Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress

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Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and
June June ~~26, 2020~~11, 2021
Issues for Congress
John R. Hoehn
Over the years, the U.S. military has become reliant on precision-guided munitions Over the years, the U.S. military has become reliant on precision-guided munitions
Analyst in Military Analyst in Military
(PGMs) to execute military operations. PGMs are used in ground, air, and naval (PGMs) to execute military operations. PGMs are used in ground, air, and naval
Capabilities and Programs Capabilities and Programs
operations. Defined by the Department of Defense (DOD) as “[a] guided weapon operations. Defined by the Department of Defense (DOD) as “[a] guided weapon

intended to destroy a point target and minimize collateral damage,” PGMs can include intended to destroy a point target and minimize collateral damage,” PGMs can include
~~Samuel D. Ryder~~
air- and ship-launched missiles, multiple launched rockets, and guided bombs. These air- and ship-launched missiles, multiple launched rockets, and guided bombs. These
~~Research Assistant~~
~~munitions typically~~munitions typical y use radio signals from the global positioning system (GPS), laser use radio signals from the global positioning system (GPS), laser

guidance, and inertial guidance, and inertial navigation systems (INS)—using gyroscopes—to improve a navigation systems (INS)—using gyroscopes—to improve a
weapon’s accuracy to reportedly less than 3 meters (approximately 10 feet).weapon’s accuracy to reportedly less than 3 meters (approximately 10 feet).

Precision munitions were introduced to military operations during World War II; however, they first demonstrated Precision munitions were introduced to military operations during World War II; however, they first demonstrated
their utility their utility ~~operationally~~operational y during the Vietnam War and gained prominence in Operation Desert Storm in 1991. during the Vietnam War and gained prominence in Operation Desert Storm in 1991.
Since the 1990s, due in part to their abilitySince the 1990s, due in part to their ability to minimize collateral damage, PGMs have become critical to minimize collateral damage, PGMs have become critical
components in U.S. operations, particularly in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. The proliferation of anti-access/area components in U.S. operations, particularly in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. The proliferation of anti-access/area
denial (A2/AD) systems is likely to increase the operational utility of PGMs. In particular, peer competitors like denial (A2/AD) systems is likely to increase the operational utility of PGMs. In particular, peer competitors like
China and Russia have developed sophisticated air defenses and anti-ship missiles that increase the risk to U.S. China and Russia have developed sophisticated air defenses and anti-ship missiles that increase the risk to U.S.
forces entering and operating in these regions. Using advanced guidance systems, PGMs can be launched at long forces entering and operating in these regions. Using advanced guidance systems, PGMs can be launched at long
ranges to attack an enemy without risking U.S. forces. As a result, DOD has argued it requires longer range ranges to attack an enemy without risking U.S. forces. As a result, DOD has argued it requires longer range
munitions to meet these new threats. munitions to meet these new threats.
The Air Force, Army, Navy, and Marine Corps The Air Force, Army, Navy, and Marine Corps ~~all~~ al use PGMs. In use PGMs. In ~~FY2021~~FY2022, the Department of Defense (DOD) , the Department of Defense (DOD)
requested approximately $requested approximately $~~4.1 billion for more than 41,337 weapons in 15 munitions programs. DOD projects~~
~~requesting approximately $3.3 billion for 20,456 weapons in FY2022, $3.9 billion for 23,306 weapons in~~
~~FY2023, $3.9 billion for 18,376 weapons in FY2024, and $3.6 billion for 16,325 weapons in FY2025~~3.5 bil ion for 16,929 weapons in 15 munitions programs. Previously . Previously
DOD obligated $1.96 DOD obligated $1.96 ~~billion~~ bil ion for 13,985 weapons in FY2015, $2.98 for 13,985 weapons in FY2015, $2.98 ~~billion~~bil ion for 35,067 weapons in FY2016, $3.63 for 35,067 weapons in FY2016, $3.63
~~billion~~bil ion for 44,446 weapons in FY2017, $5.05 for 44,446 weapons in FY2017, $5.05 ~~billion~~bil ion for 68,988 weapons in FY2018, for 68,988 weapons in FY2018, ~~and $4.3 billion~~$4.3 bil ion in FY2019 in FY2019
for 60,for 60,~~62 munitions. In FY2020~~662 munitions, and $5.3 bil ion in FY2020 for 55,179 weapons. In FY2021, Congress authorized $, Congress authorized $~~5.30 billion for 56,067~~3.82 bil ion for 39,472 weapons. weapons.
Current PGM programs can be categorized as air-launched, ground-launched, or naval-launched. Current PGM programs can be categorized as air-launched, ground-launched, or naval-launched.
  Air-Launched: Paveway Laser Guided Bomb, Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM), Paveway Laser Guided Bomb, Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM), ~~Small~~
Smal Diameter Bomb, Diameter Bomb, ~~Small~~ Smal Diameter Bomb II, Diameter Bomb II, ~~Hellfire~~Hel fire Missile, Joint Air-to-Ground Missile, Joint Missile, Joint Air-to-Ground Missile, Joint
Air-to-Surface Strike Missile (JASSM), Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM), and Advanced Air-to-Surface Strike Missile (JASSM), Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM), and Advanced
Anti-RadiationAnti-Radiation Guided Missile. Guided Missile.
  Ground-Launched: Guided Multiple Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System (GMLRS), Army Tactical Missile Launch Rocket System (GMLRS), Army Tactical Missile
System (ATACMS), and Precision Strike Missile (PrSM); System (ATACMS), and Precision Strike Missile (PrSM);
  Naval PGMs: Tomahawk Cruise Missile, Standard Missile-6 (SM-6), and Naval Strike Missile. Tomahawk Cruise Missile, Standard Missile-6 (SM-6), and Naval Strike Missile.
Congress may consider several issues regarding PGMs, including Congress may consider several issues regarding PGMs, including
 planned procurement quantities and stockpile assessments,  planned procurement quantities and stockpile assessments,
 defense industrial base production capacity,  defense industrial base production capacity,
 development timelines,  development timelines,
 supply chain security,  supply chain security,
 affordability and cost-effectiveness, and  affordability and cost-effectiveness, and
 emerging factors that may affect PGM programs.  emerging factors that may affect PGM programs.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress

Introduction
This report focuses on selected precision-guided munitions (PGMs) fielded by the Air Force, This report focuses on selected precision-guided munitions (PGMs) fielded by the Air Force,
Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. Over the years, the U.S. military has relied on PGMs to execute Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. Over the years, the U.S. military has relied on PGMs to execute
ground, air, and naval militaryground, air, and naval military operations. PGMs have become ubiquitous in U.S. military operations. PGMs have become ubiquitous in U.S. military
operations; funding for these weapons has increased operations; funding for these weapons has increased ~~dramatically~~dramatical y from FY1998 to the present as from FY1998 to the present as
depicted in. In FY2021, the Department of Defense (DOD) requested approximately $4.1 depicted in. In FY2021, the Department of Defense (DOD) requested approximately $4.1 ~~billion~~
bil ion for more than 41,337 weapons in 15 munitions programs. DOD projects requesting approximately for more than 41,337 weapons in 15 munitions programs. DOD projects requesting approximately
$3.3 $3.3 ~~billion~~ bil ion for 20,456 weapons in FY2022, $3.9 for 20,456 weapons in FY2022, $3.9 ~~billion~~bil ion for 23,306 weapons in FY2023, $3.9 for 23,306 weapons in FY2023, $3.9
~~billion~~ bil ion for 18,376 weapons in FY2024, and $3.6 for 18,376 weapons in FY2024, and $3.6 ~~billion~~bil ion for 16,325 weapons in FY2025.1 for 16,325 weapons in FY2025.1
Figure 1. Inflation-Adjusted PGM Procurement
Guided Missiles, Bombs and Rockets from FY1998-FY2025 Guided Missiles, Bombs and Rockets from FY1998-FY2025

Source: Department of DefenseDepartment of Defense Budget FY2000-2020 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at Budget FY2000-2020 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at
https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/,https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/, Department of Defense National DefenseDepartment of Defense National Defense Budget Estimate for Budget Estimate for
FY2020 pp. 58-59, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2020/FY2020 pp. 58-59, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2020/
FY20_Green_Book.pdf,FY20_Green_Book.pdf, ~~Air~~ Air Force FY2020 MissileForce FY2020 Missile ~~procurement~~ procurement budget justifications; Armybudget justifications; Army FY2020 Missile FY2020 Missile
procurement budget justifications; Navy FY2020 Weapons procurement budget justifications. procurement budget justifications; Navy FY2020 Weapons procurement budget justifications.
Notes: FY1998 through FY2020 totals are actual dol ars FY1998 through FY2020 totals are actual dol ars appropriated. FY2021 is the requested amount. FY2022 appropriated. FY2021 is the requested amount. FY2022
through FY2025 are projected amounts. through FY2025 are projected amounts.

Congress, through the defense authorization and appropriations Congress, through the defense authorization and appropriations ~~bills, has historically~~bil s, has historical y exercised its exercised its
role in the decision to approve, reject, or modify DOD’s proposals for PGMs. In addition, these role in the decision to approve, reject, or modify DOD’s proposals for PGMs. In addition, these
programs pose a number of potential oversight issues for Congress. Congress’s decisions on these programs pose a number of potential oversight issues for Congress. Congress’s decisions on these
issues could affect future U.S. military capabilities and funding requirements. Potential issues for issues could affect future U.S. military capabilities and funding requirements. Potential issues for
Congress include Congress include

 planned procurement quantities and stockpile assessments, 1 Air Force FY2020 Missile1 Air Force FY2020 Missile Procurement budget justifications; Army FY2020 Missile Procurement budget Procurement budget justifications; Army FY2020 Missile Procurement budget
justifications; Navy FY2020 Weapons Procurement budget justifications.justifications; Navy FY2020 Weapons Procurement budget justifications.
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Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress

~~ planned procurement quantities and stockpile assessments,~~
  defense industrial base production capacity, defense industrial base production capacity,
 development timelines,  development timelines,
 supply chain security,  supply chain security,
 affordability and cost-effectiveness, and  affordability and cost-effectiveness, and
 emerging factors that may affect PGM programs.  emerging factors that may affect PGM programs.
Background
DOD defines a PGM as “[a] guided weapon intended to destroy a point target and minimize DOD defines a PGM as “[a] guided weapon intended to destroy a point target and minimize
collateral damage.”2 In addition to these virtues, PGMs also offer other advantages over unguided collateral damage.”2 In addition to these virtues, PGMs also offer other advantages over unguided
weapons, namely range and the reduction in numbers of combat sorties required to deliver the weapons, namely range and the reduction in numbers of combat sorties required to deliver the
desired effects on the battle field. The main disadvantage of these weapons is cost; particularly desired effects on the battle field. The main disadvantage of these weapons is cost; particularly
long range missiles. PGMs include air- and ship-launched missiles, multiple launched rockets, long range missiles. PGMs include air- and ship-launched missiles, multiple launched rockets,
and guided bombs. Current munitions and guided bombs. Current munitions ~~typically~~typical y use a combination of radio signals from the global use a combination of radio signals from the global
positioning system (GPS), laser guidance, and inertial navigation systems (INS)—using positioning system (GPS), laser guidance, and inertial navigation systems (INS)—using
gyroscopes—to improve a weapon’s accuracy to reportedly less than 3 meters (approximately 10 gyroscopes—to improve a weapon’s accuracy to reportedly less than 3 meters (approximately 10
feet).3 PGMs have transformed attack operations from the air; instead of using hundreds of feet).3 PGMs have transformed attack operations from the air; instead of using hundreds of
bomber sorties to attack a single target, a single sortie from a PGM-carrying platform can attack bomber sorties to attack a single target, a single sortie from a PGM-carrying platform can attack
multiple targets while minimizingmultiple targets while minimizing collateral damage. collateral damage.
Guided munitions were first developed in the 1940s, when the U.S. Army Air Corps tested radio Guided munitions were first developed in the 1940s, when the U.S. Army Air Corps tested radio
guidance to glide bombs onto a target.4 Prior to precision guidance, bomber missions reported an guidance to glide bombs onto a target.4 Prior to precision guidance, bomber missions reported an
accuracy of 1,200 feet; 16% of munitions dropped by crews landed within 1,000 feet of their accuracy of 1,200 feet; 16% of munitions dropped by crews landed within 1,000 feet of their
intended target.5 According to defense analyst Barry Watts, guidance systems showed promise in intended target.5 According to defense analyst Barry Watts, guidance systems showed promise in
improving weapon accuracy; however, these systems were not fully fielded during the Second improving weapon accuracy; however, these systems were not fully fielded during the Second
World War. This can partly be attributed to technological World War. This can partly be attributed to technological ~~challenges~~chal enges in developing guidance in developing guidance
systems, as systems, as ~~well~~ wel as relatively large unit costs per munition used. Guidance systems during this era as relatively large unit costs per munition used. Guidance systems during this era
used television signals, and required a chase aircraft to provide command and control for the used television signals, and required a chase aircraft to provide command and control for the
weapon to strike its target. weapon to strike its target.
DOD continued to develop PGMs through the 1950s and 1960s, where they gained prominence DOD continued to develop PGMs through the 1950s and 1960s, where they gained prominence
during the Vietnam War with the introduction of the laser-guided bomb. Laser-guided bombs during the Vietnam War with the introduction of the laser-guided bomb. Laser-guided bombs
became a preferred munition for bombing operations; an Air Force study in 1973 found that the became a preferred munition for bombing operations; an Air Force study in 1973 found that the
U.S. military used more than 10,500 laser-guided bombs the previous year, with 5,107 weapons U.S. military used more than 10,500 laser-guided bombs the previous year, with 5,107 weapons
achieving a direct hit and another 4,000 achieving a circular error probable of 25 feet.6 During the achieving a direct hit and another 4,000 achieving a circular error probable of 25 feet.6 During the

2 Department of Defense, 2 Department of Defense, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, July, July 2019, at https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/2019, at https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/
36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/dictionary.pdf/. 36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/dictionary.pdf/.
3 IHS 3 IHS Janes, “Janes, “ GBU-39/B SmallGBU-39/B Small Diameter Bomb (SDBDiameter Bomb (SDB I), GBU-39B/BI), GBU-39B/B Laser SDBLaser SDB (LSDB),”(LSDB),” June 7, 2019, at June 7, 2019, at
https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw9077-jalw. https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw9077-jalw.
4 Barry D. Watts, 4 Barry D. Watts, Six Decades of Guided Munitions and Battle Networks: ~~Progress~~ Progress and Prospects, Center for Strategic , Center for Strategic
and Budgetaryand Budgetary Assessments, Washington, DC, March 2007, at https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2007.03.01-Assessments, Washington, DC, March 2007, at https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2007.03.01-
Six-Decades-Of-Guided-Weapons.pdf. Six-Decades-Of-Guided-Weapons.pdf.
5 John T5 John T . Correll, “Daylight Precision Bombing,” . Correll, “Daylight Precision Bombing,” Air Force Magazine, October 2008, at http://www.airforcemag.com/, October 2008, at http://www.airforcemag.com/
MagazineArchive/Pages/2008/October%202008/1008daylight.aspx. MagazineArchive/Pages/2008/October%202008/1008daylight.aspx.
6 6 Circular error probable is the metric used to identify how accurate a specific munition is. is the metric used to identify how accurate a specific munition is. ~~This~~T his metric measures the metric measures the
distance 50% of a type of weapon willdistance 50% of a type of weapon will land from the aim point. Barry D. Watts, land from the aim point. Barry D. Watts, Six Decades of Guided Munitions and
Battle Networks: Progress and Prospects, Center for Strategic and Budgetary, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Washington, DC, March Assessments, Washington, DC, March
2007, pp. 9-10, at https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2007.03.01-Six-Decades-Of-Guided-Weapons.pdf. Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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1970s and 1980s, 1970s and 1980s, ~~all~~ al of the military services developed guided missiles capable of attacking fixed of the military services developed guided missiles capable of attacking fixed
and moving targets. Laser-guided bombs gained prominence during Operation Desert Storm in and moving targets. Laser-guided bombs gained prominence during Operation Desert Storm in
1991. Although PGMs represented only 6% of the total munitions used during the campaign,7 1991. Although PGMs represented only 6% of the total munitions used during the campaign,7
they struck a number of critical targets, reduced the number of combat sorties required, and they struck a number of critical targets, reduced the number of combat sorties required, and
limited collateral damage to civilianlimited collateral damage to civilian structures.8 structures.8
Operations over the past decade in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria have demonstrated DOD’s Operations over the past decade in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria have demonstrated DOD’s
increasing reliance on PGMs and how important they have become for modern military increasing reliance on PGMs and how important they have become for modern military
operations. The Air Force reports that nearly 139,000 weapons have been used in combat operations. The Air Force reports that nearly 139,000 weapons have been used in combat
operations in the Middle East since 2014.9 Counter-Islamic State (IS) operations in Iraq and Syria operations in the Middle East since 2014.9 Counter-Islamic State (IS) operations in Iraq and Syria
have used numerous weapons: in 2015, coalition air forces used more than 28,000 weapons; in have used numerous weapons: in 2015, coalition air forces used more than 28,000 weapons; in
2016, the campaign used an additional 30,700 weapons; and in 2017 (the height of operations), 2016, the campaign used an additional 30,700 weapons; and in 2017 (the height of operations),
the campaign used 39,500 weapons (sethe campaign used 39,500 weapons (see Figure 2 for a graphical representation of operational for a graphical representation of operational
usage compared to DOD procurement). Nearly usage compared to DOD procurement). Nearly ~~all~~ al of the weapons employed were PGMs, of the weapons employed were PGMs,
particularly Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAMs) and particularly Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAMs) and ~~Hellfire Missiles.~~

~~2007, pp. 9-10, at https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2007.03.01-Six-Decades-Of-Guided-Weapons.pdf.~~
Hel fire Missiles. Figure 2. PGM Operational Usage and Procurement Operational Usage in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria Source: Department of Defense Budget FY2000-2021 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/; Air Force FY2021 missile procurement budget justifications; 7 During Operation Desert Storm, the stockpile of laser guided7 During Operation Desert Storm, the stockpile of laser guided ~~bombs was~~ bombs was limited duelimited due to cost. A singleto cost. A single Paveway bomb Paveway bomb
tail kit in 1991 cost approximately $20,000, a reduction from $40,000 in 1998. See Malcolm W. Browne, “Invention tail kit in 1991 cost approximately $20,000, a reduction from $40,000 in 1998. See Malcolm W. Browne, “Invention
~~That~~T hat Shaped the Gulf Shaped the Gulf War: the Laser-GuidedWar: the Laser-Guided Bomb,” Bomb,” New York ~~Times~~Tim es, February, February 26, 1991, pp. C-1, at 26, 1991, pp. C-1, at
https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/26/science/invention-that-shaped-the-gulf-war-the-laser-guided-bomb.html. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/26/science/invention-that-shaped-the-gulf-war-the-laser-guided-bomb.html.
8 Eliot Cohen, 8 Eliot Cohen, ~~Tom~~T om Keaney, et al., Keaney, et al., Gulf War Air Power Study Volume IV: Weapons, Tactics, and Training and Space
Operations, U.S., U.S. Air Force, Washington, DC, 1993, https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/27/2001329817/-1/-1/0/AFD-Air Force, Washington, DC, 1993, https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/27/2001329817/-1/-1/0/AFD-
100927-066.pdf. 100927-066.pdf.
9 Air Force Central reports the number of U.S. 9 Air Force Central reports the number of U.S. and coalition weapons usedand coalition weapons used in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. Air Force in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. Air Force
Central, “Airpower Summaries,”Central, “Airpower Summaries,” press release, September 1, 2019, https://www.afcent.af.mil/About/Airpower-press release, September 1, 2019, https://www.afcent.af.mil/About/Airpower-
Summaries/. Summaries/.
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Army FY2021 missile
~~Figure 2. PGM Operational Usage and Procurement~~
~~Operational Usage in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria~~

Source: Department of Defense Budget FY2000-2021 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at
~~https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/; Air Force FY2021 missile procurement budget justifications;~~
~~Army FY2021 missile~~ procurement budget justifications; Navy FY2021 weapons procurement budget procurement budget justifications; Navy FY2021 weapons procurement budget
justifications,justifications, and Air Forcesand Air Forces Central Air Power Summary. Central Air Power Summary.
Notes: Bomb procurement includes JDAM, Bomb procurement includes JDAM, ~~Small Diameter Bomb, and Small Diameter~~ Smal Diameter Bomb, and Smal Diameter Bomb II. Missile Bomb II. Missile
procurement includes Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile,procurement includes Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile, Army Tactical MissileArmy Tactical Missile System,System, Guided Multiple Guided Multiple
Launch Rocket System,Launch Rocket System, ~~Hellfire,~~ Hel fire, Joint Air-to-Surface StrikeJoint Air-to-Surface Strike Missile,Missile, Long Range Anti-Ship Missile,Long Range Anti-Ship Missile, and Tomahawk. and Tomahawk.
* denotes the Administration’s* denotes the Administration’s request, ** denotes programmedrequest, ** denotes programmed funding and quantities. funding and quantities.
In addition to PGM use in current operations, the proliferation of anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) In addition to PGM use in current operations, the proliferation of anti-access/area denial (A2/AD)
systems is likely to increase the operational utilitysystems is likely to increase the operational utility of PGMs.10 Anti-access systems can be defined of PGMs.10 Anti-access systems can be defined
as capabilitiesas capabilities “associated with denying access to major fixed-point targets, “associated with denying access to major fixed-point targets, ~~especially~~especial y large large
forward bases.”11 Area denial systems can be defined as capabilities “that threaten mobile targets forward bases.”11 Area denial systems can be defined as capabilities “that threaten mobile targets
over an area of operations, over an area of operations, ~~principally~~principal y maritime forces, to include those beyond the littorals.”12 maritime forces, to include those beyond the littorals.”12
Peer competitors like China and Russia have developed sophisticated air defenses, such as the S-Peer competitors like China and Russia have developed sophisticated air defenses, such as the S-
300PMU (SA-20) and S-400 (SA-21),13 the HQ-9 surface-to-air missile (China), the DF-21D and 300PMU (SA-20) and S-400 (SA-21),13 the HQ-9 surface-to-air missile (China), the DF-21D and
DF-26 anti-ship DF-26 anti-ship ~~ballistic~~bal istic missiles (China), and the 3M-54 Kaliber missiles (China), and the 3M-54 Kaliber anti-ship cruise missile anti-ship cruise missile

~~10 Jan van Tol, Mark Gunzinger, Andrew~~ (Russia).14 Figure 3 il ustrates ranges of potential A2/AD systems. These systems outrange U.S. weapons systems at what experts assess as unacceptable risk—some of these weapons have reported ranges in excess of 1,000 nautical miles.15 As a result, U.S. ships and aircraft would need to engage targets at long ranges in order to not put themselves in danger. For instance, naval ships could be threatened at ranges of 809 nautical miles from bases that field DF-21D anti-ship bal istic missiles.16 10 Jan van T ol, Mark Gunzinger, Andrew Krepinevich, et al., Krepinevich, et al., AirSea Battle: A Point-of-Departure Operational
Concept, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments,, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Washington, DC, May 2010, https://csbaonline.org/uploads/Washington, DC, May 2010, https://csbaonline.org/uploads/
documents/2010.05.18-AirSea-Battle.pdf. documents/2010.05.18-AirSea-Battle.pdf.
11 Jan Van 11 Jan Van ~~Tol~~T ol et al., et al., AirSea Battle: A Point-of-Departure Operational Concept, Center for Strategic and Budgetary , Center for Strategic and Budgetary
Assessments, Washington, DC, May 18, 2010, p. 1, https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2010.05.18-AirSea-Assessments, Washington, DC, May 18, 2010, p. 1, https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2010.05.18-AirSea-
Battle.pdf. Battle.pdf.
12 Jan Van 12 Jan Van ~~Tol~~T ol et al., et al., AirSea Battle: A Point-of-Departure Operational Concept, Center for Strategic and Budgetary , Center for Strategic and Budgetary
Assessments, Washington, DC, May 18, 2010, p. 1, https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2010.05.18-AirSea-Assessments, Washington, DC, May 18, 2010, p. 1, https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2010.05.18-AirSea-
Battle.pdf. Battle.pdf.
13 According to IHS 13 According to IHS Janes, the S-400 has a maximum range of 400 kilometers. IHS Janes “S-400,” October 7, 2019, at Janes, the S-400 has a maximum range of 400 kilometers. IHS Janes “S-400,” October 7, 2019, at
https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jlad0593-jaad. https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jlad0593-jaad.
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~~Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress~~

~~(Russia).14 Figure 3 illustrates ranges of potential A2/AD systems. These systems outrange U.S.~~
~~weapons systems at what experts assess as unacceptable risk—some of these weapons have~~
~~reported ranges in excess of 1,000 nautical miles.15 As a result, U.S. ships and aircraft would need~~
~~to engage targets at long ranges in order to not put themselves in danger. For instance, naval ships~~
~~could be threatened at ranges of 809 nautical miles from bases that field DF-21D anti-ship~~
~~ballistic missiles.16~~
~~Figure 3. Potential Chinese Reconnaissance Strike Complex~~

Source: Bryan Clark, Peter Haynes, and Bryan McGrath, et al., ~~Restoring American Seapower: A New Fleet~~
~~Architecture for the United States Navy, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments,~~ 14 According to IHS Janes, the DF-21D has a range of 1,500 kilometers, and the DF-26 has a range of approximately 4,000 kilomet ers. See IHS Janes “ DF-21,” February 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jsws0411-jsws, and IHS Janes “DF-26,” February 1, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jswsa399-jsws. 15 Jan van T ol, Mark Gunzinger, Andrew Krepinevich, et al., AirSea Battle: A Point-of-Departure Operational Concept, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Washington, DC, May 2010, https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2010.05.18-AirSea-Battle.pdf. 16 See IHS Janes “DF-21,” February 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jsws0411-jsws. Congressional Research Service 4 link to page 10 Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress Figure 3. Potential Chinese Reconnaissance Strike Complex Source: Bryan Clark, Peter Haynes, and Bryan McGrath, et al., Restoring American Seapower: A New Fleet Architecture for the United States Navy, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Washington, DC, Washington, DC,
February 9, 2017, p. 11, https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/CSBA6292-February 9, 2017, p. 11, https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/CSBA6292-
Fleet_Architecture_Study_REPRINT_web.pdf. Fleet_Architecture_Study_REPRINT_web.pdf.
Note: The figure notes state “Data to build this chart derived from The figure notes state “Data to build this chart derived from OSD, Military and Security Developments OSD, Military and Security Developments
Involving the People’sInvolving the People’s Republic of China 2016.” Republic of China 2016.”
The effectiveness of these missiles is often debated, as is the amount of risk an anti-ship The effectiveness of these missiles is often debated, as is the amount of risk an anti-ship ~~ballistic~~bal istic
missile presents to naval forces. Some analysts argue that in a combat situation, aircraft carriers missile presents to naval forces. Some analysts argue that in a combat situation, aircraft carriers
would not enter these weapons’ engagement zones because of the threat. Others argue that while would not enter these weapons’ engagement zones because of the threat. Others argue that while
there is some risk posed to naval forces, aircraft carriers and major surface combatants would there is some risk posed to naval forces, aircraft carriers and major surface combatants would
nonetheless be able to operate effectively. Similarly, an S-400 (SA-21) presents risks to aircraft at nonetheless be able to operate effectively. Similarly, an S-400 (SA-21) presents risks to aircraft at
ranges of up to 215 nautical miles. Many weapons in the U.S. inventory have relatively short ranges of up to 215 nautical miles. Many weapons in the U.S. inventory have relatively short

~~14 According to IHS Janes, the DF-21D has a range of 1,500 kilometers, and the DF-26 has a range of approximately~~
~~4,000 kilometers. See IHS Janes “DF-21,” February 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jsws0411-jsws,~~
~~and IHS Janes “DF-26,” February 1, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jswsa399-jsws.~~
~~15 Jan van Tol, Mark Gunzinger, Andrew~~ ranges.17 Figure 4 il ustrates the impact that A2/AD systems have on potential military operations. Some analysts argue that U.S. forces would substantial y increase their operational risk at ranges in excess of 500 nautical miles (NM).18 17 Guided bombs have a maximum range of 40 nautical miles; longer-range missiles typically have a range around 150-500 nautical miles. 18 Jan van T ol, Mark Gunzinger, Andrew Krepinevich, et al., Krepinevich, et al., AirSea Battle: A Point-of-Departure Operational
Concept, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments,, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Washington, DC, May 2010, https://csbaonline.org/uploads/Washington, DC, May 2010, https://csbaonline.org/uploads/
documents/2010.05.18-AirSea-Battle.pdf. documents/2010.05.18-AirSea-Battle.pdf.
~~16 See IHS Janes “DF-21,” February 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jsws0411-jsws.~~
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~~ranges.17 Figure 4 illustrates the impact that A2/AD systems have on potential military~~
~~operations. Some analysts argue that U.S. forces would substantially increase their operational~~
~~risk at ranges in excess of 500 nautical miles (NM).18~~
Figure 4. Comparison of Ranges of Military Equipment
U.S. Military Aircraft vs. Adversary Drones and Missiles U.S. Military Aircraft vs. Adversary Drones and Missiles

Source: https://warontherocks.com/2018/03/america-is-https://warontherocks.com/2018/03/america-is-~~well~~wel -within-range-of-a-big-surprise-so-why-cant-it-see/. -within-range-of-a-big-surprise-so-why-cant-it-see/.
Air-Launched Precision-Guided ~~Munitions~~Munitions19
Paveway Laser-Guided Bombs
The Paveway is a family of guidance kits that attach to unguided bombs. The assembly includes a The Paveway is a family of guidance kits that attach to unguided bombs. The assembly includes a
guidance seeker on the nose of the bomb, which looks for a laser to mark a target, and a tail kit to guidance seeker on the nose of the bomb, which looks for a laser to mark a target, and a tail kit to
guide the bomb onto the target. The Paveway series was guide the bomb onto the target. The Paveway series was ~~originally~~original y developed during the Vietnam developed during the Vietnam
War to enable tactical aircraft—like the F-4 Phantom and the A-6 Intruder—to deliver precise War to enable tactical aircraft—like the F-4 Phantom and the A-6 Intruder—to deliver precise
munitions onto a target.munitions onto a target.1920 Paveway has received several upgrades, with the development of Paveway has received several upgrades, with the development of
Paveway III (in the 1990s), which improves low-altitude guidance,Paveway III (in the 1990s), which improves low-altitude guidance,2021 and Paveway IV (in the late and Paveway IV (in the late
1990s), which adds 1990s), which adds ~~satellite~~satel ite guidance to improve accuracy. guidance to improve accuracy.2122 The U.S. military predominately uses Paveway II (see Figure 5 and Figure 6) and Paveway III kits; Paveway IV is used exclusively by foreign militaries. According to IHS Janes, Raytheon has produced more than 350,000 Paveway kits, with Lockheed Martin producing an additional 200,000 kits.23 Funding for Paveway procurement appears in the 19 T he FY2022 President’s budget request included procurement for the U.S. Air Force’s Air -launched Rapid Response Weapon (ARRW). According to budget justifications, this is a new procurement program in tended to purchase a conventional hypersonic missile that will be launched from a B-52. For more information on this program, see CRS Report R45811, Hypersonic Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress, by Kelley M. Sayler. 20 IHS ~~The U.S. military predominately~~

~~17 Guided bombs have a maximum range of 40 nautical miles; longer-range missiles typically have a range around 150-~~
~~500 nautical miles.~~
~~18 Jan van Tol, Mark Gunzinger, Andrew Krepinevich, et al.,~~ ~~AirSea Battle: A Point-of-Departure Operational~~
~~Concept, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Washington, DC, May 2010, https://csbaonline.org/uploads/~~
~~documents/2010.05.18-AirSea-Battle.pdf.~~
~~19 IHS~~ Janes “GBU-10/12/16/58 Paveway II,” October 17, 2018, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalwa051-jalw. Janes “GBU-10/12/16/58 Paveway II,” October 17, 2018, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalwa051-jalw.
2021 IHS IHS Janes “GBU-22, GBU-24,Janes “GBU-22, GBU-24, GBU-27 Paveway III, and Enhanced Paveway III,” September 10, 2019, at GBU-27 Paveway III, and Enhanced Paveway III,” September 10, 2019, at
https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw3671-jalw. https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw3671-jalw.
2122 IHS IHS Janes “Paveway IV (PGB),” February 13, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw9213-jalw. Janes “Paveway IV (PGB),” February 13, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw9213-jalw.
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23 IHS Janes “GBU-10/12/16/58 Paveway II,” October 17, 2018, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalwa051-jalw. Congressional Research Service 6 Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress

~~uses Paveway II (see Figure 5 and Figure 6) and Paveway III kits; Paveway IV is used~~
~~exclusively by foreign militaries.~~
~~According to IHS Janes, Raytheon has produced more than 350,000 Paveway kits, with Lockheed~~
~~Martin producing an additional 200,000 kits.22 Funding for Paveway procurement appears in the~~
Air Force’s General Purpose Bomb line item; however, the Air Force does not report procurement Air Force’s General Purpose Bomb line item; however, the Air Force does not report procurement
quantities in its budget justification documentation.quantities in its budget justification documentation.2324 DOD has exported Paveway II kits to more DOD has exported Paveway II kits to more
than 30 countries, and exported Paveway III kits to at least 9 countries. Paveway IV is used by the than 30 countries, and exported Paveway III kits to at least 9 countries. Paveway IV is used by the
United Kingdom, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar.United Kingdom, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar.2425
Figure 5. Paveway II

Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Paveway_II_p1230135.jpg. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Paveway_II_p1230135.jpg.

~~22 IHS Janes “GBU-10/12/16/58 Paveway II,” October 17, 2018, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalwa051-jalw.~~
~~23 U.S.~~ Figure 6. Loading a Paveway II into an F-35B Source: https://dod.defense.gov/OIR/gal ery/igphoto/2001907433/. Note: In this photo, Marines load a GBU-12 Paveway II laser-guided bomb onto an F-35B Lightning II aircraft on the flight deck of the USS Wasp during a certification exercise in the Pacific Ocean, April 18, 2018. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Stormy Mendez. 24 U.S. Air Force FY2020 Procurement of Ammunition Line Item 353020 General Purpose Bombs, at Air Force FY2020 Procurement of Ammunition Line Item 353020 General Purpose Bombs, at
https://apps.dtic.mil/procurement/Y2020/AirForce/stamped/U_P40_353020_BSA-13_BA-1_APP-https://apps.dtic.mil/procurement/Y2020/AirForce/stamped/U_P40_353020_BSA-13_BA-1_APP-
3011F_PB_2020.pdf. 3011F_PB_2020.pdf.
2425 IHS IHS Janes “Paveway IV (PGB),” February 13, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw9213-jalw. Janes “Paveway IV (PGB),” February 13, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw9213-jalw.
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~~Figure 6. Loading a Paveway II into an F-35B~~

Source: https://dod.defense.gov/OIR/gallery/igphoto/2001907433/.
Note: In this photo, Marines load a GBU-12 Paveway II laser-guided bomb onto an F-35B Lightning II aircraft on
~~the flight deck of the USS Wasp during a certification exercise in the Pacific Ocean, April 18, 2018. Marine Corps~~
~~photo by Cpl. Stormy Mendez.~~
Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM)
JDAM modifies unguided bombs—such as the 500-pound Mk-82, the 1,000-pound Mk-83, and JDAM modifies unguided bombs—such as the 500-pound Mk-82, the 1,000-pound Mk-83, and
the 2,000-pound Mk-84—with GPS guidance. (For a fully assembled JDAM, the 2,000-pound Mk-84—with GPS guidance. (For a fully assembled JDAM, ~~see~~see Figure 7; for a for a
JDAM tail kit, seJDAM tail kit, see Figure 8.) When a JDAM kit is attached, the weapon is designated as GBU-) When a JDAM kit is attached, the weapon is designated as GBU-
31/32/38 depending on the weight of the bomb.31/32/38 depending on the weight of the bomb.2526 These weapons have a reported range of 13 These weapons have a reported range of 13
nautical miles.nautical miles.2627 The Air Force and Navy began studying how to deliver such weapons in a The Air Force and Navy began studying how to deliver such weapons in a
program known as the Advanced Bomb Family during the 1980s.program known as the Advanced Bomb Family during the 1980s.2728 The first JDAMs were The first JDAMs were
delivered in 1997, and underwent operational testing between 1998 and 1999.delivered in 1997, and underwent operational testing between 1998 and 1999.2829 JDAM kits are JDAM kits are
reported to have an accuracy to within 3 meters (approximately 10 feet).reported to have an accuracy to within 3 meters (approximately 10 feet).2930 The first operational The first operational
use of a JDAM was during Operation use of a JDAM was during Operation ~~Allied~~ Al ied Freedom in Kosovo by a B-2 Spirit bomber. Since Freedom in Kosovo by a B-2 Spirit bomber. Since
their development, JDAMs have been integrated with their development, JDAMs have been integrated with ~~all~~ al U.S. fixed-wing strike platforms.U.S. fixed-wing strike platforms.
JDAMs have received several upgrades since their introduction into service. One of the major JDAMs have received several upgrades since their introduction into service. One of the major
developments has been developing a laser guidance system in addition to receiving GPS developments has been developing a laser guidance system in addition to receiving GPS

~~25 U.S.~~ guidance. Adding laser guidance enables JDAMs to strike both moving and fixed targets. In February 2020, Boeing announced its intention to develop a “powered” JDAM to provide a low-cost alternative to cruise missiles.31 According to Air Force Magazine, this new JDAM would use a 500-pound bomb, and would be the size of a 2,000-pound bomb. Boeing has not stated a unit cost for this new development. 26 U.S. Air Force, “Joint Direct Attack Munition GBU-31/32/38 Fact Sheet,” press release, June 18, 2003, Air Force, “Joint Direct Attack Munition GBU-31/32/38 Fact Sheet,” press release, June 18, 2003,
https://www.af.mil/Abouthttps://www.af.mil/About -Us/Fact-Us/Fact -Sheets/Display/Article/104572/joint-Sheets/Display/Article/104572/joint -direct-direct -attack-munition-gbu-313238/. -attack-munition-gbu-313238/.
2627 IHS IHS Janes “GBU-31/32/38 Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM),” June 18, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Janes “GBU-31/32/38 Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM),” June 18, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/
Display/jalw3667-jalw. Display/jalw3667-jalw.
2728 IHS IHS Janes “GBU-31/32/38 Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM),” June 18, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Janes “GBU-31/32/38 Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM),” June 18, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/
Display/jalw3667-jalw.Display/jalw3667-jalw.
28 29 According to the Air Force, approximately 450 JDAMs were dropped during According to the Air Force, approximately 450 JDAMs were dropped during the operational testing phase. See U.S. the operational testing phase. See U.S.
Air Force, “Joint Direct Attack Munition GBU-31/32/38 Fact Sheet,” press release, June 18, 2003, https://www.af.mil/Air Force, “Joint Direct Attack Munition GBU-31/32/38 Fact Sheet,” press release, June 18, 2003, https://www.af.mil/
AboutAbout -Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104572/joint-direct-attack-munition-gbu-313238/. -Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104572/joint-direct-attack-munition-gbu-313238/.
2930 IHS IHS Janes “GBU-31/32/38 Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM),” June 18, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Janes “GBU-31/32/38 Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM),” June 18, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/
Display/jalw3667-jalw. Display/jalw3667-jalw.
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~~guidance. Adding laser guidance enables JDAMs to strike both moving and fixed targets. In~~
~~February 2020, Boeing announced its intention to develop a “powered” JDAM to provide a low-~~
~~cost alternative to cruise missiles.30 According to Air Force Magazine, this new JDAM would use~~
~~a 500-pound bomb, and would be the size of a 2,000-pound bomb. Boeing has not stated a unit~~
~~cost for this new development.~~31 T obias Naegele, “Powered JDAM: Boeing’s New Alternative to Cruise Missiles,” Air Force Magazine, February 28, 2020, https://www.airforcemag.com/power-jdam-boeings-new-alternative-to-cruise-missiles/. Congressional Research Service 8 link to page 13 link to page 13 link to page 13 link to page 13 link to page 13 link to page 13 Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress
Figure 7. GBU-31/32 Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM)

Source: https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197589/gbu-3132-https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197589/gbu-3132-
joint-direct-attack-munitions-jdam/. joint-direct-attack-munitions-jdam/.
Note: The GBU-31/32 JDAM on display in the Cold War The GBU-31/32 JDAM on display in the Cold War ~~Gallery~~ Gal ery at the National Museum of the U.S. Airat the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force Force
(U.S. Air Force(U.S. Air Force photo). photo).
DOD has procured more than 371,000 JDAM kits since 1998 DOD has procured more than 371,000 JDAM kits since 1998~~, and it plans to procure an~~
~~additional 75,000 between FY2020 and FY2024.31~~.32 According to IHS Janes, the Air According to IHS Janes, the Air Force original y~~Force~~
~~originally~~ projected procuring 270,000 JDAM kits. Production peaked at 30,000 kits prior to 2007 projected procuring 270,000 JDAM kits. Production peaked at 30,000 kits prior to 2007
before declining until 2015. Increased operational use in Iraq and Syria, in particular, before declining until 2015. Increased operational use in Iraq and Syria, in particular, resulted in a resulted in a
reduction in JDAM stockpiles, leading to increased procurement from FY2016 through FY2020. reduction in JDAM stockpiles, leading to increased procurement from FY2016 through FY2020.
Table 1 outlines the outlines the ~~FY2020 request, along with the programmed force between FY2021 through~~
~~FY2024. The DOD projects to reduce JDAM procurement in the future years defense program~~
~~(FYDP); the current programmed force for FY2021 reduces procurement from more than 40,000~~
~~tailkits in FY2020 to approximately 10,000 tailkits in FY2021 and ends the FYDP with~~
~~approxmately 3,700 tailkits in FY2024~~FY2022 request. In addition to U.S. military use, JDAMs have been . In addition to U.S. military use, JDAMs have been
exported to 26 countries, including Australia, Bahrain, Denmark, Finland, Israel, Italy, Japan, exported to 26 countries, including Australia, Bahrain, Denmark, Finland, Israel, Italy, Japan,
Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey, and the United Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey, and the United Arab Arab
~~Emirates.32~~

~~30 Tobias Naegele, “Powered JDAM: Boeing’s New Alternative to Cruise Missiles,” Air Force Magazine, February 28,~~
~~2020, https://www.airforcemag.com/power-jdam-boeings-new-alternative-to-cruise-missiles/.~~
~~31 See Department of Defense Budget FY2000-2020 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at~~
~~https://comptroller.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/.~~
~~32 IHS Janes “GBU-31/32/38 Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM),” June 18, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/~~
~~Display/jalw3667-jalw.~~
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Emirates.33
Table 1. JDAM Requested and Programmed Procurement in the FYDP

Grand
~~FY2020~~FY2021
FY202 FY2021a2a
FY202 FY2022b3b
FY202 FY2023b4b
FY202 FY2024b5b
FY202 FY2025b6b Total Cost $539.87 $198.24 — — — — $738.11 ($mil ions) Quantity 20,071 4,890 — — — — 24,961 Source: U.S. Air Force FY2022 Procurement of Ammunition
~~Total~~
~~Cost~~
~~($mil ions)~~
~~$1,039.47~~
~~$524.87~~
~~$349.99~~
~~$321.44~~
~~$163.25~~
~~$186.71~~
~~$2,585.73~~
~~Quantity~~
~~28,388~~
~~20,338~~
~~8,675~~
~~9,206~~
~~3,878~~
~~3,878~~
~~74,363~~
~~Source:~~ ~~U.S. Air Force FY2021 Procurement of Ammunition~~ Line Item 353620 Joint Direct Attack MunitionLine Item 353620 Joint Direct Attack Munition , ,
and U.S. Navy and U.S. Navy ~~FY2021~~FY2022 Procurement of Ammunition Procurement of Ammunition Line Item 0148 JT DirectLine Item 0148 JT Direct Attack Munition (JDAM). Attack Munition (JDAM).
a. Denotes the Administration’sa. Denotes the Administration’s request. request.
b. Denotes programmedb. Denotes programmed funding and quantities. 32 See Department of Defense Budget FY2000-2020 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at https://comptroller.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/. 33 IHS Janes “GBU-31/32/38 Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM),” June 18, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw3667-jalw. Congressional Research Service 9 link to page 15 Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress ~~funding and quantities.~~
Figure 8. JDAM Tail Kits

Source: https://www.hil .af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/909505/munitions-airmen-key-players-during-https://www.hil .af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/909505/munitions-airmen-key-players-during-
combat-exercises-at-hil -afb/. combat-exercises-at-hil -afb/.
Notes: “Airmen “Airmen from the 325th Maintenance Squadron, from the 325th Maintenance Squadron, ~~Tyndall Air~~ Tyndal Air Force Base,Force Base, FL.,FL., lift a GBU-32 bomb tail lift a GBU-32 bomb tail
section onto the primary bomb body at Hil AFB,section onto the primary bomb body at Hil AFB, UT. The bombs being assembledUT. The bombs being assembled were later dropped by aircraft were later dropped by aircraft
participating in exerciseparticipating in exercise Combat HammerCombat Hammer at Hilat Hil AFB and the Utah Test and Training Range.” (U.S. AirAFB and the Utah Test and Training Range.” (U.S. Air Force Force
photo by Paul Holcomb.) photo by Paul Holcomb.)
Small Diameter Bomb (SDB) and Small Diameter Bomb II
The The ~~Small~~ Smal Diameter Bomb, designated as GBU-39 Diameter Bomb, designated as GBU-39 (Figure 9), is a 250-pound guided bomb. The , is a 250-pound guided bomb. The
SDB can use both GPS and laser guidance, enabling it to strike both fixed and moving targets.SDB can use both GPS and laser guidance, enabling it to strike both fixed and moving targets.3334
In 1997, responding to improvements in accuracy due to GPS, the Air Force stated a need to In 1997, responding to improvements in accuracy due to GPS, the Air Force stated a need to
develop a develop a ~~smaller~~smal er bomb to reduce collateral damage. The SDB reached initial bomb to reduce collateral damage. The SDB reached initial operating capability operating capability

~~33 U.S. Air Force, “GBU-39B Small~~ in 2006.35 According to the Air Force, the SDB has a range of approximately 40 nautical miles.36 The SDB was specifical y designed around space constraints in both the F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II aircraft to enable these fighter aircraft to carry SDBs internal y, while protecting their low observable signature.37 34 U.S. Air Force, “GBU-39B Small Diameter Bomb Weapon System Fact Sheet,” press release, AugustDiameter Bomb Weapon System Fact Sheet,” press release, August 28, 2006, 28, 2006,
https://www.af.mil/Abouthttps://www.af.mil/About -Us/Fact-Us/Fact -Sheets/Display/Article/104573/gbu-39b-small-diameter-bomb-weapon-system/. -Sheets/Display/Article/104573/gbu-39b-small-diameter-bomb-weapon-system/.
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~~in 2006.34 According to the Air Force, the SDB has a range of approximately 40 nautical miles.35~~
~~The SDB was specifically designed around space constraints in both the F-22 Raptor and F-35~~
~~Lightning II aircraft to enable these fighter aircraft to carry SDBs internally, while protecting~~
~~their low observable signature.36~~
35 U.S. Air Force, “GBU-39B Small Diameter Bomb Weapon System Fact Sheet,” press release, August 28, 2006, https://www.af.mil/About -Us/Fact -Sheets/Display/Article/104573/gbu-39b-small-diameter-bomb-weapon-system/. 36 U.S. Air Force, “GBU-39B Small Diameter Bomb Weapon System Fact Sheet,” press release, August 28, 2006, https://www.af.mil/About -Us/Fact -Sheets/Display/Article/104573/gbu-39b-small-diameter-bomb-weapon-system/. 37 IHS Janes “GBU-39/B Small Diameter Bomb (SDB I), GBU-39B/B Laser SDB (LSDB), June 7, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw9077-jalw. Congressional Research Service 10 link to page 16 Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress Figure 9. Small Diameter Bomb

Source: https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Articles/Article/592933/operational-f-22s-employ-https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Articles/Article/592933/operational-f-22s-employ-~~small~~smal -diameter-bombs--diameter-bombs-
during-wsep/. during-wsep/.
Notes: During a Combat Hammer During a Combat Hammer exercise,exercise, ~~Alaska~~ Alaska F-22 Raptors became the first operational F-22 unit to drop F-22 Raptors became the first operational F-22 unit to drop
GBU-39 GBU-39 ~~small~~ smal diameter bombs. Combat Hammer—adiameter bombs. Combat Hammer—a weapons systemweapons system evaluation program sponsored by the 86th evaluation program sponsored by the 86th
Fighter Weapons Squadron—provided an opportunity for an operational unit to employ the bombs in a realistic Fighter Weapons Squadron—provided an opportunity for an operational unit to employ the bombs in a realistic
tactical training environment.tactical training environment. (U.S. Air Force(U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. Dana Rosso.) photo/Tech. Sgt. Dana Rosso.)
The Air Force developed a second The Air Force developed a second ~~small~~ smal diameter bomb, the GBU-53 laser-guided diameter bomb, the GBU-53 laser-guided ~~smaller~~
smal er diameter bomb, or SDB II (sediameter bomb, or SDB II (see Figure 10)~~.37~~.38 The added laser guidance enables the SDB II to The added laser guidance enables the SDB II to
strike both fixed and moving targets. SDB II uses Link 16 and ultra-high frequency datalinks, strike both fixed and moving targets. SDB II uses Link 16 and ultra-high frequency datalinks,
along with infrared guidance, to provide course corrections.along with infrared guidance, to provide course corrections.3839 Development for the SDB II began Development for the SDB II began
in 2005, and the Air Force declared initial operating capability in 2019.in 2005, and the Air Force declared initial operating capability in 2019.3940 The U.S. exports SDB II The U.S. exports SDB II
to Australia and South Korea as of 2019.to Australia and South Korea as of 2019.40

~~34 U.S. Air Force, “GBU-39B Small Diameter Bomb Weapon System Fact Sheet,” press release, August 28, 2006,~~
~~https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104573/gbu-39b-small-diameter-bomb-weapon-system/.~~
~~35 U.S. Air Force, “GBU-39B Small Diameter Bomb Weapon System Fact Sheet,” press release, August 28, 2006,~~
~~https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104573/gbu-39b-small-diameter-bomb-weapon-system/.~~
~~36 IHS Janes “GBU-39/B Small Diameter Bomb (SDB I), GBU-39B/B Laser SDB (LSDB), June 7, 2019, at~~
~~https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw9077-jalw.~~
~~37 The SDB~~ 41 38 T he SDB II is a separate procurement line item in both budgetII is a separate procurement line item in both budget justifications and in Congressionaljustifications and in Congressional authorization and authorization and
appropriations. appropriations.
3839 IHS IHS Janes “StormBreaker bomb (GBU-53/BJanes “StormBreaker bomb (GBU-53/B ~~SDB~~ SDB II),” July 8, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalwa099-II),” July 8, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalwa099-
jalw. jalw.
3940 IHS IHS Janes “StormBreaker bomb (GBU-53/BJanes “StormBreaker bomb (GBU-53/B ~~SDB~~ SDB II),” July 8, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalwa099-II),” July 8, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalwa099-
jalw. jalw.
4041 IHS IHS Janes “StormBreaker bomb (GBU-53/BJanes “StormBreaker bomb (GBU-53/B ~~SDB~~ SDB II),” July 8, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalwa099-II),” July 8, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalwa099-
jalw. jalw.
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Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress

Figure 10. Model of a GBU-53 Small Diameter Bomb II

Source: https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalwa099-jalw. https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalwa099-jalw.
The Air Force The Air Force ~~procures SDBs as of 2019~~and Navy are actively procuring SDBs and SDB IIs as of 2022. From FY2005 through FY2019, the Air Force . From FY2005 through FY2019, the Air Force
~~purchased more than 28,000 SDBs for more than $1.7 billion.41 Both the Air Force and the Navy~~
~~requested more than 7,000 SDBs in FY2020 (the second-largest procurement on the line) for~~
~~$275 million, and plan to procure an additional 8,400 SDBs from FY2021 through FY2024.42 In~~
~~addition both services are procuring SDB IIs. Procurement of the SDB II began in FY2018 with~~
~~80 bombs, increasing to 1,200 bombs in FY2019. DOD requested 1,900 bombs in FY2020 for~~
~~approximately $331 million, and it plans to purchase more than 10,500 SDB IIs from FY2021~~
~~through FY2024 for $1.6 billion~~ purchased more than 28,000 SDBs for more than $1.7 bil ion.42 (se(see Table 2).43 .43
Table 2. Small Diameter Bomb and Small Diameter Bomb II Requested and
Programmed Procurement in the FYDP

~~FY2020~~
~~FY2021a~~FY2021 FY2022a
FY202 FY2022b3b
FY202 FY2023b4b
FY202 FY2024b5b
FY202 FY2025b6b Total SDB Cost $95.83 $82.82 — — — — $178.65 ($mil ions) SDB 2,462 998 — — — — 3,460 Quantity SDB II Cost $267.73 $335.53 — — — — $603.25 ($mil ions) SDB II 991 1,165 — — — — 2,156 Quantity Source: U.S. Air Force FY2022 Procurement of Missiles Line Item SDB000 Smal Diameter Bomb, U.S. Air Force FY2022 Procurement of Missiles Line Item SDB0032 Smal Diameter Bomb II, and U.S. Navy FY2022 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2238 Smal Diameter
~~Total~~
~~SDB Cost~~
~~$273.29~~
~~$95.83~~
~~$45.48~~
~~$45.47~~
~~$91.41~~
~~$93.05~~
~~$644.53~~
~~($mil ions)~~
~~SDB~~
~~7,078~~
~~2,462~~
~~1,158~~
~~1,180~~
~~2,435~~
~~2,435~~
~~16,748~~
~~Quantity~~
~~SDB II Cost~~
~~$291.73~~
~~$352.14~~
~~$388.42~~
~~$404.04~~
~~$347.41~~
~~$309.10~~
~~$2,092.84~~
~~($mil ions)~~
~~SDB II~~
~~1,687~~
~~1,490~~
~~1,749~~
~~1,775~~
~~1,662~~
~~1,376~~
~~9,739~~
~~Quantity~~

~~41 See Department of Defense Budget FY2000-2020 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at~~
~~https://comptroller.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/.~~
~~42 U.S. Air Force FY2020 Procurement of Missiles Line Item SDB000 Small Diameter, at https://apps.dtic.mil/~~
~~procurement/Y2020/AirForce/stamped/U_P40_SDB000_BSA-2_BA-2_APP-3020F_PB_2020.pdf.~~
~~43 U.S. Air Force FY2020 Procurement of Missiles Line Item SDB0032 Small Diameter Bomb II,~~
~~athttps://apps.dtic.mil/procurement/Y2020/AirForce/stamped/U_P40_SDB002_BSA-2_BA-2_APP-~~
~~3020F_PB_2020.pdf, and U.S. Navy FY2020 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2238 Small Diameter~~ Bomb II (SDB Bomb II (SDB
~~II), at https://apps.dtic.mil/procurement/Y2020/Navy/stamped/U_P40_2238_BSA-2_BA-2_APP-1507N_PB_2020.pdf.~~
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Source: U.S. Air Force FY2021 Procurement of Missiles Line Item SDB000 Small Diameter Bomb, U.S. Air
~~Force FY2021 Procurement of Missiles Line Item SDB0032 Small Diameter Bomb II, and U.S. Navy FY2021~~
~~Weapons Procurement Line Item 2238 Small Diameter Bomb II (SDB II).~~
~~a. Denotes the Administration’s request.~~
~~b. Denotes programmed funding and quantities.~~
~~AGM-114 Hellfire Missile~~
~~In the early 1970s, the Army developed a requirement for an anti-tank missile, which resulted in~~
~~the AGM-114 Hellfire (see Figure 11).44 The first Hellfire was introduced into service in 1982 on~~
~~the Army’s AH-64 Apache, using laser guidance to target tanks, bunkers, and structures.45 Hellfire~~II). a. Denotes the Administration’s request. b. Denotes programmed funding and quantities. AGM-114 Hellfire Missile In the early 1970s, the Army developed a requirement for an anti-tank missile, which resulted in the AGM-114 Hel fire (see Figure 11).44 The first Hel fire was introduced into service in 1982 on 42 See Department of Defense Budget FY2000-2020 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at https://comptroller.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/. 43 U.S. Air Force FY2022 Procurement of Missiles Line Item SDB0032 Small Diameter Bomb II , and U.S. Navy FY2022 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2238 Small Diameter Bomb II (SDB II). 44 IHS Janes “AGM-114 Hellfire and Longbow Hellfire,” June 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/ Congressional Research Service 12 Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress the Army’s AH-64 Apache, using laser guidance to target tanks, bunkers, and structures.45 Hel fire
missiles have a maximum effective range of 4.3 nautical miles. By the mid-1980s, the Marine missiles have a maximum effective range of 4.3 nautical miles. By the mid-1980s, the Marine
Corps had introduced Corps had introduced ~~Hellfire~~Hel fire missiles to its attack helicopter fleet. missiles to its attack helicopter fleet. ~~Hellfire~~ Hel fire missiles have missiles have
received continual upgrades over the past decades, including integrating infrared sensors, received continual upgrades over the past decades, including integrating infrared sensors,
warheads to target warheads to target ~~small~~ smal boats, and integration with the Apache’s Longbow radar.46 During the boats, and integration with the Apache’s Longbow radar.46 During the
late 1990s and early 2000s, late 1990s and early 2000s, ~~Hellfire~~Hel fire missiles were introduced to the MQ-1 Predator, and later to missiles were introduced to the MQ-1 Predator, and later to
the MQ-9 Reaper, enabling unmanned aerial vehicles to provide a strike capability.47 the MQ-9 Reaper, enabling unmanned aerial vehicles to provide a strike capability.47
~~Hellfire~~ Hel fire missiles have become a preferred munition for operations in the Middle East, particularly missiles have become a preferred munition for operations in the Middle East, particularly
with increased utilization of unmanned aircraft like MQ-1s and MQ-9s. with increased utilization of unmanned aircraft like MQ-1s and MQ-9s. ~~Hellfire~~Hel fire missiles have missiles have
been exported to a number of countries, including Australia, Bahrain, Egypt, India, Iraq, South been exported to a number of countries, including Australia, Bahrain, Egypt, India, Iraq, South
Korea, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United Korea, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United
Kingdom.48 Kingdom.48
The Army and the Marine Corps identified the need to replace the The Army and the Marine Corps identified the need to replace the ~~Hellfire~~ Hel fire missile. During the missile. During the
mid-2000s, the two services started a new development project mid-2000s, the two services started a new development project ~~called~~cal ed the Joint Air-to-Ground the Joint Air-to-Ground
Missile (JAGM), which entered testing in 2012. Both services plan to replace the Missile (JAGM), which entered testing in 2012. Both services plan to replace the ~~Hellfire~~ Hel fire with with
the JAGM; however, it is unclear when they plan to make the transition. the JAGM; however, it is unclear when they plan to make the transition.

~~44 IHS Janes “AGM-114 Hellfire and Longbow Hellfire,” June 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/~~
~~jalw3064-jalw.~~
~~45 IHS Janes “AGM-114 Hellfire and Longbow~~ Figure 11. AGM-114 Hellfire Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lockheed_Martin_Longbow_Hellfire.jpg. Note: This image depicts an “exploded” view, depicting the internal components of the missile. jalw3064-jalw. 45 IHS Janes “AGM-114 Hellfire and Longbow Hellfire,” June 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/Hellfire,” June 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/
jalw3064-jalw. jalw3064-jalw.
46 IHS 46 IHS Janes “AGM-114 Hellfire and LongbowJanes “AGM-114 Hellfire and Longbow Hellfire,” June 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/Hellfire,” June 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/
jalw3064-jalw. jalw3064-jalw.
47 U.S. 47 U.S. Air Force, “MQ-1B Predator Fact Sheet,” September 23, 2015, at https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Air Force, “MQ-1B Predator Fact Sheet,” September 23, 2015, at https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/
Display/Article/104469/mq-1b-predator/. Display/Article/104469/mq-1b-predator/.
48 IHS48 IHS Janes “AGM-114 Hellfire and LongbowJanes “AGM-114 Hellfire and Longbow Hellfire,” June 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/Hellfire,” June 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/
jalw3064-jalw. jalw3064-jalw.
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Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress

~~Figure 11. AGM-114 Hellfire~~

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lockheed_Martin_Longbow_Hellfire.jpg.
Note: This image depicts an “exploded” view, depicting the internal components of the missile.
~~All three military departments procure Hellfire missiles. From 1998 through 2018, DOD procured~~
~~more than 71,500 missiles at a cost of $7.2 billion.49 Congress appropriated nearly $484 million~~
~~for approximately 6,000 missiles in FY2019. For FY2020, DOD requested approximately $730~~
~~million for 9,000 Hellfire missiles, and it plans to purchase 13,100 missiles at a cost of $1.2~~
~~billion between FY2021 and FY2024 (Table 3).50 In its FY2020 recent budget request, DOD~~
~~states that it is requesting to procure the maximum production of Hellfire missiles.51~~
Table 3. AGM-114 Hellfire Missile Requested and Programmed Procurement in
the FYDP

~~FY2020~~
~~FY202~~1aGrand FY2021
FY202 FY2022b2a
FY202 FY2023b
FY202 FY2024b
FY202 FY2025b
~~Total~~
~~Cost~~
~~$726.71~~
~~$516.61~~
~~$196.74~~
~~$233.44~~
~~$188.21~~
~~$41.82~~
~~$1,903.52~~FY2026b Total Cost $516.61 $230.04 — — — — $746.65
($mil ions) ($mil ions)
Quantity Quantity
8, 8,~~790~~
~~8,150~~
~~1,795~~
~~2,064~~
~~1,479~~
~~113~~
~~22,391~~130 1,999 — — — — 10,129
Source: U.S. ArmyU.S. Army ~~FY2021 Missiles Procurement~~ FY2022 Missiles Procurement Line Item 1338C70000 Line Item 1338C70000 ~~Hellfire~~Hel fire Sys Summary; U.S. Air Force Sys Summary; U.S. Air Force
~~FY2021~~FY2022 Missile Missile Procurement LineProcurement Line Item PRDTA2 Predator Item PRDTA2 Predator ~~Hellfire~~ Hel fire Missile;Missile; and U.S. Navy and U.S. Navy ~~FY2021~~FY2022 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2254 Hel fire. a. Denotes the Administration’s request. b. Denotes programmed ~~Weapons~~
~~Procurement Line Item 2254 Hellfire.~~

~~49 See Department of Defense Budget FY2000-2020 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at~~
~~https://comptroller.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/.~~
~~50 U.S. Army FY2020 Missiles Procurement Line Item 1338C70000 Hellfire Sys Summary, at https://apps.dtic.mil/~~
~~procurement/Y2020/Army/stamped/U_P40_1338C70000_BSA-20_BA-2_APP-2032A_PB_2020.pdf, U.S. Air Force~~
~~FY2020 Missile Procurement Line Item PRDTA2 Predator Hellfire Missile, at https://apps.dtic.mil/procurement/~~
~~Y2020/AirForce/stamped/U_P40_PRDTA2_BSA-2_BA-2_APP-3020F_PB_2020.pdf, and U.S. Navy FY2020~~
~~Weapons Procurement Line Item 2254 Hellfire, at https://apps.dtic.mil/procurement/Y2020/Navy/stamped/~~
~~U_P40_2254_BSA-2_BA-2_APP-1507N_PB_2020.pdf.~~
~~51 Department of Defense, “FY2020 Program Acquisition Costs by Weapons System,” at~~
~~https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2020/fy2020_Weapons.pdf.~~
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~~Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress~~

~~a. Denotes the Administration’s request.~~
~~b. Denotes programmed~~ funding and quantities. funding and quantities.
AGM-169 Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM)
The Joint Air-to-Ground Missile is designed to replace the The Joint Air-to-Ground Missile is designed to replace the ~~Hellfire~~Hel fire, TOW, and Maverick missiles. , TOW, and Maverick missiles.
JAGM uses a new warhead/seeker paired with an existing AGM-114R rocket motor—which is JAGM uses a new warhead/seeker paired with an existing AGM-114R rocket motor—which is
the latest model—to provide improved target acquisition and discrimination (the latest model—to provide improved target acquisition and discrimination (~~see~~see Figure 12)..5249
The JAGM has a maximum effective range of 8.6 nautical miles when launched from a helicopter The JAGM has a maximum effective range of 8.6 nautical miles when launched from a helicopter
and 15.1 nautical miles when launched from fixed-wing aircraft. and 15.1 nautical miles when launched from fixed-wing aircraft.
JAGM underwent testing starting in 2010, and the missile entered initial JAGM underwent testing starting in 2010, and the missile entered initial operating capability in operating capability in
2019, having been successfully integrated on the AH-64E Apache and AH-1Z Super Cobra attack 2019, having been successfully integrated on the AH-64E Apache and AH-1Z Super Cobra attack
helicopters. JAGM is expected to be integrated on other platforms as helicopters. JAGM is expected to be integrated on other platforms as ~~well~~wel , including the FA-, including the FA-
18E/F Super Hornet, MQ-1C Grey Eagle, MH-60M Defensive Air Penetrator, MH-60S Seahawk, 18E/F Super Hornet, MQ-1C Grey Eagle, MH-60M Defensive Air Penetrator, MH-60S Seahawk,
F-35 Lightning II, and P-8 Poseidon.F-35 Lightning II, and P-8 Poseidon.5350 In addition, the Air Force has begun procuring JAGMs but In addition, the Air Force has begun procuring JAGMs but
has not announced publicly what platforms has not announced publicly what platforms ~~will~~ wil employ the missile. employ the missile.
Figure 12. Diagram of an AGM-169 JAGM

Source: https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw9220-jalw. https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw9220-jalw.
Note: The JAGM’s design integrates a new seeker The JAGM’s design integrates a new seeker onto the AGM-114R onto the AGM-114R ~~Hellfire~~ Hel fire II missileII missile body (Lockheed Martin). 49 IHS Janes “Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM),” April 11, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw9220-jalw. 50 IHS Janes “Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM),” April 11, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw9220-jalw. Congressional Research Service 14 link to page 13 link to page 13 link to page 13 link to page 13 link to page 13 link to page 21 link to page 21 Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress Table 4. AGM-169 JAGM Requested and Programmed Procurement in the FYDP Grand FY2021 FY2022a FY2023b FY2024b FY2025b FY2026b Total Cost $240.20 $201.88 — — — — $442.07 ($mil ions) Quantity 687 550 — — — — 1,237 Source: U.S. Army FY2022 Missiles Procurement Line Item 2605C70302 Joint Air-to-Ground MSLS (JAGM); U.S. Air Force FY2022 Missile Procurement Line Item JAGM00 Joint Air-to-Ground Munition; and U.S. Navy FY2022 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2248 Joint Air Ground Missile (JAGM). a. Denotes the Administration’s request. b. Denotes programmed ~~body (Lockheed~~
~~Martin).~~
~~JAGM entered low-rate initial production in FY2017.54 All three services are procuring JAGM,~~
~~though the Air Force is requesting only 60 missiles in FY2020, with no projections of additional~~
~~procurement.55 DOD requested more than $339 million and 1,000 missiles for FY2020, and it~~
~~projects procuring approximately 4,600 additional missiles through FY2024 for about $1.5 billion~~
~~(see Table 4).~~

~~52 IHS Janes “Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM),” April 11, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw9220-~~
~~jalw.~~
~~53 IHS Janes “Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM),” April 11, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw9220-~~
~~jalw.~~
~~54 IHS Janes “Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM),” April 11, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw9220-~~
~~jalw.~~
~~55 U.S. Air Force FY2020 Missile Procurement Line Item JAGM00 Joint Air-to-Ground Munition, at~~
~~https://apps.dtic.mil/procurement/Y2020/AirForce/stamped/U_P40_JAGM00_BSA-2_BA-2_APP-~~
~~3020F_PB_2020.pdf.~~
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~~Table 4. AGM-169 JAGM Requested and Programmed Procurement in the FYDP~~

~~FY2020~~
~~FY2021a~~
~~FY2022b~~
~~FY2023b~~
~~FY2024b~~
~~FY2025b~~
~~Total~~
~~Cost~~
~~$285.02~~
~~$262.78~~
~~$215.87~~
~~$289.57~~
~~$286.32~~
~~$285.40~~
~~$1,624.96~~
~~($mil ions)~~
~~Quantity~~
~~854~~
~~860~~
~~467~~
~~914~~
~~838~~
~~838~~
~~4,771~~
Source: U.S. Army FY2021 Missiles Procurement Line Item 2605C70302 Joint Air-to-Ground MSLS (JAGM);
~~U.S. Air Force FY2021 Missile Procurement Line Item JAGM00 Joint Air-to-Ground Munition; and U.S. Navy~~
~~FY2021 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2248 Joint Air Ground Missile (JAGM).~~
~~a. Denotes the Administration’s request.~~
~~b. Denotes programmed~~ funding and quantities. funding and quantities.
AGM-158A/B Joint Air-to-Surface Strike Missile (JASSM) and AGM-158C
Long-Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM)
The Joint Air-to-Surface Strike Missile was conceived in the mid-1990s as a stealthy cruise The Joint Air-to-Surface Strike Missile was conceived in the mid-1990s as a stealthy cruise
missile designed to strike targets in heavily defended airspace.missile designed to strike targets in heavily defended airspace.5651 The JASSM is a 14-foot-long, The JASSM is a 14-foot-long,
2,250-pound missile that can be carried 2,250-pound missile that can be carried ~~internally~~internal y on B-1B Lancer and B-52 Stratofortress aircraft on B-1B Lancer and B-52 Stratofortress aircraft
and carried and carried ~~externally~~external y on a number of tactical fighters, including the F-16 Falcon, F-15E Strike on a number of tactical fighters, including the F-16 Falcon, F-15E Strike
Eagle, F/A-18 Hornet, F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, and F-35 Lightning II (seEagle, F/A-18 Hornet, F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, and F-35 Lightning II (see Figure 13)..5752 The The
AGM-158A JASSM has a stated range of more than 200 nautical miles.AGM-158A JASSM has a stated range of more than 200 nautical miles.5853 Initial Initial operating operating
capability was declared in 2005 (capability was declared in 2005 (~~see~~see Figure 14). AGM-158As have been exported to Australia, . AGM-158As have been exported to Australia,
Finland, and Poland.Finland, and Poland.59
54 In 2004, the Air Force decided that it required additional range on the JASSM and developed an In 2004, the Air Force decided that it required additional range on the JASSM and developed an
extended range version, the AGM-158B JASSM-ER.extended range version, the AGM-158B JASSM-ER.6055 The JASSM-ER uses the same body as the The JASSM-ER uses the same body as the
previous version with an improved infrared seeker, a two-way datalink, and enhanced anti-jam previous version with an improved infrared seeker, a two-way datalink, and enhanced anti-jam
GPS receiver.GPS receiver.6156 The range of the JASSM-ER increased from more than 200 nautical miles to 500 The range of the JASSM-ER increased from more than 200 nautical miles to 500
nautical miles.nautical miles.6257 This munition reached initial This munition reached initial operating capability in 2014 on the B-1B Lancer. It operating capability in 2014 on the B-1B Lancer. It
reached full operating capability in 2018 with integration onto the F-15E Strike Eagle, and it is in reached full operating capability in 2018 with integration onto the F-15E Strike Eagle, and it is in
full-rate production.full-rate production.6358 The Air Force The Air Force ~~originally~~original y planned to procure 2,866 JASSMs and JASSM- planned to procure 2,866 JASSMs and JASSM-
ERs, but it has since changed the requirement to 7,200 missiles;ERs, but it has since changed the requirement to 7,200 missiles;~~64as~~59as of 2019 the Air Force has of 2019 the Air Force has

~~56 U.S.~~ 51 U.S. Air Force, “JASSMAir Force, “JASSM ~~- The~~ - T he Air Force’s Next Generation Cruise Missile,” Air Force’s Next Generation Cruise Missile,” press release, March 6, 2008, press release, March 6, 2008,
https://www.afmc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/155587/jassm-the-air-forces-next-generation-cruise-missile/. https://www.afmc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/155587/jassm-the-air-forces-next-generation-cruise-missile/.
5752 IHS IHS Janes “AGM-158A JASSMJanes “AGM-158A JASSM and AGM-158B JASSM-ER,”and AGM-158B JASSM-ER,” July 23, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/July 23, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/
jalw3784-jalw. jalw3784-jalw.
5853 U.S. U.S. Air Force, “JASSMAir Force, “JASSM ~~- The~~ - T he Air Force’s Next Generation Cruise Missile,” Air Force’s Next Generation Cruise Missile,” press release, March 6, 2008, press release, March 6, 2008,
https://www.afmc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/155587/jassm-the-air-forces-next-generation-cruise-missile/. https://www.afmc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/155587/jassm-the-air-forces-next-generation-cruise-missile/.
5954 IHS IHS Janes “AGM-158A JASSMJanes “AGM-158A JASSM and AGM-158B JASSM-ER,”and AGM-158B JASSM-ER,” July 23, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/July 23, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/
jalw3784-jalw. jalw3784-jalw.
6055 IHS IHS Janes “AGM-158A JASSMJanes “AGM-158A JASSM and AGM-158B JASSM-ER,”and AGM-158B JASSM-ER,” July 23, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/July 23, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/
jalw3784-jalw. jalw3784-jalw.
6156 IHS IHS Janes “AGM-158A JASSMJanes “AGM-158A JASSM and AGM-158B JASSM-ER,”and AGM-158B JASSM-ER,” July 23, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/July 23, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/
jalw3784-jalw. jalw3784-jalw.
6257 U.S. U.S. Air Force, “JASSMAir Force, “JASSM ~~- The~~ - T he Air Force’s Next Generation Cruise Missile,” Air Force’s Next Generation Cruise Missile,” press release, March 6, 2008, press release, March 6, 2008,
https://www.afmc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/155587/jassm-the-air-forces-next-generation-cruise-missile/. https://www.afmc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/155587/jassm-the-air-forces-next-generation-cruise-missile/.
6358 IHS IHS Janes “AGM-158A JASSMJanes “AGM-158A JASSM and AGM-158B JASSM-ER,”and AGM-158B JASSM-ER,” July 23, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/July 23, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/
jalw3784-jalw. jalw3784-jalw.
6459 Department of Defense, “Comprehensive Selected Acquisition Reports for the Annual 2018 Reporting Requirements Department of Defense, “Comprehensive Selected Acquisition Reports for the Annual 2018 Reporting Requirements
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procured more than 4,000 JASSMs. Japan has expressed interest in procuring JASSM-ERs, and procured more than 4,000 JASSMs. Japan has expressed interest in procuring JASSM-ERs, and
Poland was approved to receive 70 missiles in 2016.Poland was approved to receive 70 missiles in 2016.6560 The Air Force announced plans in The Air Force announced plans in
September 2019 to increase JASSM production to a maximum rate of 550 missiles per year.September 2019 to increase JASSM production to a maximum rate of 550 missiles per year.6661 The The
Service intends to grow the total JASSM inventory to approximately 10,000 missiles. In February Service intends to grow the total JASSM inventory to approximately 10,000 missiles. In February
2020, the Air Force announced an $818 2020, the Air Force announced an $818 ~~million~~mil ion contract to produce the latest version of the contract to produce the latest version of the
JASSM-Extreme Range Missile. According to Inside Defense, this new contract JASSM-Extreme Range Missile. According to Inside Defense, this new contract ~~will~~ wil produce 790 produce 790
JASSM-ER missiles over two production lots.JASSM-ER missiles over two production lots.6762 The new production contract includes 40 JASSM The new production contract includes 40 JASSM
missiles to support foreign military sales; however, it is unclear which country missiles to support foreign military sales; however, it is unclear which country ~~will~~ wil receive these receive these
missiles. missiles.
The Long Range Anti-Ship The Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM) was conceived by the Defense Advanced Research Missile (LRASM) was conceived by the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA) as a concept to use a JASSM body to replace the AGM-88 Harpoon.Projects Agency (DARPA) as a concept to use a JASSM body to replace the AGM-88 Harpoon.6863
Flight testing for LRASM began in 2012 on board a B-1B, and the missile was tested on an F/A-Flight testing for LRASM began in 2012 on board a B-1B, and the missile was tested on an F/A-
18E/F Super Hornet. LRASM uses a combination of passive radio-frequency sensors, and electro-18E/F Super Hornet. LRASM uses a combination of passive radio-frequency sensors, and electro-
optical/infrared seekers for terminal guidance.optical/infrared seekers for terminal guidance.6964 Japan has expressed interest in procuring the Japan has expressed interest in procuring the
LRASM. In September 2019, the Air Force announced its intent to procure up to 410 LRASM LRASM. In September 2019, the Air Force announced its intent to procure up to 410 LRASM
missiles, changing its plan from an original estimate of 110 missiles.missiles, changing its plan from an original estimate of 110 missiles.70

65 as Updated by the President’s Fiscal Year 2020 Budget,” press release, Augustas Updated by the President’s Fiscal Year 2020 Budget,” press release, August 1, 2019, https://media.defense.gov/1, 2019, https://media.defense.gov/
2019/Aug/01/2002165676/-1/-1/1/DEPARTMENT-OF-DEFENSE-2019/Aug/01/2002165676/-1/-1/1/DEPARTMENT-OF-DEFENSE-~~SELECTED-ACQUISITION-REPORTS~~SELECT ED-ACQUISIT ION-REPORT S-(SARS)--(SARS)-
DECEMBER-2018.PDF. DECEMBER-2018.PDF.
6560 IHS IHS Janes “AGM-158A JASSMJanes “AGM-158A JASSM and AGM-158B JASSM-ER,”and AGM-158B JASSM-ER,” July 23, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/July 23, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/
jalw3784-jalw. jalw3784-jalw.
6661 Sara Sara Sirota, “Air Force reveals plans to grow stockpile of JASSM,Sirota, “Air Force reveals plans to grow stockpile of JASSM, ~~LRASM~~ LRASM missiles,”missiles,” Inside Defense, September 27, , September 27,
2019, https://insidedefense.com/daily-news/air-force-reveals-plans-grow-stockpile-jassm-lrasm-missiles. 2019, https://insidedefense.com/daily-news/air-force-reveals-plans-grow-stockpile-jassm-lrasm-missiles.
6762 Sara Sara Sirota, “Air Force, Lockheed Martin finalize $818 million JASSM-ERSirota, “Air Force, Lockheed Martin finalize $818 million JASSM-ER contract,” contract,” Inside Defense, April 1, 2020, , April 1, 2020,
https://insidedefense.com/insider/air-force-lockheed-martin-finalize-818-million-jassm-er-contract. https://insidedefense.com/insider/air-force-lockheed-martin-finalize-818-million-jassm-er-contract.
6863 IHS IHS Janes “AGM-158C Long-Range Anti-Ship MissileJanes “AGM-158C Long-Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM),”(LRASM),” ~~July~~ July 8, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/8, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/
Display/jalwa137-jalw. Display/jalwa137-jalw.
6964 IHS IHS Janes “AGM-158C Long-Range Anti-Ship MissileJanes “AGM-158C Long-Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM),”(LRASM),” ~~July~~ July 8, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/8, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/
Display/jalwa137-jalw. Display/jalwa137-jalw.
7065 Sara Sara Sirota, “Sirota, “ Air Force reveals plans to grow stockpile of JASSM,Air Force reveals plans to grow stockpile of JASSM, ~~LRASM~~ LRASM missiles,”missiles,” Inside Defense, September 27, , September 27,
2019, https://insidedefense.com/daily-news/air-force-reveals-plans-grow-stockpile-jassm-lrasm-missiles. 2019, https://insidedefense.com/daily-news/air-force-reveals-plans-grow-stockpile-jassm-lrasm-missiles.
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Figure 13. AGM-158 Attached to an F/A-18D Hornet

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:F-18D_Hornet_(HN-466)Tour_de_Sky_2014-08- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:F-18D_Hornet_(HN-466)Tour_de_Sky_2014-08-
09_06_JDAM_AGM-154.JPG. 09_06_JDAM_AGM-154.JPG.
Note: JDAM precision bomb and AGM-154C Joint Standoff Weapon glide bomb under the left wing of Finnish JDAM precision bomb and AGM-154C Joint Standoff Weapon glide bomb under the left wing of Finnish
air force F-18D Hornet fighter (HN-466) on ground display at Oulu Airportair force F-18D Hornet fighter (HN-466) on ground display at Oulu Airport at Tour de Sky 2014 air show. at Tour de Sky 2014 air show.
Figure 14. JASSM in Flight

Source: https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw3784-jalw. https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw3784-jalw.
Note: A JASSM hit its target during 2009 Lot 7 reliabilityA JASSM hit its target during 2009 Lot 7 reliability ~~trials~~ trials (Lockheed Martin). (Lockheed Martin).
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The JASSM-ER and the LRASM are produced in the same facility. The JASSM-ER and the LRASM are produced in the same facility.7166 According to budget According to budget
documents, DOD states that JASSM and LRASM procurement in FY2020 documents, DOD states that JASSM and LRASM procurement in FY2020 iswas at maximum production rate; however, since FY2020 it appears that production capacity has increased. The Air Force and Navy are procuring JASSM-ER and LRASM as of 2022 ~~at maximum~~
~~production rate. The Air Force and Navy are procuring JASSM-ER and LRASM as of 2019. In~~
~~FY2020, DOD requested to procure 430 JASSM-ER missiles and an additional 48 LRASMs (see~~
Table 5). In September 2019, the Air Force announced plans to increased JASSM production to
~~500 missiles per year, with additional capacity to up produce 96 LRASMs.72 DOD projects~~
~~reduced procurement quantities of JASSM-ER, while maintaining procurement quantities of~~
~~LRASM through FY2024~~. .
Table 5. JASSM and LRASM Requested and Programmed Procurement in the FYDP

~~FY2020~~FY2021
FY202 FY2021a
FY~~2022b~~2a FY2023b
FY202 FY2023b4b
FY202 FY2024b5b
FY202 FY2025b6b
Total
JASSM Cost JASSM Cost
~~($mil ions)~~
~~$483.43~~
~~$505.95~~
~~$750.65~~
~~$758.29~~
~~$758.40~~
~~$761.89~~
~~$4,018.60~~
~~JASSM~~
~~Quantity~~
~~390~~
~~400~~
~~512~~
~~516~~
~~520~~
~~509~~
~~2,847~~
~~LRASM Cost~~
~~($mil ions)~~
~~$72.54~~
~~$188.65~~
~~$164.85~~
~~$329.50~~
~~$343.45~~
~~$161.37~~
~~$1,260.35~~
~~LRASM~~
17
53
48
92
~~100~~
46
~~356~~
~~Quantity~~
~~Source:~~ ~~U.S. Air Force FY2021 Missile Procurement~~ $500.01 $747.59 — — — — $1,247.60 ($mil ions) JASSM 376 550 — — — — 926 Quantity LRASM Cost $153.87 $161.21 — — — — $315.08 ($mil ions) LRASM 48 48 — — — — 96 Quantity Source: U.S. Air Force FY2022 Missile Procurement Line Item JASM0 Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile;Line Item JASM0 Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile; U.S. U.S.
AirAir Force Force ~~FY2021~~FY2022 Missile Missile Procurement Line Item LRASM0 LRASM0; and U.S. Navy FY2021 Weapons Procurement Line Item LRASM0 LRASM0; and U.S. Navy FY2021 Weapons
Procurement Line Item 2291 LRASM. Procurement Line Item 2291 LRASM.
a. Denotes the Administration’sa. Denotes the Administration’s request. request.
b. Denotes programmedb. Denotes programmed funding and quantities. funding and quantities.
AGM-88E Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM)
The Advanced Anti-Radiation The Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile is designed to target enemy integrated air defenses, Guided Missile is designed to target enemy integrated air defenses,
~~specifically~~specifical y guidance radars ( guidance radars (~~see~~see Figure 15). AARGM was conceived in 2001 to replace the . AARGM was conceived in 2001 to replace the
High-Speed Anti-RadiationHigh-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM).Missile (HARM). DOD identified several deficiencies in the HARM DOD identified several deficiencies in the HARM
that limited its operational effectiveness during Operation Iraqi Freedom.that limited its operational effectiveness during Operation Iraqi Freedom.7367 Thus, AARGM Thus, AARGM
incorporated a new solid-incorporated a new solid-~~propellant~~propel ant rocket motor that improved its range over the HARM, along rocket motor that improved its range over the HARM, along
with new guidance and seeker systems—using GPS inertial navigation for guidance and with new guidance and seeker systems—using GPS inertial navigation for guidance and
~~millimeter~~ mil imeter wave and W-band (higher than 40 GHz) sensors.wave and W-band (higher than 40 GHz) sensors.74
68 AARGM AARGM entered operational testing in 2010 and initialentered operational testing in 2010 and initial operational capability in 2012. AARGM operational capability in 2012. AARGM
has been integrated on the F/A-18C/D Hornet, F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, E/A-18G Growler, F-has been integrated on the F/A-18C/D Hornet, F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, E/A-18G Growler, F-
16C/D Falcon, and the F-35 Lightning II. 16C/D Falcon, and the F-35 Lightning II.

71 66 Department of Defense, “FY2020 Program Acquisition Costs by Weapons System,” at Department of Defense, “FY2020 Program Acquisition Costs by Weapons System,” at
https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2020/fy2020_Weapons.pdf. https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2020/fy2020_Weapons.pdf.
~~72 Sara Sirota, “Air Force reveals plans to grow stockpile of JASSM, LRASM missiles,” Inside Defense, September 27,~~
~~2019, at https://insidedefense.com/daily-news/air-force-reveals-plans-grow-stockpile-jassm-lrasm-missiles.~~
7367 IHS IHS Janes “AGM-88E Advanced Anti-Radiation GuidedJanes “AGM-88E Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM),”Missile (AARGM),” ~~July~~ July 31, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/31, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/
Janes/Display/jalw3723-jalw. Janes/Display/jalw3723-jalw.
7468 IHS IHS Janes “AGM-88E Advanced Anti-Radiation GuidedJanes “AGM-88E Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM),”Missile (AARGM),” ~~July~~ July 31, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/31, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/
Janes/Display/jalw3723-jalw. Janes/Display/jalw3723-jalw.
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Figure 15. Model of an AGM-88E ARRGM

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AGM-88E_AARGM_mockup.jpg. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AGM-88E_AARGM_mockup.jpg.
~~Both the Navy and the Air Force have procured the AARGM or its predecessor the HARM;~~
~~however, neither service is procuring additional missiles as of FY2020.75 The Navy, however, has~~
~~requested $183 million of procurement appropriations to modify its current stockpile of~~
~~AARGMs. The Air Force has not requested appropriations to modify its stockpile of HARMs~~
~~since FY2016.76~~ Table 6 describes the total DOD request for AARGM. AARGMdescribes the total DOD request for AARGM. AARGM has been has been
exported to a number of exported to a number of countries, including Australia, Italy, Finland, Germany, and Poland.countries, including Australia, Italy, Finland, Germany, and Poland.7769
Table 6. ARRGM Requested and Programmed Procurement in the FYDP
Grand FY2021
~~FY2020~~
FY202 FY2021a2a
FY202 FY2022b3b
FY202 FY2023b4b
FY202 FY2024b5b
FY202 FY2025b6b
Total
Cost Cost
$ $~~183.74~~
~~$147.57~~
~~$128.22~~
~~$198.92~~
~~$237.40~~
~~$270.72~~
~~$1,166.56~~123.65 $116.35 — — — — $240.00
($mil ions) ($mil ions)
~~AARGM~~
—
24
32
70
~~109~~
~~140~~
~~375~~
~~Quantity~~Quantity 16 54 — — — — 70
Source: U.S. Navy U.S. Navy ~~FY2021~~FY2022 Weapons Procurement Weapons Procurement Line Item 2327 HARM Mods. Line Item 2327 HARM Mods.
a. Denotes the Administration’sa. Denotes the Administration’s request. request.
b. Denotes programmedb. Denotes programmed funding and quantities. funding and quantities.

~~75 Department of Defense, Program Acquisition Cost by Weapon System, Washington, DC, March 2019, p. 5-3,~~
~~https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2020/fy2020_Weapons.pdf.~~
~~76 See Department of Defense Budget FY2018 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at https://comptroller.defense.gov/~~
~~Budget-Materials/.~~
~~77 IHS Janes “AGM-88E Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM),” July 31, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/~~
~~Janes/Display/jalw3723-jalw.~~
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~~Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress~~

~~Ground-Launched Guided Munitions~~
~~Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System (GMLRS)~~
~~GMLRS (see Figure 16) is a GPS-guided 227-millimeter rocket that was jointly developed by the~~
~~United States, France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom.78 Development began in 1999,~~
~~and the U.S. military began procuring GMLRS in FY2003. GMLRS is capable of being launched~~
~~from the M270 multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) and the M142 High Mobility Artillery~~
~~Rocket System (HIMARS). GMLRS has a 200-pound unitary warhead and a maximum range of~~
~~70 kilometers.79~~
~~Both the Army and the Marine Corps have procured GMLRS. Since 1998, DOD has spent nearly~~
~~$5.4 billion to procure more than 42,000 rockets.80 DOD has requested more than $1.2 billion for~~
~~approximately 9,900 rockets in FY2020, and it plans to spend an additional $4.3 billion~~ Ground-Launched Guided Munitions Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System (GMLRS) GMLRS (see Figure 16) is a GPS-guided 227-mil imeter rocket that was jointly developed by the United States, France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom.70 Development began in 1999, and the U.S. military began procuring GMLRS in FY2003. GMLRS is capable of being launched 69 IHS Janes “AGM-88E Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM),” July 31, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jalw3723-jalw. 70 IHS Janes “227 mm MLRS/GMLRS rockets,” April 3, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jah_1074-jah_. Congressional Research Service 19 link to page 24 link to page 13 link to page 13 link to page 13 link to page 13 link to page 13 Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress from the M270 multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) and the M142 High Mobility Artil ery Rocket System (HIMARS). GMLRS has a 200-pound unitary warhead and a maximum range of 70 kilometers.71 Both the Army and the Marine Corps have procured GMLRS. Since 1998, DOD has spent nearly $5.4 bil ion to procure more than 42,000 rockets.72 DOD has requested more than $1.2 bil ion for approximately 9,900 rockets in FY2020, and it plans to spend an additional $4.3 bil ion for nearly for nearly
29,000 GMLRS between FY2021 and FY2024. In addition, GMLRS is being exported: Bahrain, 29,000 GMLRS between FY2021 and FY2024. In addition, GMLRS is being exported: Bahrain,
United Arab Emirates, Poland, and Romania are procuring GMLRS, as are the development United Arab Emirates, Poland, and Romania are procuring GMLRS, as are the development
partners (France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom).partners (France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom).81 ~~See~~73 See Table 7 for an overview of the for an overview of the
current DOD request for GMLRS. current DOD request for GMLRS.
Figure 16. GMLRS Launching

Source: https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/guided-mlrs-unitary-rocket.html. https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/guided-mlrs-unitary-rocket.html.

~~78 IHS Janes “227 mm MLRS/GMLRS rockets,” April 3, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jah_1074-jah_.~~
~~79 IHS Janes “227 mm MLRS/GMLRS~~ Table 7. GMLRS Requested and Programmed Procurement in the FYDP Grand FY2021 FY2022a FY2023b FY2024b FY2025b FY2026b Total Cost $1,064.14 $1,034.22 — — — — $2,098.36 ($mil ions) Quantity 6,524 6,471 — — — — 12,995 Source: U.S. Army FY2022 Missile Procurement Line Item 6005C64400 Guided MLRS Rocket (GMLRS) and U.S. Navy FY2022 Procurement, Marine Corps Line Item 3025 Guided MLRS Rocket (GMLRS). a. Denotes the Administration’s request. b. Denotes programmed funding and quantities. 71 IHS Janes “227 mm MLRS/GMLRS rockets,” April 3, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jah_1074-jah_. rockets,” April 3, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jah_1074-jah_.
8072 See See Department of Defense Budget FY2000-2020 P-1 Procurement budget requests,Department of Defense Budget FY2000-2020 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at at
https://comptroller.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/. https://comptroller.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/.
8173 IHS IHS Janes “227 mm MLRS/GMLRSJanes “227 mm MLRS/GMLRS rockets,” April 3, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jah_1074-jah_. rockets,” April 3, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jah_1074-jah_.
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~~Table 7. GMLRS Requested and Programmed Procurement in the FYDP~~

~~FY2020~~
~~FY2021a~~
~~FY2022b~~
~~FY2023b~~
~~FY2024b~~
~~FY2025b~~
~~Total~~
~~Cost~~
~~$1,221.17~~
~~$1,128.32~~
~~$869.60~~
~~$1,092.94~~
~~$1,100.36~~
~~$1,082.83~~
~~$6,495.21~~
~~($mil ions)~~
~~Quantity~~
~~8,523~~
~~7,360~~
~~5,876~~
~~7,267~~
~~6,957~~
~~6,592~~
~~42,575~~
Source: U.S. Army FY2021 Missile Procurement Line Item 6005C64400 Guided MLRS Rocket (GMLRS) and
~~U.S. Navy FY2021 Procurement, Marine Corps Line Item 3025 Guided MLRS Rocket (GMLRS).~~
~~a. Denotes the Administration’s request.~~
~~b. Denotes programmed funding and quantities.~~
~~Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS)~~
~~ATACMS (see Figure 17)~~ ~~is a 610-millimeter~~ rocket that can be launched from either the M270 rocket that can be launched from either the M270
MLRS (two rockets) or the M142 HIMARS (a single rocket). This rocket was MLRS (two rockets) or the M142 HIMARS (a single rocket). This rocket was ~~originally~~original y
developed in the 1980s and was later updated to provide GPS guidance.developed in the 1980s and was later updated to provide GPS guidance.8274 ATAMCS underwent a ATAMCS underwent a
second upgrade in 1991, which second upgrade in 1991, which ~~allowed~~al owed ATACMS warheads to seek and attack armored targets. ATACMS warheads to seek and attack armored targets.83
75 Other upgrades have improved target discrimination and new penetrating warheads for hardened Other upgrades have improved target discrimination and new penetrating warheads for hardened
targets. In 2016, then-Secretary of Defense Ash Carter announced that the Strategic Capabilities targets. In 2016, then-Secretary of Defense Ash Carter announced that the Strategic Capabilities
Office had developed a new seeker that Office had developed a new seeker that ~~allowed~~al owed the ATACMS the ATACMS rocket to target ships.rocket to target ships.8476 The Army The Army
has stated that it intends to retire the ATACMS and replace it with the new Precision Strike has stated that it intends to retire the ATACMS and replace it with the new Precision Strike
Missile. Missile.
Figure 17. ATACMS Long-Range Precision Tactical Missile System

Source: https://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-https://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-~~martin~~mart in/mfc/pc/army-tacticle-missile-system-/mfc/pc/army-tacticle-missile-system-
block-ia-unitary-atacms/mfc-atacms-block-1a-unitary-pc.pdf. block-ia-unitary-atacms/mfc-atacms-block-1a-unitary-pc.pdf.

~~82 IHS Janes “610 mm Army Tactical Missile System rockets,” June 28, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/~~
~~jah_1090-jah_.~~
~~83 IHS Janes “610 mm Army Tactical~~ Table 8. ATACMS Requested and Programmed Procurement in the FYDP Grand FY2021 FY2022a FY2023b FY2024b FY2025b FY2026b Total Cost — — — — — — — ($mil ions) Quantity — — — — — — — Source: U.S. Army FY2022 Missile Procurement Line Item 6472C98510 ARMY TACTICAL MSL SYS (ATACMS) – SYS SUS. a. Denotes the Administration’s request. b. Denotes programmed funding and quantities. 74 IHS Janes “610 mm Army T actical Missile System rockets,” June 28, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jah_1090-jah_. 75 IHS Janes “610 mm Army T actical Missile System rockets,” June 28, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/ Missile System rockets,” June 28, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/
jah_1090-jah_. jah_1090-jah_.
8476 Sydney J. Freedberg Sydney J. Freedberg Jr., “Carter, Roper Unveil Army’s NewJr., “Carter, Roper Unveil Army’s New Ship ~~Ship~~-Killer Missile:-Killer Missile: ~~ATACMS~~ AT ACMS Upgrade,” Upgrade,” Breaking
Defense, October 28, 2016, at https://breakingdefense.com/2016/10/army-atacms-missile-will-kill-ships-secdef-carter/. , October 28, 2016, at https://breakingdefense.com/2016/10/army-atacms-missile-will-kill-ships-secdef-carter/.
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~~The Army is procuring ATACMS in FY2020, though this procurement will curtail as the~~
~~Precision Strike Missile enters service. DOD requested to procure 240 missiles for $340 million~~
~~in FY2020;85 it plans to procure 492 missiles for $611 million between FY2021 and FY2024.~~
Table 8 provides an overview of the most recent request for ATACMS. Five hundred and six
~~ATACMS have been exported to a number of countries, including the United Arab Emirates and~~
~~Romania.86~~
~~Table 8. ATACMS Requested and Programmed Procurement in the FYDP~~

~~FY2020~~
~~FY2021a~~
~~FY2022b~~
~~FY2023b~~
~~FY2024b~~
~~FY2025b~~
~~Total~~
~~Cost~~
~~($mil ions)~~
~~$300.78~~
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~$300.78~~
~~Quantity~~
~~232~~
—
—
—
—
—
~~232~~
Source: U.S. Army FY2021 Missile Procurement Line Item 6472C98510 ARMY TACTICAL MSL SYS
~~(ATACMS) – SYS SUS.~~
~~a. Denotes the Administration’s request.~~
~~b. Denotes programmed funding and quantities.~~
Precision Strike Missile (PrSM)
The PrSM is a new development program intended to replace ATACMS. PrSM is designed to be The PrSM is a new development program intended to replace ATACMS. PrSM is designed to be
launched from the M270 and the M142 HIMARS multiplelaunched from the M270 and the M142 HIMARS multiple rocket launcher system. The Army rocket launcher system. The Army
states that PrSM is designed to launch two missiles in a launcher pod compared to ATACMS states that PrSM is designed to launch two missiles in a launcher pod compared to ATACMS
single missile, has a range in excess of 400 kilometers, and has an anti-jam GPS antenna.single missile, has a range in excess of 400 kilometers, and has an anti-jam GPS antenna.8777 PrSM PrSM
is in development and is planned to enter early operational service in FY2023. The Army has not is in development and is planned to enter early operational service in FY2023. The Army has not
stated when it intends to begin testing the PrSM. The Army states that although this missile might stated when it intends to begin testing the PrSM. The Army states that although this missile might
be sold to foreign militaries in the future, there are no purchase commitments from foreign be sold to foreign militaries in the future, there are no purchase commitments from foreign
governments as of 2019. The Army tested the PrSM at White Sands, NM, in its first flight test in governments as of 2019. The Army tested the PrSM at White Sands, NM, in its first flight test in
December 2019.December 2019.8878 In its second test in March 2019, the Army successfully tested the PrSMs In its second test in March 2019, the Army successfully tested the PrSMs
short-range capabilities. ~~short-range capabilities.~~

~~85 U.S. Army Missile Procurement Line Item 6472C98510 ARMY TACTICAL MSL SYS (ATACMS) – SYS SUS, at~~
~~https://apps.dtic.mil/procurement/Y2020/Army/stamped/U_P40_6472C98510_BSA-30_BA-2_APP-~~
~~2032A_PB_2020.pdf~~
~~86 IHS Janes “610 mm Army Tactical Missile System rockets,” June 28, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/~~
~~jah_1090-jah_.~~
~~87 U.S. Army Acquisition Support Center “Precision Strike Missile Fact Sheet,” at https://asc.army.mil/web/portfolio-~~
~~item/ms-prsm/.~~
~~88 Sydney Freedberg Jr., “PRSM: Lockheed Long-Range Missile Passes Short-Range Stress Test,” Breaking Defense,~~
~~March 19, 2020, https://breakingdefense.com/2020/03/lockheed-long-range-missile-passes-short-range-stress-test/.~~
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~~Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress~~

Figure 18. Notional Design of PrSM

Source: https://www.janes.com/article/83990/us-army-s-precision-strike-https://www.janes.com/article/83990/us-army-s-precision-strike- missile-moves-ahead-as-us-russia-inf-missile-moves-ahead-as-us-russia-inf-
treaty-falters. treaty-falters.
Table 9. PrSM Requested and Programmed Procurement
Grand
~~FY2020~~
~~FY2021a~~
~~FY2022b~~
~~FY2023b~~
~~FY2024b~~
~~FY202~~5b FY2021 FY202 2a FY2023b FY2024b FY2025b FY2026b
Total
Cost Cost
$49.94 $49.94
$ $~~168.42~~
~~$210.06~~
~~$335.09~~
~~$309.91~~
~~$49.94~~
~~$1,073.41~~166.13 — — — — $216.07
($mil ions) ($mil ions)
Quantity Quantity
—
30
~~110~~
~~178~~
~~350~~
~~350~~
~~1,018~~30 110 — — — — 140
Source: U.S. ArmyU.S. Army ~~FY2021~~ FY2022 Missile Missile Procurement Line Item 8540C29600 PRECISION STRIKE MISSILE (PRSM). Procurement Line Item 8540C29600 PRECISION STRIKE MISSILE (PRSM).
a. Denotes the Administration’sa. Denotes the Administration’s request. request.
b. Denotes programmedb. Denotes programmed funding and quantities. 77 U.S. Army Acquisition Support Center “Precision Strike Missile Fact Sheet,” at https://asc.army.mil/web/portfolio-item/ms-prsm/. 78 Sydney Freedberg Jr., “PRSM: Lockheed Long-Range Missile Passes Short -Range Stress T est,” Breaking Defense, March 19, 2020, https://breakingdefense.com/2020/03/lockheed-long-range-missile-passes-short -range-stress-test/. Congressional Research Service 22 link to page 27 Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress ~~funding and quantities.~~
Naval Precision-Guided Munitions
Tomahawk Cruise Missile
The Tomahawk cruise missile was The Tomahawk cruise missile was ~~originally~~original y developed during the early- to mid-1970s. It was developed during the early- to mid-1970s. It was
designed to be launched by submarines and from surface combatants. Designed to fly at 570 designed to be launched by submarines and from surface combatants. Designed to fly at 570
miles per hour (Mach 0.74, or 74% of the speed of sound) for up to 870 nautical miles,miles per hour (Mach 0.74, or 74% of the speed of sound) for up to 870 nautical miles,8979 the the
Tomahawk has received a number of upgrades since it entered service. The Tomahawk Block IV Tomahawk has received a number of upgrades since it entered service. The Tomahawk Block IV
is the current cruise missile in production and comes in two versions—one for surface ships and is the current cruise missile in production and comes in two versions—one for surface ships and
another for submarines (another for submarines (~~see~~see Figure 19). Upgrades have included improvements to GPS guidance, . Upgrades have included improvements to GPS guidance,
~~satellite~~satel ite datalink communications, and propulsion. datalink communications, and propulsion.9080 The first operational use of the Tomahawk ~~The first operational use of the Tomahawk~~

~~89 IHS Janes “Tomahawk/RGM/UGM-109A/B/C/D/E,” September 2, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/~~
~~jnws0162-jnw_.~~
~~90 IHS Janes “Tomahawk/RGM/UGM-109A/B/C/D/E,” September 2, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/~~
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~~Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress~~

was during Operation Desert Storm, where the Navy launched 290 missiles from 12 submarines. was during Operation Desert Storm, where the Navy launched 290 missiles from 12 submarines.
Since then, IHS Janes reports that the Navy has used more than 1,600 missiles in Iraq, Bosnia, Since then, IHS Janes reports that the Navy has used more than 1,600 missiles in Iraq, Bosnia,
Serbia, Afghanistan, and Syria.Serbia, Afghanistan, and Syria.9181 The United Kingdom is the only export customer of the The United Kingdom is the only export customer of the
Tomahawk Block IV. Tomahawk Block IV.
Figure 19. Tomahawk Block IV Cruise Missile

Source: https://www.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos/021110-N-0000X-003.jpg. https://www.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos/021110-N-0000X-003.jpg.
Notes: “A Tactical ‘Tomahawk’ “A Tactical ‘Tomahawk’ Block IV cruise missileBlock IV cruise missile conducts a control ed flight test over the Naval Air conducts a control ed flight test over the Naval Air
SystemsSystems Command westernCommand western test range complex in southern California. During the second such test flight, the test range complex in southern California. During the second such test flight, the
missilemissile successful ysuccessful y completed a vertical underwater launch, flew a ful y guided 780completed a vertical underwater launch, flew a ful y guided 780 -mile course, and impacted a -mile course, and impacted a
designated target structure as planned.” (U.S. Navy photo.) designated target structure as planned.” (U.S. Navy photo.)
~~From FY1998 through FY2018, the Navy spent $5.87 billion on 4,984 Tomahawk cruise~~
~~missiles.92 The Navy has requested nearly $387 million for 90 missiles in FY2020, and it projects~~
~~to procure an additional 90 missiles for nearly $374 million in FY2021, with no plans to procure~~
~~additional missiles in FY2022-FY2024.93 The Navy projects requesting $819 million for~~
~~additional procurement appropriations.94 (See Table 10 for the most recent Tomahawk request.)~~

~~jnws0162-jnw_.~~
~~91 IHS Janes “Tomahawk~~ 79 IHS Janes “T omahawk/RGM/UGM-109A/B/C/D/E,”/RGM/UGM-109A/B/C/D/E,” September 2, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/September 2, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/
jnws0162-jnw_. jnws0162-jnw_.
~~92 See Department of Defense Budget FY2000-2020 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at~~
~~https://comptroller.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/.~~
~~93 U.S. Navy FY2020 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2101 Tomahawk, at https://apps.dtic.mil/procurement/Y2020/~~
~~Navy/stamped/U_P40_2101_BSA-1_BA-2_APP-1507N_PB_2020.pdf.~~
~~94 U.S. Navy FY2020 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2101 Tomahawk, at https://apps.dtic.mil/procurement/Y2020/~~
~~Navy/stamped/U_P40_2101_BSA-1_BA-2_APP-1507N_PB_2020.pdf~~80 IHS Janes “T omahawk/RGM/UGM-109A/B/C/D/E,” September 2, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jnws0162-jnw_. 81 IHS Janes “T omahawk/RGM/UGM-109A/B/C/D/E,” September 2, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jnws0162-jnw_. .
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link to page link to page 1728 link to page link to page 1713 link to page link to page 1713 link to page link to page 1713 link to page link to page 1713 link to page link to page 3113 link to page link to page 3029 link to page link to page 1728 link to page link to page 1713 link to page link to page 1713 link to page link to page 1713 link to page link to page 1713 link to page 13 Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress
From FY1998 through FY2018, the Navy spent $5.87 bil ion on 4,984 Tomahawk cruise missiles.82 (See Table 10 for the most recent Tomahawk request.)
Table 10. Tomahawk Missile Requested and Programmed Procurement in the FYDP
Grand FY2021
~~FY2020~~
FY202 FY2021a2a
FY202 FY2022b3b
FY202 FY2023b4b
FY202 FY2024b5b
FY202 FY2025b6b
Total
Cost Cost
$ $~~386.16~~
~~$277.69~~
~~$5.03~~
~~$5.02~~
~~$5.06~~
~~$5.36~~
~~$684.33~~224.69 $124.51 — — — — $349.20
($mil ions) ($mil ions)
Quantity Quantity
90
~~155~~122 60
— —
— —
— —
— —
~~245~~182
Source: U.S. Navy U.S. Navy ~~FY2021~~FY2022 Weapons Procurement Weapons Procurement Line Item 2101 Tomahawk. Line Item 2101 Tomahawk.
a. Denotes the Administration’sa. Denotes the Administration’s request. request.
b. Denotes programmedb. Denotes programmed funding and quantities. funding and quantities.
Standard Missile-6 (SM-6)
The Standard Missile-6 was The Standard Missile-6 was ~~originally~~original y designed in 2004 as an anti-aircraft missile, derived from designed in 2004 as an anti-aircraft missile, derived from
the Navy’s SM-2 Block IV (sethe Navy’s SM-2 Block IV (see Figure 20)..9583 Since its development, the SM-6 has been Since its development, the SM-6 has been
integrated into the Navy’s Naval Integrated Fires-Counter Air (NIF-CA) program to strike enemy integrated into the Navy’s Naval Integrated Fires-Counter Air (NIF-CA) program to strike enemy
surface ships. The missile was designed to receive targeting information from AEGIS radars and surface ships. The missile was designed to receive targeting information from AEGIS radars and
has been upgraded to receive target information from the E-2D Advanced Hawkeye. In addition has been upgraded to receive target information from the E-2D Advanced Hawkeye. In addition
to anti-air and anti-surface missions, the SM-6 is also capable of performing anti-to anti-air and anti-surface missions, the SM-6 is also capable of performing anti-~~ballistic~~bal istic missile missile
missions.missions.9684 SM-6 entered low-rate initial production in FY2009 and full rate production in SM-6 entered low-rate initial production in FY2009 and full rate production in
FY2013.FY2013.9785
The SM-6 is funded under the Navy’s procurement line item 2234 Standard Missile. The SM-6 is funded under the Navy’s procurement line item 2234 Standard Missile.~~98 According~~
~~to the latest Selected Acquisition Reports, DOD increased the requirement for SM-6 missiles~~
~~from 1,800 to 2,331.99 DOD requested $488 million for 125 missiles in FY2020; it is projected~~
~~that DOD will procure an additional 615 missiles between FY2021 and FY2024 at a cost of~~
~~nearly $2.9 billion.100 Table 11 provides an overview of the current DOD request for SM-6~~
~~missiles.~~86 Table 11 provides an overview of the current DOD request for SM-6 missiles. The FY2022 request concludes a multiyear procurement for SM-6; the Navy intends to submit a legislative proposal to pursue a multiyear procurement for FY2024-FY2026.87
Table 11. SM-6 Requested and Programmed Procurement in the FYDP
Grand FY2021
~~FY2020~~
FY202 FY2021a2a
FY202 FY2022b3b
FY202 FY2023b4b
FY202 FY2024b5b
FY202 FY2025b6b
Total
Cost Cost
~~$488.31~~
~~$539.83~~
~~$625.14~~
~~$600.76~~
~~$905.19~~
~~$840.14~~
~~$3,999.37~~ $506.25 $605.33 — — — — $1,111.58
($mil ions) ($mil ions)
Quantity Quantity
125 125
125 125
~~132~~
~~135~~
~~200~~
~~183~~
~~900~~— — — — 250
Source: U.S. Navy U.S. Navy ~~FY2021~~FY2022 Weapons Procurement Weapons Procurement Line Item 2234 Standard Missile. Line Item 2234 Standard Missile.

~~95 IHS Janes “Stand Missile-6 (SM-6)/Extended Range Active Missile~~ a. Denotes the Administration’s request. b. Denotes programmed funding and quantities. 82 See Department of Defense Budget FY2000-2020 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at https://comptroller.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/. 83 IHS Janes “Stand Missile-6 (SM-6)/Extended Range Active Missile ERAM),” April 3, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/ERAM),” April 3, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/
Janes/Display/jnw_0076-jnw_. Janes/Display/jnw_0076-jnw_.
9684 Raytheon, “One missile, many missions: SM-6 Missile Raytheon, “One missile, many missions: SM-6 Missile ~~Gives Surface~~ Gives Surface Forces More Power in More Places,” press Forces More Power in More Places,” press
release, January 9, 2019, https://www.raytheon.com/news/feature/sm-6_anti-surface_warfare. release, January 9, 2019, https://www.raytheon.com/news/feature/sm-6_anti-surface_warfare.
9785 U.S. U.S. Navy FY2014 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2234 Standard Missile, at https://apps.dtic.mil/procurement/Navy FY2014 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2234 Standard Missile, at https://apps.dtic.mil/procurement/
Y2014/Navy/stamped/P40_2234_BSA-2_BA-2_APP-1507N_PB_2014.pdf. Y2014/Navy/stamped/P40_2234_BSA-2_BA-2_APP-1507N_PB_2014.pdf.
9886 U.S. U.S. Navy Navy ~~FY2020~~FY2022 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2234 Standard Missile. 87 U.S. Navy FY2022 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2234 Standard Missile. Congressional Research Service 24 link to page 30 link to page 30 Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress ~~Weapons Procurement Line Item 2234 Standard Missile, at https://apps.dtic.mil/procurement/~~
~~Y2020/Navy/stamped/U_P40_2234_BSA-2_BA-2_APP-1507N_PB_2020.pdf.~~
~~99 Department of Defense, “Comprehensive Selected Acquisition Reports for the Annual 2018 Reporting Requirements~~
~~as Updated by the President’s Fiscal Year 2020 Budget,” press release, August 1, 2019, https://media.defense.gov/~~
~~2019/Aug/01/2002165676/-1/-1/1/DEPARTMENT-OF-DEFENSE-SELECTED-ACQUISITION-REPORTS-(SARS)-~~
~~DECEMBER-2018.PDF.~~
~~100 U.S. Navy FY2020 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2234 Standard Missile, at https://apps.dtic.mil/procurement/~~
~~Y2020/Navy/stamped/U_P40_2234_BSA-2_BA-2_APP-1507N_PB_2020.pdf.~~
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~~a. Denotes the Administration’s request.~~
~~b. Denotes programmed funding and quantities.~~
Figure 20. SM-6 Launching from a Ship

Source: https://www.raytheon.com/news/feature/sm-6_anti-surface_warfare. https://www.raytheon.com/news/feature/sm-6_anti-surface_warfare.
Naval Strike Missile (NSM)
The Naval Strike Missile was The Naval Strike Missile was ~~originally~~original y developed by the Norwegian company Kongsberg as a developed by the Norwegian company Kongsberg as a
replacement for the Penguin anti-ship missile (sereplacement for the Penguin anti-ship missile (see Figure 21 ~~and~~and Figure 22)~~.101~~.88 This missile is an This missile is an
anti-ship, low-observable cruise missile capable of flying close the surface of the ocean to avoid anti-ship, low-observable cruise missile capable of flying close the surface of the ocean to avoid
radar detection. IHS Janes states that “[t]he NSM airframe materials and missile shape are radar detection. IHS Janes states that “[t]he NSM airframe materials and missile shape are
intended to minimise its infrared (IR) and radar signatures and radar cross section.”intended to minimise its infrared (IR) and radar signatures and radar cross section.”~~102~~89 The NSM The NSM
is is designed to fly multiple flight profiles—different altitudes and speeds—with effective ranges designed to fly multiple flight profiles—different altitudes and speeds—with effective ranges
of between 100 and 300 nautical miles at a cruise speed of up to 0.9 Mach. The Navy has of between 100 and 300 nautical miles at a cruise speed of up to 0.9 Mach. The Navy has
integrated the NSM on its Littoral Combat Ship, which deployed into the Pacific region in integrated the NSM on its Littoral Combat Ship, which deployed into the Pacific region in
September September 2019.2019.~~103~~90
The Navy began procuring the NSM in FY2019 The Navy began procuring the NSM in FY2019 ~~under the Littoral Combat Ship Over-the-~~
~~Horizon Missile procurement line (see Table 12). The Navy has requested $38 million for 18~~
~~missiles, and it plans to spend approximately $166 million for an additional 83 missile through~~

~~101 IHS Janes “Naval Strike Missile (NSM),”~~ . In FY2022, the Navy requested funding for 34 missiles; the Marine Corps as requested additional NSMs in its unfunded priority list. 88 IHS Janes “Naval Strike Missile (NSM),” May, 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jnws0911-jnw_. May, 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jnws0911-jnw_.
~~102~~89 IHS IHS Janes “Naval Strike MissileJanes “Naval Strike Missile (NSM),”(NSM),” May, 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jnws0911-jnw_. May, 21, 2019, at https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jnws0911-jnw_.
~~103~~90 David B. Larter, “US Navy deploys new ship-killer missile David B. Larter, “US Navy deploys new ship-killer missile to China’s backyard,” to China’s backyard,” Defense News,, September 5, September 5,
2019, at https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2019/09/06/the-us-navy-just-deployed-its-new-ship-killer-missile-to-2019, at https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2019/09/06/the-us-navy-just-deployed-its-new-ship-killer-missile-to-
chinas-backyard/. chinas-backyard/.
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~~Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress~~

~~FY2024. According to its budget justification, the Navy does not have a specific requirement for~~
~~the number of missiles it plans to procure.104~~
Figure 21. Naval Strike Missile in Flight

Source: https://www.kongsberg.com/news-and-media/news-archive/2019/raytheon-providing-us-marines-with-https://www.kongsberg.com/news-and-media/news-archive/2019/raytheon-providing-us-marines-with-
naval-strike-missile/. naval-strike-missile/.
Figure 22. Illustration of Naval Strike Missile with Attributes

Source: https://www.quora.com/Is-it-possible-to-have-a-stealthy-hypersonic-scramjet-or-does-the-geometry-of-https://www.quora.com/Is-it-possible-to-have-a-stealthy-hypersonic-scramjet-or-does-the-geometry-of-
the-air-intake-have-a-high-radar-cross-section. the-air-intake-have-a-high-radar-cross-section.

~~104 U.S. Navy FY2020 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2292 LCS OTH Missile, at https://apps.dtic.mil/procurement/~~
~~Y2020/Navy/stamped/U_P40_2292_BSA-2_BA-2_APP-1507N_PB_2020.pdf.~~
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Table 12. Naval Strike Missile Requested and Programmed Procurement in the
FYDP
Grand FY2021
~~FY2020~~
FY202 FY2021a2a
FY202 FY2022b3b
FY202 FY2023b4b
FY202 FY2024b5b
FY202 FY2025b6b
Total
Cost Cost
~~$38.14~~
~~$32.91~~
~~$60.12~~
~~$74.30~~
~~$80.77~~
~~$79.78~~
~~$366.01~~ $31.16 $59.33 — — — — $90.49
($mil ions) ($mil ions)
Quantity Quantity
18
15
34
44
48
48
~~207~~
Source: U.S. Navy FY2021 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2292 LCS OTH Missile.
~~a. Denotes the Administration’s request.~~
~~b. Denotes programmed~~ 15 34 — — — — 49 Congressional Research Service 26 Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress Source: U.S. Navy FY2022 Weapons Procurement Line Item 2292 Naval Strike Missile (NSM). a. Denotes the Administration’s request. b. Denotes programmed funding and quantities. funding and quantities.
Potential Issues for Congress
  Planned procurement quantities and stockpile assessment. One potential issue One potential issue
for Congress is whether DOD’s desired quantities of standoff munitions are for Congress is whether DOD’s desired quantities of standoff munitions are
appropriate. Current operations have demonstrated a large demand for appropriate. Current operations have demonstrated a large demand for ~~all~~ al types types
of PGMs. A potential high-intensity conflict would of PGMs. A potential high-intensity conflict would ~~potentially~~potential y require large require large
stockpiles of stockpiles of ~~all~~ al types of weapons.types of weapons.~~105~~91 Several of these types of munitions— Several of these types of munitions—
particularly JASSM, LRASM, and AARGM—are being procured in relatively particularly JASSM, LRASM, and AARGM—are being procured in relatively
~~small~~ smal quantities, given their potential use rates in a high-intensity conflict quantities, given their potential use rates in a high-intensity conflict
scenario, along with the time it would take for replacement spent munitions once scenario, along with the time it would take for replacement spent munitions once
~~initial~~ initial inventories are exhausted. A related issue is whether DOD has adequately inventories are exhausted. A related issue is whether DOD has adequately
assessed the sufficiency of existing and planned PGM stockpiles, particularly in assessed the sufficiency of existing and planned PGM stockpiles, particularly in
light of recent use rates for such weapons. Congress has from time to time light of recent use rates for such weapons. Congress has from time to time
required DOD to assess munitions requirements, as required DOD to assess munitions requirements, as ~~well~~ wel as to report on as to report on
combatant command munitions requirements. More recently, Congress required combatant command munitions requirements. More recently, Congress required
DOD to provide an annual report on the munitions inventory, along with an DOD to provide an annual report on the munitions inventory, along with an
unconstrained assessment of munitions requirements.unconstrained assessment of munitions requirements.~~106~~92
  Defense industrial base production capacity. Another potential issue for Another potential issue for
Congress concerns the defense industrial base’s capacity for building PGMs, Congress concerns the defense industrial base’s capacity for building PGMs,
particularly for meeting increased demands for such weapons during an particularly for meeting increased demands for such weapons during an
extended-duration, high-intensity conflict. The question is part of a larger issue of extended-duration, high-intensity conflict. The question is part of a larger issue of
whether various parts of the U.S. defense industrial base are adequate, in an era whether various parts of the U.S. defense industrial base are adequate, in an era
of renewed great power competition, to meet potential wartime mobilization of renewed great power competition, to meet potential wartime mobilization
demands.demands.~~107~~93
  Supply chain security. Another potential issue for Congress concerns supply Another potential issue for Congress concerns supply
chain security, meaning whether U.S. PGMs incorporate components, materials, chain security, meaning whether U.S. PGMs incorporate components, materials,
or software of foreign origin. Supply chain security could affect wartime or software of foreign origin. Supply chain security could affect wartime
reliabilityreliability of these weapons as of these weapons as ~~well~~ wel as the ability of the U.S. industrial base to as the ability of the U.S. industrial base to

~~105 Gary Roughead,~~ build replacement PGMs in a timely manner during an extended-duration, high-intensity conflict.  Development timelines. Congress may be concerned about the development timeline of PGMs compared with development timelines of adversary A2/AD capabilities. China and Russia have developed sophisticated systems over the past 10 years, while DOD has developed relatively few systems. Some analysts argue that these systems can exceed DOD munitions capabilities (such as range 91 Gary Roughead, Eric Edelman, et al., Eric Edelman, et al., Providing for the Common Defense, National Defense Strategy Commission, , National Defense Strategy Commission,
~~The~~T he Assessment and Recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission, 2018, https://www.usip.org/ Assessment and Recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission, 2018, https://www.usip.org/
sites/default/files/2018-11/providing-for-the-common-defense.pdf. sites/default/files/2018-11/providing-for-the-common-defense.pdf.
~~106~~92 See See P.L. 115-232 §1061 and §1067. P.L. 115-232 §1061 and §1067.
~~107~~93 For more information, see CRS For more information, see CRS Report R43838, Report R43838, Renewed Great Power Competition: Implications for Defense—
Issues for Congress, by Ronald, by Ronald O'Rourke. O'Rourke.
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Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress and speed).94~~and Issues for Congress~~

~~build replacement PGMs in a timely manner during an extended-duration, high-~~
~~intensity conflict.~~
~~ Development timelines. Congress may be concerned about the development~~
~~timeline of PGMs compared with development timelines of adversary A2/AD~~
~~capabilities. China and Russia have developed sophisticated systems over the~~
~~past 10 years, while DOD has developed relatively few systems. Some analysts~~
~~argue that these systems can exceed DOD munitions capabilities (such as range~~
~~and speed).108~~ Can and, if so, should DOD develop new systems and at a pace Can and, if so, should DOD develop new systems and at a pace
that can match or exceed that of Chinese or Russian weapons systems?that can match or exceed that of Chinese or Russian weapons systems?
  Affordability and cost-effectiveness. Congress may also be concerned about the Congress may also be concerned about the
affordability of DOD’s plans for procuring various PGMs in large numbers, and affordability of DOD’s plans for procuring various PGMs in large numbers, and
the cost-effectiveness of PGMs relative to other potential means of the cost-effectiveness of PGMs relative to other potential means of
accomplishing certain DOD missions, particularly in a context of finite DOD accomplishing certain DOD missions, particularly in a context of finite DOD
resources and competing DOD program priorities. Another aspect of cost-resources and competing DOD program priorities. Another aspect of cost-
effectiveness concerns the cost of the weapon compared to the cost of a target. effectiveness concerns the cost of the weapon compared to the cost of a target.
For instance, in 2017 a U.S. For instance, in 2017 a U.S. ~~ally~~al y used a $3 used a $3 ~~million~~ mil ion Patriot missile to engage a Patriot missile to engage a
$300 quadcopter drone.$300 quadcopter drone.~~109~~95
  Emerging factors that may affect PGM programs. Another potential issue for Another potential issue for
Congress is how DOD’s programs for developing and procuring PGMs might be Congress is how DOD’s programs for developing and procuring PGMs might be
affected by emerging factors such as affected by emerging factors such as
 the U.S. withdrawal from the Intermediate Nuclear Force (INF) treaty; the U.S. withdrawal from the Intermediate Nuclear Force (INF) treaty;~~110~~
96  new U.S. military operational concepts for countering Chinese A2/AD forces  new U.S. military operational concepts for countering Chinese A2/AD forces
in the Indo-Pacific region, such as the Army’s new Multi-Domain Operations in the Indo-Pacific region, such as the Army’s new Multi-Domain Operations
(MDO) operational concept and the Marine Corps’ new Expeditionary (MDO) operational concept and the Marine Corps’ new Expeditionary
Advanced Base Operations (EABO) concept, both of which possibly feature Advanced Base Operations (EABO) concept, both of which possibly feature
the potential use of such weapons from island locations in the Pacific as a the potential use of such weapons from island locations in the Pacific as a
way of countering China’s A2/AD forces; and way of countering China’s A2/AD forces; and
 emerging technologies such as hypersonics and artificial  emerging technologies such as hypersonics and artificial ~~intelligence (AI).111~~

~~108 Gary Roughead,~~ intel igence (AI).97 94 Gary Roughead, Eric Edelman, et al., Eric Edelman, et al., Providing for the Common Defense, National Defense Strategy Commission, , National Defense Strategy Commission,
~~The~~T he Assessment and Recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission, Assessment and Recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission, ~~2018~~2 018, https://www.usip.org/, https://www.usip.org/
sites/default/files/2018-11/providing-for-the-common-defense.pdf. sites/default/files/2018-11/providing-for-the-common-defense.pdf.
~~109~~95 Chris Baraniuk, “Small drone ‘shot with Patriot missile,’” Chris Baraniuk, “Small drone ‘shot with Patriot missile,’” BBC, March 15, 2017, at https://www.bbc.com/news/, March 15, 2017, at https://www.bbc.com/news/
technology-39277940. technology-39277940.
~~110~~96 For more information on the INF treaty and its implications for U.S. policy, see CRS For more information on the INF treaty and its implications for U.S. policy, see CRS Report R43832, Report R43832, Russian
~~Compliance~~Com pliance with the ~~Intermediate~~Interm ediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty: Background and Issues for Congress , by Amy , by Amy
F. Woolf. F. Woolf.
~~111~~97 For more information on each of these technologies, see CRS For more information on each of these technologies, see CRS Report R45811, Report R45811, Hypersonic Weapons: Background
and Issues for Congress, by Kelley M. Sayler, and CRS, by Kelley M. Sayler, and CRS Report R45178, Report R45178, Artificial Intelligence and National Security, ,
by Kelley M. Sayler. by Kelley M. Sayler.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

3028

Appendix A. Prior Year Procurement by Service
Table A-1. PGM Procurement Cost and Quantities, by Service (FY1998-FY2009)
Service

FY1998
FY1999
FY2000
FY2001
FY2002
FY2003
FY2004
FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
FY2008
FY2009
Army Army
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$330.40 $330.40
$398.90 $398.90
$384.70 $384.70
$377.80 $377.80
$273.30 $273.30
$449.20 $449.20
$189.30 $189.30
$377.80 $377.80
$304.70 $304.70
$201.30 $201.30
$601.08 $601.08
$562.33 $562.33
Constant Cost Constant Cost
$499.09$499.09
$594.22 $594.22
$564.66 $564.66
$546.27 $546.27
$388.54 $388.54
$625.28 $625.28
$256.99 $256.99
$499.74 $499.74
$393.67 $393.67
$255.00 $255.00
$749.66 $749.66
$691.42 $691.42

($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
1,209 1,209
2,096 2,096
2,310 2,310
2,300 2,300
2,224 2,224
978 978
846 846
1,110 1,110
1,082 1,082
943 943
5,004 5,004
5,597 5,597
Air Air Force Force
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$48.60 $48.60
$79.50 $79.50
$189.20 $189.20
$203.70 $203.70
$343.70 $343.70
$543.70 $543.70
$540.00 $540.00
$717.00 $717.00
$413.40 $413.40
$609.40 $609.40
$438.81 $438.81
$551.44 $551.44
Constant Cost Constant Cost
$73.41 $73.41
$118.43 $118.43
$277.70 $277.70
$294.53 $294.53
$488.63 $488.63
$756.82 $756.82
$733.10 $733.10
$948.41 $948.41
$534.11 $534.11
$771.98 $771.98
$547.28 $547.28
$678.03 $678.03

($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
1,655 1,655
3,778 3,778
8,436 8,436
8,904 8,904
14,468 14,468
23,577 23,577
20,584 20,584
23,633 23,633
9,248 9,248
11,301 11,301
6,588 6,588
10,048 10,048
Navy Navy
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$71.20 $71.20
$538.60 $538.60
$148.20 $148.20
$182.10 $182.10
$405.40 $405.40
$798.80 $798.80
$674.20 $674.20
$491.10 $491.10
$547.70 $547.70
$600.70 $600.70
$606.56 $606.56
$447.86 $447.86
Constant Cost Constant Cost
$107.55$107.55
$802.32 $802.32
$217.53 $217.53
$263.30 $263.30
$576.34 $576.34
$1,111.92 $1,111.92 $915.29$915.29
$649.60 $649.60
$707.62 $707.62
$760.96 $760.96
$756.49 $756.49
$550.66 $550.66

($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
547 547
1,475 1,475
2,153 2,153
2,625 2,625
14,608 14,608
12,750 12,750
12,893 12,893
7,928 7,928
4,830 4,830
4,790 4,790
2,899 2,899
1,752 1,752
Source: Department of Defense Department of Defense Budget FY2000-2021 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/,Budget FY2000-2021 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/, Department of Defense Department of Defense
National DefenseNational Defense Budget Estimate for FY2021 pp. 60-61, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2021/FY21_Green_Book.pdf,Budget Estimate for FY2021 pp. 60-61, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2021/FY21_Green_Book.pdf, ~~Air~~ Air Force Force
FY2021 MissileFY2021 Missile procurement budget justifications; Armyprocurement budget justifications; Army FY2021 MissileFY2021 Missile procurement budget justifications; Navy FY2021 Weaponsprocurement budget justifications; Navy FY2021 Weapons procurement budget justifications. procurement budget justifications.

CRS- CRS-3129

Table A-2. PGM Procurement Cost and Quantities, by Service (FY2010-FY2021)
Service

FY2010
FY2011
FY2012
FY2013
FY2014
FY2015
FY2016
FY2017
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021*
~~Army~~
~~Nominal Cost ($m)~~
~~$580.41~~
$580.41 $486.71 $486.71
$442.13 $442.13
$240.23 $240.23
$382.52 $382.52
$163.73 $163.73
$365.12 $365.12
$968.50 $968.50

$1,568.00 $1,568.00 Army Nominal Cost ($m)
$1,639.33 $1,639.33 $1,425.64$1,425.64 $2,102.03$2,102.03
Constant Cost Constant Cost

$702.68 $702.68
$579.62 $579.62
$518.57 $518.57
$277.86 $277.86
$436.16 $436.16
$183.89 $183.89
$402.96 $402.96
$1,048.28 $1,048.28 $1,739.35$1,739.35 $1,483.19$1,483.19 $2,144.06$2,144.06 $1,568.00$1,568.00
($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
5,393 5,393
4,065 4,065
4,101 4,101
1,741 1,741
2,511 2,511
1,030 1,030
2,249 2,249
8,211 8,211
12,660 12,660
10,423 10,423
13,839 13,839
10,493 10,493
~~Air Force~~
~~Nominal Cost ($m)~~
~~$471.19~~
$471.19 $748.58 $748.58
$484.97 $484.97
$433.86 $433.86
$587.13 $587.13
$968.54 $968.54

$1,523.11 $1,523.11 Air Force Nominal Cost ($m)
$1,792.59 $1,792.59 $1,611.86$1,611.86 $2,243.54$2,243.54 $2,155.82$2,155.82 $2,283.85$2,283.85
Constant Cost Constant Cost

$570.44 $570.44
$891.49 $891.49
$568.82 $568.82
$501.81 $501.81
$669.47 $669.47
$1,087.76 $1,087.76 $1,978.35$1,978.35 $1,744.63$1,744.63 $2,380.42$2,380.42 $2,242.84$2,242.84 $2,329.51$2,329.51 $1,523.11 $1,523.11
($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
11,386 11,386
16,955 16,955
5,440 5,440
5,194 5,194
11,226 11,226
12,612 12,612
32,568 32,568
35,701 35,701
48,111 48,111
40,608 40,608
37,542 37,542
25,317 25,317
Navy Navy
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$435.01 $435.01
$775.85 $775.85
$410.87 $410.87
$463.72 $463.72
$428.87 $428.87
$423.95 $423.95
$323.11 $323.11
$562.42 $562.42
$676.27 $676.27
$713.27 $713.27
$916.29 $916.29
$992.15 $992.15
Constant Cost Constant Cost

$526.65$526.65
$923.96 $923.96
$481.90 $481.90
$536.34 $536.34
$489.01 $489.01
$476.13 $476.13
$356.60 $356.60
$608.75 $608.75
$717.52 $717.52
$742.07 $742.07
$934.61 $934.61
$992.15 $992.15
($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
1,573 1,573
1,020 1,020
694 694
1,095 1,095
404 404
243 243
149 149
409 409
8,092 8,092
9,631 9,631
4,686 4,686
5,527 5,527
Source: Department of Defense Department of Defense Budget FY2000-2021 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/,Budget FY2000-2021 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/, Department of Defense Department of Defense
National DefenseNational Defense Budget Estimate for FY2021 pp. 60-61, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2021/FY21_Green_Book.pdf,Budget Estimate for FY2021 pp. 60-61, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2021/FY21_Green_Book.pdf, ~~Air~~ Air Force Force
FY2021 MissileFY2021 Missile procurement budget justifications; Armyprocurement budget justifications; Army FY2021 MissileFY2021 Missile procurement budget justifications; Navy FY2021 Weapons procurement procurement budget justifications; Navy FY2021 Weapons procurement ~~budget~~bud get justifications. justifications.
CRS- CRS-3230

Appendix B. Prior Year Procurement by Program
Table B-1. PGM Procurement Cost and Quantities, by Program (FY1998-FY2009)
Program

FY1998
FY1999
FY2000
FY2001
FY2002
FY2003
FY2004
FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
FY2008
FY2009
ARRGM ARRGM
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$-
$-
$-
— — — $89.10 $89.10
$4.90 $4.90
$3.90 $3.90
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~$41.02~~
— — — — — $41.02 Constant Cost Constant Cost
$-
$-
$-
— — — $128.83 $128.83
$6.97 $6.97
$5.43 $5.43
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~$50.44~~
— — — — — $50.44
($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
0 0
0 0
0 0
270 270
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
ATACMS ATACMS
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$89.80 $89.80
$90.60 $90.60
$90.80 $90.80
$95.10 $95.10
$35.00 $35.00
$137.50 $137.50
$57.60 $57.60
$160.80 $160.80
$104.10 $104.10
$76.30 $76.30
$84.78 $84.78
$-
— Constant Cost Constant Cost
$135.65 $135.65
$134.96 $134.96
$133.27 $133.27
$137.51 $137.51
$49.76 $49.76
$191.40 $191.40
$78.20 $78.20
$212.70 $212.70
$134.50 $134.50
$96.66 $96.66
$105.74 $105.74
$-
—
($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
109 109
96 96
110 110
100 100
24 24
156 156
60 60
156 156
98 98
18 18
84 84
0 0
GMLRS GMLRS
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~$130.50~~
~~$106.80~~
~~$111.30~~
~~$121.60~~
~~$125.00~~
~~$263.71~~
~~$309.21~~
~~Constant Cost~~
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~$181.65~~
~~$144.99~~
~~$147.22~~
~~$157.11~~
~~$158.35~~
~~$328.90~~
~~$380.19~~
— — — — — $130.50 $106.80 $111.30 $121.60 $125.00 $263.71 $309.21 Constant Cost — — — — — $181.65 $144.99 $147.22 $157.11 $158.35 $328.90 $380.19
($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
822 822
786 786
954 954
984 984
925 925
2070 2070
2652 2652
~~Hellfire~~Hel fire
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$260.40 $260.40
$308.30 $308.30
$313.80 $313.80
$282.70 $282.70
$238.30 $238.30
$191.10 $191.10
$46.10 $46.10
$202.80 $202.80
$210.10 $210.10
$244.50 $244.50
$387.89 $387.89
$483.52 $483.52
Constant Cost Constant Cost
$393.35 $393.35
$459.26 $459.26
$460.59 $460.59
$408.76 $408.76
$338.78 $338.78
$266.01 $266.01
$62.58 $62.58
$268.25 $268.25
$271.45 $271.45
$309.73 $309.73
$483.78 $483.78
$594.52 $594.52

($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
1100 1100
2000 2000
2425 2425
2200 2200
2200 2200
137 137
172 172
1020 1020
1423 1423
2958 2958
4611 4611
5584 5584
JAGM JAGM
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~Constant Cost~~
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
— — — — — — — — — — — — Constant Cost — — — — — — — — — — — —
($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
JASSM JASSM
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$-
$-
$-
— — — $0.20 $0.20
$42.70 $42.70
$53.80 $53.80
$100.90 $100.90
$139.20 $139.20
$98.70 $98.70
$156.50 $156.50
$160.04 $160.04
$139.70 $139.70
Constant Cost Constant Cost
$-
$-
$-
— — — $0.29 $0.29
$60.71 $60.71
$74.89 $74.89
$136.98 $136.98
$184.13 $184.13
$127.52 $127.52
$198.25 $198.25
$199.60 $199.60
$171.77 $171.77

($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)
CRS- CRS-3331

Program

FY1998
FY1999
FY2000
FY2001
FY2002
FY2003
FY2004
FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
FY2008
FY2009

Quantity Quantity
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
76 76
100 100
240 240
288 288
75 75
163 163
111 111
100 100
JDAM JDAM
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$64.30 $64.30
$117.30 $117.30
$270.40 $270.40
$272.70 $272.70
$602.80 $602.80
$752.30 $752.30
$689.40 $689.40
$665.50 $665.50
$306.10 $306.10
$280.70 $280.70
$167.10 $167.10
$175.09 $175.09
Constant Cost Constant Cost
$97.13 $97.13
$174.74 $174.74
$396.89 $396.89
$394.30 $394.30
$856.98 $856.98

$935.92 $935.92
$880.29 $880.29
$395.48 $395.48
$355.59 $355.59
$208.41 $208.41
$215.28 $215.28

($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)
$1,047.19 $1,047.19

Quantity Quantity
2202 2202
4523 4523
10300 10300
11229 11229
28945 28945
35620 35620
32666 32666
29756 29756
11605 11605
10585 10585
5724 5724
6242 6242
LRASM LRASM
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~Constant Cost~~
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
— — — — — — — — — — — — Constant Cost — — — — — — — — — — — —
($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
SDB SDB
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~$29.10~~
~~$52.20~~
~~$114.70~~
~~$94.65~~
~~$132.82~~
~~Constant Cost~~
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~$38.49~~
~~$67.44~~
~~$145.30~~
~~$118.05~~
~~$163.31~~
— — — — — — — $29.10 $52.20 $114.70 $94.65 $132.82 Constant Cost — — — — — — — $38.49 $67.44 $145.30 $118.05 $163.31
($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
199 199
567 567
2030 2030
1395 1395
2612 2612
SDB II SDB II
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~Constant Cost~~
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
— — — — — — — — — — — — Constant Cost — — — — — — — — — — — —
($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Tomahawk Tomahawk
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$26.30 $26.30
$439.20 $439.20
$-
$-
— — $73.00 $73.00
$437.10 $437.10
$352.00 $352.00
$277.20 $277.20
$373.00 $373.00
$353.00 $353.00
$475.83 $475.83
$280.27 $280.27
Constant Cost Constant Cost
$39.73 $39.73
$654.25 $654.25
$-
$-
— — $103.78 $103.78
$608.44 $608.44
$477.87 $477.87
$366.67 $366.67
$481.91 $481.91
$447.18 $447.18
$593.45 $593.45
$344.60 $344.60

($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
0 0
624 624
0 0
0 0
25 25
350 350
322 322
298 298
408 408
355 355
496 496
207 207
Source: Department of Defense Department of Defense Budget FY2000-2021 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/,Budget FY2000-2021 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/, Department of Defense Department of Defense
National DefenseNational Defense Budget Estimate for FY2021 pp. 60-61, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2021/FY21_Green_Book.pdf,Budget Estimate for FY2021 pp. 60-61, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2021/FY21_Green_Book.pdf, ~~Air~~ Air Force Force
FY2021 MissileFY2021 Missile procurement budget justifications; Armyprocurement budget justifications; Army FY2021 MissileFY2021 Missile procurement budget justifications; Navy FY2021 Weaponsprocurement budget justifications; Navy FY2021 Weapons procurement budget justifications. procurement budget justifications.

CRS- CRS-3432

Table B-2. PGM Procurement Cost and Quantities, by Program (FY2010-FY2021)
Program

FY2010
FY2011
FY2012
FY2013
FY2014
FY2015
FY2016
FY2017
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021*
ARRGM ARRGM
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$47.83 $47.83
$51.91 $51.91
$76.56 $76.56
$83.89 $83.89
$94.06 $94.06
$106.49 $106.49
$120.80 $120.80
$180.05 $180.05
$183.37 $183.37
$179.89 $179.89
$183.74 $183.74
$147.57 $147.57
Constant Cost Constant Cost
$57.90 $57.90
$61.82 $61.82
$89.80 $89.80
$97.02 $97.02
$107.25 $107.25
$119.60 $119.60
$133.32 $133.32
$194.88 $194.88
$194.55 $194.55
$187.15 $187.15
$187.41 $187.41
$147.57 $147.57

($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
33 33
44 44
72 72
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
24 24
ATACMS ATACMS
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$-
$-
$-
$-
— — — — $35.60 $35.60
$-
$-
$-

$-
~~$300.78~~
$-
— — — — — $300.78 — Constant Cost Constant Cost
$-
$-
$-
$-
— — — — $40.59 $40.59
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~$306.80~~
$-
— — — — — $306.80 —
($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
24 24
0 0
0 0
0 0

0 0
232 232
0 0
GMLRS Nominal Cost ($m) $353.31 ~~$353.31~~
$264.55 $264.55
$333.17 $333.17
$214.29 $214.29
$273.03 $273.03
$127.15 $127.15
$251.06 $251.06
$408.84 $408.84

$975.51 $975.51

$1,128.32 $1,128.32
~~GMLRS~~
~~Nominal Cost ($m)~~
$1,027.97 $1,027.97
$1,221.17 $1,221.17
Constant Cost Constant Cost
$427.74 $427.74
$315.05 $315.05
$390.77 $390.77
$247.85 $247.85
$311.32 $311.32
$142.80 $142.80
$277.08 $277.08
$442.52 $442.52

$1,128.32 $1,128.32

($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)
$1,090.68 $1,090.68 $1,014.88$1,014.88 $1,245.58$1,245.58

Quantity Quantity
3228 3228
2592 2592
3194 3194
1608 1608
2166 2166
768 768
1866 1866
3360 3360
6528 6528
7668 7668
8523 8523
7360 7360
~~Hellfire~~Hel fire
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$422.45 $422.45
$439.99 $439.99
$221.42 $221.42
$146.08 $146.08
$166.17 $166.17
$395.94 $395.94
$784.04 $784.04
$681.68 $681.68
$821.05 $821.05
$460.97 $460.97
$726.71 $726.71
$516.61 $516.61
Constant Cost Constant Cost
$511.44 $511.44
$523.99 $523.99
$259.70 $259.70
$168.96 $168.96
$189.47 $189.47
$444.67 $444.67
$865.29 $865.29
$737.83 $737.83
$871.14 $871.14
$479.58 $479.58
$741.23 $741.23
$516.61 $516.61

($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
4684 4684
2970 2970
2162 2162
1315 1315
1143 1143
3405 3405
6639 6639
6797 6797
10501 10501
5161 5161
8790 8790
8150 8150
JAGM JAGM
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~$27.74~~
~~$83.83~~
~~$182.22~~
~~$280.57~~
~~$285.02~~
~~$262.78~~
~~Constant Cost~~
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~$30.61~~
~~$90.74~~
~~$193.34~~
~~$291.90~~
~~$290.72~~
~~$262.78~~
— — — — — — $27.74 $83.83 $182.22 $280.57 $285.02 $262.78 Constant Cost — — — — — — $30.61 $90.74 $193.34 $291.90 $290.72 $262.78
($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
469 469
899 899
796 796
854 854
860 860
JASSM JASSM
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$52.52 $52.52
$168.23 $168.23
$236.19 $236.19
$230.19 $230.19
$271.15 $271.15
$329.16 $329.16
$425.58 $425.58
$431.65 $431.65
$433.12 $433.12
$602.83 $602.83
$483.43 $483.43
$505.95 $505.95
Constant Cost Constant Cost
$63.58 $63.58
$200.35 $200.35
$277.03 $277.03
$266.24 $266.24
$309.18 $309.18
$369.67 $369.67
$469.68 $469.68
$467.20 $467.20
$459.54 $459.54
$627.16 $627.16
$493.09 $493.09
$505.95 $505.95

($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
0 0
171 171
202 202
233 233
187 187
240 240
340 340
360 360
360 360
360 360
390 390
400 400
CRS- CRS-3533

Program

FY2010
FY2011
FY2012
FY2013
FY2014
FY2015
FY2016
FY2017
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021*
~~JDAM~~
~~Nominal Cost ($m)~~
~~$192.32~~
$192.32 $346.38 $346.38
$127.25 $127.25
$144.61 $144.61
$250.47 $250.47
$228.44 $228.44
$533.98 $533.98
$682.11 $682.11

$524.87 $524.87
JDAM Nominal Cost ($m) $1,149.39 $1,149.39 $1,103.57$1,103.57 $1,039.47$1,039.47
Constant Cost Constant Cost
$232.83 $232.83
$412.50 $412.50
$149.25 $149.25
$167.26 $167.26
$285.60 $285.60
$256.56 $256.56
$589.31 $589.31
$738.30 $738.30

$524.87 $524.87

($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)
$1,219.51 $1,219.51 $1,148.11$1,148.11 $1,060.25$1,060.25

Quantity Quantity
7517 7517
13061 13061
4259 4259
4678 4678
10415 10415
8786 8786
22478 22478
28596 28596
42864 42864
39614 39614
28388 28388
20338 20338
LRASM LRASM
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~$125.75~~
~~$169.46~~
~~$174.18~~
~~$72.54~~
~~$188.65~~
~~Constant Cost~~
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~$136.11~~
~~$179.80~~
~~$181.21~~
~~$73.99~~
~~$188.65~~
— — — — — — — $125.75 $169.46 $174.18 $72.54 $188.65 Constant Cost — — — — — — — $136.11 $179.80 $181.21 $73.99 $188.65
($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
36 36
50 50
52 52
17 17
53 53
SDB SDB
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$141.69 $141.69
$119.22 $119.22
$20.14 $20.14
$1.97 $1.97
$-
— $51.30 $51.30
$135.12 $135.12
$251.36 $251.36
$384.25 $384.25
$209.33 $209.33
$273.29 $273.29
$95.83 $95.83
Constant Cost Constant Cost
$171.54 $171.54
$141.98 $141.98
$23.62 $23.62
$2.28 $2.28
$-
— $57.61 $57.61
$149.12 $149.12
$272.07 $272.07
$407.69 $407.69
$217.78 $217.78
$278.75 $278.75
$95.83 $95.83

($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
2694 2694
2785 2785
150 150
0 0
0 0
443 443
3494 3494
4507 4507
7471 7471
5743 5743
7078 7078
2462 2462
SDB II SDB II
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~$20.97~~
~~$189.63~~
~~$291.73~~
~~$352.14~~
~~Constant Cost~~
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
$-
~~$22.25~~
~~$197.29~~
~~$297.56~~
~~$352.14~~
— — — — — — — — $20.97 $189.63 $291.73 $352.14 Constant Cost — — — — — — — — $22.25 $197.29 $297.56 $352.14
($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
90 90
1260 1260
1687 1687
1490 1490
Tomahawk Tomahawk
Nominal Cost ($m) Nominal Cost ($m)
$276.50 $276.50
$596.67 $596.67
$297.61 $297.61
$293.58 $293.58
$307.46 $307.46
$317.46 $317.46
$202.31 $202.31
$297.51 $297.51
$187.35 $187.35
$98.57 $98.57
$386.16 $386.16
$277.69 $277.69
Constant Cost Constant Cost
$334.74 $334.74
$710.58 $710.58
$349.06 $349.06
$339.56 $339.56
$350.58 $350.58
$356.53 $356.53
$223.28 $223.28
$322.01 $322.01
$198.78 $198.78
$102.55 $102.55
$393.88 $393.88
$277.69 $277.69

($m FY2021) ($m FY2021)

Quantity Quantity
196 196
417 417
196 196
196 196
206 206
243 243
149 149
196 196
100 100
0 0
90 90
155 155
Source: Department of Defense Department of Defense Budget FY2000-2021 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/,Budget FY2000-2021 P-1 Procurement budget requests, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Budget-Materials/, Department of Defense Department of Defense
National DefenseNational Defense Budget Estimate for FY2021 pp. 60-61, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2021/FY21_Green_Book.pdf,,Budget Estimate for FY2021 pp. 60-61, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2021/FY21_Green_Book.pdf,, ~~Air~~ Air Force Force
FY2021 MissileFY2021 Missile procurement budget justifications; Armyprocurement budget justifications; Army FY2021 MissileFY2021 Missile procurement budget justifications; Navy FY2021 Weapons procurement budget justifications. procurement budget justifications; Navy FY2021 Weapons procurement budget justifications.
CRS- CRS-3634

Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress

Author Information

John R. Hoehn John R. Hoehn
~~Samuel D. Ryder~~
Analyst in Military Capabilities and Programs Analyst in Military Capabilities and Programs
~~Research Assistant~~

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
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R45996 R45996 · VERSION 78 · UPDATED
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