Juvenile Justice Funding Trends
Changes from January 5, 2021 to March 31, 2022
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Juvenile Justice Funding Tends
January 5, 2021Trends
March 31, 2022
Although juvenile justice has always been administered by the states, the federal government has Although juvenile justice has always been administered by the states, the federal government has
played a role played a rolein this area through the administration of grant programs. Congress has influenced through the administration of grant programs. Congress has influenced
states’ Emily J. Hanson
juvenile justice juvenile justice systems by authorizing and funding grant programs administered by the by authorizing and funding grant programs administered by theDepartment of
Analyst in Social Policy Analyst in Social Policy
Department of Justice’s (DOJ’s) Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP).Justice’s (DOJ’s) Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP).
Kristin Finklea
The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA ; P.L. 93-415), enacted in 1974, ; P.L. 93-415), enacted in 1974,
Specialist in Domestic Specialist in Domestic
was the first comprehensive juvenile justice legislation passed by Congress. The JJDPA was the first comprehensive juvenile justice legislation passed by Congress. The JJDPA
Security Security
authorized a series of grant programs designed to support state juvenile justice systems and authorized a series of grant programs designed to support state juvenile justice systems and
prevent juvenile delinquency. Since its enactment, the JJDPA has undergone several key prevent juvenile delinquency. Since its enactment, the JJDPA has undergone several key
amendments, including a significant reorganization in 2002 (by the 21st Century Department of amendments, including a significant reorganization in 2002 (by the 21st Century Department of
Justice Appropriations Authorization Act; P.L. 107-273). Justice Appropriations Authorization Act; P.L. 107-273). Its grant programs were most recently Its grant programs were most recently
amended and reauthorized by the Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-385).amended and reauthorized by the Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-385).
Funding for programs authorized by the JJDPA, as well as for other non Funding for programs authorized by the JJDPA, as well as for other non -JJDPA grant programs that are administered by -JJDPA grant programs that are administered by
OJJDP, is provided through the Juvenile Justice Programs account in the annual Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related OJJDP, is provided through the Juvenile Justice Programs account in the annual Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related
Agencies appropriations act. After the restructuring of juvenile justice grant programs in 2002, total funding for these Agencies appropriations act. After the restructuring of juvenile justice grant programs in 2002, total funding for these
programs began to decline. This decline generally continued through FY2007, after which funding for these programs started programs began to decline. This decline generally continued through FY2007, after which funding for these programs started
to increase. For FY2010, Congress provided $424 million for juvenile justice programs—the largest appropriation since to increase. For FY2010, Congress provided $424 million for juvenile justice programs—the largest appropriation since
FY2003.FY2003. Juvenile justice funding then generally declined again from FY2010 through FY2017. After appropriating a low of Juvenile justice funding then generally declined again from FY2010 through FY2017. After appropriating a low of
$247 million for juvenile justice programs in FY2017, Congress increased juvenile justice funding annually from FY2018 $247 million for juvenile justice programs in FY2017, Congress increased juvenile justice funding annually from FY2018
through throughFY2021FY2022. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, . The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021(P.L. 116-260), 2022 (P.L. 117-103), provided $provided $346360 million for juvenile justice million for juvenile justice
programs for programs forFY2021FY2022—the largest appropriation since —the largest appropriation since the $424 million in FY2010. FY2010.
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Contents
Juvenile Justice Legislation and Grant Programs ............................................................................ 1
State Formula Grant Program ................................................................................................... 1 1
Title V Incentive Youth Promise Grants for Local Delinquency Prevention ............................ 2
Victims of Child Abuse Act Grants ........................................................................................... 2
Juvenile Mentoring Program ..................................................................................................... 2
Juvenile Accountability Block Grants ....................................................................................... 3
Juvenile Justice Appropriations ....................................................................................................... 3
Historical Appropriations by Program ...................................................................................... 4
Figures
Figure 1. Total Juvenile Justice Programs Appropriations, FY2002-FY2021FY2022 ................................. 3
Tables
Table 1. Juvenile Justice Appropriations by Program,FY2012-FY2021 FY2013-FY2022 ........................................ 6
Contacts
Author Information .......................................................................................................................... 8 9
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he federal government has no juvenile justice system of its own. Rather, juvenile justice is he federal government has no juvenile justice system of its own. Rather, juvenile justice is
administered by the states. The federal government, though, seeks to influence states’ administered by the states. The federal government, though, seeks to influence states’
T juvenile justice systems through the administration of grant programs and the provision of T juvenile justice systems through the administration of grant programs and the provision of
funds.1 funds.1
This report provides a brief overview of funding for the juvenile justice-related grant programs This report provides a brief overview of funding for the juvenile justice-related grant programs
administered by the Department of Justice’s (DOJ’s) Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency administered by the Department of Justice’s (DOJ’s) Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention (OJJDP). Prevention (OJJDP).
Juvenile Justice Legislation and Grant Programs
A number of A number offederal yfederally funded juvenile funded juvenile justice grant programs are authorized by the Juvenile justice grant programs are authorized by the Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (JJDPA, P.L. 93-415). Since its enactment, the Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (JJDPA, P.L. 93-415). Since its enactment, the
JJDPA has been revised by several key amendments, including a significant reorganization in JJDPA has been revised by several key amendments, including a significant reorganization in
2002 (by the 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act; P.L. 107-273). 2002 (by the 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act; P.L. 107-273).
Its grant programs were most recently amended and reauthorized by the Juvenile Justice Reform Its grant programs were most recently amended and reauthorized by the Juvenile Justice Reform
Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-385).Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-385).
The JJDPA as The JJDPA asoriginal yoriginally enacted had three main components: (1) it established OJJDP to enacted had three main components: (1) it established OJJDP to
coordinate and administer federal juvenilecoordinate and administer federal juvenile justice efforts; (2) it created grant programs to assist justice efforts; (2) it created grant programs to assist
states with their juvenile justice systems; and (3) it promulgated core mandates to which states states with their juvenile justice systems; and (3) it promulgated core mandates to which states
must adhere in order to be eligiblemust adhere in order to be eligible for certain grant funding. Although the JJDPA has been for certain grant funding. Although the JJDPA has been
amended several times over the past 40 years, it continues to feature these three components. amended several times over the past 40 years, it continues to feature these three components.
The JJDPA has been the primary channel through which the federal government has provided The JJDPA has been the primary channel through which the federal government has provided
juvenilejuvenile justice funding to states. However, other programs also administered by OJJDP have justice funding to states. However, other programs also administered by OJJDP have
contributed to contributed to overal overall federal juvenilefederal juvenile justice funding. justice funding.
The following section outlines various juvenile The following section outlines various juvenile justice grant programs, including those authorized justice grant programs, including those authorized
by the JJDPA. Grants noted in this section have been by the JJDPA. Grants noted in this section have beencongressional ycongressionally authorized at some point in authorized at some point in
time and have received an appropriation at least once time and have received an appropriation at least oncesince FY2012in the 10-year period from FY2013 through FY2022. Congress has also provided . Congress has also provided
appropriations for appropriations forprograms that it has not authorizedjuvenile justice programs that do not have separate authorizations of appropriations; these programs are not discussed in this ; these programs are not discussed in this
section, but they are included isection, but they are included in Table 1, which which outlines funding for juvenile justice programs outlines funding for juvenile justice programs
since since FY2012FY2013. .
State Formula Grant Program
The JJDPA authorizes OJJDP to make formula grants to The JJDPA authorizes OJJDP to make formula grants tostatesstates2 for the planning, establishment, for the planning, establishment,
operation, coordination, and evaluation of projects that develop more effective juvenile operation, coordination, and evaluation of projects that develop more effective juvenile
delinquency programs and improve juvenile justice systems.delinquency programs and improve juvenile justice systems.23 Funds are Funds are al ocated annual yallocated annually based based
on each state’s on each state’sproportionrelative population of people under of people under the age ofage 18. States must adhere to certain core 18. States must adhere to certain core
mandates to receive their funding.mandates to receive their funding.34 The Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-385) The Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-385)
amended and reauthorized this program through FY2023. amended and reauthorized this program through FY2023.
1 For more information on the legislative history of juvenile justice and details on the grant programs outlined in this 1 For more information on the legislative history of juvenile justice and details on the grant programs outlined in this
report, refer to CRS Report RL33947, report, refer to CRS Report RL33947, Juvenile Justice: Legislative History and Current Legislative Issues. .
2 2 The term state includes the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). 3 34 U.S.C.34 U.S.C. §11131. §11131.
3 T here4 There are four core mandates with which—unless are four core mandates with which—unless for specified exceptions—states must generally comply: states must for specified exceptions—states must generally comply: states must
keep status offenders (such as truants) out of secure detention or correctional facilities; states cannot detain or confine keep status offenders (such as truants) out of secure detention or correctional facilities; states cannot detain or confine
juveniles in facilities in which they would have contact with adult inmates; juveniles cannot be detained or confined in
any jail or lockup for adults; and states must show that they are working to address racial and ethnic disparities within
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Title V Incentive Youth Promise Grants for Local Delinquency
Prevention
The JJDPA authorizes OJJDP to make grants to The JJDPA authorizes OJJDP to make grants tostatesstates5, which are then transmitted through , which are then transmitted through
subgrants to units of local government (or nonprofits in partnership with units of local subgrants to units of local government (or nonprofits in partnership with units of local
government) for delinquency prevention programs for juveniles who have come into contact with, government) for delinquency prevention programs for juveniles who have come into contact with,
or are at risk to come into contact with, the juvenile justice system.or are at risk to come into contact with, the juvenile justice system.46 The Juvenile Justice Reform The Juvenile Justice Reform
Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-385) amended and reauthorized this program through FY2023. The JJDPA Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-385) amended and reauthorized this program through FY2023. The JJDPA
also authorizes OJJDP to make grants to eligible Indian tribes to support delinquency prevention also authorizes OJJDP to make grants to eligible Indian tribes to support delinquency prevention
programs for at-risk youth or those who have come into contact with the juvenile justice system. programs for at-risk youth or those who have come into contact with the juvenile justice system.
Traditional yTraditionally, Congress dedicates amounts from the total appropriation for the Title V program for , Congress dedicates amounts from the total appropriation for the Title V program for
specific programs and purposes areas (e.g., the Tribal Youth program or preventing gang specific programs and purposes areas (e.g., the Tribal Youth program or preventing gang
violence). violence).
Victims of Child Abuse Act Grants
Subtitle A of the Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990The Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990 (Title II of the Crime Control Act of 1990, P.L. 101-647) authorizes several grant programs administered by OJJDP.
Subtitle A authorizes support for regional and local authorizes support for regional and local
Children’s Advocacy Centers (CACs), including state chapters, and for related training and Children’s Advocacy Centers (CACs), including state chapters, and for related training and
technical assistance. Subtitle C of that act authorizes training of judicial personnel to improve
handling of child abuse and neglect proceedings (Title II of the Crime Control Act of 1990, P.L.
101-647). OJJDP is authorized to fund various grants related to each of these activities.5 The
CAC program was most recently reauthorized (through FY2023) via the Victims of Child Abuse
Act Reauthorization Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-424). The training for judicial personnel program was
most recently reauthorized technical assistance (34 U.S.C. §§20301-20307). The CAC program was most recently reauthorized (through FY2023) via the Victims of Child Abuse Act Reauthorization Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-424). For FY2022, it received $33 million (Division B of P.L. 117-103).
Subtitle B authorizes support for Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASAs) (34 U.S.C. §§20321-20323) and Subtitle C authorizes training of judicial personnel to improve handling of child abuse and neglect proceedings (34 U.S.C. §§20331-20334). Funding for these activities was most recently reauthorized through FY2027 in the Violence Against Women Act Reauthorization Act of in the Violence Against Women Act Reauthorization Act of 2013 (P.L.
113-4). Its authorization of appropriations expired in FY2018, but it has continued to receive
funding2022 (Division W of P.L. 117-103). For FY2022, CASA received $14 million and the training program received $4 million (Division B of P.L. 117-103). .
Juvenile Mentoring Program
The Juvenile Mentoring Program was authorized by the Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency The Juvenile Mentoring Program was authorized by the Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency
Prevention Programs Act (P.L. 102-586). Grants under this program are awarded to local Prevention Programs Act (P.L. 102-586). Grants under this program are awarded to local
educational agencies (in partnership with public or private agencies) to establish and support educational agencies (in partnership with public or private agencies) to establish and support
mentoring programs to reduce delinquent behavior, improve scholastic performance, and reduce mentoring programs to reduce delinquent behavior, improve scholastic performance, and reduce
school dropouts.school dropouts.67 The program has continued to receive appropriations even though its The program has continued to receive appropriations even though its
authorization was repealed (P.L. 107-273).
their juvenile justice systems.
4 34 U.S.C. §11313.
5 For Subtitle A, see 34 U.S.C. §§20301-20307; for Subtitle C, see 34 U.S.C. §§20331-20334; Subtitle B of the Victims
of Child Abuse Act (34 U.S.C §§ 20321-20324) authorizes funding related to Court Appointed Special Advocates
(CASAs), including technical assistance. T his funding is appropriated under the State and Local Law Enforcement
account but is nonetheless administered by OJJDP. For more information on Victims of Child Abuse Act programs, see
CRS Report R43458, Child Welfare: An Overview of Federal Program s and Their Current Funding .
6authorization was repealed (P.L. 107-273).
juveniles in facilities in which they would have contact with adult inmates; juveniles cannot be detained or confined in any jail or lockup for adults; and states must show that they are working to address racial and ethnic disparities within their juvenile justice systems.
5 The term state includes the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands).
6 34 U.S.C. §11313. 7 For more information on the Juvenile Mentoring Program and youth mentoring, see CRS For more information on the Juvenile Mentoring Program and youth mentoring, see CRS Report RL34306, Report RL34306,
Vulnerable Youth: Federal MentoringProgram sPrograms and Issues. .
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Juvenile Justice FundingTendsTrends
Juvenile Accountability Block Grants
Congress Congressinitial y initially established the Juvenile Accountability Block Grant (JABG) program by established the Juvenile Accountability Block Grant (JABG) program by
appropriating funding for it in the FY1998 Department of Justice Appropriations Act (P.L. 105-appropriating funding for it in the FY1998 Department of Justice Appropriations Act (P.L. 105-
119). Congress subsequently authorized the JABG program through P.L. 107-273.119). Congress subsequently authorized the JABG program through P.L. 107-273.78 Although the Although the
authorization for the JABG program is not a part of the JJDPA, it nevertheless is administered by authorization for the JABG program is not a part of the JJDPA, it nevertheless is administered by
OJJDP. The JABG program authorizes the Attorney General to make grants to states and units of OJJDP. The JABG program authorizes the Attorney General to make grants to states and units of
local government to strengthen their juvenile justice systems, including holding juveniles local government to strengthen their juvenile justice systems, including holding juveniles
accountable for their actions.accountable for their actions.89 Authorization for this program expired in FY2009, but Congress Authorization for this program expired in FY2009, but Congress
continued to provide appropriations through FY2013. continued to provide appropriations through FY2013.
Juvenile Justice Appropriations
Congress appropriates funding for programs authorized by the JJDPA as Congress appropriates funding for programs authorized by the JJDPA aswel well as for other non-as for other non-
JJDPA JJDPA juvenile justice grant programs through the Juvenile Justice Programs account in the annual Commerce, grant programs through the Juvenile Justice Programs account in the annual Commerce,
Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations ActJustice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act. Figure 1 shows total appropriations shows total appropriations
for juvenile justice programs from FY2002 through for juvenile justice programs from FY2002 through FY2021FY2022. .
Figure 1. Total Juvenile Justice Programs Appropriations, FY2002-FY2021
(dol ars in mil ionsFY2022
(dollars in millions) )
Sources: FY2002 enacted taken fromFY2002 enacted taken from H.Rept. 107-278. FY2003 enacted taken from H.Rept. 108-10. FY2004 H.Rept. 107-278. FY2003 enacted taken from H.Rept. 108-10. FY2004
enacted taken from H.Rept. 108-401. FY2005 enacted taken fromenacted taken from H.Rept. 108-401. FY2005 enacted taken from H.Rept. 108-792. FY2006 enacted taken from H.Rept. 108-792. FY2006 enacted taken from
H.Rept. 109-272. FY2007 appropriation is based on FY2006 enacted minus a 1.28% rescission,H.Rept. 109-272. FY2007 appropriation is based on FY2006 enacted minus a 1.28% rescission, as peras per P.L. 110-5. P.L. 110-5.
FY2008 enacted taken from P.L. 110-161. FY2009 enacted taken fromFY2008 enacted taken from P.L. 110-161. FY2009 enacted taken from P.L. 111-8. FY2010 enacted taken from P.L. 111-8. FY2010 enacted taken from
P.L. 111-117. FY2011 enacted based on a CRS analysis of the text of P.L.P.L. 111-117. FY2011 enacted based on a CRS analysis of the text of P.L. 112-10. FY2012 enacted taken from P.L. 112-10. FY2012 enacted taken from P.L.
112-55. FY2013 amount provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. FY2014 enacted taken from112-55. FY2013 amount provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. FY2014 enacted taken from P.L. 113-76. P.L. 113-76.
FY2015 enacted taken from P.L. 113-235. FY2016 enacted taken fromFY2015 enacted taken from P.L. 113-235. FY2016 enacted taken from P.L. 114-113. FY2017 enacted taken from P.L. 114-113. FY2017 enacted taken from
7 T he
8 The Juvenile Accountability Block Grant (JABG) Juvenile Accountability Block Grant (JABG) program wasprogram was codified codified within the Omnibuswithin the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Crime Control and Safe
Streets Act of 1968 (34 U.S.C. §10401). Streets Act of 1968 (34 U.S.C. §10401).
8 T he
9 The one core mandate of the JABG one core mandate of the JABG program is that states must begin to implement a system of graduatedprogram is that states must begin to implement a system of graduated sanctions to sanctions to
be eligiblebe eligible for funding. for funding.
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P.L. 115-31. FY2018 enacted taken from P.L. P.L. 115-31. FY2018 enacted taken from P.L. 115-141. FY2019 enacted taken from115-141. FY2019 enacted taken from P.L. 116-6. FY2020 enacted P.L. 116-6. FY2020 enacted
taken from P.L.taken from P.L. 116-93. FY2021 enacted taken from P.L. 116-260. 116-93. FY2021 enacted taken from P.L. 116-260.
FY2022 enacted taken from P.L. 117-103. Notes: Numbers are rounded. Amounts are in nominal dol ars. Numbers are rounded. Amounts are in nominal dol ars. The amounts include The amounts include al rescissions all rescissions of current of current
year budget authority. The FY2013 funding level also reflectsyear budget authority. The FY2013 funding level also reflects sequestration pursuant to the Budget Control Act sequestration pursuant to the Budget Control Act
of 2011 (P.L. 112-25). JJDPA = Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (P.L. 93-415). of 2011 (P.L. 112-25). JJDPA = Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (P.L. 93-415).
Overal Overall funding for juvenile justice programs, which had funding for juvenile justice programs, which had typical ytypically been above $500 been above $500 mil ionmillion, ,
peaked at $565 peaked at $565mil ion million in FY2002. From FY2002 to FY2007, however, in FY2002. From FY2002 to FY2007, however, overal funding fel overall funding fell by by
38% to $348 38% to $348mil ionmillion. The majority of this reduction came from cuts to the JABG program. . The majority of this reduction came from cuts to the JABG program.
Appropriations for JABG Appropriations for JABG fel fell from a high of $250 from a high of $250 mil ion million in FY2002 to $49 in FY2002 to $49 mil ion million in FY2007. in FY2007.
From FY2007 to FY2010, total funding for juvenile justice programs increased by almost 22% to From FY2007 to FY2010, total funding for juvenile justice programs increased by almost 22% to
$424 $424mil ion, million, with funding for JJDPA programs increasing by 27% to $331 with funding for JJDPA programs increasing by 27% to $331 mil ionmillion over this same over this same
period. This was the largest juvenile justice appropriation since FY2003. period. This was the largest juvenile justice appropriation since FY2003.
Funding for juvenile justice programs again began to decline in FY2011, and that decline Funding for juvenile justice programs again began to decline in FY2011, and that decline
general ygenerally continued through FY2017. From FY2010 to FY2017, total funding for juvenile justice continued through FY2017. From FY2010 to FY2017, total funding for juvenile justice
programs decreased by nearly 42%, from $424 programs decreased by nearly 42%, from $424mil ionmillion to $247 to $247 mil ion. million. Contributing to this drop, Contributing to this drop,
Congress eliminated funding for the Congress eliminated funding for theChal enge Grants9Challenge Grants10 in FY2011 and for the JABG program in in FY2011 and for the JABG program in
FY2014. During this time period, however, Congress also started appropriating funding for FY2014. During this time period, however, Congress also started appropriating funding for
programs that had not previously been funded under the Juvenile Justice Programs accountprograms that had not previously been funded under the Juvenile Justice Programs account,
(including funding for missing and exploited children programs, child abuse training programs including funding for missing and exploited children programs, child abuse training programs
for judicial personnel and practitioners, and grants and technical assistance in support of a for judicial personnel and practitioners, and grants and technical assistance in support of a
National Forum on Youth Violence PreventionNational Forum on Youth Violence Prevention). .
After appropriating After appropriatinga low of $247 mil ion $247 million for juvenile justice programs in FY2017, Congress for juvenile justice programs in FY2017, Congress
increased juvenile funding increased juvenile fundingannual yannually from FY2018 through from FY2018 through FY2021FY2022. Congress increased funding . Congress increased funding
for juvenile justice programs to nearly $283 for juvenile justice programs to nearly $283mil ionmillion for FY2018, and it included funds for a new for FY2018, and it included funds for a new
Opioid Affected Youth Initiative. Congress again increased juvenile justice program funding to Opioid Affected Youth Initiative. Congress again increased juvenile justice program funding to
$287 $287mil ion million in FY2019, and it set aside money for an initiativein FY2019, and it set aside money for an initiative serving children exposed to serving children exposed to
violence.violence.1011 Congress then increased funding for juvenile justice programs to $320 Congress then increased funding for juvenile justice programs to $320 mil ionmillion for for
FY2020 and included a new set-aside from the Title V Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency FY2020 and included a new set-aside from the Title V Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency
Prevention for grants to prevent trafficking of girls. Congress Prevention for grants to prevent trafficking of girls. Congressmost recently appropriated $346
mil ion continued to increase funding for FY2021 and FY2022, and Congress most recently appropriated $360 million for juvenile justice programs for for juvenile justice programs for FY2021FY2022—the largest appropriation since the $424 —the largest appropriation since the $424
mil ion million in FY2010.in FY2010.
Historical Appropriations by Program
Table 1 provides a breakdown of funding for the Juvenile Justice Programs account by program provides a breakdown of funding for the Juvenile Justice Programs account by program
for the 10-year period from for the 10-year period from FY2012 to FY2021FY2013 to FY2022. .
Appropriations for specific programs in the Juvenile Justice Programs account can vary from year Appropriations for specific programs in the Juvenile Justice Programs account can vary from year
to year. to year.For example, starting in FY2012, Congress moved funding for missing and exploited
children programs from the Justice Assistance account to the Juvenile Justice Programs account.
In addition, Congress sometimes provides funding for programs as a specific line item in the In addition, Congress sometimes provides funding for programs as a specific line item in the
Juvenile Justice Programs account, but in other years funding for those programs is provided as a Juvenile Justice Programs account, but in other years funding for those programs is provided as a
set-aside from another program in the account. For example, the Community Based Violence set-aside from another program in the account. For example, the Community Based Violence
Prevention Initiative and the Competitive Grants Focusing on Girls in the Juvenile Justice System Prevention Initiative and the Competitive Grants Focusing on Girls in the Juvenile Justice System
9 T heProgram have received line item appropriations in some fiscal years and have been funded by set-asides from the Title V Incentive Grants Program in other years. By contrast, some programs,
10 The Challenge Grants program authorized OJJDP to make discretionary grants to state, local, and tribal governments Challenge Grants program authorized OJJDP to make discretionary grants to state, local, and tribal governments
and private entities to carry out programs to develop, test, or demonstrate promising new initiatives that may prevent, and private entities to carry out programs to develop, test, or demonstrate promising new initiatives that may prevent,
control, or reduce juvenilecontrol, or reduce juvenile delinquency. delinquency. T heThe program last received appropriations in FY2010. program last received appropriations in FY2010.
10
11 Funding Funding for this purpose wasfor this purpose was previously provided under the State and Local Lawpreviously provided under the State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance Account Enforcement Assistance Account
from FY2012from FY2012– to FY2016. FY2016.
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Program have received line item appropriations in some fiscal years and have been funded by set-
asides from the Title V Incentive Grants Program in other years. By contrast, some programs,
Trends when funded, have consistently been funded through set-asides from the Title V program (e.g., when funded, have consistently been funded through set-asides from the Title V program (e.g.,
the tribal youth program and grants focused on girls in the juvenile justice system). the tribal youth program and grants focused on girls in the juvenile justice system).
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Table 1. Juvenile Justice Appropriations by Program,FY2012-FY2021
(dol ars in mil ionsFY2013-FY2022
(dollars in millions) )
Program
FY2012
FY2013a
FY2014
FY2015 FY2016 FY2017
FY2016 FY2017 FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
State Formula Grants
40FY2022
State Formula Grants
41 41
56 56
55 55
58 58
55 55
60 60
60 60
63 63
67 67
70 Emergency Planning—
—
—(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Juvenile Detention Facilities
Juvenile Mentoring Program Grant Juvenile Mentoring Program Grant
78
84 84
89 89
90 90
90 90
80 80
94 94
95 95
97 97
100 100
102 Title V Incentive Grants for Local Title V Incentive Grants for Local
20
19 19
15 15
15 15
18 18
15 15
28 28
25 25
42 42
49 49 50
Delinquency Prevention Delinquency Prevention
Community Gang Prevention
(5)
(53)
(3)
(35)
(54)
(4)
—(4)
— —
— —
— —
Tribal Youth Program
(10)
(9)
(5)
(5)
(10)
—
(5)
(5)
(5)
(10) (14)
Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws
(5)
(53)
(3)—
—
—
—
——
— —
— —
— —
Laws Juvenile Justice and Education
—
—
(5)
—
—
—
—
— —
— —
— —
Col aboration —
Collaboration Assistance
Community-Based Violence
— Violence
—
—
(6)
—
(8)
(8)
— —
— —
— —
— Prevention Initiative
National Forum on Youth Violence
—
—
—
(1)
—
—
—
— —
— —
— —
— Prevention
Children of Incarcerated Parents
—
—
—
—(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Web Portal
Competitive Grants Focusing on
—
—
—
—(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(23)
(35)
Girls in the Juvenile Justice System
Opioid Affected Youth Initiative
—
—
—
—
—
—(8)
(89)
(910)
(10)
(1012)
Children Exposed to Violence
—
—
—
—
—
—
—(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
Initiative
Prevention of Trafficking of Girls
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—(2)
(2)
(2)
CRS-6
link to page 10 link to page 10 link to page 10 link to page 10 4)
Vulnerable and At-Risk Youth
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(3)
Initiative
CRS-6
link to page 10 link to page link to page 10 link to page 1110 link to page link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 11 link to page 1110 link to page 10
Program
FY2012
FY2013a
FY2014
FY2015 FY2016 FY2017
FY2016 FY2017 FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022 Juvenile Accountability Block Grant Juvenile Accountability Block Grant
30
2323
—
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
Victims Victims of Child Abuse Act of Child Abuse Act
18 18
18
19 19
19 19
20 20
21 21
21 21
23 23
27 27
30 30
33 Community-Based Violence Community-Based Violence
8
10 10
6 6
—b
8 8
—b
—b
— —
— —
— —
— Prevention Initiative Prevention Initiative
Missing and Exploited Children Missing and Exploited Children
65c
63 63
67 67
68 68
72 72
73 73
76 76
82 82
88 88
94 94
99 Child Abuse Training Child Abuse Training
2d1
12
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
23
34
4 4
4 4
National Forum on Youth Violence National Forum on Youth Violence
2 2
21
1—c
—
—e
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
Prevention Prevention
Competitive Competitive Grants Focusing on Grants Focusing on
— —
—1
12
2—d
— —fd
—d
—d
—d
—d
—d
Girls
—f
—f
—f
—f
—f
Girls in the Juvenile Justice System in the Juvenile Justice System
Children of Incarcerated Parents Children of Incarcerated Parents
— —
—1
1 1
1—d
—d
—d
—d
—d
—d
—d
—f
—f
—f
—f
—f
—f
Web Portal Web Portal
Improving Indigent Defense Improving Indigent Defense
— —
— —
— —
—3
32
2 2
2—
— —
—3
3 3
Total Juvenile Justice
263
261
255
252
270
247
283
287
320
346
360 Appropriation
Sources: FY2011 enacted based on a CRS analysis of the text of P.L. 112-10. FY2012 enacted taken from P.L.FY2011 enacted based on a CRS analysis of the text of P.L. 112-10. FY2012 enacted taken from P.L. 112-55. FY2013 amount provided by the U.S. Department 112-55. FY2013 amount provided by the U.S. Department
of Justice (DOJ). FY2014 enacted taken fromof Justice (DOJ). FY2014 enacted taken from P.L. 113-76. FY2015 enacted taken from P.L. 113-235. FY2016 enacted taken from P.L.P.L. 113-76. FY2015 enacted taken from P.L. 113-235. FY2016 enacted taken from P.L. 114-113. FY2017 enacted taken from 114-113. FY2017 enacted taken from
P.L. 115-31. FY2018 enacted taken from P.L.P.L. 115-31. FY2018 enacted taken from P.L. 115-141. FY2019 enacted taken from115-141. FY2019 enacted taken from P.L. 116-6. FY2020 enacted taken from P.L.P.L. 116-6. FY2020 enacted taken from P.L. 116-93. FY2021 enacted taken from P.L. 116-93. FY2021 enacted taken from P.L.
116-260. 116-260.
FY2022 enacted taken from P.L. 117-103. Notes: Numbers in parentheses are nonadds that have been set aside fromNumbers in parentheses are nonadds that have been set aside from other grant programs.other grant programs. Amounts may not add to totals due to rounding. Amounts are in Amounts may not add to totals due to rounding. Amounts are in
nominal dol ars. nominal dol ars.
a. The FY2013 amounts reflect rescissionsa. The FY2013 amounts reflect rescissions of discretionaryof discretionary budget authority provided inbudget authority provided in P.L. 113-6 as specifiedP.L. 113-6 as specified in §in § 3001 of the act. Per §3001 of the act. Per § 3001, a rescission3001, a rescission of 1.877% of 1.877%
was applied to appropriations for discretionary nonsecurity (as defined at 2 U.S.C. § was applied to appropriations for discretionary nonsecurity (as defined at 2 U.S.C. § 900(c)(4)(A)) accounts, including juvenile justice.900(c)(4)(A)) accounts, including juvenile justice. The post-rescissionThe post-rescission amounts amounts
also include an additional rescission,also include an additional rescission, as calculated by the Office of Management and Budget per §as calculated by the Office of Management and Budget per § 3004 of the act, of 0.2% for discretionary nonsecurity accounts. In 3004 of the act, of 0.2% for discretionary nonsecurity accounts. In
addition, the FY2013 funding levelsaddition, the FY2013 funding levels reflect reductions that resulted from the sequestration orderedreflect reductions that resulted from the sequestration ordered by President Obama on March 1, 2013, pursuant to the Budget by President Obama on March 1, 2013, pursuant to the Budget
Control Act of 2011 (P.L. 112-25). Control Act of 2011 (P.L. 112-25).
b. For FY2015, FY2017, and FY2018, funding for the Community-Based Violence b. For FY2015, FY2017, and FY2018, funding for the Community-Based Violence Prevention Initiative was appropriated as set-aside funding from the Title V Incentive Prevention Initiative was appropriated as set-aside funding from the Title V Incentive
Grants. Grants.
c. c.Funding for missing and exploited children programs previously was provided under the Justice Assistance account (now the Research, Evaluation, and Statistics
account).
CRS-7
d. Funding for child abuse training programs for judicial personnel and practitioners previously was provided under the State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance
account.
e. For FY2015, funding for the National Forum on Youth Violence Prevention was appropriated as set-aside funding from the Title V Incentive Grants. For FY2015, funding for the National Forum on Youth Violence Prevention was appropriated as set-aside funding from the Title V Incentive Grants.
f.
d. For FY2016-For FY2016-FY2021FY2022, funding for the Competitive funding for the Competitive Grants Focusing on GirlsGrants Focusing on Girls in the Juvenile Justice Systemin the Juvenile Justice System and the Children of Incarcerated Parents Web Portal was and the Children of Incarcerated Parents Web Portal was
appropriated as set-aside funding from the Title V Incentive Grants.appropriated as set-aside funding from the Title V Incentive Grants.
CRS- CRS-87
Juvenile Justice FundingTendsTrends
Author Information
EmilyEmily J. Hanson J. Hanson
Kristin Finklea Kristin Finklea
Analyst in Social Policy Analyst in Social Policy
Specialist in Domestic Security Specialist in Domestic Security
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report shouldn otnot be relied upon for purposes other be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
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Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service
R44879 R44879 · VERSION1012 · UPDATED
98
Although juvenile justice has always been administered by the states, the federal government has Although juvenile justice has always been administered by the states, the federal government has
played a role played a role
states’ Emily J. Hanson
juvenile justice juvenile justice systems by authorizing and funding grant programs administered by the by authorizing and funding grant programs administered by the
Analyst in Social Policy Analyst in Social Policy
Department of Justice’s (DOJ’s) Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP).Justice’s (DOJ’s) Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP).
Kristin Finklea
The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA
Specialist in Domestic Specialist in Domestic
was the first comprehensive juvenile justice legislation passed by Congress. The JJDPA was the first comprehensive juvenile justice legislation passed by Congress. The JJDPA
Security Security
authorized a series of grant programs designed to support state juvenile justice systems and authorized a series of grant programs designed to support state juvenile justice systems and
prevent juvenile delinquency. Since its enactment, the JJDPA has undergone several key prevent juvenile delinquency. Since its enactment, the JJDPA has undergone several key
amendments, including a significant reorganization in 2002 (by the 21st Century Department of amendments, including a significant reorganization in 2002 (by the 21st Century Department of
Justice Appropriations Authorization Act; P.L. 107-273). Justice Appropriations Authorization Act; P.L. 107-273).
amended and reauthorized by the Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-385).amended and reauthorized by the Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-385).
Funding for programs authorized by the JJDPA, as well as for other non Funding for programs authorized by the JJDPA, as well as for other non
OJJDP, is provided through the Juvenile Justice Programs account in the annual Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related OJJDP, is provided through the Juvenile Justice Programs account in the annual Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related
Agencies appropriations act. After the restructuring of juvenile justice grant programs in 2002, total funding for these Agencies appropriations act. After the restructuring of juvenile justice grant programs in 2002, total funding for these
programs began to decline. This decline generally continued through FY2007, after which funding for these programs started programs began to decline. This decline generally continued through FY2007, after which funding for these programs started
to increase. For FY2010, Congress provided $424 million for juvenile justice programs—the largest appropriation since to increase. For FY2010, Congress provided $424 million for juvenile justice programs—the largest appropriation since
FY2003.FY2003.
$247 million for juvenile justice programs in FY2017, Congress increased juvenile justice funding annually from FY2018 $247 million for juvenile justice programs in FY2017, Congress increased juvenile justice funding annually from FY2018
through through
programs for programs for
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service
link to page 4 link to page 4 link to page 5 link to page 5 link to page 5 link to page 6 link to page 6 link to page 7 link to page 6 link to page 9 link to page link to page 4 link to page 4 link to page 5 link to page 5 link to page 5 link to page 6 link to page 6 link to page 7 link to page 6 link to page 9 link to page
Contents
Juvenile Justice Legislation and Grant Programs ............................................................................ 1
State Formula Grant Program ................................................................................................... 1
Victims of Child Abuse Act Grants ........................................................................................... 2
Juvenile Mentoring Program ..................................................................................................... 2
Juvenile Accountability Block Grants ....................................................................................... 3
Juvenile Justice Appropriations ....................................................................................................... 3
Historical Appropriations by Program ...................................................................................... 4
Figures
Figure 1. Total Juvenile Justice Programs Appropriations, FY2002-
Tables
Table 1. Juvenile Justice Appropriations by Program,
Contacts
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service
link to page 9 link to page 9 Juvenile Justice Funding
he federal government has no juvenile justice system of its own. Rather, juvenile justice is he federal government has no juvenile justice system of its own. Rather, juvenile justice is
administered by the states. The federal government, though, seeks to influence states’ administered by the states. The federal government, though, seeks to influence states’
T juvenile justice systems through the administration of grant programs and the provision of T juvenile justice systems through the administration of grant programs and the provision of
funds.1 funds.1
This report provides a brief overview of funding for the juvenile justice-related grant programs This report provides a brief overview of funding for the juvenile justice-related grant programs
administered by the Department of Justice’s (DOJ’s) Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency administered by the Department of Justice’s (DOJ’s) Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Juvenile Justice Legislation and Grant Programs
A number of A number of
JJDPA has been revised by several key amendments, including a significant reorganization in JJDPA has been revised by several key amendments, including a significant reorganization in
2002 (by the 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act; P.L. 107-273). 2002 (by the 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act; P.L. 107-273).
Its grant programs were most recently amended and reauthorized by the Juvenile Justice Reform Its grant programs were most recently amended and reauthorized by the Juvenile Justice Reform
The JJDPA as The JJDPA as
coordinate and administer federal juvenilecoordinate and administer federal juvenile
states with their juvenile justice systems; and (3) it promulgated core mandates to which states states with their juvenile justice systems; and (3) it promulgated core mandates to which states
The JJDPA has been the primary channel through which the federal government has provided The JJDPA has been the primary channel through which the federal government has provided
juvenilejuvenile
The following section outlines various juvenile The following section outlines various juvenile
by the JJDPA. Grants noted in this section have been by the JJDPA. Grants noted in this section have been
time and have received an appropriation at least once time and have received an appropriation at least once
appropriations for appropriations for
section, but they are included isection, but they are included in Table 1,
State Formula Grant Program
The JJDPA authorizes OJJDP to make formula grants to The JJDPA authorizes OJJDP to make formula grants to
operation, coordination, and evaluation of projects that develop more effective juvenile operation, coordination, and evaluation of projects that develop more effective juvenile
delinquency programs and improve juvenile justice systems.delinquency programs and improve juvenile justice systems.
on each state’s on each state’s
mandates to receive their funding.mandates to receive their funding.
1 For more information on the legislative history of juvenile justice and details on the grant programs outlined in this 1 For more information on the legislative history of juvenile justice and details on the grant programs outlined in this
report, refer to CRS Report RL33947, report, refer to CRS Report RL33947, Juvenile Justice: Legislative History
2 2 The term state includes the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). 3 34 U.S.C.
keep status offenders (such as truants) out of secure detention or correctional facilities; states cannot detain or confine keep status offenders (such as truants) out of secure detention or correctional facilities; states cannot detain or confine
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service
1 1
Juvenile Justice Funding
Title V Incentive Youth Promise Grants for Local Delinquency
Prevention
The JJDPA authorizes OJJDP to make grants to The JJDPA authorizes OJJDP to make grants to
subgrants to units of local government (or nonprofits in partnership with units of local subgrants to units of local government (or nonprofits in partnership with units of local
government) for delinquency prevention programs for juveniles who have come into contact with, government) for delinquency prevention programs for juveniles who have come into contact with,
or are at risk to come into contact with, the juvenile justice system.or are at risk to come into contact with, the juvenile justice system.
also authorizes OJJDP to make grants to eligible Indian tribes to support delinquency prevention also authorizes OJJDP to make grants to eligible Indian tribes to support delinquency prevention
programs for at-risk youth or those who have come into contact with the juvenile justice system. programs for at-risk youth or those who have come into contact with the juvenile justice system.
specific programs and purposes areas (e.g., the Tribal Youth program or preventing gang specific programs and purposes areas (e.g., the Tribal Youth program or preventing gang
Victims of Child Abuse Act Grants
Children’s Advocacy Centers (CACs), including state chapters, and for related training and Children’s Advocacy Centers (CACs), including state chapters, and for related training and
Juvenile Mentoring Program
The Juvenile Mentoring Program was authorized by the Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency The Juvenile Mentoring Program was authorized by the Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency
educational agencies (in partnership with public or private agencies) to establish and support educational agencies (in partnership with public or private agencies) to establish and support
mentoring programs to reduce delinquent behavior, improve scholastic performance, and reduce mentoring programs to reduce delinquent behavior, improve scholastic performance, and reduce
school dropouts.school dropouts.
Vulnerable Youth: Federal Mentoring
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service
2 2
link to page 6 link to page 6
Juvenile Justice Funding
Juvenile Accountability Block Grants
Congress Congress
119). Congress subsequently authorized the JABG program through P.L. 107-273.119). Congress subsequently authorized the JABG program through P.L. 107-273.
authorization for the JABG program is not a part of the JJDPA, it nevertheless is administered by authorization for the JABG program is not a part of the JJDPA, it nevertheless is administered by
OJJDP. The JABG program authorizes the Attorney General to make grants to states and units of OJJDP. The JABG program authorizes the Attorney General to make grants to states and units of
local government to strengthen their juvenile justice systems, including holding juveniles local government to strengthen their juvenile justice systems, including holding juveniles
Juvenile Justice Appropriations
Congress appropriates funding for programs authorized by the JJDPA as Congress appropriates funding for programs authorized by the JJDPA as
JJDPA JJDPA juvenile justice grant programs through the Juvenile Justice Programs account in the annual Commerce, grant programs through the Juvenile Justice Programs account in the annual Commerce,
Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations ActJustice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act. Figure 1 shows total appropriations shows total appropriations
Figure 1. Total Juvenile Justice Programs Appropriations, FY2002-
Sources: FY2002 enacted taken fromFY2002 enacted taken from
enacted taken from H.Rept. 108-401. FY2005 enacted taken fromenacted taken from H.Rept. 108-401. FY2005 enacted taken from
H.Rept. 109-272. FY2007 appropriation is based on FY2006 enacted minus a 1.28% rescission,H.Rept. 109-272. FY2007 appropriation is based on FY2006 enacted minus a 1.28% rescission,
FY2008 enacted taken from P.L. 110-161. FY2009 enacted taken fromFY2008 enacted taken from P.L. 110-161. FY2009 enacted taken from
P.L. 111-117. FY2011 enacted based on a CRS analysis of the text of P.L.P.L. 111-117. FY2011 enacted based on a CRS analysis of the text of P.L.
112-55. FY2013 amount provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. FY2014 enacted taken from112-55. FY2013 amount provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. FY2014 enacted taken from
FY2015 enacted taken from P.L. 113-235. FY2016 enacted taken fromFY2015 enacted taken from P.L. 113-235. FY2016 enacted taken from
Streets Act of 1968 (34 U.S.C. §10401). Streets Act of 1968 (34 U.S.C. §10401).
be eligiblebe eligible
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service
3 3
link to page 9 link to page 9 Juvenile Justice Funding
P.L. 115-31. FY2018 enacted taken from P.L. P.L. 115-31. FY2018 enacted taken from P.L.
taken from P.L.taken from P.L.
FY2022 enacted taken from P.L. 117-103. Notes: Numbers are rounded. Amounts are in nominal dol ars. Numbers are rounded. Amounts are in nominal dol ars.
year budget authority. The FY2013 funding level also reflectsyear budget authority. The FY2013 funding level also reflects
of 2011 (P.L. 112-25). JJDPA = Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (P.L. 93-415). of 2011 (P.L. 112-25). JJDPA = Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (P.L. 93-415).
peaked at $565 peaked at $565
38% to $348 38% to $348
From FY2007 to FY2010, total funding for juvenile justice programs increased by almost 22% to From FY2007 to FY2010, total funding for juvenile justice programs increased by almost 22% to
$424 $424
Funding for juvenile justice programs again began to decline in FY2011, and that decline Funding for juvenile justice programs again began to decline in FY2011, and that decline
programs decreased by nearly 42%, from $424 programs decreased by nearly 42%, from $424
Congress eliminated funding for the Congress eliminated funding for the
programs that had not previously been funded under the Juvenile Justice Programs accountprograms that had not previously been funded under the Juvenile Justice Programs account,
for judicial personnel and practitioners, and grants and technical assistance in support of a for judicial personnel and practitioners, and grants and technical assistance in support of a
After appropriating After appropriating
increased juvenile funding increased juvenile funding
for juvenile justice programs to nearly $283 for juvenile justice programs to nearly $283
$287 $287
violence.violence.
FY2020 and included a new set-aside from the Title V Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency FY2020 and included a new set-aside from the Title V Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency
Prevention for grants to prevent trafficking of girls. Congress Prevention for grants to prevent trafficking of girls. Congress
Historical Appropriations by Program
Table 1 provides a breakdown of funding for the Juvenile Justice Programs account by program provides a breakdown of funding for the Juvenile Justice Programs account by program
Appropriations for specific programs in the Juvenile Justice Programs account can vary from year Appropriations for specific programs in the Juvenile Justice Programs account can vary from year
to year. to year.
In addition, Congress sometimes provides funding for programs as a specific line item in the In addition, Congress sometimes provides funding for programs as a specific line item in the
Juvenile Justice Programs account, but in other years funding for those programs is provided as a Juvenile Justice Programs account, but in other years funding for those programs is provided as a
Prevention Initiative and the Competitive Grants Focusing on Girls in the Juvenile Justice System Prevention Initiative and the Competitive Grants Focusing on Girls in the Juvenile Justice System
and private entities to carry out programs to develop, test, or demonstrate promising new initiatives that may prevent, and private entities to carry out programs to develop, test, or demonstrate promising new initiatives that may prevent,
control, or reduce juvenilecontrol, or reduce juvenile
from FY2012from FY2012
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service
4 4
Juvenile Justice Funding
Trends when funded, have consistently been funded through set-asides from the Title V program (e.g., when funded, have consistently been funded through set-asides from the Title V program (e.g.,
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service
5 5
link to page 10 link to page 10
Table 1. Juvenile Justice Appropriations by Program,
Program
FY2014
FY2015 FY2016 FY2017
FY2019
FY2021
41 41
56 56
55 55
58 58
55 55
60 60
60 60
63 63
67 67
70 Emergency Planning—
—
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Juvenile Detention Facilities
Juvenile Mentoring Program Grant Juvenile Mentoring Program Grant
89 89
90 90
90 90
80 80
94 94
95 95
97 97
100 100
102 Title V Incentive Grants for Local Title V Incentive Grants for Local
15 15
15 15
18 18
15 15
28 28
25 25
42 42
49 49 50
Delinquency Prevention Delinquency Prevention
Community
(5)
(
(3)
(
(
(4)
—
— —
— —
— —
Tribal Youth
(
(5)
(5)
(10)
—
(5)
(5)
(5)
(10) (14)
Enforcing Underage
(5)
(
—
—
—
— —
— —
— —
Laws Juvenile Justice and Education
—
—
—
—
—
— —
— —
— —
Community-Based
—
—
(6)
—
(8)
(8)
— —
— —
— —
— Prevention
National Forum on Youth Violence
—
—
—
—
—
— —
— —
— —
— Prevention
Children
—
—
—
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Web Portal
Competitive
—
—
—
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(
(
Girls in the Juvenile Justice System
Opioid
—
—
—
—
—
(
(
(10)
(
Children
—
—
—
—
—
—
(8)
(8)
(8)
Initiative
Prevention
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(2)
(
Program
FY2014
FY2015 FY2016 FY2017
FY2019
FY2021
FY2022 Juvenile Accountability Block Grant Juvenile Accountability Block Grant
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
Victims Victims
18 18
19 19
20 20
21 21
21 21
23 23
27 27
30 30
33 Community-Based Violence Community-Based Violence
6 6
—b
8 8
—b
—b
— —
— —
— —
— Prevention Initiative Prevention Initiative
Missing and Exploited Children Missing and Exploited Children
67 67
68 68
72 72
73 73
76 76
82 82
88 88
94 94
99 Child Abuse Training Child Abuse Training
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
4 4
4 4
National Forum on Youth Violence National Forum on Youth Violence
2 2
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
Prevention Prevention
Competitive Competitive
— —
— —
Children of Incarcerated Parents Children of Incarcerated Parents
— —
1 1
Web Portal Web Portal
Improving Indigent Defense Improving Indigent Defense
— —
— —
— —
2 2
— —
3 3
Total Juvenile
255
252
270
247
283
287
320
346
360 Appropriation
Sources: FY2011 enacted based on a CRS analysis of the text of P.L. 112-10. FY2012 enacted taken from P.L.FY2011 enacted based on a CRS analysis of the text of P.L. 112-10. FY2012 enacted taken from P.L.
of Justice (DOJ). FY2014 enacted taken fromof Justice (DOJ). FY2014 enacted taken from
P.L. 115-31. FY2018 enacted taken from P.L.P.L. 115-31. FY2018 enacted taken from P.L.
116-260. 116-260.
FY2022 enacted taken from P.L. 117-103. Notes: Numbers in parentheses are nonadds that have been set aside fromNumbers in parentheses are nonadds that have been set aside from
nominal dol ars. nominal dol ars.
a. The FY2013 amounts reflect rescissionsa. The FY2013 amounts reflect rescissions
was applied to appropriations for discretionary nonsecurity (as defined at 2 U.S.C. § was applied to appropriations for discretionary nonsecurity (as defined at 2 U.S.C. § 900(c)(4)(A)) accounts, including juvenile justice.900(c)(4)(A)) accounts, including juvenile justice.
also include an additional rescission,also include an additional rescission,
addition, the FY2013 funding levelsaddition, the FY2013 funding levels
Control Act of 2011 (P.L. 112-25). Control Act of 2011 (P.L. 112-25).
b. For FY2015, FY2017, and FY2018, funding for the Community-Based Violence b. For FY2015, FY2017, and FY2018, funding for the Community-Based Violence
Grants. Grants.
c. c.
appropriated as set-aside funding from the Title V Incentive Grants.appropriated as set-aside funding from the Title V Incentive Grants.
CRS- CRS-
Juvenile Justice Funding
Author Information
EmilyEmily
Kristin Finklea Kristin Finklea
Analyst in Social Policy Analyst in Social Policy
Specialist in Domestic Security Specialist in Domestic Security
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
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