Contents

• Overview of CJS
• Department of Commerce
• Department of Justice
• The Science Agencies
• Office of Science and Technology Policy
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• National Science Foundation
• Related Agencies
• FY2016 and FY2017 Appropriations for CJS
• FY2016 Appropriations
• The Obama Administration's FY2017 Request
• The Senate Committee-Reported FY2017 CJS Appropriations Bill
• The House Committee-Reported FY2017 CJS Appropriations Bill
• The Further ContinuingConsolidated Appropriations Act, 2017
• Historical Funding for CJS

Summary

This report tracks and describes actions taken by the Administration and Congress to provide FY2017 appropriations for the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) accounts. It also provides an overview of FY2016 appropriations for agencies and bureaus funded as part of annual CJS appropriations.

Division B of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113), provided $66.000 billion for CJS, which included $9.246 billion for the Department of Commerce, $29.090 billion for the Department of Justice (DOJ), $26.754 billion for the science agencies, and $910 million for the related agencies (e.g., the Legal Service Corporation and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative).

For FY2017, the Obama Administration requestsrequested a total of $67.573 billion for CJS, which includesincluded $9.728 billion for the Department of Commerce, $29.828 billion for DOJ, $26.995 billion for the science agencies, and $1.022 billion for the related agencies. The Obama Administration proposesproposed supplementing discretionary appropriations for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) with $763 million and $400 million, respectively, in new one-time mandatory funding.

On April 21, 2016, the Senate Committee on Appropriations reported their FY2017 CJS appropriations bill (S. 2837). The bill would providehave provided a total of $66.309 billion for CJS, an amount that is 0.5% greater than the FY2016 appropriation, but 0.2% less than the Administration's request (excluding the requested $1.163 billion in mandatory funding). S. 2837 includesincluding $9.316 billion for the Department of Commerce, $29.246 billion for the Department of Justice, $26.821 billion for the science agencies, and $925 million for the related agencies.

On June 7, 2016, the House Committee on Appropriations reported their FY2017 CJS appropriations bill (H.R. 5393). The bill would providehave provided a total of $66.296 billion for CJS, an amount that is 0.4% greater than the FY2016 appropriation, but 1.9% less than the Administration's request (excluding the requested new mandatory funding). H.R. 5393 includesincluding $9.051 billion for the Department of Commerce, $29.437 billion for the Department of Justice, $26.920 billion for the science agencies, and $887 million for the related agencies.

The Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2017 (P.L. 114-254), in general, funds CJS agencies and bureaus at the FY2016 funding level, minus a 0.1901% rescission, until April 28, 2017On May 5, 2017, President Trump signed into law the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017 (P.L. 115-31). The act provides a total of $66.360 billion (which includes $109 million in emergency funding) for CJS. Under the act, the Department of Commerce receives $9.237 billion, the Department of Justice receives $28.962 billion, the science agencies receive $27.240 billion, and the related agencies receive $921 million.

Over the past 10 fiscal years, nominal appropriations for CJS increased starting with FY2007, peaked in FY2010, and generally declined between FY2010 andhave experienced annual increases and decreases. CJS appropriations increased from FY2007 to FY2010, but generally declined from FY2010 to FY2013. Nominal appropriations for CJS were relatively flat in FY2014 and FY2015. CJS appropriations increased again by approximately $4 billion infrom FY2015 to FY2016, largely due to the fact that Congress increasedCongress increasing the discretionary budget cap when it passed, and the President signed,in the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 (P.L. 114-74).

The data show that the increasesIncreases in CJS appropriations in FY2009 and FY2010 were largely the result of Congress appropriating more funding for Commerce into support of the 2010 decennial census. Although decreasedsubsequent decreases in appropriations for Commerce mostly explainaccount for much of the overall decrease in CJS appropriations between FY2010 and FY2013, cuts in funding for DOJ and NASA and sequestration in FY2013 also contributed to the decrease. The exception to this trend has been funding for the NSF, which hasthe trend of decreasing appropriations from FY2010 to FY2013 was the NSF. The NSF's appropriations generally increased each fiscal year since FY2007. Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce and Justice and for NASA have generally increased each fiscal year since FY2013.

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Overview of FY2017 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS)

This report tracks and describes actions taken by the Administration and Congress to provide FY2017 appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) accounts. It also provides an overview of enacted FY2016 appropriations for agencies and bureaus funded as part of annual CJS appropriations.

The amounts in this report reflect only new appropriations. Therefore, the amounts do not include any rescissions of unobligated or de-obligated balances that may be counted as offsets to newly enacted appropriations, nor do they include any scorekeeping adjustments (such as the balance on the Crime Victims Fund).

In the text of the report, appropriations are rounded to the nearest million. However, percentage changes are calculated using the full appropriation, meaning that in some instances the reported percentage change might not be consistent with the amount discussed in the report.

The FY2016-enacted appropriations were taken from the text of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113) and the joint explanatory statement to accompany the act, printed in the December 17, 2015, Congressional Record. The Obama Administration's FY2017 requested amounts were taken from each department's and agency's respective budget justification and the report to accompany S. 2837 (S.Rept. 114-239). The Senate Committee-reported amounts were taken from S.Rept. 114-239. The House Committee-reported amounts were taken from H.Rept. 114-605.

This report is meant to provide The FY2017 appropriated amounts were taken from the explanatory text to accompany the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017 (P.L. 115-31). This report provides an overview of the FY2017 appropriations for CJS. Please see the following reports for a more in-depth review of appropriations for certainspecific CJS departments and agencies:

• CRS Report R43908, The National Institute of Standards and Technology: An Appropriations Overview, by [author name scrubbed]
• CRS Report R44567, FY2017 Appropriations for the Census Bureau and Bureau of Economic Analysis, by [author name scrubbed].
• CRS Report R43866, The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA): An Overview of Programs and Funding, by [author name scrubbed]. CRS Report R44424, FY2017 Appropriations for the Department of Justice, by [author name scrubbed].
• CRS Report R44430, FY2017 Appropriations for the Department of Justice Grant Programs, by [author name scrubbed].
• CRS Report R44686, Gun Control: FY2017 Appropriations for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) and Other Initiatives, by [author name scrubbed]. CRS Report R43935, Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP): History and Overview, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed].
• CRS Report R44397, NASA: FY2017 Budget and Appropriations, by [author name scrubbed].
• CRS Report R44679, The National Science Foundation: FY2017 Appropriations and Funding History, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed]. CRS Report RL34016, Legal Services Corporation: Background and Funding, by [author name scrubbed].

Overview of CJS

The annual CJS appropriations act provides funding for the Departments of Commerce and Justice, the science agencies, and several related agencies. Appropriations for the Department of Commerce include funding for agencies such as the Census Bureau, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Appropriations for the Department of Justice (DOJ) provide funding for agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the Bureau of Prisons; the U.S. Marshals; the Drug Enforcement Administration; and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, along with funding for a variety of grant programs for state, local, and tribal governments. The vast majority of funding for the science agencies goes to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation.¹ The annual appropriation for the related agencies includes funding for agencies such as the Legal Services Corporation and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Department of Commerce

The mission of the Department of Commerce is to promote "job creation, economic growth, sustainable development and improved standards of living ... by working in partnership with businesses, universities, communities and ... workers."² The department has wide-ranging responsibilities including trade, economic development, technology, entrepreneurship and business development, monitoring the environment, forecasting weather, managing marine resources, and statistical research and analysis. The Department of Commerce affects trade and economic development by working to open new markets for U.S. goods and services and promoting pro-growth business policies. It also invests in research and development to foster innovation. In addition, the department manages and monitors coastal and ocean resources and assets to support both environmental and economic health. It also conducts the constitutionally mandated decennial census. Finally, the Department of Commerce operates the national patent system.

The following agencies within the Department of Commerce carry out these missionsand their missions include the following:

• International Trade Administration (ITA) seeks to develop the export potential of U.S. firms and improve the trade performance of U.S. industry;
• Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) enforces U.S. export laws consistent with national security, foreign policy, and short-supply objectives;
• Economic Development Administration (EDA) provides grants for economic development projects in economically distressed communities and regions;
• Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) seeks to promote private- and public-sector investment in minority businesses;
• Economics and Statistics Administration (ESA), excluding the Census Bureau, provides (1) information on the state of the economy through preparation, development, and interpretation of economic data and (2) analytical support to department officials in meeting their policy responsibilities;
• Census Bureau, a component of ESA, collects, compiles, and publishes a broad range of economic, demographic, and social data;
• National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) advises the President on domestic and international communications policy, manages the federal government's use of the radio frequency spectrum, and performs research in telecommunications sciences;
• United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) examines and approves applications for patents of claimed inventions and registration of trademarks;
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) assists industry in developing technology to improve product quality, modernize manufacturing processes, ensure product reliability, and facilitate rapid commercialization of products on the basis of new scientific discoveries; and
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provides scientific, technical, and management expertise to (1) promote safe and efficient marine and air navigation; (2) assess the health of coastal and marine resources; (3) monitor and predict the coastal, ocean, and global environments (including weather forecasting); and (4) protect and manage the nation's coastal resources.

Department of Justice

DOJ's mission is to "enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law; to ensure public safety against threats foreign and domestic; to provide federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime; to seek just punishment for those guilty of unlawful behavior; and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans."³ DOJ also provides legal advice and opinions, upon request, to the President and executive branch department heads. It prosecutes individuals accused of violating federal laws and represents the U.S. government in court. DOJ enforces federal criminal and civil laws, including antitrust, civil rights, environmental, and tax laws. DOJ, through agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the Drug Enforcement Administration; and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, investigates organized and violent crime, illegal drugs, and gun and explosives violations. Through the U.S. Marshals Service, the department protects the federal judiciary, apprehends fugitives, and detains individuals who are not granted pretrial release. It incarcerates individuals convicted of violating federal laws. DOJ also provides grants and training to state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies.

The major functions of DOJ agencies and offices are described below:

• .

  The major functions of DOJ agencies and offices are described below:

  Office of the United States Attorneys prosecute criminal offenses against the United States, represent the federal government in civil actions, and initiate proceedings for the collection of fines, penalties, and forfeitures owed to the United States;
• United States Marshals Service (USMS) provides security for the federal judiciary, protects witnesses, executes warrants and court orders, manages seized assets, detains and transports prisoners who have not been sentenced, and apprehends fugitives;
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigates violations of federal criminal law; helps protect the United States against terrorism and hostile intelligence efforts; provides assistance to other federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies; and shares jurisdiction with the Drug Enforcement Administration over federal drug violations;
• Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) investigates federal drug law violations; coordinates its efforts with state, local, and other federal law enforcement agencies; develops and maintains drug intelligence systems; regulates legitimate controlled substances activities; and conducts joint intelligence-gathering activities with foreign governments;
• Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) enforces federal law related to the manufacture, importation, and distribution of alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives (itATF and its mission was transferred from the Department of the Treasury to DOJ by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 [P.L. 107-296]);
• Federal Prison System (Bureau of Prisons; BOP) provides for the custody and care of the federal prison population, the maintenance of prison-related facilities, and the boarding of sentenced federal prisoners incarcerated in state and local institutions;
• Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) coordinates legislative and other initiatives relating to violence against women and administers grant programs to help prevent, detect, and stop violence against women, including domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking;
• Office of Justice Programs (OJP) manages and coordinates the activities of the Bureau of Justice Assistance,; Bureau of Justice Statistics,; National Institute of Justice,; Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering and Tracking, and Office of Victims of Crime; and
• Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) advances the practice of community policing by awarding grants to law enforcement agencies to hire and train community policing professionals, acquire and deploy crime-fighting technologies, and develop and test innovative policing strategies.

The Science Agencies

The science agencies fund and otherwise support research and development and related activities across a wide variety of federal missions, including national competitiveness, space exploration, and fundamental discovery.

Office of Science and Technology Policy

Congress established the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) through the National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-282). The act states that "the primary function of the OSTP director is to provide, within the Executive Office of the President, advice on the scientific, engineering, and technological aspects of issues that require attention at the highest level of Government." The OSTP director also manages the National Science and Technology Council,⁴ which coordinates science and technology policy across the executive branch of the federal government, and co-chairs the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology,⁵ a council of external advisors that provides advice to the President on matters related to science and technology policy.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was created by the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (P.L. 85-568) to conduct civilian space and aeronautics activities. It has four mission directorates. The Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate is responsible for human spaceflight activities, including the International Space Station and development efforts for future crewed spacecraft. The Science Mission Directorate manages robotic science missions, such as the Hubble Space Telescope, the Mars rover Curiosity, and satellites for Earth science research. The Space Technology Mission Directorate develops new technologies for use in future space missions, such as advanced propulsion and laser communications. The Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate conducts research and development on aircraft and aviation systems. In addition, NASA's Office of Education manages formal and informal education programs for schoolchildren, college and university students, and the general public.

National Science Foundation

The National Science Foundation (NSF) supports basic research and education in the nonmedical sciences and engineering. Congress established the foundation as an independent federal agency in 1950 "to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense; and for other purposes."⁶ The NSF is a primary source of federal support for U.S. university research. It also is responsible for significant shares of the federal science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education program portfolio and federal STEM student aid and support.

Related Agencies

The annual CJS appropriations act includes funding for several related agencies: the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the International Trade Commission, the Legal Services Corporation, the Marine Mammal Commission, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, and the State Justice Institute.

FY2016 and FY2017 Appropriations for CJS

FY2016 Appropriations

On December 18, 2015, President Obama signed into law the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113). Division B of the act (the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016) providesprovided $66.000 billion for CJS, which includesincluded $9.246 billion for the Department of Commerce, $29.090 billion for DOJ, $26.754 billion for the science agencies, and $910 million for the related agencies.

The Obama Administration's FY2017 Request

For FY2017, the Obama Administration requestsrequested a total of $67.573 billion for CJS, which includes a proposedincluded $66.410 billion in discretionary funding and a proposed $1.163 billion in new mandatory funding. The Administration's FY2017 budget proposal includesincluded $9.728 billion for the Department of Commerce, $29.828 billion for DOJ, $26.995 billion for the science agencies, and $1.022 billion for the related agencies. The Administration's request includesrequest also included $1.163 billion in proposed new mandatory funding for NASA and NSF (see Table 1). The proposal iswas an attempt to fund what the Obama Administration believesbelieved to be critical investments in science while adhering to theexisting budget caps on discretionary spending currently in place. The . The Obama Administration's FY2017 request includesincluded the following:

• A proposed 22.6% increase ($248 million) $248 million (22.6%) increase for the Census Bureau's Periodic Censuses and Programs account to help the agency prepare to conduct the 2020 census.
• A proposedAn $11 million (28.7%) increase for the NTIA for, among other things, efforts to make more spectrum available for wireless broadband.
• A proposed 21.9% increase ($40 million) $40 million (21.9%) increase for the NIST's Industrial Technology Services account to support efforts to enhance the competitiveness of U.S. manufacturers and develop a manufacturing research infrastructure to solve industry-relevant problems.
• A proposed $27 million (85.7%) increase for DOJ's Justice Information Sharing account to support increased cybersecurity efforts.
• A proposed 8.0% increase ($704 million) $704 million (8.0%) increase for the FBI, which is largely the result of a proposed $475 million increase in the FBI's Construction account to help the FBI as it starts work on buildingbuild a new headquarters.
• A proposed 2.4% reduction ($179 million) $179 million (2.4%) reduction for the BOP, which is the result of a proposed $417 million (78.7%) reduction in the BOP's Construction account. The Administration proposesproposed a 3.4% increase for BOP's Salaries and Expenses account.
• A proposal to transfer $326 million from the CVF to the OVW.
• A proposed $74 million (34.9%) increase for the COPS account.
• A proposal for $763 million in mandatory funding for NASA. The Administration's request would be 1.3%was $260 million (1.3%) below the FY2016 NASA appropriation with the mandatory funding and $1.023 billion (5.3%)5.3% below the FY2016 level without the mandatory funding.
• A proposal for $400 million in mandatory funding for the NSF. The Administration's request would be 6.7%was $501 million (6.7%) greater than the FY2016 NSF appropriation with the mandatory funding and $101 million (1.3%)1.3% greater without the mandatory funding.
• A proposed $90 million (23.4%) increase in funding for the Legal Services Corporation.

The Senate Committee-Reported FY2017 CJS Appropriations Bill

On April 21, 2016, the Senate Committee on Appropriations reported their FY2017 CJS appropriations bill (S. 2837). The bill would providehave provided a total of $66.309 billion for CJS, an amount that iswas 0.5% greater than the FY2016 appropriation, but 0.2% less than the Obama Administration's request (excluding the requested $1.163 billion in mandatory funding). The Senate committee-reported bill includesincluded $9.316 billion for the Department of Commerce, $29.246 billion for the Department of JusticeDOJ, $26.821 billion for the science agencies, and $925 million for the related agencies. Notably, the Senate Committee on Appropriations rejected the did not accept the Obama Administration's request to provide a total of $1.163 billion in new mandatory funding for NASA and NSF. The Senate Committee on Appropriations largely rejected the did not accept the Obama Administration's proposal to increase funding for many CJS accounts. The committee proposed, instead proposing funding for many CJS accounts at or near the FY2016-enacted level. S. 2837 includesincluded the following:

• A proposed $148 million (10.8%) increase in funding for the Census Bureau compared to the FY2016-enacted appropriation. The entire increase in the Census Bureau's funding was for the Periodic Censuses and Programs account.
• The committee rejected thedid not accept the Obama Administration's proposal to decrease funding for NIST's Construction of Research Facilities account. TheInstead, the Senate Committee on Appropriations recommendsrecommended funding the account at the FY2016-enacted level ($119 million). The committee also rejected thedid not accept the Obama Administration's near-doubling of NIST funding for the National Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI), recommending the FY2016-enacted level ($25 million).
• A proposed $525 million (169.9%) increase in the FBI's Construction account. The proposed increase iswas to help the FBI plan and build a new headquarters in the National Capital Region.
• S. 2837 bill wouldA transfer of $379 million from the Crime Victims Fund to the Office on Violence Against Women.
• The committee proposesproposed reducing funding for the State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance account by $225 million (16.0%) compared to the FY2016 appropriation. However, the recommended amount would bewas $86 million (7.8%) more than the Obama Administration's request.
• The committee proposes $19.306 billion for NASA, which would be a $21 million (0.1%) increase over the FY2016 appropriation.
• The committee proposes aA $21 million (0.1%) increase for NASA. A $46 million (0.6%) increase for NSF compared to the FY2016 appropriation.

The House Committee-Reported FY2017 CJS Appropriations Bill

On June 7, 2016, the House Committee on Appropriations reported its FY2017 CJS appropriations bill (H.R. 5393). The House committee-reported bill would providehave provided a total of $66.296 billion for CJS, an amount that iswas 0.4% greater than the FY2016 appropriation, but 1.9% less than the Obama Administration's request (excluding the requested new mandatory funding). H.R. 5393 includesincluded $9.051 billion for the Department of Commerce, $29.437 billion for the Department of Justice, $26.920 billion for the science agencies, and $887 million for the related agencies. Like S. 2837, the House committee-reported bill doesdid not include the $1.163 billion in new mandatory funding for NASA and NSF the Obama Administration requested. The House Committee on Appropriations also largely rejecteddeclined the Administration's proposal to increase funding for many CJS accounts, with a few notable exceptions. The House bill includesincluded the following:

• A proposed $4 million (1.3%) increase in funding for the Economic Development Administration compared to the FY2016 appropriation. The amount recommended by the House Committee on Appropriations would bewas $6 million (2.3%) more than the Obama Administration's request.
• The committee proposesproposed reducing funding for NIST by $99 million (10.3%) compared to last fiscal year's appropriation, which would largely be the result of a proposed. The funding cuts included a $20 million (12.9%) reduction in funding for the NNMI in the Industrial Technology Services account and a $69 million (58.0%) reduction in the Construction of Research Facilities account.
• H.R. 5393 bill would provide aA $100 million (7.3%) increase for the Census Bureau, though the proposed amount would behave been $164 million (10.0%) less than the Obama Administration's request.
• A proposed $185 million (3.2%) decrease for NOAA, which iswas largely the result of a proposed $183 million (7.6%) reduction in the Procurement, Acquisition, and Construction account.
• The House Committee on Appropriations proposes to fund the Executive Office of Immigration Review (EOIR) and the Office of the Pardon Attorney (OPA) through separate accounts. Currently, funding for EOIR and OPA comes from the Administrative Review and Appeals account.
• H.R. 5393 does not include a proposal to supplementNo supplemental funding for the Office on Violence Against Women with a transfer of funds from the Crime Victims Fund.
• The committee-reported bill would provide increases for the U.S. Marshals (1.6%), the FBI (3.2%), the DEA (1.1%), and the ATF (1.4%), compared to the FY2016-enacted appropriation.
• H.R. 5393 would provide included increases of $43 million (1.6%) for the U.S. Marshals, $279 million (3.2%) for the FBI, $23 million (1.1%) for the DEA, and $18 million (1.4%) for the ATF. $299 million for the COPS account, an amount that is $87 million (41.0%)41.0% greater than the FY2016-enacted appropriation and $13 million (4.5%)4.5% greater than the Administration's request.
• The House Committee on Appropriations recommendsrecommended a $223 million (1.2%) increase for NASA compared to the FY2016-enacted appropriation.
• H.R. 5393 would reduce funding for NSF byA reduction of $57 million (0.8%) compared to FY2016, which includes a proposed for NSF, including a $113 million reduction in the Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction account.
• The House Committee on Appropriations recommendsrecommended $65 million for the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, a proposed 19.3%an $11 million (19.3%) increase over the FY2016 appropriation of $55 million. Within the proposed amount, the committee would provide $15 million from the Trade Enforcement Trust Fund.

The Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2017

The Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2017 (P.L. 114-254, CR), in general, funds CJS agencies and bureaus at the FY2016 funding level, minus a 0.1901% rescission, until April 28, 2017.

The CR contains several provisions that either allow some CJS agencies to apportion funding at a higher rate than what would be allowed under the CR, or the act provides supplemental funding for a specific purpose.

• Section 151 of the CR allows the NOAA to apportion the Procurement, Acquisition, and Construction account up to the rate necessary to maintain the planned launch schedules for the Joint Polar Satellite System.
• Section 152 allows the Census Bureau to draw on money from the Periodic Censuses and Programs account—which includes the decennial census and other major programs such as the economic census, the census of governments, and intercensal demographic estimates, together with geographic and data-processing support—at the rate necessary for conducting operations to maintain the 2020 census schedule.
• Section 153 permits NASA to spend at a rate faster than the CR would otherwise allow, in order to maintain the planned launch schedules for the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, the Orion crew capsule, and related ground systems.
• Section 154 provides $7 million for the Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) program to reimburse state and local law enforcement for overtime costs associated with providing security for President-elect Donald Trump.
• Section 186 provides $75 million for repairs at NASA facilities damaged by Hurricane Matthew.

Table 1 outlines the FY2016-enacted appropriations, the Administration's FY2017 request, and the Senate and the House committee-reported amounts for the Departments of Commerce and Justice, the science agencies, and the related agencies. Table 2 shows enacted appropriations for these agencies, in detail, for FY2007 through FY2016 (the FY2013 amounts shown in Table 2 reflect sequestration).

. Approximately one-fourth of the appropriation ($15 million) would come from the Trade Enforcement Trust Fund.

In addition to these funding changes, the House Committee on Appropriations funded the Executive Office of Immigration Review (EOIR) and the Office of the Pardon Attorney (OPA) through separate accounts. For FY2016, funding for EOIR and OPA came from the Administrative Review and Appeals account.⁷

The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017

The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017 (P.L. 115-31) provides a total of $66.360 billion for CJS. This amount includes $109 million in emergency funding provided under the NASA Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration account for repairs at NASA-owned facilities that were damaged during recent natural disasters. The total appropriation includes $9.237 billion for the Department of Commerce, $28.962 billion for the Department of Justice, $27.240 billion for the science agencies, and $921 million for the related agencies. The total appropriation for CJS was mostly in line with the Obama Administration's request and the amounts recommended by the House and Senate appropriations committees. The FY2017 appropriation is 0.5% greater than the FY2016 appropriation. The act includes the following:

• Congress did not accept the Obama Administration's proposal to provide new mandatory funding for NASA and NSF.
• An $8 million (19.0%) reduction in funding for the National Telecommunications and Information Administration.
• Congress provided a $15 million (5.7%) increase in the Economic Development Administration's funding. The entire increase in funding was for economic development assistance programs.
• Congress did not accept the Obama Administration's proposal to nearly double funding for the National Network for Manufacturing Innovation under NIST.
• A $100 million (7.3%) overall increase in funding for the Census Bureau, which is all for the Periodic Censuses and Programs account. However, the FY2017 appropriation is $164 million (10.0%) and $148 million (11.0%), respectively, less than what the Obama Administration requested.
• A $90 million (1.6%) reduction in funding for NOAA, which is largely the result of a $158 million (6.6%) reduction in funding for the Procurement, Acquisition, and Construction account.
• Congress provided a $277 million (3.3%) increase for the FBI's Salaries and Expenses account. However, Congress declined to fully fund the Obama Administration's request for additional funding under the FBI's Construction account. The Obama Administration requested $646 million under the Construction account to cover costs related to the construction of a new FBI headquarters. Congress provided $323 million for this purpose.
• Congress provided a total of $482 million for the Office on Violence Against Women account, $326 million of which is derived from a transfer from the Crime Victims Fund.
• Congress decreased funding for the State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance account by $128 million (9.1%). However, the FY2017 appropriation is $183 million (16.6%) greater than the Obama Administration's request.
• NASA received a $477 million (2.5%) increase in funding (a $368 million (1.9%) increase excluding the emergency funding for facility repairs due to natural disasters). The FY2017 total includes a $178 million (3.1%) increase in the Science account, a $20 million (3.1%) increase in the Aeronautics accounts, and a $294 million (7.3%) increase in the Exploration account.
• Congress provided a $9 million (0.1%) increase in funding for NSF. This increase is to the Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction account, which received $9 million more than the FY2016-enacted appropriation.
• Congress provided a $8 million (13.8%) increase in funding for the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. Of the $62 million appropriated for FY2017, $15 million is from the Trade Enforcement Trust Fund.

In addition to these funding changes, for FY2017, Congress changed the Administrative Review and Appeals account under DOJ to the Executive Office for Immigration Review account. The Executive Office for Immigration Review was traditionally funded through the Administrative Review and Appeals account, along with the Office of the Pardon Attorney. Funding for the Pardon Attorney was moved to the General Legal Activities account.

Table 1 outlines the FY2016-enacted appropriations, the Administration's FY2017 request, the Senate and the House committee-reported, and the FY2017-enacted amounts for the Departments of Commerce and Justice, the science agencies, and the related agencies.

Historical Funding for CJS

Figure 1 shows the total appropriations, in both nominal and inflation-adjusted dollars, for CJS for FY2007-FY2016 (more detailed historical appropriations data can be found in Table 2).⁷8 The data show that nominal appropriations for CJS increased between FY2007 and FY2010. Appropriations for CJS peaked in FY2009 at $76.782 billion if emergency supplemental appropriations from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA; P.L. 111-5) are included. If ARRA funding is not considered, appropriations peaked in FY2010 at $69.146 billion. ARRA provided a substantial increase in appropriations for FY2009. The $15.992 billion Congress appropriated for CJS under ARRA was equal to approximately 25% of the amount Congress provided for CJS through regular appropriations.

Appropriations for CJS decreased in each of the three fiscal years after FY2010from FY2010 to FY2013. Nominal appropriations for CJS were relatively flat in FY2014 and FY2015, though appropriations in both FY2014 and FY2015 were higher than they were in FY2013. If not for sequestration, which cut nearly $4 billion out of the total amount Congress appropriated for CJS for FY2013, funding for CJS would have held steady at approximately $61 billion between FY2011 and FY2015. CJS appropriations increased by approximately $4 billion in FY2016, largely due to the fact that Congress increased the discretionary budget cap when it passed, and the President signed, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 (P.L. 114-74).

Figure 1. Nominal and Inflation-Adjusted Appropriations for CJS, FY2007-FY2016 (Appropriations in billions of dollars)

Sources: FY2007-enacted amounts were taken from H.Rept. 110-240 and P.L. 110-28; FY2008-enacted amounts were taken from the House Committee on Appropriations' Committee Print on the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-8), Division B; FY2009-enacted amounts were taken from H.Rept. 111-149; FY2010-enacted amounts were taken from S.Rept. 111-229; FY2011-enacted amounts were taken from H.Rept. 112-169; FY2012-enacted amounts were taken from H.Rept. 112-463; FY2013 post-sequestration amounts were provided by the Departments of Commerce and Justice, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, and each of the respective related agencies; FY2014-enacted amounts were taken from the joint explanatory statement to accompany P.L. 113-76, printed in the January 15, 2014, Congressional Record (pp. H507-H532); FY2015-enacted amounts were taken from the joint explanatory statement to accompany P.L. 113-235, printed in the December 11, 2014, Congressional Record (pp. H9342-H9363); and FY2016-enacted amounts were taken from the joint explanatory statement to accompany P.L. 114-113, printed in the December 17, 2015, Congressional Record (pp. H9732-H9759). Notes: Inflation-adjusted appropriations are presented in FY2015 dollars. Appropriations were adjusted using the Gross Domestic Product (Chained) Price Index presented in Table 10.1 of the Historical Tables in the President's FY2017 budget submission. The amounts presented in Figure 1 do not include rescissions of unobligated balances or scorekeeping credits (e.g., the balance on the Crime Victims Fund). The amounts in Figure 1 include any rescissions of current-year budget authority.

Figure 2 shows total appropriations for CJS for FY2007-FY2016 by major component (i.e., the Departments of Commerce and Justice, NASA, and the NSF). The data indicate that the increases in CJS appropriations in FY2009 (not including ARRA funding) and FY2010 resulted from Congress appropriating more funding for the Department of Commerce in support of the 2010 decennial census.

Although decreased appropriations for the Department of Commerce mostly explain the overall decrease in CJS appropriations between FY2010 and FY2013 (a 47.4% reduction), cuts in funding for DOJ (-8.7%) and NASA (-9.8%) also contributed to the decrease. However, despite the reductions in funding for DOJ and NASA during these fiscal years, their appropriation in FY2013, even after sequestration, was greater in nominal terms than their appropriation in FY2007. Appropriations for both the Departments of Commerce and Justice and NASA have generally increased in the three fiscal years since FY2013.

FundingNominal funding for the NSF has, for the most part, steadily increased over the past 10 fiscal years. The NSF's appropriation increased in seven of the ten fiscal years betweenfrom FY2007 andto FY2016, and the. The decrease in the NSF's funding for FY2013 was the result of sequestration. Increased appropriations for the NSF have mostly resulted from Congress increasing funding for the NSF's Research and Related Activities account.

Figure 2. Nominal Total CJS Appropriations, by Major Component, FY2007-FY2016 (Appropriations in billions of dollars)

Source: FY2007-enacted amounts were taken from H.Rept. 110-240 and P.L. 110-28; FY2008-enacted amounts were taken from the House Committee on Appropriations' Committee Print on the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-8), Division B; FY2009-enacted amounts were taken from H.Rept. 111-149; FY2010-enacted amounts were taken from S.Rept. 111-229; FY2011-enacted amounts were taken from H.Rept. 112-169; FY2012-enacted amounts were taken from H.Rept. 112-463; FY2013 post-sequestration amounts were provided by the Departments of Commerce and Justice, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, and each of the respective related agencies; FY2014-enacted amounts were taken from the joint explanatory statement to accompany P.L. 113-76, printed in the January 15, 2014, Congressional Record (pp. H507-H532); FY2015-enacted amounts were taken from the joint explanatory statement to accompany P.L. 113-235, printed in the December 11, 2014, Congressional Record (pp. H9342-H9363); and FY2016-enacted amounts were taken from the joint explanatory statement to accompany P.L. 114-113, printed in the December 17, 2015, Congressional Record (pp. H9732-H9759). Notes: The amounts presented in Figure 2 do not include rescissions of unobligated balances or scorekeeping credits (e.g., the balance on the Crime Victims Fund). The amounts in Figure 2 include any rescissions of current-year budget authority.

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Key Policy Staff

Footnotes

8.

1.	Note that the science agencies funded in the CJS bill are not the only federal agencies that fund science.
2.	U.S. Department of Commerce, "About Commerce," at http://www.commerce.gov/about-department-commerce.
3.	U.S. Department of Justice, "About DOJ," at http://www.justice.gov/about/about.html.
4.	Executive Order 12881 established the National Science and Technology Council.
5.	Executive Order 13539 established the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.
6.	The National Science Foundation Act of 1950 (P.L. 81-507), Purpose.
7.	Administrative Review and Appeals account included funding for the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) and the Office of the Pardon Attorney (OPA). The EOIR is responsible for the review and adjudication of immigration cases in coordination with the Department of Homeland Security. The OPA receives and reviews petitions for executive clemency.	In FY2007, the CJS Appropriations Act included funding for the Department of State. Appropriations for the Department of State are not reflected in the total appropriations for FY2007. In addition, in FY2007 and FY2008, the CJS appropriations acts included several "related agencies" (e.g., the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, the Small Business Administration) that are no longer funded through the CJS appropriations act. To make the total appropriations for each fiscal year as comparable as possible, the total only includes appropriations for the "related agencies" that are currently in the CJS appropriations act.