRT)
Yes Yes
4/14/11 4/14/11
US US
FTM-15 FTM-15
Separating intermediate range (LV-2) Separating intermediate range (LV-2)
Yes Yes
9/1/11 9/1/11
US US
FTM-16 E2 FTM-16 E2
Separating short-range (ARAV-B) Separating short-range (ARAV-B)
No
5/9/12 5/9/12
US US
FTM-16 E2a FTM-16 E2a
Unitary short-range (ARAV-A) Unitary short-range (ARAV-A)
Yes Yes
6/26/12 6/26/12
US US
FTM-18 FTM-18
Separating short-range (MRT) Separating short-range (MRT)
Yes Yes
10/25/12 10/25/12
US US
FTI-01 FTI-01
Separating short-range (ARAV-B) Separating short-range (ARAV-B)
No
2/12/13 2/12/13
US US
FTM-20 FTM-20
Separating medium-range (MRBM-T3) Separating medium-range (MRBM-T3)
Yes Yes
5/15/13 5/15/13
US US
FTM-19 FTM-19
Separating short-range (ARAV-C) Separating short-range (ARAV-C)
Yes Yes
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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link to page link to page 3334 link to page link to page 3334 link to page link to page 3334 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program

Name of flight
Date
Country
test of exercise
Ballistic Missile Target
Successful?
9/10/13 9/10/13
US US
FTO-01 FTO-01
Separating medium-range (eMRBM-T1) Separating medium-range (eMRBM-T1)
Yes Yes
9/18/13 9/18/13
US US
FTM-21 FTM-21
Separating short-range (ARAV-C++) Separating short-range (ARAV-C++)
Yes Yes
10/3/13 10/3/13
US US
FTM-22 FTM-22
Separating medium-range (ARAV-TTO-E) Separating medium-range (ARAV-TTO-E)
Yes Yes
11/6/14 11/6/14
US US
FTM-25 FTM-25
Separating short-range (ARAV-B) Separating short-range (ARAV-B)
Yes Yes
6/25/15 6/25/15
US US
FTO-02 E1 FTO-02 E1
Separating medium-range (IRBM T1) Separating medium-range (IRBM T1)
n n/aa
10/4/15 10/4/15
US US
FTO-02 E2 FTO-02 E2
Separating medium-range (eMRBM) Separating medium-range (eMRBM)
n n/ab
10/20/15 10/20/15
US US
ASD-15 E2 ASD-15 E2
Separating short-range (Terrier Orion) Separating short-range (Terrier Orion)
Yes Yes
11/1/15 11/1/15
US US
FTO-02 E2a FTO-02 E2a
Separating medium-range (eMRBM) Separating medium-range (eMRBM)
No
12/10/15 12/10/15
US (Aegis US (Aegis
FTO02 E1a FTO02 E1a
Separating medium-range (IRBM T1) Separating medium-range (IRBM T1)
Yes Yes
Ashore) Ashore)
2/3/17 2/3/17
US-Japan US-Japan
SFTM-01 SFTM-01
Separating medium-range (MRT) Separating medium-range (MRT)
Yes Yes
6/21/17 6/21/17
US-Japan US-Japan
SFTM-02 SFTM-02
Medium-range target Medium-range target
No
10/15/17 10/15/17
US US
FS17 FS17
Medium-range target Medium-range target
Yes Yes
1/31/18 1/31/18
US (Aegis US (Aegis
FTM-29 FTM-29
Intermediate-range target Intermediate-range target
No
Ashore) Ashore)
9/11/18 9/11/18
Japan Japan
JFTM-05 JFTM-05
Simple separating target Simple separating target
Yes Yes
10/26/18 10/26/18
US US
FTM-45 FTM-45
Medium range target Medium range target
Yes Yes
12/10/18 12/10/18
US (Aegis US (Aegis
FTI-03 FTI-03
Intermediate-range target Intermediate-range target
Yes Yes
Ashore) Ashore)
11/16/20 11/16/20
US US
FTM-44 FTM-44
ICBM target ICBM target
Yes Yes
5/26 and 5/26 and
US- US-
ASD/FS21c ASD/FS21c
Non-separating MRBM target Non-separating MRBM target
Y Yesc
30/2021 30/2021
Netherlands Netherlands
4/9/22f 4/9/22f
US US
FEM-01 FEM-01
Medium range target Medium range target
Outcome not Outcome not
reported reported
8/9/22 8/9/22
US US
Part of Pacific Part of Pacific
ARAV-B SRBM target ARAV-B SRBM target
Yes Yes
Dragon exercise Dragon exercise
11/16/22e 11/16/22e
US-Japan US-Japan
JFTM-07 JFTM-07
Medium-range T4-E target Medium-range T4-E target
Yes Yes
11/18 or 11/18 or
US-Japan US-Japan
JFTM-07 JFTM-07
Short-range target Short-range target
Yes Yes
19/22e 19/22e
Endo-atmospheric (using SM-2 missile Block IV missile and [for MMW E1 and subsequent] SM-6
Dual 1 missile)
5/24/06 5/24/06
US US
Pacific Phoenix Pacific Phoenix
Unitary short-range target (Lance) Unitary short-range target (Lance)
Yes Yes
6/5/08 6/5/08
US US
FTM-14 FTM-14
Unitary short-range target (FMA) Unitary short-range target (FMA)
Yes Yes
3/26/09 3/26/09
US US
Stellar Daggers Stellar Daggers
Unitary short-range target (Lance) Unitary short-range target (Lance)
Yes Yes
7/28/15 7/28/15
US US
MMW E1 MMW E1
Unitary short-range target (Lance) Unitary short-range target (Lance)
Yes Yes
7/29/15 7/29/15
US US
MMW E2 MMW E2
Unitary short-range target (Lance) Unitary short-range target (Lance)
Yes Yes
12/14/16 12/14/16
US US
FTM-27 FTM-27
Unitary short-range target (Lance) Unitary short-range target (Lance)
Yes Yes
8/29/17 8/29/17
US US
FTM-27 E2 FTM-27 E2
Medium-range target (MRBM) Medium-range target (MRBM)
Yes Yes
5/29/21 5/29/21
US US
FTM-31 FTM-31
Medium-range target (MRBM) Medium-range target (MRBM)
No
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Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program

Name of flight
Date
Country
test of exercise
Ballistic Missile Target
Successful?
7/24/21 7/24/21
US US
FTM-33 FTM-33
Two SRBM targets Two SRBM targets
Yes and Yes and
unconfirmedd
3/30/23 3/30/23
US US
FTM-31 E1a FTM-31 E1a
Medium-Range target (MRBM) Medium-Range target (MRBM)
Yes (2-missile Yes (2-missile
salvo) salvo)
Sources: Table presented in MDA fact sheet, “Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense Testing,” February 2017, accessed Table presented in MDA fact sheet, “Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense Testing,” February 2017, accessed
on May 18, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/web/20170929180757/https:/www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/on May 18, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/web/20170929180757/https:/www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/
aegis_tests.pdf, and (for flight tests subsequent to February 2017) MDA news releases, Jason Sherman, “U.S. aegis_tests.pdf, and (for flight tests subsequent to February 2017) MDA news releases, Jason Sherman, “U.S.
Intercepted Ballistic Missile Target over Pacific while China Exercised around Taiwan,” Intercepted Ballistic Missile Target over Pacific while China Exercised around Taiwan,” Inside Defense, August 12, , August 12,
2022; and Wyatt Olson, “Missile-Defense Exercise Off Hawaiian Island Includes First Live-Fire Intercept,” 2022; and Wyatt Olson, “Missile-Defense Exercise Off Hawaiian Island Includes First Live-Fire Intercept,” Stars
and Stripes, August 16, 2022. , August 16, 2022.
Notes: TTV is target test vehicle; is target test vehicle; ARAV is Aegis Readiness Assessment Vehicle. In addition to the flight tests is Aegis Readiness Assessment Vehicle. In addition to the flight tests
shown above, there was a successful use of an SM-3 on February 20, 2008, to intercept an inoperative U.S. shown above, there was a successful use of an SM-3 on February 20, 2008, to intercept an inoperative U.S.
satellite—an operation called Burnt Frost. satellite—an operation called Burnt Frost.
a. MDA’s table shows this as a test that did not result in the launch of an SM-3. MDA as of August 3, 2015, a. MDA’s table shows this as a test that did not result in the launch of an SM-3. MDA as of August 3, 2015,
had not issued a news release discussing this event. MDA’s count of 31 successful intercepts in 37 launches had not issued a news release discussing this event. MDA’s count of 31 successful intercepts in 37 launches
through July 29, 2015, does not appear to include this test, suggesting that this was considered a “no test” through July 29, 2015, does not appear to include this test, suggesting that this was considered a “no test”
event—a test in which there was a failure that was not related to the Aegis BMD system or the SM-3 event—a test in which there was a failure that was not related to the Aegis BMD system or the SM-3
interceptor. Press reports state that the test was aborted due to a failure of the target missile. (Andrea interceptor. Press reports state that the test was aborted due to a failure of the target missile. (Andrea
Shalal, “U.S. Skips Aegis Ashore Missile Test After Target Malfunction,” Shalal, “U.S. Skips Aegis Ashore Missile Test After Target Malfunction,” Reuters, June 26, 2015.) MDA’s table , June 26, 2015.) MDA’s table
similarly shows the test of December 7, 2006, as a test that did not result in the launch of an SM-3. MDA similarly shows the test of December 7, 2006, as a test that did not result in the launch of an SM-3. MDA
issued a news release on this test, which stated that an SM-3 was not launched “due to an incorrect system issued a news release on this test, which stated that an SM-3 was not launched “due to an incorrect system
setting aboard the Aegis-class cruiser USS setting aboard the Aegis-class cruiser USS Lake Erie prior to the launch of two interceptor missiles from the prior to the launch of two interceptor missiles from the
ship. The incorrect configuration prevented the fire control system aboard the ship from launching the first ship. The incorrect configuration prevented the fire control system aboard the ship from launching the first
of the two [SM-3] interceptor missiles. Since a primary test objective was a near-simultaneous launch of two of the two [SM-3] interceptor missiles. Since a primary test objective was a near-simultaneous launch of two
missiles against two different targets, the second interceptor missile was intentionally not launched.” MDA missiles against two different targets, the second interceptor missile was intentionally not launched.” MDA
counts the test of December 7, 2006, as an unsuccessful intercept in its count of 31 successful intercepts in counts the test of December 7, 2006, as an unsuccessful intercept in its count of 31 successful intercepts in
37 launches through July 29, 2015. 37 launches through July 29, 2015.
b. MDA’s table shows this as a test that did not result in the launch of an SM-3. MDA as of November 10, b. MDA’s table shows this as a test that did not result in the launch of an SM-3. MDA as of November 10,
2015, had not issued a news release discussing this event. MDA’s count of 32 successful intercepts in 39 2015, had not issued a news release discussing this event. MDA’s count of 32 successful intercepts in 39
launches through November 1, 2015, does not appear to include this test, suggesting that this was launches through November 1, 2015, does not appear to include this test, suggesting that this was
considered a “no test” event—a test in which there was a failure that was not related to the Aegis BMD considered a “no test” event—a test in which there was a failure that was not related to the Aegis BMD
system or the SM-3 interceptor. system or the SM-3 interceptor.
c. ASD/FS21 was an at-sea demonstration that occurred during a multilateral naval exercise called Formidable c. ASD/FS21 was an at-sea demonstration that occurred during a multilateral naval exercise called Formidable
Shield 2021. In the demonstration, a Dutch frigate used its radar to provide early warning track data to a Shield 2021. In the demonstration, a Dutch frigate used its radar to provide early warning track data to a
U.S. Navy destroyer that used the data to calculate a firing solution and launch its interceptor. Some press U.S. Navy destroyer that used the data to calculate a firing solution and launch its interceptor. Some press
reports state that ASD/FS21 involved two successful ballistic missile intercepts, rather than the one shown reports state that ASD/FS21 involved two successful ballistic missile intercepts, rather than the one shown
in the table. in the table.
d. MDA stated that “based on initial observations, one target was successful y intercepted. At this time, we d. MDA stated that “based on initial observations, one target was successful y intercepted. At this time, we
cannot confirm the second target was destroyed.” (“MDA Test Intercepts Target,” MDA News Release 21- cannot confirm the second target was destroyed.” (“MDA Test Intercepts Target,” MDA News Release 21-
NEWS-0012, July 24, 2021.) NEWS-0012, July 24, 2021.)
e. A November 21, 2022, MDA new released stated: “The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the e. A November 21, 2022, MDA new released stated: “The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the
United States Missile Defense Agency (MDA) announce the successful completion of a two-week missile United States Missile Defense Agency (MDA) announce the successful completion of a two-week missile
defense event incorporating two live fire exercises.” (Missile Defense Agency, “Japan Missile Defense Flight defense event incorporating two live fire exercises.” (Missile Defense Agency, “Japan Missile Defense Flight
Test Successful,” 22-NEWS-0009, November 21, 2022.) Presss reports stated that two intercept events Test Successful,” 22-NEWS-0009, November 21, 2022.) Presss reports stated that two intercept events
occurred on November 16 and November 18 or 19. (Dzirhan Mahadzir, “Two Japanese Destroyers Score occurred on November 16 and November 18 or 19. (Dzirhan Mahadzir, “Two Japanese Destroyers Score
in Ballistic Missile Defense Test off Hawaii,” in Ballistic Missile Defense Test off Hawaii,” USNI News, November 21, 2022; Rich Abott, “Japanese , November 21, 2022; Rich Abott, “Japanese
Destroyers First Successful y Test SM-3 In Ballistic Missile Defense Test,” Destroyers First Successful y Test SM-3 In Ballistic Missile Defense Test,” Defense Daily, November 22, , November 22,
2022.) 2022.)
f. f.
For a press report about the SM-3 flight test of April 9, 2022, see Jason Sherman, “MDA Acknowledges For a press report about the SM-3 flight test of April 9, 2022, see Jason Sherman, “MDA Acknowledges
Clandestine SM-3 Block IIA Experiment of Classified Capability,” Clandestine SM-3 Block IIA Experiment of Classified Capability,” Inside Defense, January 26, 2023. , January 26, 2023.

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Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program

Author Information

Ronald O'Rourke Ronald O'Rourke

Specialist in Naval Affairs Specialist in Naval Affairs

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