National Statuary Hall Collection: Background September 7, 2022 and Legislative Options Jacob R. Straus The National Statuary Hall Collection, located in the U.S. Capitol, comprises 100 statues Specialist on the Congress provided by individual states to honor persons notable for their historic renown or for distinguished services. The collection was authorized in 1864, at the same time that Congress R. Eric Petersen redesignated the hall where the House of Representatives formerly met as National Statuary Hall. Specialist in American The first statue, depicting Nathanael Greene, was provided in 1870 by Rhode Island. The National Government collection has consisted of 100 statues—two statues per state—since 2005, when New Mexico sent a statue of Po'’pay. At various times, aesthetic and structural concerns necessitated the relocation of some statues throughout the Capitol. Today, some of the 100 individual statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection are located in the House and Senate wings of the Capitol, the Rotunda, the Crypt, and the Capitol Visitor Center.

Legislation to increase the size of the National Statuary Hall Collection was introduced in several Congresses. These measures would permit states to furnish more than two statues or allow the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories to provide statues to the collection. None of these proposals were enacted.

Should Congress choose to expand the number of statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection, the Joint Committee on the Library (JCL), other congressional officials, Library and the Architect of the Capitol (AOC) may need to address statue location to address aesthetic, structural, and safety concerns in National Statuary Hall, the Capitol Visitor Center, and other areas of the Capitol.

This report provides historical information on the National Statuary Hall Collection and National Statuary Hall. It examines the creation, design, placement, and replacement of statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection. The report then discusses recent legislative proposals to increase the size of the National Statuary Hall Collection. Finally, the report discusses potential issues for congressional consideration.

The U.S. Capitol is home to extensive art collections. These collections are considered by Congress as "an integral part of the history of this renowned building."¹ Perhaps the most prominent collection is the National Statuary Hall Collection, which contains statues of notable citizens provided by each state. The collection was authorized in 1864, when Congress designated the large, two-story, semicircular former chamber of the House of Representatives—the Old Hall of the House—as National Statuary Hall.² The first statue in the collection, depicting Nathanael Greene, was provided by Rhode Island in 1870. As the Union grew, the number of statues in the collection increased; by 1933,the hall held 65 statues, some of which stood three deep. Aesthetic and structural concerns necessitated the relocation of some statues throughout the Capitol.³ The collection reached 100 statues in 2005 when New Mexico, which became a state in 1912, added the statue of Po'pay.⁴ Today, 34 Congressional Research Service link to page 4 link to page 4 link to page 6 link to page 6 link to page 7 link to page 7 link to page 7 link to page 8 link to page 9 link to page 10 link to page 10 link to page 10 link to page 11 link to page 13 link to page 11 link to page 13 link to page 13 National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Establishing the National Statuary Hall Collection ......................................................................... 1 Statues in the Collection: Design, Placement, and Replacement .................................................... 3 Statue Design and Placement Guidelines .................................................................................. 3 Replacement of Statues ............................................................................................................. 4 Proposals to Expand the Collection ................................................................................................. 4 Expansion of Permitted Statues Per State ................................................................................. 4 Statues for the District of Columbia and U.S. Territories ......................................................... 5 Issues for Congress .......................................................................................................................... 6 Legislation, 117th Congress ............................................................................................................. 7 H.R. 8237 .................................................................................................................................. 7 H.R. 3005 .................................................................................................................................. 7 Tables Table A-1. National Statuary Hall Collection Statues ..................................................................... 8 Table B-1. Replaced Statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection ......................................... 10 Appendixes Appendix A. National Statuary Hall Collection Statues .................................................................. 8 Appendix B. Statues Replaced in the National Statuary Hall Collection ...................................... 10 Contacts Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 10 Congressional Research Service National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options Introduction The U.S. Capitol is home to extensive art collections. These collections are considered by Congress as “an integral part of the history of this renowned building.”1 Perhaps the most prominent collection is the National Statuary Hall Collection, which contains statues of notable citizens provided by each state. First authorized in 1864, today, the National Statuary Hall Collection contains 100 statues throughout the Capitol. Today, 35 collection statues are displayed in National Statuary Hall, with the rest in the House⁵.2 The rest of the National Statuary Hall Collection is displayed in the House and Senate wings of the Capitol, the Rotunda, the Crypt, and the Capitol Visitor Center (CVC).⁶

3 Collection statues—chosen by the states to honor prominent citizens—are furnished to Congress for display in the Capitol. In the 106^th106th Congress (1999-2000), for the first time, states were allowed to replace a statue previously donated to the National Statuary Hall Collection.⁷4 In past congressesCongresses, legislation has been introduced to alter the size of the collection by allowing each state to contribute three statues instead of two or allow the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. territories to provide one statue each.5 territories to provide one statue each.⁸

Establishing the National Statuary Hall Collection

Establishing the National Statuary Hall Collection On January 6, 1864, Representative Justin Morrill introduced a resolution, which was agreed to by voice vote, requesting that the House Committee on Public Buildings examine the possibility of using the Old Hall of the House of Representatives to display statues.

Resolved, That the Committee on Public Buildings be requested to examine and report as to the expediency of setting apart the old hall of the House of Representatives as a hall for statuary; and also as to the cost of a new flooring and bronze railing on each side of the passage-way through the hall, preparatory to the reception of such works of arts.⁹

6 On April 19, 1864, Representative John Hovey Rice introduced, on behalf of the House Committee on Public Buildings, which he chaired, a joint resolution to create a statuary hall in the Old Hall of the House and to authorize existing appropriations to repair the old House chamber.¹⁰ 7 The resolution called for the President to "“invite each of the states to provide and furnish statues in marble or bronze, not exceeding two in number each, of men who have been citizens thereof, 1 U.S. Congress, House Joint Committee on the Library, Art in the United States Capitol, prepared by the Architect of the Capitol, 91st Cong., 2nd sess., H.Doc. 91-368 (Washington: GPO, 1976), p. ix. 2 The House generally met in the Old Hall from 1807 until the completion in 1857 of the present House wing of the Capitol. One other statue is on display in National Statuary Hall that is not part of the National Statuary Hall Collection. In 2005, Congress commissioned a statue to honor Rosa Parks (P.L. 109-116, 119 Stat. 2524 (2005)). The statue was dedicated and placed in Statuary Hall in 2013. For more information, see U.S. Congress, Architect of the Capitol, “Rosa Parks Statue,” at https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/art/rosa-parks-statue. 3 The location of statues in the collection is available from the Architect of the Capitol, at https://www.aoc.gov/capitol-hill/national-statuary-hall-collection/nsh-location. 4 P.L. 106-554, §1(a)(2), 114 Stat. 2763A-119 (2000). 5 Current statutory requirements for statues placed in National Statuary Hall can be found in Title 2 United States Code 2131, 2131a, and 2132. 6 U.S. Congress, Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 83rd Cong. 1st sess., January 6, 1864 (Washington: GPO, 1863), p. 108. 7 Rep. John Rice et al., “The Old House Hall,” House debate, Congressional Globe, vol. 34, part 2 (April 19, 1864), pp. 1736-1737. Congressional Research Service 1 National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options in marble or bronze, not exceeding two in number each, of men who have been citizens thereof, illustrious in their historical renown or distinguished for their civic or military services, such as each State shall determine are worthy of national remembrance.... "¹¹”8 The joint resolution passed the House by a vote of 87 to 20¹² and was referred in the Senate to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds,9 where it was reported without amendment and with the recommendation that it "“ought not to pass."¹³”10 The Senate took no further action on the joint resolution.

Subsequently, in June 1864, during House consideration of a civil appropriations bill, Representative Thaddeus Stevens offered an amendment similar to the joint resolution previously passed by the House.¹⁴11 The amendment was agreed to in the House,¹⁵12 but was removed from the bill when it was considered in the Senate.¹⁶13 The proposed language, however, was restored in conference committee, which stated,

and it stated Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That a marble floor, similar to that of the Congressional Library or the Senate vestibule, shall be constructed in the old Hall of the House of Library or the Senate vestibule, shall be constructed in the old Hall of the House of Representatives, using such marble as may be now on hand and not otherwise required, and that suitable structures and railings shall be therein erected for the reception and protection of statuary, and the same shall be under the supervision and direction of the Commissioner of Public Buildings; and so much of the moneys now or and that suitable structures and railings shall be therein erected for the reception and protection of statuary, and the same shall be under the supervision and direction of the Commissioner of Public Buildings; and so much of the moneys now or heretofore appropriated for the capitol extension as may be necessary, not exceeding the sum of fifteen thousand dollars, is hereby set apart and shall be disbursed for the porse thousand dollars, is hereby set apart and shall be disbursed for the porse [purposes] hereinbefore mentioned. And the President is hereby authorized to invite each and all the States to provide and furnish statues, in marble or bronze, not exceeding two in number for each state, of deceased persons who have been citizens thereof, and illustrious for each state, of deceased persons who have been citizens thereof, and illustrious for their historic renown or from distinguished civic or military services, such as each state shall determine to be worthy of this national commemoration; and when so furnished the same shall be placed in the old hall of the House of Representatives, in the capitol of the United States, which is hereby set apart, or so much thereof as may be necessary, as a national statuary hall, for the purposes herein indicated.14 The first statue in the collection, depicting Nathanael Greene, was provided by Rhode Island in 1870. As the Union grew, the number of statues in the collection increased; by 1933, the hall held 65 statues, some of which stood three deep. Aesthetic and structural concerns necessitated the 8 Ibid., p. 1736. 9 Ibid., p. 1737. 10 U.S. Congress, Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, 83rd Cong. 1st sess., April 25, 1864 (Washington: GPO, 1863), p. 366. 11 Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, “Civil Appropriations Bill,” House debate, Congressional Globe, vol. 34, part 4 (June 20, 1864), pp. 3106-3107. 12 U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on the Library, Legislation Creating the National Statuary Hall in the Capitol, 64th Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington: GPO, 1916), p. 12. 13 “Civil Appropriations Bill,” Senate debate, Congressional Globe, vol. 34, part 4 (June 24, 1864), p. 3225. 14 13 Stat. 347, July 2, 1864. Authority over the Capitol Building and Grounds was transferred to the Architect of the Capitol in 1876 (19 Stat. 147 (1876). For more information on the creation of National Statuary Hall, see U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on the Library, Legislation Creating the National Statuary Hall in the Capitol: With the Proceedings in Congress Relating to the Statues Placed in the National Statuary Hall by the States, prepared by H.A. Vale, 64th cong., 2nd sess. (Washington: GPO, 1916), pp. 5-17. Congressional Research Service 2 National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options relocation of some statues throughout the Capitol.15 The collection reached 100 statues in 2005 when New Mexico, which became a state in 1912, added the statue of Po’pay.16 Statues in the Collection: Design, Placement, and Replacement Pursuant to the July 1864 civil appropriations bill, each state may donate up to two statues for inclusion in the National Statuary Hall Collection. Statues donated to the collection are to be made of “marble or bronze, not exceeding two in number for each State, of deceased persons who have been citizens thereof, and illustrious for their historic renown or for distinguished civic or military services.”17 statuary hall, for the purposes herein indicated.¹⁷

Statues in the Collection: Design, Placement, and Replacement

Statue Design and Placement Guidelines

Statue Design and Placement Guidelines Statues donated to the collection must be formally accepted by the Joint Committee on the Library.Library (JCL).18 To assist states, the AOCArchitect of the Capitol (AOC) has published guidelines, which are subject to modification by the Joint CommitteeJCL, for creating statues for the collection. The guidelines address numerous aspects of statuary design, including subject,²⁰ material, pedestal, inscriptions, size and weight, patina and coating, and other considerations.²¹

Additionally, the Architect of the Capitol (AOC), upon the approval of the Joint Committee on the Library,19 Additionally, the AOC, upon the approval of Statue Design and Placement the JCL with the advice of the Commission of Guidelines Fine Arts as requested,²²20 is authorized and directed to locate or relocate collection statues Specific requirements and guidelines for statue design directed to locate or relocate collection statues and placement are available from the Architect of the within the Capitol.21 The AOC, under the Capitol, at https://www.aoc.gov/sites/default/files/ JCL’s guidance, established a nine-step statue_replacement_guidelines_2014.pdf. 15 National Statuary Hall is the two-story, former chamber of the House of Representatives and is also called the “Old Hall of the House.” For more information, see “Statuary Hall,” House Debate, Congressional Record, vol. 76, part 4 (February 20, 1933), pp. 4533-4534; and “Statuary Hall,” Congressional Record, vol. 76, part 4 (February 20, 1933), pp. 4533-4534. Also, see “Statuary Hall Creaks ‘Neath the Weight of Fame,” The Christian Science Monitor, January 25, 1933, p. 1. 16 U.S. Congress, Architect of the Capitol, “Po’pay,” Capitol Campus Art, at http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/nsh/popay.cfm. 17 2 U.S.C. §2131. 18 In addition to authorities granted to the JCL in 1872, Congress in 1988 assigned responsibility to provide works of fine art and other property for display in the Capitol to the Capitol Preservation Commission. Similar authorities were granted to the House and Senate through the House of Representatives Fine Arts Board, Senate Commission on Art, and Senate Committee on Rules and Administration for art in their buildings and respective wings of the Capitol. (2 U.S.C. §§2081, 2101, 2102, 2121, 2133, 2135). These parallel authorities may raise questions related to which congressional entities might be involved in future National Statuary Hall Collection and other fine art decisions. 19 2 U.S.C. §2131. Also, see Architect of the Capitol, Procedure for Admission of Statues to Statuary Hall, p. 1. A copy of this document is available to congressional clients from the authors upon request. Other considerations include requirements that statues and pedestals not be safety hazards and should not include sharp or protruding elements. 20 The Commission of Fine Arts was created by Congress in 1910. The commission advises Congress, the President, and heads of departments and agencies on the location of statues, fountains, and monuments in public spaces in the District of Columbia; selection of models and artists for statues, fountains, and monuments erected under the authority of the federal government; and responds to questions of art, when required. A 2002 revision of the law states that the commission’s responsibilities do “not apply to the Capitol Building and the Library of Congress buildings,” suggesting it no longer has a role in decisions regarding the location of the collection within the Capitol. See 40 U.S.C. §9102. 21 H.Con. Res. 47 (72nd Congress), agreed to February 24, 1933. Statutory authority was enacted in 2000, 2 U.S.C. Congressional Research Service 3 link to page 13 National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options process for the acceptance of a new or replacement statue. This process is part of the statue design and placement guidelines. within the Capitol.²³ The AOC, under the guidance of the Joint Committee, established a nine-step process for the acceptance of a new or replacement statute. This process is part of the statue design and placement guidelines.

Replacement of Statues

Replacement of Statues Since 2000, states have been allowed to replace statues donated to the collection. Regulations for the replacement of statues were established by the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2001.²⁴22 In 2005, Congress enacted a requirement that an individual depicted on a statue displayed in the National Statuary Hall Collection must be deceased for at least 10 years.23 To replace a statue, a state must

•  request—through the approval of a resolution adopted by the state legislature and signed by the governor—in writing, approval from the Joint Committee; and
•  ensure that the statue to be replaced has been displayed in the collection for at least 10 years.²⁵

24 Upon the Joint Committee'’s approval of the replacement request, the AOC is authorized to enter into an agreement with the state, subject to any conditions imposed by the Joint Committee. Once accepted, the state is responsible for paying all related costs, including the design, construction, transportation, and placement of the new statue, the removal and transportation of the statue being replaced (back to the state or other location determined by the state legislature), and any unveiling ceremony.²⁶

25 Since the authorization of replacements within the collection in 2000, nine states (Alabama, California, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Arizona, Ohio, and Nebraska) have sent a replacement statue. A list of statues replaced in the collection can be found inin Appendix B.

Proposals to Expand the Collection

Legislation to increase the size of the collection might fall into two categories. The first would increase the number of statues that states are permitted to donate, from a maximum of two per state to three per state. The second would permit the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories to contribute one or more statues to the collection.

Expansion of Permitted Statues Per State

Since the redesignation of the Old Hall of the House as National Statuary Hall in 1864, each state has been allowed to place two statues in the collection. Supporters of providing a third statue per state argue that additional statues could provide an opportunity to increase the diversity of the §2132(e). 22 This section is based on P.L. 106-554, 114 Stat. 2763A-119 (2000), codified at 22 U.S.C. §2132, and other sources as noted. 23 2 U.S.C. §2131a (a). 24 The Joint Committee on the Library may waive the 10-year requirement for cause at the request of the state, 2 U.S.C. §2132. 25 For example, see the State of Iowa’s account of the replacement of a statue of James Harlan with a statue of Dr. Norman E. Borlaug in 2014, at https://iowaculture.gov/iowa-culture/special-projects/iowa-nshc/borlaug-statue-project. Congressional Research Service 4 National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options collection, which currently includes 18collection, which currently includes 16 statues of women or minorities.²⁷26 Several proposals have been introduced since the 1990s to provide a third statue to each state.²⁸

27 If Congress were to authorize an additional statue per state, states would have the abilitybe able, but not be required, to add statues to the collection. Increasing the collection by up to 50 statues may take some time, as states debate who might be honored, approve their selections, request JCL approval, raise funds, and commission artists to create new statues.

Should the National Statuary Hall Collection expand to more than 100 statues, space for the additional statues in the Capitol complex could become an issue. Currently, collection statues are located in the Rotunda, the Crypt, the House wing of the Capitol in National Statuary Hall, the Hall of Columns, and adjacent to the House chamber, the Senate wing of the Capitol, and the CVC. When the CVC opened in 2008, collection statues were moved to Emancipation Hall and other CVC locations to reduce the number of statues in National Statuary Hall and other Capitol locations. The addition of 50 or more statues might require the AOC to place statues closer together in those locations. If more statues are placed in National Statuary Hall itself, some display and structural concerns that have arisen in the past may be revisited.

Statues for the District of Columbia and U.S. Territories

Measures to authorize the District of Columbia and the territories to provide statues for the National Statuary Hall Collection have been introduced since at least the 93^rd93rd Congress (1973-1974). These bills generally would "“provide authority for the District of Columbia to place two statues in Statuary Hall of the Capitol."²⁹

In the 111^th”28 In the 111th Congress (2009-2010), for the first time, legislation to allow statues from the District of Columbia and the territories passed the House. These bills were H.R. 5493, introduced by Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton to provide for statues from the District of Columbia; and H.R. 57115711, introduced by Delegate Eni F. H. Faleomavaega to provide statues for the U.S. territories. In July 2010, the Committee on House Administration held a markup on both bills. After defeating an amendment to merge the bills offered by then-ranking member Representative Dan Lungren, the committee reported both bills.29 26 U.S. Congress, Architect of the Capitol, “How Many Women are Represented in the National Statuary Hall Collection,” Capitol Hill Facts, at https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/capitol-hill-facts; and Rep. Stephen Cohen, “Support More Diversity in the United States Capitol,” remarks in the House, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 157, (March 30, 2011), p. H2049. 27 For example, see H.R. 3368 (103rd Congress), introduced October 26, 1993; and H.R. 1289 (112th Congress), introduced March 31, 2011. 28 S. 566 (94th Congress), introduced February 5, 1975. See also S. 3678 (93rd Congress), introduced June 20, 1974. “Introduction of Bill and Joint Resolutions,” Congressional Record, vol. 121, part 2 (February 5, 1975), p. 2447. Similar legislation to authorize the District of Columbia and territories to provide statues to the collection was introduced in the 99th Congress (H.R. 3778) and the 109th Congress (H.R. 4070). H.R. 4070 would have provided the District of Columbia and each territory with one statue in the collection. 29 U.S. Congress, Committee on House Administration, Markup of H.R. 5493, H.R. 5711, H.R. 5681, H.R. 5682, H.R. 5717, and Two Committee Resolutions, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., July 14, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), pp. 31-48; U.S. Congress, Committee on House Administration, To Provide for the Furnishing of Statues by the District of Columbia for Display in Statuary Hall in the United States Capitol, report to accompany H.R. 5493, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., July 22, 2010, H.Rept. 111-561 (Washington: GPO, 2010); and U.S. Congress, Committee on House Administration, Providing for the Furnishing of Statues by the Territories of the United States for Display in Statuary Hall in the United States Capitol, report to accompany H.R. 5711, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., July 30, 2010, H.Rept. 111-583 (Washington: GPO, 2010). Congressional Research Service 5 link to page 10 National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options Between the reporting of H.R. 5493 and H.R. 5711Lungren, then-ranking Member of the panel, was defeated, the committee reported both bills.³⁰

Between the reporting of H.R. 5493 and H.R. 5711 by the Committee on House Administration and the consideration of these bills in the House, Representative Robert Brady, then-chair of the panel, helped negotiate a merger of the bills. Subsequently, H.R. 5493 was debated in the House with an amendment that would permithave permitted the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories to place statues in the collection. The bill passed the House, as amended, under suspension of the rules.³¹30 In the Senate, the bill was referred to the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, and no further action was taken.³²

31 While not part of the National Statuary Hall collection, in the 112^th112th Congress, a statue of Frederick Douglass, was donated by the District of Columbia government and accepted by Congress for placement in Emancipation Hall of the Capital Visitor Center.³³32 The statue was officially unveiled on June 19, 2013.³⁴

33 Issues for Congress

Over the past four decades, Congress has considered several proposals to increase the number of statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection. One group of legislative proposals involves adding additional statues for each state; another would expand the collection by allowing the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories to provide statues to the collection. If either or both options were adopted, proponents argue that states could donate statues that better represent various aspects of the state's history.

their history. Congress might also consider revising the criteria used for statues as described in “Legislation, 117th Congress.” Increasing the number of statues in the collection, however, could result in further space issues forconcerns related to statue display in the Capitol. When the CVC opened, the Architect, under the direction of the Joint Committee on the LibraryAOC, under the JCL’s direction, reduced the number of collection statues on display in National Statuary Hall as well as in the House and Senate wings of the Capitol by moving them to Emancipation Hall and other locations within the CVC. Adding additional statues to the collection might necessitate relocating existing statues.

Any changes to the collection would likely be weighed against the potential costs to states, or if approved, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories, who might provide new statues. In the case of expanding the number of statues that might be added to the collection, a further concern is whether the larger collection could be displayed in the Capitol in an appropriate manner. Other considerations include structural, traffic management, and life safety constraints of the physical environment. 30 “Authorizing Statues in Capitol for District of Columbia and Territories,” Congressional Record, daily edition, House debate, vol. 156 (December 15, 2010), pp. H8492-H8495. 31 In the 112th Congress (2011-2012), Rep. Dan Lungren, then-chair of the Committee on House Administration, reintroduced a bill that was nearly identical in language to H.R. 5493 in the 111th Congress. His bill, H.R. 3106, would have permitted the District of Columbia and the territories to place statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection.31 Upon introduction, H.R. 3106 was referred to the Committee on House Administration. No further action was taken. 32 P.L. 112-174, 126 Stat. 1311, September 20, 2012. 33 S.Con.Res. 16 (113th Congress), May 21, 2013. In recent Congresses, legislation has also been introduced to direct the Joint Committee on the Library to accept a statue of Pierre L’Enfant from the District of Columbia for permanent display in the Capitol. These bills (H.R. 2837, 114th Congress; and H.R. 3213, 115th Congress) were referred to the Committee on House Administration and did not receive further consideration. Congressional Research Service 6 National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options Legislation, 117th Congress H.R. 8237 H.R. 8237, the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2023, provides for the removal of all Confederate statues and busts from any publicly accessible area of the United States Capitol. The bill additionally names three statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection—Charles Brantley Aycock, John Caldwell Calhoun, and James Paul Clarke—to be removed.34 H.R. 8237 was reported by the House Appropriations Committee and placed on the Union Calendar on June 24, 2022.35 H.R. 3005 H.R. 3005, a bill “To direct the Joint Committee on the Library to replace the bust of Roger Brooke Taney in the Old Supreme Court Chamber of the United States Capitol with a bust of Thurgood Marshall to be obtained by the Joint Committee on the Library and to remove certain statues from areas of the United States Capitol which are accessible to the public, to remove all statues of individuals who voluntarily served the Confederate States of America from display in the United States Capitol, and for other purposes,” would require removal of the same statuary described in H.R. 8237.36 Further, the bill would create a procedure for the removal of a statue from the Capitol.37 On June 29, 2021, H.R. 3005 passed the House. On July 12, 2021, it was received in the Senate and on May 24, 2022, it was read twice and referred to the Committee on Rules and Administration. If enacted, H.R. 3005 or H.R. 8237 would require the removal of statues from the current National Statuary Hall Collection that meet the legislation’s criteria. 34 H.R. 8237, §214 (117th Congress). Additionally, the bill would require the removal of the Roger Brooke Taney bust from the Old Supreme Court Chamber. The Taney bust is not part of the National Statuary Hall Collection. 35 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Appropriations, Legislative Branch Appropriations Bill, 2023, 117th Cong., 2nd sess., H.Rept. 117-389 (Washington: GPO, 2022), at https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/117th-congress/house-report/389. 36 H.R. 3005, §3(b) (117th Congress). Additionally, the bill would require the removal of the Roger Brooke Taney bust from the Old Supreme Court Chamber (§1(b)) and require the JCL to acquire a bust of Thurgood Marshall to be placed in the Capitol’s Old Supreme Court Chamber (§1(c)). 37 H.R. 3005, §2. Congressional Research Service 7 link to page 11 National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options Appendix A. National Statuary Hall Collection Statues Since 2005, when New Mexico provided its second statue—Po’Pay—the National Statuary Hall Collection has contained 100 statues. Table A-1 provides a list of statues currently in the collection, by state, with the name of the statue and the year it was placed in the collection. Table A-1. National Statuary Hall Collection Statues State Statue Year State Statue Year Placed Placed Alabama Helen Keller 2009 Montana Jeanette Rankin 1985 Alabama Joseph Wheeler 1925 Montana Charles Marion 1959 Russell Alaska Ernest Gruening 1977 Nebraska Julius Sterling Morton 1937 Alaska Edward Lewis Bartlett 1971 Nebraska Chief Standing Bear 2019 Arizona Eusebio Kino 1965 Nevada Sarah Winnemucca 2005 Arizona Barry Goldwater 2015 Nevada Patrick Anthony 1960 McCarran Arkansas James Paul Clarke 1921 New John Stark 1894 Hampshire Arkansas Uriah Milton Rose 1917 New Daniel Webster 1894 Hampshire California Father Junipero Serra 1931 New Jersey Richard Stockton 1888 California Ronald Wilson Reagan 2009 New Jersey Philip Kearny 1888 Colorado John L. Swigert 1997 New Mexico Po'pay 2005 Colorado Florence R. Sabin 1959 New Mexico Dennis Chavez 1966 Connecticut Roger Sherman 1872 New York Robert R. Livingston 1875 Connecticut Jonathan Trumbul 1872 New York George Clinton 1873 Charles Brantley Delaware Caesar Rodney 1934 North Carolina Aycock 1932 Delaware John Middleton Clayton 1934 North Carolina Zebulon Baird Vance 1916 Florida Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune 2022 North Dakota Sakakawea 2003 Florida John Gorrie 1914 North Dakota John Burke 1963 Georgia Crawford W. Long 1926 Ohio Thomas Edison 2016 Georgia Alexander Hamilton Stephens 1927 Ohio James A. Garfield 1886 Hawaii Kamehameha I 1969 Oklahoma Wil Rogers 1939 Hawaii Father Damien 1969 Oklahoma Sequoyah 1917 Idaho Wil iam Edgar Borah 1947 Oregon John McLoughlin 1953 Idaho George Laird Shoup 1910 Oregon Jason Lee 1953 John Peter Gabriel Il inois James Shields 1893 Pennsylvania Muhlenberg 1889 Congressional Research Service 8 National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options State Statue Year State Statue Year Placed Placed Il inois Frances E. Wil ard 1905 Pennsylvania Robert Fulton 1889 Indiana Lewis Wallace 1910 Rhode Island Nathanael Greene 1870 Indiana Oliver Hazard Perry Morton 1900 Rhode Island Roger Wil iams 1872 Iowa Dr. Norman E. Borlaug 2014 South Carolina John Caldwell Calhoun 1910 Iowa Samuel Jordan Kirkwood 1913 South Carolina Wade Hampton 1929 Kansas Amelia Earhart 2022 South Dakota Joseph Ward 1963 Wil iam Henry Kansas Dwight D. Eisenhower 2003 South Dakota Harrison Beadle 1938 Kentucky Ephraim McDowell 1929 Tennessee John Sevier 1931 Kentucky Henry Clay 1929 Tennessee Andrew Jackson 1928 Louisiana Edward Douglass White 1955 Texas Stephen Austin 1905 Louisiana Huey Pierce Long 1941 Texas Sam Houston 1905 Maine Wil iam King 1878 Utah Philo T. Farnsworth 1990 Maine Hannibal Hamlin 1935 Utah Brigham Young 1950 Maryland Charles Carrol 1903 Vermont Ethan Allen 1876 Maryland John Hanson 1903 Vermont Jacob Col amer 1881 Robert E. Lee Massachusetts Samuel Adams 1876 Virginia (Removed from 1934 display, 2020) Massachusetts John Winthrop 1876 Virginia George Washington 1934 Michigan Lewis Cass 1889 Washington Mother Joseph 1980 Michigan Gerald R. Ford Jr. 2011 Washington Marcus Whitman 1953 Minnesota Maria L. Sanford 1958 West Virginia John E. Kenna 1901 Minnesota Henry Mower Rice 1916 West Virginia Francis Harrison 1910 Pierpont Mississippi James Zachariah George 1931 Wisconsin Jacques Marquette 1896 Mississippi Jefferson Davis 1931 Wisconsin Robert M. La Fol ette 1929 Missouri Francis Preston Blair Jr. 1899 Wyoming Washakie 2000 Missouri Thomas Hart Benton 1899 Wyoming Esther Hobart Morris 1960 Source: CRS compilation from Architect of the Capitol National Statuary Hall Col ection website, at http://www.aoc.gov/the-national-statuary-hall-col ection?capitol_hil =TRUE. Congressional Research Service 9 link to page 13 National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options Appendix B. Statues Replaced in the National Statuary Hall Collection Since 2000, states have been allowed to replace statues donated to the collection. Regulations for the replacement of statues were established by the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2001.38 Table B-1 provides a list of states that have replaced statues, the year of the replacement, the original statue, and the replacement statue. Table B-1. Replaced Statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection State Year Original Statue Replacement Statue Kansas 2003 George W. Glick Dwight D. Eisenhower Alabama 2009 Lamar Monroe Curry Helen Keller California 2009 Thomas Starr King Ronald Wilson Reagan Michigan 2011 Zachariah Chandler Gerald R. Ford Jr. Iowa 2014 James Harlan Dr. Norman E. Borlaug Arizona 2015 John Campbell Greenway Barry Goldwater Ohio 2016 Wil iam Allen Thomas Edison Nebraska 2019 Wil iam Jennings Bryan Chief Standing Bear Florida 2022 Edmund Kirby Smith Mary McLeod Bethune Kansas 2022 John James Ingalls Amelia Earhart Virginia Pending Robert E. Lee Barbara Johns (Removed from display, 2020) Source: CRS Compilation from Architect of the Capitol National Statuary Hall Col ection Website, at http://www.aoc.gov/the-national-statuary-hall-col ection. Author Information Jacob R. Straus R. Eric Petersen Specialist on the Congress Specialist in American National Government 38 This sentence is based on P.L. 106-554, 114 Stat. 2763A-119, December 21, 2000, codified at 22 U.S.C. §2132, and other sources as noted. Congressional Research Service 10 National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material. Congressional Research Service R42812 · VERSION 30 · UPDATED 11 environment.

Appendix A. National Statuary Hall Collection Statues

Since 2005, when New Mexico provided its second statue—Po'Pay—the National Statuary Hall Collection has contained 100 statues. Table A-1 provides a list of statues currently in the collection, by state, with the name of the statue and the year it was placed in the collection.

Appendix B. Statues Replaced in the National Statuary Hall Collection

Since 2000, states have been allowed to replace statues donated to the collection. Regulations for the replacement of statues were established by the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2001.³⁵ Table B-1 provides a list of states that have replaced statues, the year of the replacement, the original statue, and the replacement statue.