Research and development (R&D) in the United States is funded and performed by a number of sectors—including the federal government, state governments, businesses, academia, and nonprofit organizations—for a variety of purposes. This fact sheet begins by providing a profile of the U.S. R&D enterprise, including historical trends and current funding by sector and by whether the R&D is basic research, applied research, or development. The final section of this fact sheet includes data on R&D performance by sector.

Historical Trends in U.S. R&D Funding

The United States became a global leader in R&D in the 20^th century, funding as much as 69% of annual global R&D in the period following World War II.¹ Figure 1 shows the growth in total U.S. R&D expenditures from 1953 to 20152016 in current dollars.² U.S. R&D in 20152016 was 95100 times higher than it was in 1953 in current dollars, and 1214 times higher in constant dollars.³ By sector, business-funded R&D grew the most during this period. However, faster growth in total R&D spending of other nations reduced the U.S. share of global R&D to approximately 28% in 20152016.⁴

Figure 1. U.S. R&D Expenditures by Source of Funding, 1953-2015 2016 Current dollars, in billions

Source: CRS analysis of National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources: 20156–167 Data Update, May 21, 2018February 27, 2019, https://wwwncses.nsf.gov/statistics/2018/nsf18309pubs/nsf19309. Notes: Figure includes data through 2015 although the final year shown on the axis is 20132016 data is preliminary and may be revised.

Two sectors—business and the federal government—have together accounted for more than 90% of U.S. R&D funding since 1953, though their combined share has fallen from a high of 98% in 1956 to 91% in 2016. Federal R&D expenditures as a share of total U.S. R&D expenditures peaked in 1964 at 66.8%, the same year that business R&D expenditures reached a nadir of 30.8%. Between 1964 and 2000, the federal government's share fell and business's share rose. In 2000, business accounted for 69.4% of U.S. R&D expenditures and the federal government 25.1%. This shift in the composition of R&D funding resulted not from a reduction in federal government R&D expenditures, but rather from faster growth in business R&D expenditures. Since 1995, business has accounted for 60%-70% of total U.S. R&D each year while the federal government has accounted for 24%-35From 2000 to 2010, business R&D's share declined from 69.4% to 60.0%, and has risen each year since, reaching 69.0% in 2016; from 2010 to 2016, the federal share has declined from 31.1% to 22.5%.⁵ (See Figure 2.)

Figure 2. Federal and Business Shares of U.S. R&D Expenditures, 1953-2015 2016

Source: CRS analysis of National Science Foundation data, National Patterns of R&D Resources: 20156–167 Data Update. Notes: Figure includes data through 2015 although the final year shown on the axis is 20132016 data is preliminary and may be revised.

Trends in Federally Funded R&D

In current dollars, federal funding for R&D grew from $2.8 billion in 1953 to $120.9116.1 billion in 20152016, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.31%. In constant dollars, federal R&D grew by a 2.98% CAGR during this period. However between 2011 and 2014, federal R&D funding, as measured in current dollars, fell for three consecutive years for the first time since such data has been collected; the total decline in federal funding for these years was $7.48.7 billion (5.96.8%). In constant dollars, federal R&D has declined seven straight years,declined for five consecutive years from 2009 to 2014,2016. by a total drop of 17.0%of $22.8 billion (17.2%); a similar drop occurred from 1987 to 1994, when federal R&D fell by 15.816.0%.⁶ Figure 3 shows federal R&D funding by budget function in constant dollars from 1953 to 2015.

Figure 3. Federal R&D Funding by Budget Function, 1955-2017 Constant 2016Current dollars, in billions

Source: CRS analysis of data from National Science Foundation, Federal R&D Funding, by Budget Function: Fiscal Years 20167–189 (NSF 18-30819-312), Table 23, April 24, 2018February 27, 2019. Notes: Figure includes 2017 data although the final year shown on the axis is 2015. 2017 data are preliminary. Data for 1955–1977 are obligations; data for 1978–2017 are budget authority. All data are for fiscal years. Data for FY1955 to FY1994 are from agencies' submissions to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and supplemental data obtained from agencies. Data for FY1995 to FY2017 are from agencies' submissions to OMB per MAX Schedule C, budget justifications, and supplemental data obtained from agencies2009 data includes supplemental R&D funding provided by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5). Data for 1955–1977 are obligations; data for 1978–2017 are budget authority. All data are for fiscal years.

Trends in U.S. Business-Funded R&D

Business funding of R&D, measured in current dollars, has grown nearly every year (in current dollars) since 1953. In current dollars, business-funded R&D grew from $2.2 billion in 1953 to $333.2.6355.5 billion in 20152016, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.4%. In constant dollars, business-funded R&D grew by a 5.0% CAGR during this period. In recent years, business-funded R&D has grown at a slower pace. Between 2000 and 20152016, business R&D grew by a 4.01% CAGR in current dollars, and by a 1.92.2% CAGR in constant dollars.⁷

Current Composition of U.S. R&D Funding

R&D funding can be categorized by the character of the work that it supports: basic research, applied research, and development. (See text box for definitions.) Total U.S. R&D expenditures in 20152016 (the most recent year for which data are available) were $495.1515.3 billion. Of this amount, $83.588.6 billion (16.917.2%) was for basic research, $97.2104.6 billion (19.620.3%) was for applied research, and $314.5322.1 billion (6362.5%) was for development.⁸

Table 1 shows total U.S. R&D expenditures in 20152016 by funding sector and character of work. Notably, federal R&D funding accounts for the largest share of basic research (42.6%) while industry accounts for the largest shares of applied research (54.8%) and development (69.0%). Figure 4 shows this information graphically.

Figure 4. U.S. R&D Funding by Character and Sector, 2015 2016

Source: CRS analysis of National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2015–162016–17 Data Update, May 21, 2018February 27, 2019.

Current Composition of U.S. R&D Performance

R&D is often performed by sectors other than the one funding the R&D. For example, the federal government performs some of the research it funds, but also funds research performed by business, universities and colleges, and other organizations. Table 2 provides data on performance of U.S. R&D by sector and character of the work (basic research, applied research, and development).

Author Contact Information

Footnotes

1.	Office of Technology Policy, U.S. Department of Commerce, The Global Context for U.S. Technology Policy, 1997.
2.	Data for all years in this report are for calendar years unless otherwise specified.
3.	20152016 is the latest year for which total U.S. R&D data are available.
4.	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD.Stat, Main Science and Technology Indicators, database, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MSTI_PUB. For more information about global R&D, see CRS Report R44283, Global Research and Development Expenditures: Fact Sheet, by [author name scrubbed]John F. Sargent Jr.
5.	CRS analysis of data from National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources: 20156–167 Data Update, May 21, 2018February 27, 2019, https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2018/nsf18309ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf19309.
6.	Ibid.
7.	Ibid.
8.	Ibid.