National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options

Changes from October 4, 2022 to June 23, 2023

This page shows textual changes in the document between the two versions indicated in the dates above. Textual matter removed in the later version is indicated with ~~red strikethrough~~ and textual matter added in the later version is indicated with blue.

National Statuary Hall Collection: Background
~~October 4, 2022~~June 23, 2023
and Legislative Options
Jacob R. Straus
The National Statuary Hall Collection, located in the U.S. Capitol, comprises 100 statues The National Statuary Hall Collection, located in the U.S. Capitol, comprises 100 statues
Specialist on the Congress Specialist on the Congress
provided by individual states to honor persons notable for their historic renown or for provided by individual states to honor persons notable for their historic renown or for

distinguished services. The collection was authorized in 1864, distinguished services. The collection was authorized in 1864, ~~at the same time that Congress~~when Congress redesignated the
R. Eric Petersen
~~redesignated the~~ hall where the House of Representatives formerly met as National Statuary Hall. hall where the House of Representatives formerly met as National Statuary Hall.
The first statue, Specialist in American Specialist in American
~~The first statue,~~ depicting Nathanael Greene, was provided in 1870 by Rhode Island. The depicting Nathanael Greene, was provided in 1870 by Rhode Island. The
collection has consisted National Government National Government
~~collection has consisted~~ of 100 statues—two statues per state—since 2005, when New Mexico of 100 statues—two statues per state—since 2005, when New Mexico

sent a statue of Po’pay. At sent a statue of Po’pay. At various times, aesthetic and structural concerns necessitated the various times, aesthetic and structural concerns necessitated the
relocation of some statues throughout the Capitol. Today, some of the 100 individual statues in relocation of some statues throughout the Capitol. Today, some of the 100 individual statues in

the National Statuary Hall the National Statuary Hall Collection are located in the House and Senate wings of the Capitol, Collection are located in the House and Senate wings of the Capitol,
the Rotunda, the Crypt, and the Capitol Visitor Center. the Rotunda, the Crypt, and the Capitol Visitor Center.
Legislation to increase the size of the National Statuary Hall Collection was introduced in several Congresses. These Legislation to increase the size of the National Statuary Hall Collection was introduced in several Congresses. These
measures would permit states to furnish more than two statues or allow the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories to measures would permit states to furnish more than two statues or allow the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories to
provide statues to the collection. None of these proposals were enacted. provide statues to the collection. None of these proposals were enacted.
Should Congress choose to expand the number of statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection, the Joint Committee on the Should Congress choose to expand the number of statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection, the Joint Committee on the
Library (JCL), other congressional officials, and the Architect of the Capitol (AOC) may need to address statue location to Library (JCL), other congressional officials, and the Architect of the Capitol (AOC) may need to address statue location to
address aesthetic, structural, and safety concerns in National Statuary Hall, the Capitol Visitor Center, and other areas of the address aesthetic, structural, and safety concerns in National Statuary Hall, the Capitol Visitor Center, and other areas of the
Capitol. Capitol.
This report provides historical information on the National Statuary Hall Collection and National Statuary Hall. It examines This report provides historical information on the National Statuary Hall Collection and National Statuary Hall. It examines
the creation, design, placement, and replacement of statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection. The report then discusses the creation, design, placement, and replacement of statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection. The report then discusses
recent legislative proposals to increase the size of the National Statuary Hall Collection. recent legislative proposals to increase the size of the National Statuary Hall Collection.
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National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options

Introduction
The U.S. Capitol is home to extensive art collections. These collections are considered by The U.S. Capitol is home to extensive art collections. These collections are considered by
Congress as “an integral part of the history of this renowned building.”1 Perhaps the most Congress as “an integral part of the history of this renowned building.”1 Perhaps the most
prominent collection is the National Statuary Hall Collection, which contains statues of notable prominent collection is the National Statuary Hall Collection, which contains statues of notable
citizens provided by each state. First authorized in 1864, today, the National Statuary Hall citizens provided by each state. First authorized in 1864, today, the National Statuary Hall
Collection contains 100 statues throughout the Capitol. Today, 35 collection statues are displayed Collection contains 100 statues throughout the Capitol. Today, 35 collection statues are displayed
in National Statuary Hall.2 The rest of the National Statuary Hall Collection is displayed in the in National Statuary Hall.2 The rest of the National Statuary Hall Collection is displayed in the
House and Senate wings of the Capitol, the Rotunda, the Crypt, and the Capitol Visitor Center House and Senate wings of the Capitol, the Rotunda, the Crypt, and the Capitol Visitor Center
(CVC).3 (CVC).3
Collection statues—chosen by the states to honor prominent citizens—are furnished to Congress Collection statues—chosen by the states to honor prominent citizens—are furnished to Congress
for display in the Capitol. In the 106th Congress (1999-2000), for the first time, states were for display in the Capitol. In the 106th Congress (1999-2000), for the first time, states were
allowed to replace a statue previously donated to the National Statuary Hall Collection.4 In past allowed to replace a statue previously donated to the National Statuary Hall Collection.4 In past
Congresses, legislation has been introduced to alter the size of the collection by allowing each Congresses, legislation has been introduced to alter the size of the collection by allowing each
state to contribute three statues instead of two or allow the District of Columbia and the U.S. state to contribute three statues instead of two or allow the District of Columbia and the U.S.
territories to provide one statue each.5 territories to provide one statue each.5
Establishing the National Statuary Hall Collection
On January 6, 1864, Representative Justin On January 6, 1864, Representative Justin ~~Morrill~~Smith Morrill of Vermont introduced a resolution, which was agreed to introduced a resolution, which was agreed to
by voice vote, requesting that the House Committee on Public Buildings examine the possibility by voice vote, requesting that the House Committee on Public Buildings examine the possibility
of using the Old Hall of the House of Representatives to display statues. of using the Old Hall of the House of Representatives to display statues.
Resolved, That the Committee on Public Buildings be requested to examine and report as Resolved, That the Committee on Public Buildings be requested to examine and report as
to the expediency of setting apart the old hall of the House of Representatives as a hall for to the expediency of setting apart the old hall of the House of Representatives as a hall for
statuary; and also as to the cost of a new flooring and bronze railing on each side of the statuary; and also as to the cost of a new flooring and bronze railing on each side of the
passage-way through the hall, preparatory to the reception of such works of arts.6 passage-way through the hall, preparatory to the reception of such works of arts.6
On April 19, 1864, Representative John Hovey Rice On April 19, 1864, Representative John Hovey Rice of Maine introduced, on behalf of the House introduced, on behalf of the House
Committee on Public Buildings, which he chaired, a joint resolution to create a statuary hall in the Committee on Public Buildings, which he chaired, a joint resolution to create a statuary hall in the
Old Hall of the House and to authorize existing appropriations to repair the old House chamber.7 Old Hall of the House and to authorize existing appropriations to repair the old House chamber.7
The resolution called for the President to “invite each of the states to provide and furnish statues The resolution called for the President to “invite each of the states to provide and furnish statues
in marble or bronze, not exceeding two in number each, of men who have been citizens thereof, in marble or bronze, not exceeding two in number each, of men who have been citizens thereof,

illustrious in their historical renown or distinguished for their civic or military services, such as 1 U.S. Congress, House Joint Committee on the Library, 1 U.S. Congress, House Joint Committee on the Library, Art in the United States Capitol, prepared by the Architect of , prepared by the Architect of
the Capitol, 91st Cong., 2nd sess., H.Doc. 91-368 (Washington: GPO, 1976), p. ix. the Capitol, 91st Cong., 2nd sess., H.Doc. 91-368 (Washington: GPO, 1976), p. ix.
2 The House generally met in the Old Hall from 1807 until the completion in 1857 of the present House wing of the 2 The House generally met in the Old Hall from 1807 until the completion in 1857 of the present House wing of the
Capitol. One other statue is on display in National Statuary Hall that is not part of the National Statuary Hall Capitol. One other statue is on display in National Statuary Hall that is not part of the National Statuary Hall
Collection. In 2005, Congress commissioned a statue to honor Rosa Parks (P.L. 109-116, 119 Stat. 2524 (2005)). The Collection. In 2005, Congress commissioned a statue to honor Rosa Parks (P.L. 109-116, 119 Stat. 2524 (2005)). The
statue was dedicated and placed in Statuary Hall in 2013. For more information, see U.S. Congress, Architect of the statue was dedicated and placed in Statuary Hall in 2013. For more information, see U.S. Congress, Architect of the
Capitol, “Rosa Parks Statue,” at https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/art/rosa-parks-statue. Capitol, “Rosa Parks Statue,” at https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/art/rosa-parks-statue.
3 The location of statues in the collection is available from the Architect of the Capitol, at https://www.aoc.gov/capitol-3 The location of statues in the collection is available from the Architect of the Capitol, at https://www.aoc.gov/capitol-
hill/national-statuary-hall-collection/nsh-location. hill/national-statuary-hall-collection/nsh-location.
4 P.L. 106-554, §1(a)(2), 114 Stat. 2763A-119 (2000). 4 P.L. 106-554, §1(a)(2), 114 Stat. 2763A-119 (2000).
5 Current statutory requirements for statues placed in National Statuary Hall can be found in Title 2 5 Current statutory requirements for statues placed in National Statuary Hall can be found in Title 2 United States Code
2131, 2131a, and 2132. 2131, 2131a, and 2132.
6 U.S. Congress, 6 U.S. Congress, Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 83rd Cong. 1st sess., January 6, 1864 , 83rd Cong. 1st sess., January 6, 1864
(Washington: GPO, 1863), p. 108. (Washington: GPO, 1863), p. 108.
7 Rep. John 7 Rep. John Hovey Rice et al., “The Old House Hall,” House debate, Rice et al., “The Old House Hall,” House debate, Congressional Globe, vol. 34, part 2 (April 19, 1864), pp. , vol. 34, part 2 (April 19, 1864), pp.
1736-1737. 1736-1737.
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~~illustrious in their historical renown or distinguished for their civic or military services, such as~~
each State shall determine are worthy of national remembrance.”8 The joint resolution passed the each State shall determine are worthy of national remembrance.”8 The joint resolution passed the
House by a vote of 87 to 20 and was referred in the Senate to the Committee on Public Buildings House by a vote of 87 to 20 and was referred in the Senate to the Committee on Public Buildings
and Grounds,9 where it was reported without amendment and with the recommendation that it and Grounds,9 where it was reported without amendment and with the recommendation that it
“ought not to pass.”10 The Senate took no further action on the joint resolution. “ought not to pass.”10 The Senate took no further action on the joint resolution.
Subsequently, in June 1864, during House consideration of a civil appropriations bill, Subsequently, in June 1864, during House consideration of a civil appropriations bill,
Representative Thaddeus StevensRepresentative Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania offered an amendment similar to the joint resolution previously offered an amendment similar to the joint resolution previously
passed by the House.11 The amendment was agreed to in the House,12 but was removed from the passed by the House.11 The amendment was agreed to in the House,12 but was removed from the
bill when it was considered in the Senate.13 The proposed language was restored in conference bill when it was considered in the Senate.13 The proposed language was restored in conference
committee, and it stated committee, and it stated
Sec. 2. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That a marble floor, similar to that of the Congressional , That a marble floor, similar to that of the Congressional
Library or the Senate vestibule, shall be constructed in the old Hall of the House of Library or the Senate vestibule, shall be constructed in the old Hall of the House of
Representatives, using such marble asRepresentatives, using such marble as may be now on hand and not otherwise required, may be now on hand and not otherwise required,
and that suitable structures and railings shall be therein erected for the reception and and that suitable structures and railings shall be therein erected for the reception and
protection of statuary, and the same shall be under the supervision and direction of the protection of statuary, and the same shall be under the supervision and direction of the
Commissioner of Public Buildings; and so much of the moneys now or heretofore Commissioner of Public Buildings; and so much of the moneys now or heretofore
appropriated for the capitol extension as may be necessary, not exceeding the sum of fifteen appropriated for the capitol extension as may be necessary, not exceeding the sum of fifteen
thousand dollars, is hereby set apart and shall be disbursed for the thousand dollars, is hereby set apart and shall be disbursed for the porse [purposes] [purposes]
hereinbefore mentioned. And the President is hereby authorized to invite each and all the hereinbefore mentioned. And the President is hereby authorized to invite each and all the
States to provide and furnish statues, in marble or bronze, not exceeding two in number for States to provide and furnish statues, in marble or bronze, not exceeding two in number for
each state, of deceased persons who haveeach state, of deceased persons who have been citizens thereof, and illustrious for their been citizens thereof, and illustrious for their
historic renown or from distinguished civic or military services, such as each state shall historic renown or from distinguished civic or military services, such as each state shall
determine to be worthy of this national commemoration; and when so furnished the same determine to be worthy of this national commemoration; and when so furnished the same
shall be placed in the old hall of the House of Representatives, in the capitol of the United shall be placed in the old hall of the House of Representatives, in the capitol of the United
States,States, which is hereby set apart, or so much thereof aswhich is hereby set apart, or so much thereof as may be necessary, as a national may be necessary, as a national
statuary hall, for the purposes herein indicated.14 statuary hall, for the purposes herein indicated.14
The first statue in the collection, depicting Nathanael Greene, was provided by Rhode Island in The first statue in the collection, depicting Nathanael Greene, was provided by Rhode Island in
1870. As the Union grew, the number of statues in the collection increased; by 1933, the hall held 1870. As the Union grew, the number of statues in the collection increased; by 1933, the hall held
65 statues, some of which stood three deep. Aesthetic and structural concerns necessitated the 65 statues, some of which stood three deep. Aesthetic and structural concerns necessitated the

relocation of some statues throughout the Capitol.15 The collection reached 100 statues in 2005 when New Mexico, which became a state in 1912, added the statue of Po’pay.16 8 Ibid., p. 1736. 8 Ibid., p. 1736.
9 Ibid., p. 1737. 9 Ibid., p. 1737.
10 U.S. Congress, 10 U.S. Congress, Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, 83rd Cong. 1st sess., April 25, 1864 , 83rd Cong. 1st sess., April 25, 1864
(Washington: GPO, 1863), p. 366. (Washington: GPO, 1863), p. 366.
11 Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, “Civil Appropriations Bill,” House debate, 11 Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, “Civil Appropriations Bill,” House debate, Congressional Globe, vol. 34, part 4 (June 20, , vol. 34, part 4 (June 20,
1864), pp. 3106-3107. 1864), pp. 3106-3107.
12 U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on the Library, 12 U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on the Library, Legislation Creating the National Statuary Hall in the Capitol, 64th , 64th
Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington: GPO, 1916), p. 12. Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington: GPO, 1916), p. 12.
13 “Civil Appropriations Bill,” Senate debate, 13 “Civil Appropriations Bill,” Senate debate, Congressional Globe, vol. 34, part 4 (June 24, 1864), p. 3225. , vol. 34, part 4 (June 24, 1864), p. 3225.
14 13 Stat. 347, July 2, 1864. Authority over the Capitol Building and Grounds was transferred to the Architect of the 14 13 Stat. 347, July 2, 1864. Authority over the Capitol Building and Grounds was transferred to the Architect of the
Capitol in 1876 (19 Stat. 147 (1876). For more information on the creation of National Statuary Hall, see U.S. Capitol in 1876 (19 Stat. 147 (1876). For more information on the creation of National Statuary Hall, see U.S.
Congress, Joint Committee on the Library, Congress, Joint Committee on the Library, Legislation Creating the National Statuary Hall in the Capitol: With the
Proceedings in Congress Relating to the Statues Placed in the National Statuary Hall by the States, prepared by H.A. , prepared by H.A.
Vale, 64th cong., 2nd sess. (Washington: GPO, 1916), pp. 5-17. Vale, 64th cong., 2nd sess. (Washington: GPO, 1916), pp. 5-17.
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~~relocation of some statues throughout the Capitol.15 The collection reached 100 statues in 2005~~
~~when New Mexico, which became a state in 1912, added the statue of Po’pay.16~~15 National Statuary Hall is the two-story, former chamber of the House of Representatives and is also called the “Old Hall of the House.” For more information, see “Statuary Hall,” House Debate, Congressional Record, vol. 76, part 4 (February 20, 1933), pp. 4533-4534; and “Statuary Hall,” Congressional Record, vol. 76, part 4 (February 20, 1933), pp. 4533-4534. Also, see “Statuary Hall Creaks ‘Neath the Weight of Fame,” The Christian Science Monitor, January 25, 1933, p. 1. 16 U.S. Congress, Architect of the Capitol, “Po’pay,” Capitol Campus Art, at http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/nsh/popay.cfm. Congressional Research Service 2 National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options
Statues in the Collection: Design, Placement, and
Replacement
Pursuant to the July 1864 civil appropriations bill, each state may donate up to two statues for Pursuant to the July 1864 civil appropriations bill, each state may donate up to two statues for
inclusion in the National Statuary Hall Collection. Statues donated to the collection are to be inclusion in the National Statuary Hall Collection. Statues donated to the collection are to be
made of “marble or bronze, not exceeding two in number for each State, of deceased persons who made of “marble or bronze, not exceeding two in number for each State, of deceased persons who
have been citizens thereof, and illustrious for their historic renown or for distinguished civic or have been citizens thereof, and illustrious for their historic renown or for distinguished civic or
military services.”17 military services.”17
Statue Design and Placement Guidelines
Statues donated to the collection must be formally accepted by the Joint Committee on the Statues donated to the collection must be formally accepted by the Joint Committee on the
Library (JCL).18 To assist states, the Architect of the Capitol (AOC) has published guidelines, Library (JCL).18 To assist states, the Architect of the Capitol (AOC) has published guidelines,
which are subject to modification by the JCL, for creating statues for the collection. The which are subject to modification by the JCL, for creating statues for the collection. The
guidelines address numerous aspects of statuary design, including subject, material, pedestal, guidelines address numerous aspects of statuary design, including subject, material, pedestal,
inscriptions, size and weight, patina and coating, and other considerations.19 inscriptions, size and weight, patina and coating, and other considerations.19
Additionally, the AOC, upon the approval of Additionally, the AOC, upon the approval of
Statue Design and Placement
the JCL with the advice of the Commission of the JCL with the advice of the Commission of
Guidelines
Fine Arts as requested,20 is authorized and Fine Arts as requested,20 is authorized and
Specific requirements and guidelines for statue design Specific requirements and guidelines for statue design
directed to locate or relocate collection statues directed to locate or relocate collection statues
and placement are available from the Architect of the and placement are available from the Architect of the
within the Capitol.21 The AOC, under the within the Capitol.21 The AOC, under the
Capitol, at https://www.aoc.gov/sites/default/files/ Capitol, at https://www.aoc.gov/sites/default/files/
JCL’s guidance, established a nine-step JCL’s guidance, established a nine-step
statue_replacement_guidelines_2014.pdf. statue_replacement_guidelines_2014.pdf.

~~15 National Statuary Hall is the two-story, former chamber of the House of Representatives and is also called the “Old~~
~~Hall of the House.” For more information, see “Statuary Hall,” House Debate, Congressional Record, vol. 76, part 4~~
~~(February 20, 1933), pp. 4533-4534; and “Statuary Hall,” Congressional Record, vol. 76, part 4 (February 20, 1933),~~
~~pp. 4533-4534. Also, see “Statuary Hall Creaks ‘Neath the Weight of Fame,” The Christian Science Monitor, January~~
~~25, 1933, p. 1.~~
~~16 U.S. Congress, Architect of the Capitol, “Po’pay,” Capitol Campus Art, at http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/nsh/popay.cfm.~~
process for the acceptance of a new or replacement statue. This process is part of the statue design and placement guidelines. 17 2 U.S.C. §2131. 17 2 U.S.C. §2131.
18 In addition to authorities granted to the JCL in 1872, Congress in 1988 assigned responsibility to provide works of 18 In addition to authorities granted to the JCL in 1872, Congress in 1988 assigned responsibility to provide works of
fine art and other property for display in the Capitol to the Capitol Preservation Commission. Similar authorities were fine art and other property for display in the Capitol to the Capitol Preservation Commission. Similar authorities were
granted to the House and Senate through the House of Representatives Fine Arts Board, Senate Commission on Art, granted to the House and Senate through the House of Representatives Fine Arts Board, Senate Commission on Art,
and Senate Committee on Rules and Administration for art in their buildings and respective wings of the Capitol. (2 and Senate Committee on Rules and Administration for art in their buildings and respective wings of the Capitol. (2
U.S.C. §§2081, 2101, 2102, 2121, 2133, 2135). These parallel authorities may raise questions related to which U.S.C. §§2081, 2101, 2102, 2121, 2133, 2135). These parallel authorities may raise questions related to which
congressional entities might be involved in future National Statuary Hall Collection and other fine art decisions. congressional entities might be involved in future National Statuary Hall Collection and other fine art decisions.
19 2 U.S.C. §2131. Also, see Architect of the Capitol, 19 2 U.S.C. §2131. Also, see Architect of the Capitol, Procedure for Admission of Statues to Statuary Hall, p. 1. A copy , p. 1. A copy
of this document is available to congressional clients from the authors upon request. Other considerations include of this document is available to congressional clients from the authors upon request. Other considerations include
requirements that statues and pedestals not be safety hazards and should not include sharp or protruding elements. requirements that statues and pedestals not be safety hazards and should not include sharp or protruding elements.
20 The Commission of Fine Arts 20 The Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) was created by Congress in 1910. The commission advises Congress, the President, was created by Congress in 1910. The commission advises Congress, the President,
and heads of departments and agencies on the location of statues, fountains, and monuments in public spaces in the and heads of departments and agencies on the location of statues, fountains, and monuments in public spaces in the
District of Columbia; selection of models and artists for statues, fountains, and monuments erected under the authority District of Columbia; selection of models and artists for statues, fountains, and monuments erected under the authority
of the federal government; and responds to questions of art, when required. A 2002 revision of the law states that the of the federal government; and responds to questions of art, when required. A 2002 revision of the law states that the
commission’s responsibilities do “not apply to the Capitol Building and the Library of Congress buildings,” suggesting commission’s responsibilities do “not apply to the Capitol Building and the Library of Congress buildings,” suggesting
it no longer has a role in decisions regarding the location of the collection within the Capitol. See 40 U.S.C. §9102. it no longer has a role in decisions regarding the location of the collection within the Capitol. See 40 U.S.C. §9102.
21 H.Con. 21 H.Con. Res. 47 (72nd Congress), agreed to February 24, 1933. Statutory authority was enacted in 2000, 2 U.S.CRes. 47 (72nd Congress), agreed to February 24, 1933. Statutory authority was enacted in 2000, 2 U.S.C. §2132(e). .
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~~process for the acceptance of a new or replacement statue. This process is part of the statue design~~
~~and placement guidelines.~~
Replacement of Statues
Since 2000, states have been allowed to replace statues donated to the collection. Regulations for Since 2000, states have been allowed to replace statues donated to the collection. Regulations for
the replacement of statues were established by the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2001.22 In the replacement of statues were established by the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2001.22 In
2005, Congress enacted a requirement that an individual depicted on a statue displayed in the 2005, Congress enacted a requirement that an individual depicted on a statue displayed in the
National Statuary Hall Collection must be deceased for at least 10 years.23 To replace a statue, a National Statuary Hall Collection must be deceased for at least 10 years.23 To replace a statue, a
state must state must
• request—through the approval of a resolution adopted by the state legislature and request—through the approval of a resolution adopted by the state legislature and
signed by the governor—in writing, approval from the Joint Committee; and signed by the governor—in writing, approval from the Joint Committee; and
• ensure that the statue to be replaced has been displayed in the collection for at ensure that the statue to be replaced has been displayed in the collection for at
least 10 years.24 least 10 years.24
Upon the Joint Committee’s approval of the replacement request, the AOC is authorized to enter Upon the Joint Committee’s approval of the replacement request, the AOC is authorized to enter
into an agreement with the state, subject to any conditions imposed by the Joint Committee. Once into an agreement with the state, subject to any conditions imposed by the Joint Committee. Once
accepted, the state is responsible for paying all related costs, including the design, construction, accepted, the state is responsible for paying all related costs, including the design, construction,
transportation, and placement of the new statue, the removal and transportation of the statue being transportation, and placement of the new statue, the removal and transportation of the statue being
replaced (back to the state or other location determined by the state legislature), and any unveiling replaced (back to the state or other location determined by the state legislature), and any unveiling
ceremony.25 ceremony.25
Since the authorization of replacements within the collection in 2000, Since the authorization of replacements within the collection in 2000, ~~ten~~10 states states (—Alabama, Alabama,
California, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Arizona, Ohio, NebraskaCalifornia, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Arizona, Ohio, Nebraska (twice), and Missouri, and Missouri) —have sent a have sent a
~~replacement statue. A~~ replacement statue. In 2020, Virginia requested the removal of its Robert E. Lee statue and also announced that a statue of Barbara Johns will be sent to the Capitol as a replacement.26 A list of statues replaced in the collection can be found list of statues replaced in the collection can be found inin Appendix B.
Proposals to Expand the Collection
Legislation to increase the size of the collection might fall into two categories. The first would Legislation to increase the size of the collection might fall into two categories. The first would
increase the number of statues that states are permitted to donate, from a maximum of two per increase the number of statues that states are permitted to donate, from a maximum of two per
state to three per state. The second would permit the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories state to three per state. The second would permit the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories
to contribute one or more statues to the collection. to contribute one or more statues to the collection.
Expansion of Permitted Statues Per State
Since the redesignation of the Old Hall of the House as National Statuary Hall in 1864, each state Since the redesignation of the Old Hall of the House as National Statuary Hall in 1864, each state
has been allowed to place two statues in the collection. Supporters of providing a third statue per has been allowed to place two statues in the collection. Supporters of providing a third statue per
state argue that additional statues could provide an opportunity to increase the diversity of the state argue that additional statues could provide an opportunity to increase the diversity of the

~~§2132(e).~~
22 This section is based on P.L. 106-554, 114 Stat. 2763A-119 (2000), codified at 22 U.S.C. §2132, and other sources 22 This section is based on P.L. 106-554, 114 Stat. 2763A-119 (2000), codified at 22 U.S.C. §2132, and other sources
as noted. as noted.
23 2 U.S.C. §2131a 23 2 U.S.C. §2131a (a). (a).
24 The Joint Committee on the Library may waive the 10-year requirement for cause at the request of the state, 2 U.S.C. 24 The Joint Committee on the Library may waive the 10-year requirement for cause at the request of the state, 2 U.S.C.
§2132. §2132.
25 For example, see the State of Iowa’s account of the replacement of a statue of James Harlan with a statue of Dr. 25 For example, see the State of Iowa’s account of the replacement of a statue of James Harlan with a statue of Dr.
Norman E. Borlaug in 2014, at https://iowaculture.gov/iowa-culture/special-projects/iowa-nshc/borlaug-statue-project. Norman E. Borlaug in 2014, at https://iowaculture.gov/iowa-culture/special-projects/iowa-nshc/borlaug-statue-project.
26 For more information, see Letter from The Honorable Ralph S. Northam, Governor, Commonwealth of Virginia, to J. Brett Blanton, Architect of the Capitol, July 31, 2020, https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/7.31.2020-RSN-Letter-to-Brett-Blanton.pdf; and Virginia Department of Historic Resources, “Commission for Historical Statues in the United States Capitol,” at https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/uscapitolcommission. Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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collection, which currently includes 18 statues of women or minorities. collection, which currently includes 18 statues of women or minorities.2627 Several proposals have Several proposals have
been introduced since the 1990s to provide a third statue to each state.been introduced since the 1990s to provide a third statue to each state.2728
If Congress were to authorize an additional statue per state, states would be able, but not be If Congress were to authorize an additional statue per state, states would be able, but not be
required, to add statues to the collection. Increasing the collection by up to 50 statues may take required, to add statues to the collection. Increasing the collection by up to 50 statues may take
some time, as states debate who might be honored, approve their selections, request JCL some time, as states debate who might be honored, approve their selections, request JCL
approval, raise funds, and commission artists to create new statues. approval, raise funds, and commission artists to create new statues.
Should the National Statuary Hall Collection expand to more than 100 statues, space for the Should the National Statuary Hall Collection expand to more than 100 statues, space for the
additional statues in the Capitol complex could become an issue. Currently, collection statues are additional statues in the Capitol complex could become an issue. Currently, collection statues are
located in the Rotunda, the Crypt, the House wing of the Capitol in National Statuary Hall, the located in the Rotunda, the Crypt, the House wing of the Capitol in National Statuary Hall, the
Hall of Columns, and adjacent to the House chamber, the Senate wing of the Capitol, and the Hall of Columns, and adjacent to the House chamber, the Senate wing of the Capitol, and the
CVC. When the CVC opened in 2008, collection statues were moved to Emancipation Hall and CVC. When the CVC opened in 2008, collection statues were moved to Emancipation Hall and
other CVC locations to reduce the number of statues in National Statuary Hall and other Capitol other CVC locations to reduce the number of statues in National Statuary Hall and other Capitol
locations. The addition of 50 or more statues might require the AOC to place statues closer locations. The addition of 50 or more statues might require the AOC to place statues closer
together in those locations. If more statues are placed in National Statuary Hall itself, some together in those locations. If more statues are placed in National Statuary Hall itself, some
display and structural concerns that have arisen in the past may be revisited. display and structural concerns that have arisen in the past may be revisited.
Statues for the District of Columbia and U.S. Territories
~~Measures~~In the past, proposals have been introduced to authorize the District of Columbia and the territories to provide to authorize the District of Columbia and the territories to provide one or two statues for the statues for the
National Statuary Hall CollectionNational Statuary Hall Collection ~~have been introduced since at least the 93rd Congress (1973-~~
~~1974). These bills generally would “provide authority for the District of Columbia to place two~~
~~statues in Statuary Hall of the Capitol.”28~~
~~In the 111th Congress (2009-2010), for the first time, legislation to allow statues from the District~~
~~of Columbia and the territories passed the House. These bills were H.R. 5493, introduced by~~
~~Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton to provide for statues from the District of Columbia; and H.R.~~
~~5711, introduced by Delegate Eni F. H. Faleomavaega to provide statues for the U.S. territories.~~
~~In July 2010, the Committee on House Administration held a markup on both bills. After~~
~~defeating an amendment to merge the bills offered by then-ranking member Representative Dan~~
~~Lungren, the committee reported both bills.29~~

26. None of these proposals were considered.29 Although it is not part of the National Statuary Hall collection, in 2013, a statue of Frederick Douglass was donated by the District of Columbia government and accepted by Congress for placement in Emancipation Hall of the Capitol Visitor Center.30 The statue was officially unveiled on June 19, 2013.31 Issues for Congress Over the past four decades, Congress has considered proposals to increase the number of statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection. As noted above, one group of legislative proposals involves adding additional statues for each state; another would expand the collection by allowing the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories to provide statues to the collection. If either or both options were adopted, proponents argue that states could donate statues that better represent various aspects of their history. Congress might also consider revising the criteria to discourage or disallow states from sending figures associated with certain historical events or revising standards for statues associated with certain historical events from being displayed in the Capitol.32 27 U.S. Congress, Architect of the Capitol, “How Many Women are Represented in the National Statuary Hall U.S. Congress, Architect of the Capitol, “How Many Women are Represented in the National Statuary Hall
Collection,” Collection,” Capitol Hill Facts, at https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/capitol-hill-facts; and Rep. Stephen , at https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/capitol-hill-facts; and Rep. Stephen
Cohen, “Support More Diversity in the United States Capitol,” remarks in the House, Cohen, “Support More Diversity in the United States Capitol,” remarks in the House, Congressional Record, daily , daily
edition, vol. 157, (March 30, 2011), p. H2049. edition, vol. 157, (March 30, 2011), p. H2049.
2728 For example, see H.R. 3368 (103rd Congress), introduced October 26, 1993; and H.R. 1289 (112th Congress), For example, see H.R. 3368 (103rd Congress), introduced October 26, 1993; and H.R. 1289 (112th Congress),
introduced March 31, 2011. introduced March 31, 2011.
~~28 S. 566 (94th Congress), introduced February 5, 1975. See also S. 3678 (93rd Congress), introduced June 20, 1974.~~
“Introduction of Bill and Joint Resolutions,” “Introduction of Bill and Joint Resolutions,” Congressional Record, vol. 121, part 2 , vol. 121, part 2 (February 5, 1975), p. 2447. 29 For example, see S. 566 (94th Congress) and S. 3678 (93rd Congress). Similar legislation to authorize the ~~(February 5, 1975), p. 2447.~~
~~Similar legislation to authorize the District of Columbia and territories to provide statues to the collection was~~
~~introduced in the 99th Congress (H.R. 3778) and the 109th Congress (H.R. 4070). H.R. 4070 would have provided the~~
District of District of Columbia and territories to provide statues to the collection was introduced in the 99th, 109th, and 111th Congresses. 30 P.L. 112-174, 126 Stat. 1311 (2012). 31 S.Con.Res. 16 (113th Congress), May 21, 2013. 32 For example, in the 117th Congress (2021-2022), at least two bills (H.R. 3005, §3(b), and H.R. 8237) would have (continued...) Congressional Research Service 5 National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options Increasing the number of statues in the collection, however, could result in further space concerns related to statue display in the Capitol. When the CVC opened, the AOC, under the JCL’s direction, reduced the number of collection statues on display in National Statuary Hall as well as in the House and Senate wings of the Capitol by moving them to Emancipation Hall and other locations within the CVC. Adding additional statues to the collection might necessitate relocating existing statues. Any changes to the collection would likely be weighed against the potential costs to states, or if approved, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories, who might provide new statues. In the case of expanding the number of statues that might be added to the collection, a further concern is whether the larger collection could be displayed in the Capitol in an appropriate manner. Other considerations include structural, traffic management, and life safety constraints of the physical environment. required the removal of all ~~Columbia and each territory with one statue in the collection.~~
~~29 U.S. Congress, Committee on House Administration,~~ ~~Markup of H.R. 5493, H.R. 5711, H.R. 5681, H.R. 5682, H.R.~~
~~5717, and Two Committee Resolutions, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., July 14, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), pp. 31-48; U.S.~~
~~Congress, Committee on House Administration,~~ ~~To Provide for the Furnishing of Statues by the District of Columbia~~
~~for Display in Statuary Hall in the United States Capitol, report to accompany H.R. 5493, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., July~~
~~22, 2010, H.Rept. 111-561 (Washington: GPO, 2010); and U.S. Congress, Committee on House Administration,~~
~~Providing for the Furnishing of Statues by the Territories of the United States for Display in Statuary Hall in the~~
~~United States Capitol, report to accompany H.R. 5711, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., July 30, 2010, H.Rept. 111-583~~
~~(Washington: GPO, 2010).~~
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~~Between the reporting of H.R. 5493 and H.R. 5711 by the Committee on House Administration~~
~~and the consideration of these bills in the House, Representative Robert Brady, then-chair of the~~
~~panel, helped negotiate a merger of the bills. Subsequently, H.R. 5493 was debated in the House~~
~~with an amendment that would have permitted the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories to~~
~~place statues in the collection. The bill passed the House, as amended, under suspension of the~~
~~rules.30 In the Senate, the bill was referred to the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration,~~
~~and no further action was taken.31~~
~~While not part of the National Statuary Hall collection, in the 112th Congress, a statue of~~
~~Frederick Douglass, was donated by the District of Columbia government and accepted by~~
~~Congress for placement in Emancipation Hall of the Capital Visitor Center.32 The statue was~~
~~officially unveiled on June 19, 2013.33~~
~~Issues for Congress~~
~~Over the past four decades, Congress has considered proposals to increase the number of statues~~
~~in the National Statuary Hall Collection. One group of legislative proposals involves adding~~
~~additional statues for each state; another would expand the collection by allowing the District of~~
~~Columbia and the U.S. territories to provide statues to the collection. If either or both options~~
~~were adopted, proponents argue that states could donate statues that better represent various~~
~~aspects of their history. Congress might also consider revising the criteria used for statues as~~
~~described in “Legislation, 117th Congress.”~~
~~Increasing the number of statues in the collection, however, could result in further space concerns~~
~~related to statue display in the Capitol. When the CVC opened, the AOC, under the JCL’s~~
~~direction, reduced the number of collection statues on display in National Statuary Hall as well as~~
~~in the House and Senate wings of the Capitol by moving them to Emancipation Hall and other~~
~~locations within the CVC. Adding additional statues to the collection might necessitate relocating~~
~~existing statues.~~
~~Any changes to the collection would likely be weighed against the potential costs to states, or if~~
~~approved, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories, who might provide new statues. In the~~
~~case of expanding the number of statues that might be added to the collection, a further concern is~~
~~whether the larger collection could be displayed in the Capitol in an appropriate manner. Other~~
~~considerations include structural, traffic management, and life safety constraints of the physical~~
~~environment.~~

~~30 “Authorizing Statues in Capitol for District of Columbia and Territories,” Congressional Record, daily edition,~~
~~House debate, vol. 156 (December 15, 2010), pp. H8492-H8495.~~
~~31 In the 112th Congress (2011-2012), Rep. Dan Lungren, then-chair of the Committee on House Administration,~~
~~reintroduced a bill that was nearly identical in language to H.R. 5493 in the 111th Congress. His bill, H.R. 3106, would~~
~~have permitted the District of Columbia and the territories to place statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection.31~~
~~Upon introduction, H.R. 3106 was referred to the Committee on House Administration. No further action was taken.~~
~~32 P.L. 112-174, 126 Stat. 1311, September 20, 2012.~~
~~33 S.Con.Res. 16 (113th Congress), May 21, 2013. In recent Congresses, legislation has also been introduced to direct~~
~~the Joint Committee on the Library to accept a statue of Pierre L’Enfant from the District of Columbia for permanent~~
~~display in the Capitol. These bills (H.R. 2837, 114th Congress; and H.R. 3213, 115th Congress) were referred to the~~
~~Committee on House Administration and did not receive further consideration.~~
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~~National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options~~

~~Legislation, 117th Congress~~
~~H.R. 8237~~
~~H.R. 8237, the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2023, provides for the removal of all~~
~~Confederate statues and busts from any publicly accessible area of the United States Capitol. The~~
~~bill additionally names three statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection—Charles Brantley~~
~~Aycock, John Caldwell Calhoun, and James Paul Clarke—to be removed.34 H.R. 8237 was~~
~~reported by the House Appropriations Committee and placed on the Union Calendar on June 24,~~
~~2022.35~~
~~H.R. 3005~~
~~H.R. 3005, a bill “To direct the Joint Committee on the Library to replace the bust of Roger~~
~~Brooke Taney in the Old Supreme Court Chamber of the United States Capitol with a bust of~~
~~Thurgood Marshall to be obtained by the Joint Committee on the Library and to remove certain~~
~~statues from areas of the United States Capitol which are accessible to the public, to remove all~~
statues of individuals who voluntarily served the Confederate States of America from statues of individuals who voluntarily served the Confederate States of America from display in publicly accessible areas of the United States Capitol. See also,~~display in~~
~~the United States Capitol, and for other purposes,” would require removal of the same statuary~~
~~described in H.R. 8237.36 Further, the bill would create a procedure for the removal of a statue~~
~~from the Capitol.37 On June 29, 2021, H.R. 3005 passed the House. On July 12, 2021, it was~~
~~received in the Senate and on May 24, 2022, it was read twice and referred to the Committee on~~
~~Rules and Administration.~~
~~If enacted, H.R. 3005 or H.R. 8237 would require the removal of statues from the current~~
~~National Statuary Hall Collection that meet the legislation’s criteria.~~

~~34 H.R. 8237, §214 (117th Congress). Additionally, the bill would require the removal of the Roger Brooke Taney bust~~
~~from the Old Supreme Court Chamber. The Taney bust is not part of the National Statuary Hall Collection.~~
35 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Appropriations, Legislative Branch Appropriations Bill, 2023, 117th Cong., 2nd , 117th Cong., 2nd
sess., H.Rept. 117-389 (sess., H.Rept. 117-389 (~~Washington: GPO,~~ 2022), at https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/117th-congress/2022), at https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/117th-congress/
~~house-report/389.~~
~~36 H.R. 3005, §3(b) (117th Congress). Additionally, the bill would require the removal of the Roger Brooke Taney bust~~
~~from the Old Supreme Court Chamber (§1(b)) and require the JCL to acquire a bust of Thurgood Marshall to be placed~~
~~in the Capitol’s Old Supreme Court Chamber (§1(c)).~~
~~37 H.R. 3005, §2~~house-report/389. .
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Appendix A. National Statuary Hall Collection
Statues
Since 2005, when New Mexico provided its second statue—Po’Pay—the National Statuary Hall Since 2005, when New Mexico provided its second statue—Po’Pay—the National Statuary Hall
Collection has contained 100 Collection has contained 100 ~~statue~~s.statues.33 Table A-1 provides a list of statues currently in the provides a list of statues currently in the
collection, by state, with the name of the statue and the year it was placed in the collection. collection, by state, with the name of the statue and the year it was placed in the collection.
Table A-1. National Statuary Hall Collection Statues
~~State~~
~~Statue~~Year
Year
State
Statue
~~Year~~
~~Placed~~Placed State Statue
Placed
Alabama Alabama
Helen Keller Helen Keller
2009 2009
Montana Montana
Jeanette Rankin Jeanette Rankin
1985 1985
Alabama Alabama
Joseph Wheeler Joseph Wheeler
1925 1925
Montana Montana
Charles Marion Charles Marion
1959 1959
Russell Russell
Alaska Alaska
Ernest Gruening Ernest Gruening
1977 1977
Nebraska Nebraska
~~Julius Sterling Morton~~
~~1937~~Chief Standing Bear 2019
Alaska Alaska
Edward Lewis Bartlett Edward Lewis Bartlett
1971 1971
Nebraska Nebraska
~~Chief Standing Bear~~
~~2019~~Wil a Cather 2023
Arizona Arizona
Eusebio Kino Eusebio Kino
1965 1965
Nevada Nevada
Sarah Winnemucca Sarah Winnemucca
2005 2005
Arizona Arizona
Barry Goldwater Barry Goldwater
2015 2015
Nevada Nevada
Patrick Anthony Patrick Anthony
1960 1960
McCarran McCarran
Arkansas Arkansas
James Paul Clarke James Paul Clarke
1921 1921
New New
John Stark John Stark
1894 1894
Hampshire Hampshire
Arkansas Arkansas
Uriah Milton Rose Uriah Milton Rose
1917 1917
New New
Daniel Webster Daniel Webster
1894 1894
Hampshire Hampshire
California California
Father Junipero Serra Father Junipero Serra
1931 1931
New Jersey New Jersey
Richard Stockton Richard Stockton
1888 1888
California California
Ronald Wilson Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan
2009 2009
New Jersey New Jersey
Philip Kearny Philip Kearny
1888 1888
Colorado Colorado
John L. Swigert John L. Swigert
1997 1997
New Mexico New Mexico
Po'pay Po'pay
2005 2005
Colorado Colorado
Florence R. Sabin Florence R. Sabin
1959 1959
New Mexico New Mexico
Dennis Chavez Dennis Chavez
1966 1966
Connecticut Connecticut
Roger Sherman Roger Sherman
1872 1872
New York New York
Robert R. Livingston Robert R. Livingston
1875 1875
Connecticut Connecticut
Jonathan Trumbul Jonathan Trumbul
1872 1872
New York New York
George Clinton George Clinton
1873 1873
~~Charles Brantley~~
Delaware Delaware
Caesar Rodney Caesar Rodney
1934 1934
North Carolina North Carolina
~~Aycock~~Charles Brantley
1932 1932
Aycock Delaware Delaware
John Middleton Clayton John Middleton Clayton
1934 1934
North Carolina North Carolina
Zebulon Baird Vance Zebulon Baird Vance
1916 1916
Florida Florida
Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune
2022 2022
North Dakota North Dakota
Sakakawea Sakakawea
2003 2003
Florida Florida
John Gorrie John Gorrie
1914 1914
North Dakota North Dakota
John Burke John Burke
1963 1963
Georgia Georgia
Crawford W. Long Crawford W. Long
1926 1926
Ohio Ohio
Thomas Edison Thomas Edison
2016 2016
Georgia Georgia
Alexander Hamilton Stephens Alexander Hamilton Stephens
1927 1927
Ohio Ohio
James A. Garfield James A. Garfield
1886 1886
Hawaii Hawaii
Kamehameha I Kamehameha I
1969 1969
Oklahoma Oklahoma
Wil Rogers Wil Rogers
1939 1939
Hawaii Hawaii
Father Damien Father Damien
1969 1969
Oklahoma Oklahoma
Sequoyah Sequoyah
1917 1917
~~Idaho~~
~~Wil iam Edgar Borah~~
~~1947~~
~~Oregon~~
~~John McLoughlin~~
~~1953~~
~~Idaho~~
~~George Laird Shoup~~
~~1910~~
~~Oregon~~
~~Jason Lee~~
~~1953~~
~~John Peter Gabriel~~
~~Il inois~~
~~James Shields~~
~~1893~~
~~Pennsylvania~~
~~Muhlenberg~~
~~1889~~
~~Congressional Research Service~~

8 33 In 2020, at the request of the Commonwealth of Virginia, the Robert E. Lee statue was removed from display in the U.S. Capitol. For more information, see Letter from The Honorable Ralph S. Northam, Governor, Commonwealth of Virginia, to J. Brett Blanton, Architect of the Capitol, July 31, 2020, https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/7.31.2020-RSN-Letter-to-Brett-Blanton.pdf; and Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Commission for Historical Statues in the United States Capitol, at https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/uscapitolcommission. Congressional Research Service 7

National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options

Year Year State
Statue
~~Year~~
~~State~~
~~Statue~~
~~Year~~
~~Placed~~
~~Placed~~Placed State Statue Placed Idaho Wil iam Edgar Borah 1947 Oregon John McLoughlin 1953 Idaho George Laird Shoup 1910 Oregon Jason Lee 1953 Il inois James Shields 1893 Pennsylvania John Peter Gabriel 1889 Muhlenberg
Il inois Il inois
Frances E. Wil ard Frances E. Wil ard
1905 1905
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania
Robert Fulton Robert Fulton
1889 1889
Indiana Indiana
Lewis Wallace Lewis Wallace
1910 1910
Rhode Island Rhode Island
Nathanael Greene Nathanael Greene
1870 1870
Indiana Indiana
Oliver Hazard Perry Morton Oliver Hazard Perry Morton
1900 1900
Rhode Island Rhode Island
Roger Wil iams Roger Wil iams
1872 1872
Iowa Iowa
Dr. Norman E. Borlaug Dr. Norman E. Borlaug
2014 2014
South Carolina South Carolina
John Caldwell Calhoun John Caldwell Calhoun
1910 1910
Iowa Iowa
Samuel Jordan Kirkwood Samuel Jordan Kirkwood
1913 1913
South Carolina South Carolina
Wade Hampton Wade Hampton
1929 1929
Kansas Kansas
Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart
2022 2022
South Dakota South Dakota
Joseph Ward Joseph Ward
1963 1963
~~Wil iam Henry~~
Kansas Kansas
Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower
2003 2003
South Dakota South Dakota
~~Harrison Beadle~~
~~1938~~
Wil iam Henry 1938 Harrison Beadle Kentucky Kentucky
Ephraim McDowell Ephraim McDowell
1929 1929
Tennessee Tennessee
John Sevier John Sevier
1931 1931
Kentucky Kentucky
Henry Clay Henry Clay
1929 1929
Tennessee Tennessee
Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson
1928 1928
Louisiana Louisiana
Edward Douglass White Edward Douglass White
1955 1955
Texas Texas
Stephen Austin Stephen Austin
1905 1905
Louisiana Louisiana
Huey Pierce Long Huey Pierce Long
1941 1941
Texas Texas
Sam Houston Sam Houston
1905 1905
Maine Maine
Wil iam King Wil iam King
1878 1878
Utah Utah
Philo T. Farnsworth Philo T. Farnsworth
1990 1990
Maine Maine
Hannibal Hamlin Hannibal Hamlin
1935 1935
Utah Utah
Brigham Young Brigham Young
1950 1950
Maryland Maryland
Charles Carrol Charles Carrol
1903 1903
Vermont Vermont
Ethan Allen Ethan Allen
1876 1876
Maryland Maryland
John Hanson John Hanson
1903 1903
Vermont Vermont
Jacob Col amer Jacob Col amer
1881 1881
~~Robert E. Lee~~
Massachusetts Samuel Adams Massachusetts Samuel Adams
1876 1876
Virginia Virginia
~~(Removed from~~Robert E. Lee
1934 1934
(Removed from display, 2020) display, 2020)
Massachusetts John Winthrop Massachusetts John Winthrop
1876 1876
Virginia Virginia
George Washington George Washington
1934 1934
Michigan Michigan
Lewis Cass Lewis Cass
1889 1889
Washington Washington
Mother Joseph Mother Joseph
1980 1980
Michigan Michigan
Gerald R. Ford Jr. Gerald R. Ford Jr.
2011 2011
Washington Washington
Marcus Whitman Marcus Whitman
1953 1953
Minnesota Minnesota
Maria L. Sanford Maria L. Sanford
1958 1958
West Virginia West Virginia
John E. Kenna John E. Kenna
1901 1901
Minnesota Minnesota
Henry Mower Rice Henry Mower Rice
1916 1916
West Virginia West Virginia
Francis Harrison Francis Harrison
1910 1910
Pierpont Pierpont
Mississippi Mississippi
James Zachariah George James Zachariah George
1931 1931
Wisconsin Wisconsin
Jacques Marquette Jacques Marquette
1896 1896
Mississippi Mississippi
Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis
1931 1931
Wisconsin Wisconsin
Robert M. La Fol ette Robert M. La Fol ette
1929 1929
Missouri Missouri
Francis Preston Blair Jr. Francis Preston Blair Jr.
1899 1899
Wyoming Wyoming
Washakie Washakie
2000 2000
Missouri Missouri
Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman
2022 2022
Wyoming Wyoming
Esther Hobart Morris Esther Hobart Morris
1960 1960
Source: CRS compilation from Architect of the Capitol National Statuary Hall Col ection website, at CRS compilation from Architect of the Capitol National Statuary Hall Col ection website, at
http://www.aoc.gov/the-national-statuary-hall-col ection?capitol_hil =TRUE. http://www.aoc.gov/the-national-statuary-hall-col ection?capitol_hil =TRUE.
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Appendix B. Statues Replaced in the National
Statuary Hall Collection
Since 2000, states have been allowed to replace statues donated to the collection. Regulations for Since 2000, states have been allowed to replace statues donated to the collection. Regulations for
the replacement of statues were established by the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2001.the replacement of statues were established by the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2001.3834
Table B-1 provides a list of states that have replaced statues, the year of the replacement, the provides a list of states that have replaced statues, the year of the replacement, the
original statue, and the replacement statue. original statue, and the replacement statue.
Table B-1. Replaced Statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection
State
Year
Original Statue
Replacement Statue
Kansas Kansas
2003 2003
George W. Glick George W. Glick
Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower
Alabama Alabama
2009 2009
Lamar Monroe Curry Lamar Monroe Curry
Helen Keller Helen Keller
California California
2009 2009
Thomas Starr King Thomas Starr King
Ronald Wilson Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan
Michigan Michigan
2011 2011
Zachariah Chandler Zachariah Chandler
Gerald R. Ford Jr. Gerald R. Ford Jr.
Iowa Iowa
2014 2014
James Harlan James Harlan
Dr. Norman E. Borlaug Dr. Norman E. Borlaug
Arizona Arizona
2015 2015
John Campbell Greenway Barry Goldwater John Campbell Greenway Barry Goldwater
Ohio Ohio
2016 2016
Wil iam Allen Wil iam Allen
Thomas Edison Thomas Edison
Nebraska Nebraska
2019 2019
Wil iam Jennings Bryan Wil iam Jennings Bryan
Chief Standing Bear Chief Standing Bear
Florida Florida
2022 2022
Edmund Kirby Smith Edmund Kirby Smith
Mary McLeod Bethune Mary McLeod Bethune
Kansas Kansas
2022 2022
John James Ingalls John James Ingalls
Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart
Missouri Missouri
2022 2022
Thomas Hart Benton Thomas Hart Benton
Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman
Nebraska 2023 Julius Sterling Morton Wil a Cather Virginia Virginia
Pending Pending
Robert E. Lee Robert E. Lee
Barbara Johns Barbara Johns
(Removed from (Removed from
display, 2020) display, 2020)
Source: CRS CRS ~~Compilation~~compilation from Architect of the Capitol National Statuary Hall Col ection from Architect of the Capitol National Statuary Hall Col ection ~~Website~~website, at , at
http://www.aoc.gov/the-national-statuary-hall-col ection. http://www.aoc.gov/the-national-statuary-hall-col ection.

Author Information

Jacob R. Straus Jacob R. Straus
R. Eric Petersen R. Eric Petersen
Specialist on the Congress Specialist on the Congress
Specialist in American National Government Specialist in American National Government

38 34 This sentence is based on P.L. 106-554, 114 Stat. 2763A-119 This sentence is based on P.L. 106-554, 114 Stat. 2763A-119~~, December 21, 2000~~ (2000), codified at 22 U.S.C. §2132, and , codified at 22 U.S.C. §2132, and
other sources as noted. other sources as noted.
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Disclaimer
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