Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016

February 17, 2016 (R43944) Jump to Main Text of Report

Contents

• Overview
• The President's FY2016 Budget Request
• Federal R&D Funding Perspectives
• Federal R&D by Agency
• Federal R&D by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment
• Federal Role in U.S. R&D by Character of Work
• Federal R&D by Agency and Character of Work Combined
• Defense-Related and Nondefense-Related R&D
• Multiagency R&D Initiatives
• Efforts to Double Certain R&D Accounts
• National Nanotechnology Initiative
• Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program
• U.S. Global Change Research Program
• BRAIN Initiative
• Precision Medicine Initiative
• Materials Genome Initiative
• Advanced Manufacturing Partnership
• National Robotics Initiative
• National Network for Manufacturing Innovation
• Reorganization of STEM Education Programs
• FY2016 Appropriations Status
• Department of Defense
• Department of Homeland Security
• Directorate of Science and Technology
• Domestic Nuclear Detection Office
• Coordination of DHS R&D Activities
• Proposed Reorganization
• Department of Health and Human Services
• National Institutes of Health
• Department of Energy
• National Science Foundation
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• Department of Commerce
• National Institute of Standards and Technology
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
• Department of Agriculture
• Agricultural Research Service
• National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• National Agricultural Statistics Service
• Economic Research Service
• Department of the Interior
• U.S. Geological Survey
• Other DOI Components
• Environmental Protection Agency
• Department of Transportation
• Federal Aviation Administration
• Federal Highway Administration
• Other DOT Components
• Department of Veterans Affairs

Figures

• Figure 1. Funding for Accounts Targeted for Doubling: Appropriations, Authorizations, and Requests versus Selected Doubling Rates

Tables

• Table 1. Federal Research and Development Funding by Agency, FY2014-FY2016
• Table 2. Federal R&D Funding by Character of Work and Facilities and Equipment, FY2014-FY2016
• Table 3. Top R&D Funding Agencies by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment, FY2014-FY2016
• Table 4. Funding for Accounts Targeted for Doubling, FY2006-FY2016
• Table 5. National Nanotechnology Initiative Funding, FY2014-FY2016
• Table 6. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program Funding, FY2014-FY2016
• Table 7. Alignment of Agency R&D Funding and Regular Appropriations Bills
• Table 8. Department of Defense RDT&E
• Table 9. Department of Homeland Security R&D and Related Programs
• Table 10. National Institutes of Health Funding
• Table 11. Department of Energy R&D and Related Activities
• Table 12. NSF Funding by Major Account
• Table 13. NASA R&D
• Table 14. NIST Appropriations
• Table 15. NOAA R&D
• Table 16. U.S. Department of Agriculture R&D
• Table 17. Department of the Interior R&D
• Table 18. Environmental Protection Agency Science &Technology (S&T) Account
• Table 19. Department of Transportation R&D and R&D Facilities
• Table 20. Department of Veterans Affairs R&D
• Table 21. Department of Veterans Affairs R&D by Designated Research Area

Appendixes

• Appendix. Acronyms and Abbreviations

Summary

President Obama's budget request for FY2016 included $145.694 billion for research and Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 John F. Sargent Jr., Coordinator Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Robert Esworthy Specialist in Environmental Policy Judith A. Johnson Specialist in Biomedical Policy Jim Monke Specialist in Agricultural Policy Daniel Morgan Specialist in Science and Technology Policy John D. Moteff Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Harold F. Upton Analyst in Natural Resources Policy February 11, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43944 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Summary President Obama’s budget request for FY2016 included $145.694 billion for research and development (R&D), an increase of $7.625 billion (5.5%) over the estimated FY2015 R&D funding level of $138.069 billion. The request represented the President’'s R&D priorities. Funding for R&D is concentrated in a few departments and agencies. Under President Obama’s 's FY2016 budget request, seven federal agencies would have received 95.6% of total federal R&D funding, with the Department of Defense (DOD, 49.5%) and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS, 21.3%) accounting for more than 70% of all federal R&D funding. The largest increases in agency R&D funding in the President’'s request would have gone to the Department of Defense (DOD, up $4.670 billion, 6.9%), Department of Energy (DOE, up $861 million, 7.3%), and the Department of Commerce (DOC, up $601 million, 39.4%). Legislation targeted the R&D budgets of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Science Foundation, and DOE Office of Science seeking to double them from their FY2006 levels. The America COMPETES Act aimed to double funding over 7 years, and the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 over 11 years. The President’'s FY2016 budget requested increases for these accounts, as it did in the President’'s FY2015 and FY2014 requests. It departs from earlier Obama and Bush Administration budgets that explicitly stated the doubling goal. Enacted funding for FY2015 for these accounts represents a compound annual growth rate of 3.25% since FY2006, a rate that would result in doubling in 22 years. The President’'s FY2016 request continued support for three multi-agency R&D initiatives—the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) program, and the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). The request also continued support for the Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) initiative, the Materials Genome Initiative, and the National Robotics Initiative. The President proposed FY2016 discretionary funding for seven new manufacturing institutes as part of his proposed National Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI), in addition to the nine that have already been planned, competed, or awarded. The President also proposed $1.9 billion in mandatory funding for the establishment of 29 additional institutes between FY2017 and FY2024. In addition, the FY2016 budget proposed a new multiagency R&D initiative, the Precision Medicine Initiative which seeks to build on research and discoveries that allow medical treatments to be tailored to an individual’'s unique characteristics (e.g., a patient’'s genes) or the genetic profile of an individual’'s tumor. In December 2015, Congress passed, and the President signed, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113) providing discretionary appropriations for all federal agencies for FY2016. For some federal agencies it is possible to discern R&D funding levels directly from this act and its accompanying explanatory statement. In these cases, this report reflects the results of P.L. 114-113. For other federal agencies, R&D is included in appropriations accounts with nonRnon-R&D activities and it is not possible to determine specific R&D funding levels until reported by these agencies. As in recent years, the annual appropriations process was completed after the start of the fiscal year. This can affect agencies’' execution of their R&D budgets, including the delay or cancellation of planned R&D activities and acquisition of R&D-related equipment. Congressional Research Service Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Contents Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 1 The President’s FY2016 Budget Request ........................................................................................ 3 Federal R&D Funding Perspectives ................................................................................................ 4 Federal R&D by Agency ........................................................................................................... 4 Federal R&D by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment ............................................... 5 Federal Role in U.S. R&D by Character of Work ..................................................................... 6 Federal R&D by Agency and Character of Work Combined .................................................... 7 Defense-Related and Nondefense-Related R&D ...................................................................... 8 Multiagency R&D Initiatives .......................................................................................................... 8 Efforts to Double Certain R&D Accounts................................................................................. 8 National Nanotechnology Initiative ........................................................................................ 12 Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program .................... 12 U.S. Global Change Research Program .................................................................................. 13 BRAIN Initiative ..................................................................................................................... 13 Precision Medicine Initiative .................................................................................................. 14 Materials Genome Initiative .................................................................................................... 14 Advanced Manufacturing Partnership ..................................................................................... 15 National Robotics Initiative .............................................................................................. 15 National Network for Manufacturing Innovation ............................................................. 16 Reorganization of STEM Education Programs ....................................................................... 17 FY2016 Appropriations Status ...................................................................................................... 18 Department of Defense .................................................................................................................. 20 Department of Homeland Security ................................................................................................ 25 Directorate of Science and Technology................................................................................... 25 Domestic Nuclear Detection Office ........................................................................................ 26 Coordination of DHS R&D Activities .................................................................................... 27 Proposed Reorganization......................................................................................................... 28 Department of Health and Human Services .................................................................................. 30 National Institutes of Health ................................................................................................... 30 Department of Energy ................................................................................................................... 36 National Science Foundation ......................................................................................................... 41 National Aeronautics and Space Administration ........................................................................... 48 Department of Commerce ............................................................................................................. 52 National Institute of Standards and Technology ..................................................................... 52 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ................................................................ 57 Department of Agriculture ............................................................................................................. 59 Agricultural Research Service ................................................................................................. 60 National Institute of Food and Agriculture ............................................................................. 61 National Agricultural Statistics Service .................................................................................. 62 Economic Research Service .................................................................................................... 62 Department of the Interior ............................................................................................................. 63 U.S. Geological Survey ........................................................................................................... 64 Other DOI Components .......................................................................................................... 64 Environmental Protection Agency ................................................................................................. 66 Congressional Research Service Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Department of Transportation........................................................................................................ 70 Federal Highway Administration ............................................................................................ 70 Federal Aviation Administration ............................................................................................. 71 Other DOT Components ......................................................................................................... 71 Department of Veterans Affairs ..................................................................................................... 73 Figures Figure 1. Funding for Accounts Targeted for Doubling: Appropriations, Authorizations, and Requests versus Selected Doubling Rates ............................................................................ 11 Tables Table 1. Federal Research and Development Funding by Agency, FY2014-FY2016 ..................... 5 Table 2. Federal R&D Funding by Character of Work and Facilities and Equipment, FY2014-FY2016 .......................................................................................................................... 6 Table 3. Top R&D Funding Agencies by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment, FY2014-FY2016 ................................................................................................ 7 Table 4. Funding for Accounts Targeted for Doubling, FY2006-FY2016 ...................................... 9 Table 5. National Nanotechnology Initiative Funding, FY2014-FY2016 ..................................... 12 Table 6. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program Funding, FY2014-FY2016 ......................................................................................................... 13 Table 7. Alignment of Agency R&D Funding and Regular Appropriations Bills ......................... 19 Table 8. Department of Defense RDT&E ..................................................................................... 23 Table 9. Department of Homeland Security R&D and Related Programs .................................... 29 Table 10. National Institutes of Health Funding............................................................................ 35 Table 11. Department of Energy R&D and Related Activities ...................................................... 40 Table 12. NSF Funding by Major Account.................................................................................... 47 Table 13. NASA R&D ................................................................................................................... 51 Table 14. NIST Appropriations ..................................................................................................... 56 Table 15. NOAA R&D .................................................................................................................. 59 Table 16. U.S. Department of Agriculture R&D ........................................................................... 62 Table 17. Department of the Interior R&D.................................................................................... 66 Table 18. Environmental Protection Agency Science &Technology (S&T) Account ................... 69 Table 19. Department of Transportation R&D and R&D Facilities .............................................. 72 Table 20. Department of Veterans Affairs R&D ............................................................................ 74 Table 21. Department of Veterans Affairs R&D by Designated Research Area ............................ 74 Appendixes Appendix. Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................... 76 Congressional Research Service Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Contacts Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 80 Congressional Research Service Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Overview The 114th cancellation of planned R&D activities and acquisition of R&D-related equipment.

Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016

Overview

The 114^th Congress continues to take a strong interest in the health of the U.S. research and development (R&D) enterprise and in providing support for federal R&D activities. The federal government has played an important role in supporting R&D efforts that have led to scientific breakthroughs and new technologies, from jet aircraft and the Internet to communications satellites, shale gas extraction, and defenses against disease. However, widespread concerns about the federal debt and recent and projected federal budget deficits are driving difficult decisions about the prioritization of R&D, both in the context of the entire federal budget and among competing needs within the federal R&D portfolio. The U.S. government supports a broad range of scientific and engineering R&D. Its purposes include specific concerns such as addressing national defense, health, safety, the environment, and energy security; advancing knowledge generally; developing the scientific and engineering workforce; and strengthening U.S. innovation and competitiveness in the global economy. Most of the R&D funded by the federal government is performed in support of the unique missions of individual funding agencies. The federal R&D budget is an aggregation of the R&D components of each federal agency. There is no single, centralized source of funds that is allocated to individual agencies. Agency R&D budgets are developed internally as part of each agency’'s overall budget development process and may be included either in accounts that are entirely devoted to R&D or in accounts that include funding for non-R&D activities. These budgets are subjected to review, revision, and approval by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and become part of the President’'s annual budget submission to Congress. The federal R&D budget is then calculated by aggregating the R&D components of each federal agency. Congress plays a central role in defining the nation’'s R&D priorities as it makes decisions about the level and allocation of R&D funding—overall, within agencies, and for specific programs. Some Members of Congress have expressed concerns about the level of federal spending (for R&D as for other purposes) in light of the current federal deficit and debt. As Congress acts to complete the FY2016 appropriations process, it faces two overarching issues: the extent to which federal R&D investments can grow in the face of increased pressure on discretionary spending and the prioritization and allocation of the available funding. Budget caps may limit overall R&D funding and may require movement of resources across disciplines, programs, or agencies to address priorities. Moving funding between programs/accounts/agencies can become more complex and difficult because the funding for different programs/accounts/agencies is often provided through different appropriations bills. Structurally, this report begins with a discussion of the overall level of the President’'s FY2016 R&D request, followed by analyses of the R&D funding request from a variety of perspectives and for selected multiagency R&D initiatives. The report concludes with discussion and analysis of the R&D budget requests of selected federal departments and agencies that, collectively, account for more than 98% of total federal R&D funding. Selected terms associated with federal R&D funding are defined in the text box on the next page. AppendixThe Appendix provides a list of acronyms and abbreviations. Congressional Research Service 1 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 and abbreviations. Definitions Associated with Federal Research and Development Funding Two key sources of definitions associated with federal research and development funding are the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the National Science Foundation. Office of Management and Budget. The Office of Management and Budget provides the following definitions of R&D-related terms in OMB Circular No. A-11, “"Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the Budget”" (July 2013). This document provides guidance to agencies in the preparation of the President’'s annual budget and instructions on budget execution. Conduct of Research. Research and development activities comprise creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture, and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications. Includes administrative expenses for R&D, including the operating costs of research facilities and equipment; does not include physical assets for R&D such as R&D equipment and facilities or routine product testing, quality control, mapping, collection of general-purpose statistics, experimental production, routine monitoring and evaluation of an operational program, and the training of scientific and technical personnel. Basic Research. Basic research is defined as systematic study directed toward fuller knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications towards processes or products in mind. Basic research, however, may include activities with broad applications in mind. Applied Research. Applied research is defined as systematic study to gain knowledge or understanding necessary to determine the means by which a recognized and specific need may be met. Development. Development is defined as systematic application of knowledge or understanding, directed toward the production of useful materials, devices, and systems or methods, including design, development, and improvement of prototypes and new processes to meet specific requirements. R&D Equipment. Amounts for major equipment for research and development. Includes acquisition or design and production of movable equipment, such as spectrometers, research satellites, detectors, and other instruments. At a minimum, this line should include programs devoted to the purchase or construction of R&D equipment. R&D Facilities. Amounts for the construction and rehabilitation of research and development facilities. Includes the acquisition, design, and construction of, or major repairs or alterations to, all physical facilities for use in R&D activities. Facilities include land, buildings, and fixed capital equipment, regardless of whether the facilities are to be used by the government or by a private organization, and regardless of where title to the property may rest. Includes fixed facilities such as reactors, wind tunnels, and particle accelerators. National Science Foundation. The National Science Foundation provides the following definitions of R&D-related terms in its Science and Engineering Indicators: 2014 report. Research and Development. Research and development, also called research and experimental development; comprises creative work undertaken on a systematic basis to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of man, culture, and society—and its use to devise new applications. R&D Plant. In general, R&D plant refers to the acquisition of, construction of, major repairs to, or alterations in structures, works, equipment, facilities, or land for use in R&D activities. Basic Research. The objective of basic research is to gain more comprehensive knowledge or understanding of the subject under study without specific applications in mind. Although basic research may not have specific applications as its goal, it can be directed in fields of present or potential interest. This is often the case with basic research performed by industry or mission-driven federal agencies. Applied Research. The objective of applied research is to gain knowledge or understanding to meet a specific, recognized need. In industry, applied research includes investigations to discover new scientific knowledge that has specific commercial objectives with respect to products, processes, or services. Development. Development is the systematic use of the knowledge or understanding gained from research directed toward the production of useful materials, devices, systems, or methods, including the design and development of prototypes and processes. Congressional Research Service 2 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 The President’ The President's FY2016 Budget Request On February 2, 2015, President Obama released his proposed FY2016 budget. This report provides government-wide, multi-agency, and individual agency analyses of the President’s 's FY2016 request as it relates to R&D and related activities. The President’'s budget proposes $145.694 billion for R&D in FY2016, an increase of $7.625 billion (5.5%) over the estimated FY2015 R&D funding level of $138.069 billion.11 Adjusted for anticipated inflation of approximately 1.6%, the President’'s FY2016 R&D request represents a real increase of 3.9% from the FY2015 estimated level.2 2 Increasing federal funding for physical science and engineering research was a primary science and technology policy effort pursued by Congress, President George W. Bush, and President Obama in his first four years in office. Referred to frequently as the “"doubling effort,”" Congress and Presidents Obama and Bush sought to increase support for the physical sciences and engineering by doubling funding for accounts at three federal agencies with a strong R&D emphasis in these disciplines: the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science, the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the Department of Commerce (DOC) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) core laboratory research and construction of research facilities (collectively referred to as the “"targeted accounts”"). The doubling goal was expressed in President Bush’ Bush's American Competitiveness Initiative, in budget requests from President Obama before FY2014, and implicitly in the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) and the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-358). The America COMPETES Act and the reauthorization act set appropriations authorization levels consistent with a doubling pace of 7 years and 11 years, respectively.33 In aggregate, appropriations provided to these accounts fell short of the levels authorized in P.L. 110-69 and P.L. 111-358. . In his FY2015 budget, the President requested a 1.2% increase in aggregate funding for the targeted accounts, a pace that would require more than 58 years to double. Though not explicitly mentioning the doubling goal or timeframe, in his FY2016 budget, the President is requesting a 5.7% increase in aggregate funding for the targeted accounts over the FY2015 level, a pace that would result in doubling in about 12 years. See “"Efforts to Double Certain R&D Accounts”" below for more details. More broadly, in a 2009 speech before members of the National Academy of Sciences, President Obama put forth a goal of increasing the national (public and private) investment in R&D to more than 3% of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). President Obama did not provide details on 1 Funding levels included in this document are in current dollars unless otherwise noted. Inflation diminishes the purchasing power of federal R&D funds, so an increase that falls short of the inflation rate may reduce real purchasing power. Final FY2015 funding for the Department of Homeland Security had not been enacted at the time of the President’s proposed FY2016 budget. Therefore, the Office of Management and Budget used the President’s FY2015 budget request for DHS in estimates of FY2015 funding. 2 As calculated by CRS using the GDP (chained) price index for FY2015 and FY2016 in Table 10.1, Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2020, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2016, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2016/assets/hist10z1.xls. 3 As used in this report, the term “doubling pace” means the number of years required for funding for the targeted accounts to double, relative to the FY2006 baseline year, if the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) were to continue. For example, the doubling pace of the America COMPETES Act is based on the 10.3% CAGR from FY2006 to FY2010, the last year of authorizations under the act. At 10.3% annual growth, funding for the targeted accounts would double in approximately 7 years. Similarly, the CAGR for the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010, which authorized appropriations through FY2013, was 6.3%, a rate that would take approximately 11 years to double. Congressional Research Service 3 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 than 3% of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). President Obama did not provide details on how this goal might be achieved (e.g., through increases in direct federal R&D funding or through indirect mechanisms such as the research and experimentation (R&E) tax credit).44 When President Obama set forth the goal in 2009, total U.S. R&D expenditures were approximately 2.90% of GDP. In 2012, R&D as a percentage of GDP was 2.89%, with the federal government contributing 0.86% (down from 0.91% in 2009) and non-federal sources contributing 2.02% (up from 1.98% in 2009).55 Achieving the 3% goal would likely require a substantial increase in government and corporate R&D spending. In 2012, achieving the 3% goal would have required approximately $18 billion in additional R&D funding above the actual U.S. R&D funding level of $452.6 billion. Analysis of federal R&D funding is complicated by several factors, such as inconsistency among agencies in the reporting of R&D and the inclusion of R&D activities in accounts with non-R&D activities. As a result, figures reported by OMB and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), including those shown in Table 1, may differ from the agency budget analyses that appear later in this report. Federal R&D Funding Perspectives Federal R&D funding can be analyzed from a variety of perspectives that provide different insights. The following sections examine the data by agency, by the character of the work supported, by a combination of these two perspectives, and by whether R&D is defense-related or not. Federal R&D by Agency Congress makes decisions about federal R&D funding through the authorization and appropriations process primarily from the perspective of individual agencies and programs. Table 1Table 1 provides data on R&D by agency for FY2014 (actual), FY2015 (estimate), and FY2016 (request).6 6 Under President Obama’'s FY2016 budget request, seven federal agencies would receive more than 95% of total federal R&D funding: the Department of Defense (DOD), 49.5%; Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (primarily the National Institutes of Health (NIH)), 21.3%; Department of Energy (DOE), 8.6%; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 8.4%; National Science Foundation (NSF), 4.3%; Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2.0%; and Department of Commerce (DOC), 1.5%. This report provides an analysis of the R&D budget requests for these agencies, as well as for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Department of the Interior (DOI), Department of Transportation (DOT), Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In total, these 12 agencies accounted for more than 98% of current and requested federal R&D funding. 4 The research and experimentation tax credit is frequently referred to as the research and development tax credit or R&D tax credit, through the credit does not apply to development expenditures. For additional information about the R&E tax credit, see CRS Report RL31181, Research Tax Credit: Current Law and Policy Issues for the 114th Congress, by Gary Guenther. 5 National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Patterns of R&D Resources (annual series). 6 EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2016, February 2015, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2016/assets/ap_19_research.pdf. Congressional Research Service 4 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 for more than 98% of current and requested federal R&D funding. The largest agency R&D increases in the President’'s FY2016 request (as measured in dollars), compared with FY2015, are for DOD, $4.670 billion (6.9%); DOE, $861 million (7.3%); DOC, $601 million (39.4%); HHS, $565 million (1.9%); USDA, $438 million (17.9%); and NSF, $310 million (5.2%). DHS would see a decrease of $463 million (44.9%). Table 1. Federal Research and Development Funding by Agency, FY2014-FY2016 (budget authority, dollar amounts in millions) Change, FY2015-FY2016 Department/Agency FY2014 Actual FY2015 Estimate FY2016 Request Dollar Percent $66,018 $67,451 $72,121 $4,670 6.9% Department of Health and Human Services 30,685 30,475 31,040 565 1.9% Department of Energy 11,996 11,736 12,597 861 7.3% National Aeronautics and Space Administration 11,906 12,145 12,238 93 0.8% National Science Foundation 5,827 5,999 6,309 310 5.2% Department of Agriculture 2,380 2,446 2,884 438 17.9% Department of Commerce 1,556 1,526 2,127 601 39.4% Department of Veterans Affairs 1,101 1,090 1,147 57 5.2% Department of Transportation 853 900 1,115 215 23.9% Department of the Interior 840 904 985 81 9.0% 1,032 1,032a 569 -463 -44.9% 539 523 559 36 6.9% Other 1,602 1,842 2,003 161 8.7% Total 136,335 138,069 145,694 7,625 5.5% Department of Defense Department of Homeland Security Environmental Protection Agency Source: EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States

(budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)

       

Change, FY2015-FY2016

Department/Agency

FY2014Actual FY2015Estimate FY2016Request

Dollar

Percent

Department of Defense

$66,018

$67,451

$72,121

$4,670

6

.9%

Department of Health and Human Services

30,685

30,475

31,040

565

1

.9%

Department of Energy

11,996

11,736

12,597

861

7

.3%

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

11,906

12,145

12,238

93

0

.8%

National Science Foundation

5,827

5,999

6,309

310

5

.2%

Department of Agriculture

2,380

2,446

2,884

438

17

.9%

Department of Commerce

1,556

1,526

2,127

601

39

.4%

Department of Veterans Affairs

1,101

1,090

1,147

57

5

.2%

Department of Transportation

853

900

1,115

215

23

.9%

Department of the Interior

840

904

985

81

9

.0%

Department of Homeland Security

1,032

1,032^a

569

-463

-44

.9%

Environmental Protection Agency

539

523

559

36

6

.9%

Other

1,602

1,842

2,003

161

8

.7%

Total

136,335

138,069

145,694

7,625

5

.5%

Source: EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2016, February , February 2015, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2016/assets/ap_19_research.pdf. . Note: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Amounts in this table may differ from amounts reported in the agency chapters of this report due to a variety of factors, including R&D funding in accounts that also include funding for non-R&D activities. a. a. Because DHS appropriations had not been enacted at the time the President’'s FY2016 budget request was released, the Administration’'s figure for FY2015 DHS R&D funding was based on the FY2014 appropriations not the FY2015 appropriation that was subsequently enacted. Federal R&D by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment Federal R&D funding can also be examined by the character of work it supports—basic research, applied research, or development—and by funding provided for construction of R&D facilities and acquisition of major R&D equipment. (See Table 2.) President Obama’'s FY2016 request includes $32.728 billion for basic research, up $831 million (2.6%) from FY2015; $34.146 billion for applied research, up $1.235 million (3.8%); $75.976 billion for development, up $5.294 million (7.5%); and $2.844 billion for facilities and equipment, up $265 million (10.3%). Congressional Research Service 5 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Table 2. Federal R&D Funding by Character of Work and Facilities and Equipment, FY2014-FY2016 (budget authority, dollar amounts in millions) Change, FY2015-FY2016 FY2014 Actual Basic research FY2015 Estimate FY2016 Request Dollar Percent $32,187 $31,897 $32,728 $ 831 2.6% Applied research 32,546 32,911 34,146 1,235 3.8% Development 68,985 70,682 75,976 5,294 7.5% 2,617 2,579 2,844 265 10.3% 136,335 138,069 145,694 7,625 5.5% Facilities and Equipment Total Source: EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2016, February 2015,

(budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)

       

Change, FY2015-FY2016

  FY2014Actual FY2015Estimate

FY2016 Request

Dollar

Percent

Basic research

$32,187

$31,897

$32,728

$ 831

2

.6%

Applied research

32,546

32,911

34,146

1,235

3

.8%

Development

68,985

70,682

75,976

5,294

7

.5%

Facilities and Equipment

2,617

2,579

2,844

265

10

.3%

Total

136,335

138,069

145,694

7,625

5

.5%

Source: EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2016, February 2015, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2016/assets/ap_19_research.pdf. . Note: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Federal Role in U.S. R&D by Character of Work A primary policy foundation for public investments in basic research and for incentives (e.g., tax credits) for the private sector to conduct research is the view, widely held by economists, that the private sector will, left on its own, underinvest in basic research from a societal perspective. The usual argument for this view is that the social returns (i.e., the benefits to society at large) exceed the private returns (i.e., the benefits accruing to the private investor, such as increased revenues or higher stock value). Other factors that may inhibit corporate investment in basic research include long time horizons for commercial applications (diminishing the potential returns due to the time value of money), high levels of technical risk/uncertainty, shareholder demands for shorter-term returns, and asymmetric and imperfect information. The federal government is the nation’'s largest supporter of basic research, funding 52.6% of U.S. basic research in 2012.77 Industry funded 21.3% of U.S. basic research in 2012, with state governments, universities, and other non-profit organizations funding the remaining 26.0%.8 8 In contrast to basic research, industry is the primary funder of applied research in the United States, accounting for an estimated 54.0% in 2012, while the federal government accounted for an estimated 36.2%.9 9 Industry also provides the vast majority of funding for development. Industry accounted for 76.4% of development in 2012, while the federal government provided 22.1%.10 7 National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, 2013, National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2011–12 Data Update, NSF 14-304, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf14304/. More recent data are not yet available. 8 Ibid. 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid. Congressional Research Service 6 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 10 Federal R&D by Agency and Character of Work Combined Combining these perspectives, federal R&D funding can be viewed in terms of each agency’s 's contribution to basic research, applied research, development, and facilities and equipment. (See Table 3.) The overall federal R&D budget reflects a wide range of national priorities, including supporting advances in spaceflight, developing new and affordable sources of energy, and understanding and deterring terrorist groups. These priorities and the mission of each individual agency contribute to the composition of that agency’'s R&D spending (i.e., the allocation among basic research, applied research, development, and facilities and equipment). In the President’s 's FY2016 budget request, the Department of Health and Human Services, primarily NIH, would account for nearly half (48.8%) of all federal funding for basic research. HHS would also be the largest federal funder of applied research, accounting for about 43.5% of all federally funded applied research in the President’'s FY2016 budget request. DOD is the primary federal funder of development, accounting for 85.6% of total federal development funding in the President’s 's FY2016 budget request.11 11 Table 3. Top R&D Funding Agencies by Character of Work, Facilities, and and Equipment,  FY2014-FY2016 (budget authority, dollar amounts in millions) Change, FY2015-FY2016 FY2014 Actual FY2015 Enacted FY2016 Request Dollar 15,862 15,482 15,966 484 3.1% National Science Foundation 4,752 4,834 5,062 228 4.7% Dept. of Energy 4,095 4,120 4,245 125 3.0% 14,621 14,791 14,864 73 0.5% Dept. of Defense 4,664 4,775 4,819 44 0.9% Dept. of Energy 4,550 4,363 4,683 320 7.3% 58,986 60,366 65,036 4,670 7.7% NASA 6,004 6,481 6,423 -58 -0.9% Dept. of Energy 2,559 2,322 2,621 299 12.9% Dept. of Energy 792 931 1,048 117 12.6% National Science Foundation 397 437 445 8 1.8% Dept. of Commerce 213 233 402 169 72.5% Percent Basic Research Dept. of Health and Human Services Applied Research Dept. of Health and Human Services Development Dept. of Defense Facilities and Equipment Source: EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2016, February 2015,

(budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)

  FY2014 Actual

FY2015 Enacted

FY2016 Request

Change, FY2015-FY2016

       

Dollar

Percent

Basic Research

 

 

 

 

 

Dept. of Health and Human Services

15,862

15,482

15,966

484

3

.1%

National Science Foundation

4,752

4,834

5,062

228

4

.7%

Dept. of Energy

4,095

4,120

4,245

125

3

.0%

Applied Research

 

 

 

 

 

Dept. of Health and Human Services

14,621

14,791

14,864

73

0

.5%

Dept. of Defense

4,664

4,775

4,819

44

0

.9%

Dept. of Energy

4,550

4,363

4,683

320

7

.3%

Development

 

 

 

 

 

Dept. of Defense

58,986

60,366

65,036

4,670

7

.7%

NASA

6,004

6,481

6,423

-58

-0

.9%

Dept. of Energy

2,559

2,322

2,621

299

12

.9%

Facilities and Equipment

 

 

 

 

 

Dept. of Energy

792

931

1,048

117

12

.6%

National Science Foundation

397

437

445

8

1

.8%

Dept. of Commerce

213

233

402

169

72

.5%

Source: EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2016, February 2015, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2016/assets/ap_19_research.pdf. Note: . Note: The top three funding agencies in each category, based on the FY2016 request, are listed. 11 EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2015, Table 21-1. Congressional Research Service 7 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Defense-Related and Nondefense-Related R&D Federal R&D funding can also be characterized as defense-related or nondefense-related. Defense-related R&D is provided for primarily by the Department of Defense, but also includes some activities at the Department of Energy and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. DefenserelatedDefense-related R&D has fluctuated between 50% and 70% of total federal R&D funding for more than three decades. Defense-related R&D grew from 52.7% of total federal R&D funding in FY2001 to 60.5% in FY2008, then declined over several years to 56.8% in 2012.1212 The President’s 's FY2016 budget includes $76.9 billion in defense-related R&D funding (about 52.8% of the total R&D request) and $68.8 billion for non-defense R&D (about 47.2% of the total R&D request).13 13 Multiagency R&D Initiatives Although this report focuses primarily on the R&D activities of individual agencies, President Obama’ Obama's FY2016 budget request supports several multiagency R&D initiatives. Efforts to Double Certain R&D Accounts14 Accounts¹⁴ In 2006, President Bush announced the American Competitiveness Initiative (ACI) which, in part, sought to increase federal funding for physical sciences and engineering research by doubling funding over 10 years (by FY2016 from their FY2006 levels) for targeted accounts at NSF, DOE, and DOC. The targeted accounts include all NSF accounts, the DOE Office of Science, and the NIST Scientific and Technical Research and Services (STRS) and construction of research facilities (CRF) accounts. In 2007, Congress authorized substantial increases for these targeted accounts under the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69), which set the combined authorization levels for these accounts for FY2008 to FY2010 at a seven-year doubling pace from the FY2006 baseline. However, funding provided for these agencies in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (P.L. 110-161), ), the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-8), and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010 (P.L. 111-117), fell below these targets.1515 (See Table 4.) Table 4. Funding for Accounts Targeted for Doubling, FY2006-FY2016

(budget authority, in millions of current dollars)

  FY2006Actual FY2007Actual FY2008Actual FY2009Actual^a FY2009ARRA FY2010Actual

NSF

$5,589

$5,890

$6,125

$6,494

$3,002

$6,873

DOE/Office of Science

3,602

3,813

4,089

4,773

1,596

4,829

NIST/STRS

395

434

441

472

220

515

NIST/CRF

174

59

161

172

360

147

Total

9,760

10,196

10,815

11,910

5,178

12,364

   

 

 

 

 

 

  FY2011Actual

FY2012 Actual

FY2013Actual

FY2014 Actual

FY2015 Actual

FY2016Request

NSF

$6,806^b

$7,033

$6,884

$7,172

$7,344

$7,724

DOE/Office of Science

4,858

4,874

4,621

5,070

5,071

5,340

NIST/STRS

497

567

580

651

675

755

NIST/CRF

70

55

56

56

50

59

Total

12,231

12,529

12,141

12,949

13,141

13,877

Sources: NIST Table 4.) 12 CRS analysis of National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators 2014, NSB 14-01, 2014, Appendix table 4-33, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind14/. 13 John P. Holdren, Assistant to the President for Science and Technology and Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, “The 2016 Budget: Investing in America’s Future,” presentation at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, February 2015. 14 For more information, see CRS Report R41951, An Analysis of Efforts to Double Federal Funding for Physical Sciences and Engineering Research, by John F. Sargent Jr. 15 In 2009, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5) provided $5.202 billion in supplemental funding for several of the targeted accounts. This increased aggregate funding for the accounts above the target levels in that year. Congressional Research Service 8 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Table 4. Funding for Accounts Targeted for Doubling, FY2006-FY2016 (budget authority, in millions of current dollars) FY2006 Actual FY2007 Actual FY2008 Actual FY2009 Actuala FY2009 ARRA FY2010 Actual $5,589 $5,890 $6,125 $6,494 $3,002 $6,873 3,602 3,813 4,089 4,773 1,596 4,829 NIST/STRS 395 434 441 472 220 515 NIST/CRF 174 59 161 172 360 147 9,760 10,196 10,815 11,910 5,178 12,364 FY2011 Actual FY2012 Actual FY2013 Actual FY2014 Actual FY2015 Actual FY2016 Request $6,806b $7,033 $6,884 $7,172 $7,344 $7,724 4,858 4,874 4,621 5,070 5,071 5,340 NIST/STRS 497 567 580 651 675 755 NIST/CRF 70 55 56 56 50 59 12,231 12,529 12,141 12,949 13,141 13,877 NSF DOE/Office of Science Total NSF DOE/Office of Science Total Sources: NIST budget requests, FY2008-FY2016, available at http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/budget/ index.cfm; DOE budget requests, FY2008-FY2016, available at http://www.cfo.doe.gov/crorgcf30.htm; NSF, ; NSF, Budget Internet Information System, “"NSF Requests and Appropriations History,”" NSF.gov, February 25, 2015, http://dellweb.bfa.nsf.gov/NSFRqstAppropHist/NSFRequestsandAppropriationsHistory.pdf; and the President’s 's FY2016 budget, available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Appendix. Appendix. Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures in this table have been revised since the original date of publication in this report due to methodological changes. a. a. The FY2009 agency funding levels do not include funding provided by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA, P.L. 111-5). b. ). b. Includes $54 million transferred to the U.S. Coast Guard for icebreaking services (per P.L. 112-10). ). In 2010, Congress passed the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-358) ) which, among other things, authorized appropriations for the targeted accounts for FY2011 to FY2013.1616 The aggregate authorization levels for the targeted accounts in this act were consistent with an 11-year doubling path. Congress has not authorized appropriations for the targeted accounts beyond FY2013.17 17 Aggregate FY2013 funding subsequently appropriated for the targeted accounts was approximately $12.141 billion, $2.964 billion less than authorized in the act. This funding level set a pace to double over more than 22 years from the FY2006 level—more than triple the length of time originally envisioned in the 2007 America COMPETES Act and about twice as long as the doubling period established by the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010. Using the FY2006 as the base year funding level, FY2014 appropriations set a 20-year doubling pace while FY2015 appropriations set a 21-year pace. 16 For more information, see America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69): Selected Policy Issues, coordinated by Heather B. Gonzalez. 17 For additional information on reauthorization efforts, see CRS Report R43880, The America COMPETES Acts: An Overview, by Heather B. Gonzalez. Congressional Research Service 9 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 while FY2015 appropriations set a 21-year pace. Budget constraints appear to have put the future of the doubling path in question. In his FY2010 Plan for Science and Innovation, President Obama stated that he, like President Bush, would seek to double funding for basic research over 10 years (FY2006 to FY2016) in the targeted accounts.1818 In his FY2011 budget documents, President Obama extended the period over which he intended to double funding for the targeted accounts to 11 years (FY2006 to FY2017).1919 The FY2013 budget request reiterated President Obama’'s intention to double funding for the targeted accounts from their FY2006 levels but did not specify the length of time over which the doubling was to take place. President Obama’'s FY2014 budget expressed a commitment to increasing funding for the targeted accounts, but did not commit to doubling. The President’'s FY2015 budget contained no explicit statement of commitment to increasing funding for the targeted accounts. For FY2016, President Obama is requesting $13.877 billion in aggregate funding for the targeted accounts, an increase of $752 million (5.7%) above the estimated FY2015 aggregate funding level of $13.125 billion. If enacted, this funding level would set a doubling pace of about 20 years over the FY2006 level. Figure 1 shows total funding for the targeted accounts as a percentage of their FY2006 funding level, and illustrates how actual (FY2006-FY2015), requested (FY2007-FY2016), and authorized appropriations (FY2008-FY2013) compare to different doubling rates using FY2006 as the base year. The thick black line at the top of the chart is at 200%, the doubling level. The data used in Figure 1 are in current dollars, not constant dollars; the effect of inflation on the purchasing power of these funds is not taken into consideration. Some analysts have raised questions about the efficacy and unintended consequences of the doubling policy. Among the questions: What is the basis for asserting that a doubling of funding is the correct target for increases (as opposed to, say, an increase of 30%, 80%, or 120%)? What is the basis for setting the time period for doubling (e.g., 7 years, 11 years)? Is the optimal approach to double funding for specific agencies? If so, should the doubling for the selected agencies be done in aggregate or individually? Are the chosen agencies the right agencies? Should specific programs or appropriations accounts be targeted rather than entire agencies? What are the adjustment costs of a post-doubling slowdown in funding increases? In an effort to understand the potential consequence of the doubling effort, a 2009 National Bureau of Economic Research paper analyzed the effects of the NIH doubling (which took place from 1988 to 2003) and subsequent funding slowdown on the U.S. biomedical research enterprise. Among its conclusions, the authors found that “"future increases in research spending should be seen in terms of increasing the stock of sustainable activity rather than in attaining some arbitrary target (i.e., doubling) in a short period.”20"²⁰ Similar views were expressed by participants at a roundtable held by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce in 2014.21 18 EOP, OSTP, The President’s Plan for Science and Innovation: Doubling Funding for Key Basic Research Agencies in the 2010 Budget, May 7, 2009, http://www.whitehouse.gov/files/documents/ostp/budget/doubling.pdf. 19 EOP, OSTP, The President’s Plan for Science and Innovation: Doubling Funding for Key Basic Research Agencies in the 2011 Budget, February 1, 2010, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/doubling%2011%20final.pdf. 20 Richard Freeman and John Van Reenen, “What if Congress Doubled R&D Spending on the Physical,” Innovation Policy and the Economy, vol. 9 (February 2009), p. 28. 21 A video of the “21st Century Cures Roundtable,” held on May 6, 2014, is available at http://energycommerce.house.gov/event/21st-century-cures-roundtable. Congressional Research Service 10 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 participants at a roundtable held by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce in 2014.²¹

Figure 1. Funding for Accounts Targeted for Doubling: Appropriations, Authorizations, and Requests versus Selected Doubling Rates Sources: Prepared by CRS based on data from the Office of Management and Budget and agency budget justifications for FY2008 to FY2016, the NSF Budget Internet Information System, and agency authorization levels from the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) and the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-358). ). Notes: The 7-year doubling pace represents annual increases of 10.4%, the 10-year doubling pace represents annual increases of 7.2%, the 11-year doubling pace represents annual increases of 6.5%, the 15-year doubling pace represents annual increases of 4.7%, and the 20-year doubling pace represents annual increases of 3.3%. Through compounding, these rates would achieve the doubling of funding in the specified time period. The lines connecting aggregate appropriations, authorizations, and requests for the targeted accounts are for clarification purposes only. Congressional Research Service 11 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 National Nanotechnology Initiative22 purposes only. National Nanotechnology Initiative²² Launched by President Clinton in his FY2001 budget request, the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is a multiagency R&D initiative to advance understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale, where the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and useful ways from the properties of individual atoms or bulk matter.2323 Federal nanotechnology efforts are coordinated by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology (NSET). The President’'s request for NNI R&D funding for FY2016 is $1.495 billion. This is $7.5 million (0.5%) above the FY2015 funding level of $1.495 billion. (See Table 5.) .) Table 5. National Nanotechnology Initiative Funding, FY2014-FY2016 (budget authority, in millions of current dollars) FY2014 Actual FY2015 Estimate FY2016 Request $1,574.3 $1,487.8 $1,495.3 Change, FY2015-FY2016 Dollar Percent $7.5 0.5% Source: FY2014 Actual

FY2015 Estimate

FY2016 Request

Change, FY2015-FY2016

     

Dollar

Percent

$1,574.3

$1,487.8

$1,495.3

$7.5

0.5%

Source: Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology Committee, National Science and Technology Council, The White House, Supplement to the President’'s Budget for Fiscal Year 2016, The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Research and Development Leading to a Revolution in Technology and Industry, March 11, 2015. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program24 Program²⁴ Established by the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 (P.L. 102-194), the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) program is the primary mechanism by which the federal government coordinates its unclassified networking and information technology R&D investments in areas such as supercomputing, high-speed networking, cybersecurity, software engineering, and information management. President Obama is requesting $4.091 billion in FY2016 for the NITRD program. (See Table 6.) .) This is $123.5 million (3.1%) above the FY2015 funding level. The largest agency increases in NITRD funding under the Administration’'s FY2016 request are for the DOE ($65.1 million, 10.3%) and NSF ($31.0 million, 2.6%). The President’'s budget would reduce NITRD funding at DOD by $10.0 million (1.4%), DHS by $6.1 million (7.7%), and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (part of HHS) by $5.3 million (18.8%).25 22 For additional information on the NNI, see CRS Report RL34401, The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Overview, Reauthorization, and Appropriations Issues, by John F. Sargent Jr. 23 In the context of the NNI and nanotechnology, the nanoscale refers to lengths of 1 to 100 nanometers. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, or about the width of 10 hydrogen atoms arranged side by side in a line. 24 For additional information on the NITRD program, see CRS Report RL33586, The Federal Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program: Background, Funding, and Activities, by Patricia Moloney Figliola. 25 EOP, NSTC, Committee on Technology, Subcommittee on Networking and Information Technology Research and Development, Supplement to the President’s FY2016 Budget for Fiscal Year 2016, The Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program, pp. 6-7, February 2015, https://www.nitrd.gov/pubs/ 2016supplement/FY2016NITRDSupplement.pdf. Congressional Research Service 12 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Research and Quality (part of HHS) by $5.3 million (18.8%).²⁵ Table 6. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program Funding, FY2014-FY2016 (budget authority, in millions of current dollars) FY2014 Actual FY2015 Estimate FY2016 Request $3,885.6 $3,967.1 $4,090.6 Change, FY2015-FY2016 Dollar Percent $123.5 3.1% Source: FY2014 Actual FY2015Estimate

FY2016 Request

Change, FY2015-FY2016

     

Dollar

Percent

$3,885.6

$3,967.1

$4,090.6

$123.5

3.1%

Source: EOP, NSTC, Committee on Technology, Subcommittee on Networking and Information Technology Research and Development, Supplement to the President’'s FY2016 Budget for Fiscal Year 2016, The Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program, pp. 6-7, February 2015, https://www.nitrd.gov/pubs/ 2016supplement/FY2016NITRDSupplement.pdf. . U.S. Global Change Research Program26 Program²⁶ The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) coordinates and integrates federal research and applications to understand, assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes of global change. The program seeks to advance global climate change science and to “"build a knowledge base that informs human responses to climate and global change through coordinated and integrated Federal programs of research, education, communication, and decision support.”27"²⁷ Thirteen departments and agencies participate in the USGCRP. The President’'s request for USGCRP funding for FY2016 and USGCRP funding data for FY2014 (actual) and FY2015 (estimate) were not available at the time of publication of this report. BRAIN Initiative BRAIN Initiative In April 2013, President Obama launched the Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative, asserting that There is this enormous mystery waiting to be unlocked, and the BRAIN Initiative will change that by giving scientists the tools they need to get a dynamic picture of the brain in action and better understand how we think and how we learn and how we remember. And that knowledge could be—will be—transformative.28 28 Among the agencies participating in the BRAIN Initiative are the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), NIH, NSF, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The research supported under this initiative seeks to facilitate a better understanding of “"how the brain records, processes, uses, stores, and retrieves vast quantities of information, and shed light on the complex links between brain function and behavior,”29"²⁹ and to help improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of brain diseases such as Parkinson’'s and Alzheimer’s. 26 For additional information on the USGCRP, see CRS Report R43227, Federal Climate Change Funding from FY2008 to FY2014, by Jane A. Leggett, Richard K. Lattanzio, and Emily Bruner. 27 U.S. Global Change Research Program website, http://www.globalchange.gov/about/mission-vision-strategic-plan. 28 The White House, “Remarks by the President on the BRAIN Initiative and American Innovation,” speech transcript, April 2013, http://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-and-video/video/2013/04/02/president-obama-speaks-brain-initiativeand-american-innovation#transcript. 29 The White House, “Fact Sheet: BRAIN Initiative,” press release, April 2, 2013, http://www.whitehouse.gov/thepress-office/2013/04/02/fact-sheet-brain-initiative. Congressional Research Service 13 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 's. According to OSTP, federal investments in the BRAIN initiative totaled approximately $100 million in FY2014 and $200 million in FY2015. The President’'s FY2016 budget request includes more than $300 million for the effort, including $135 million in funding for NIH, $95 million from DARPA, and $72 million from NSF.3030 In addition, the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) and the FDA are expected to make contributions to the BRAIN Initiative in FY2016.31 31 Precision Medicine Initiative In his January 2015 State of the Union address, President Obama announced the Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI), a new undertaking among HHS agencies, proposing $215 million in FY2016 funding. The PMI seeks to build on research and discoveries that allow medical treatments to be tailored to an individual’'s unique characteristics (e.g., a patient’'s genes) or the genetic profile of an individual’'s tumor. The President’'s FY2016 request for the PMI includes $130 million for NIH, $70 million for the National Cancer Institute (NCI), $10 million for FDA, and $5 million for the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC). NIH funding would support the development of a voluntary national research cohort of a million or more people to provide insights into health and disease. NCI funding would support the identification of genetic drivers in cancer and the application of that knowledge in the development of cancer treatments. FDA funding would support the development of databases to support the regulatory structure needed to advance innovation in precision medicine. ONC funding would support the development of interoperability standards and requirements to address privacy and enable secure exchange of data across systems. 32 ³² Materials Genome Initiative Announced in June 2011 by President Obama, the Materials Genome Initiative (MGI) is a multiagency initiative multi-agency initiative to create new knowledge, tools, and infrastructure with a goal of enabling U.S. industries to discover, manufacture, and deploy advanced materials twice as fast than is possible today. Agencies are currently developing implementation strategies for the Materials Genome Initiative with a focus on: (1) the creation of a materials innovation infrastructure, (2) achieving national goals with advanced materials, and (3) equipping the next generation materials workforce.33 33 In congressional testimony, OSTP Director John Holdren stated that the purpose of the Materials Genome Initiative is to “"speed our understanding of the fundamentals of materials science, providing a wealth of practical information that American entrepreneurs and innovators will be able to use to develop new products and processes”" in much the same way that the Human Genome Project accelerated a range of biological sciences by identifying and deciphering the 30 EOP, OSTP, “Obama Administration Proposes Doubling Support for The Brain Initiative,” press release, March 2014, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/FY%202015%20BRAIN.pdf. 31 EOP, OSTP, “Obama Administration Proposes Over $300 Million in Funding for The BRAIN Initiative,” fact sheet, February 2015, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/ brain_initiative_fy16_fact_sheet_ostp.pdf. 32 The White House, “Fact Sheet: President Obama’s Precision Medicine Initiative,” press release, January 30, 2015, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/01/30/fact-sheet-president-obama-s-precision-medicine-initiative. 33 Email correspondence between OSTP and CRS, March 14, 2012. Congressional Research Service 14 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 human genetic code.3434 Such research may contribute to the identification of substitutes for critical minerals that are in short supply or have at-risk supply chains; the design, development, and use of materials that could reduce the number and severity of traumatic brain injuries resulting from blasts, impacts, and collisions incurred in military engagements, motor vehicle accidents, and athletics; and the development of new lightweight materials for vehicles that could enable new energy storage and propulsion systems and improve fuel efficiency.3535 The White House asserts that that Since the launch of MGI in 2011, the Federal government has invested over $250 million in new R&D and innovation infrastructure to anchor the use of advanced materials in existing and emerging industrial sectors in the United States. 36 36 Neither the President’'s FY2015 budget nor his FY2016 budget included a table of agency funding for the MGI. The NSTC Subcommittee on the Materials Genome Initiative (SMGI) coordinates the initiative’'s activities. Among the agencies participating in MGI R&D are DOE, DOD, U.S. Geological Survey, NSF, NIST, NASA, NIH, and NSF. MGI also coordinates its efforts with two other multiagency initiatives, the NNI and NITRD. 37 37 Advanced Manufacturing Partnership In June 2011, President Obama launched the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership (AMP), an effort to bring together “"industry, universities, and the Federal government to invest in emerging technologies that will create high-quality manufacturing jobs and enhance our global competitiveness.”38"³⁸ Two R&D-focused components of the AMP are the National Robotics Initiative (NRI) and the National Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI). National Robotics Initiative The National Robotics Initiative seeks to “"develop robots that work with or beside people to extend or augment human capabilities.”39"³⁹ Among the goals of the program are increasing labor productivity in the manufacturing sector, assisting with dangerous and expensive missions in space, accelerating the discovery of new drugs, and improving food safety by rapidly sensing microbial contamination.40 34 John P. Holdren, Director, OSTP, EOP, testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Subcommittee on Science and Space, hearing on “Keeping America Competitive Through Investments in R&D,” March 6, 2012, http://commerce.senate.gov/public/?a=Files.Serve&File_id=fed566eb-e2c8-49da-aec5f84e4045890b. 35 The White House, Materials Genome Initiative, “Examples of Materials Applications,” accessed May 2014, http://www.whitehouse.gov/mgi/examples. 36 The White House, Materials Genome Initiative, accessed February 27, 2015, http://www.whitehouse.gov/mgi. 37 NSTC, Committee on Technology, SMGI, “Materials Genome Initiative Strategic Plan,” December 2014, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/mgi_strategic_plan_-_dec_2014.pdf. 38 John P. Holdren, Director, OSTP, EOP, testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Subcommittee on Science and Space, hearing on “Keeping America Competitive Through Investments in R&D,” March 6, 2012, http://commerce.senate.gov/public/?a=Files.Serve&File_id=fed566eb-e2c8-49da-aec5f84e4045890b. 39 Ibid. 40 EOP, OSTP, website, August 3, 2011, http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/08/03/supporting-president-s-nationalrobotics-initiative. Congressional Research Service 15 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 microbial contamination.⁴⁰ In January 2015, several agencies—NSF, NIH, NASA, USDA, and DOD—announced a new round of funding for NRI efforts.4141 Neither the President’'s FY2015 nor his FY2016 budget included a table of agency funding for the NRI, but the Analytical Perspectives supplement to the President’ President's FY2016 budget indicates support for initiative funding.42 42 National Network for Manufacturing Innovation43 Innovation⁴³ President Obama first proposed the establishment of a National Network for Manufacturing Innovation in his FY2013 budget, which requested $1 billion to support the establishment of up to 15 institutes. The President also included proposals for establishing the NNMI in his FY2014, FY2015 and FY2016 budgets. As originally conceived, the NNMI would consist of a network of institutes where researchers, companies, and entrepreneurs can come together to develop new manufacturing technologies with broad applications. Each institute would have a unique technology focus. These institutes will help support an ecosystem of manufacturing activity in local areas. The Manufacturing Innovation Institutes would support manufacturing technology commercialization by helping to bridge the gap from the laboratory to the market and address core gaps in scaling manufacturing process technologies. 44 44 In the absence of explicit congressional authorization and appropriations for the NNMI, the Obama Administration competed and/or awarded eight institutes for manufacturing innovation using the broad agency authorities and appropriations of the DOD and DOE. The Administration has committed to establishing a ninth institute, but the focus area has not been identified. In December 2014, Congress passed the Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act of 2014 (RAMIA), as Title VII of Division B of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015 (P.L. 113-235). President Obama signed the bill into law on December 16, 2014. RAMIA directs the Secretary of Commerce to establish a Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NMI) program within the Commerce Department’'s NIST. The President’'s FY2016 budget proposes discretionary funding for seven additional centers—two each to be supported by USDA, DOE, and NIST, and one to be supported by DOD. In addition, the President’'s FY2016 budget includes a request for $1.9 billion in mandatory funding for NIST for the establishment of 29 additional centers between FY2017 and FY2024, which would bring the total number of centers to 45. 41 National Science Foundation, “National Robotics Initiative (NRI): The realization of co-robots acting in direct support of individuals and groups,” Program Solicitation NSF 15-505, January 2, 2015, http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2015/ nsf15505/nsf15505.htm. 42 EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2016, pp. 293-294. 43 For additional information on the NNMI, see CRS Report R42625, The Obama Administration’s Proposal to Establish a National Network for Manufacturing Innovation, by John F. Sargent Jr., and CRS Report R43857, The Network for Manufacturing Innovation, by John F. Sargent Jr. 44 DOC, FY2014 Budget in Brief, February 2012, p. 123, http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/budget/FY13BIB/ fy2013bib_final.pdf. Congressional Research Service 16 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 the total number of centers to 45. Reorganization of STEM Education Programs45 Programs⁴⁵ In FY2014, the Obama Administration proposed a major overhaul of the federal science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education portfolio. That plan would have affected about 50% of the federal STEM education effort and involved the transfer of STEM education budget authority between federal agencies. Although many legislators expressed conceptual support for reorganization as a means to improve the portfolio, the joint explanatory statement that accompanied the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (P.L. 113-76) rejected the proposal overall. It stated that the proposal “"contained no clearly defined implementation plan, had no buy-in from the education community, and failed to sufficiently recognize or support a number of proven, successful programs.”" Some FY2014 House and Senate appropriations reports accepted some changes on a case-by-case basis. In a March 2014 progress report the Administration stated that the number of federal STEM education programs had been reduced by 40% between FY2012 (228 programs) and FY2014 (138 programs). For FY2015, the Obama Administration proposed what it described as a “fresh”"fresh" reorganization of the federal STEM education portfolio. Unlike the FY2014 proposal, which sought to transfer funding between agencies, the FY2015 proposal sought to consolidate funding within agencies. According to the Office of Management and Budget, the FY2015 reorganization would have consolidated or eliminated 31 programs at 9 agencies, affecting $145 million in FY2014 budget authority. The FY2015 budget request aimed to further reduce STEM education programs to 111 from their FY2014 level of 138. The OSTP asserts that the President’'s FY2016 budget continues to reduce fragmentation.46 46 Further government-wide details were not available at the time of publication of this report. 45 For additional information on the reorganization of federal STEM education programs, see CRS Report R43880, The America COMPETES Acts: An Overview, by Heather B. Gonzalez; CRS In Focus IF00013, The President’s FY2015 Budget and STEM Education (In Focus), by Heather B. Gonzalez; and CRS Report R42642, Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education: A Primer, by Heather B. Gonzalez and Jeffrey J. Kuenzi. 46 EOP, OMB, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2016, “Cuts Consolidations, and Savings,” p. 87, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2016/assets/ccs.pdf. Congressional Research Service 17 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 FY2016 Appropriations Status The remainder of this report provides a more in-depth analysis of R&D in 12 federal departments and agencies that, in aggregate, receive more than 98% of total federal R&D funding. Annual appropriations for these agencies are provided through 9 of the 12 regular appropriations bills. For each agency covered in this report, Table 7 shows the corresponding regular appropriations bill that provides primary funding for the agency, including its R&D activities. In December 2015, Congress passed, and the President signed, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113) providing discretionary appropriations for all federal agencies for FY2016. For some federal agencies it is possible to discern R&D funding levels directly from this act and its accompanying explanatory statement. In these cases, this report reflects the results of P.L. 114-113. However, for some agencies, funding for R&D is included in appropriations line items that also include non-R&D activities; therefore, in such cases, it is not possible to identify precisely how much of the funding provided in appropriations laws is allocated to R&D specifically. In general, R&D funding levels are known only after departments and agencies allocate their appropriations to specific activities and report those figures. As of the start of fiscal year 2016FY2016, Congress had not completed action on any of the 12 regular appropriations bills for FY2015. The House Committee on Appropriations had reported all 9 of the regular appropriations bills that provide R&D funding and the House had passed 5 of them. The Senate Committee on Appropriations had reported all 9 of the regular appropriations bills that provide R&D funding and the Senate had not passed any of them. On September 30, 2015, President Obama signed into law the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-53), a continuing resolution (CR) that provided funding for the agencies through December 11, 2015, until the enactment into law of an appropriation for any project or activity provided for in this act, or until the enactment into law of the applicable appropriations act for FY2016 without any provision for such project or activity. The CR generally provided FY2016 budget authority for FY2015 projects and activities at the rate they were funded during that fiscal year. Most projects and activities funded in the CR were subject to an across-the-board decrease of 0.2108%. In addition to the general provisions that establish the coverage, duration, and rate, CRs usually include provisions that are specific to certain agencies, accounts, or programs. These include provisions that designate exceptions to the formula and purpose for which any referenced funding is extended (referred to as “anomalies”"anomalies") and provisions that have the effect of creating new law or changing existing law (often used to renew expiring provisions of law). The CR includes a number of such provisions, each of which is briefly summarized in CRS Report R44214, Overview of the FY2016 Continuing Resolution (H.R. 719), by [author name scrubbed]. , by Jessica Tollestrup. Because of the way that agencies report budget data to Congress, it can be difficult to identify the portion that is R&D. Consequently, R&D data presented in the agency analyses in this report may differ from R&D data provided by OMB. In addition to this report, CRS produces individual reports on each of the appropriations bills. These reports can be accessed via the CRS website at http://www.crs.gov/cli/Clis?cliId=73. Also, the status of each appropriations bill is available on the CRS webpage, Status Table of Appropriations Appropriations, available at http://crs.gov/Pages/AppropriationsStatusTable.aspx. Congressional Research Service 18 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 . Table 7. Alignment of Agency R&D Funding and Regular Appropriations Bills Department/Agency Regular Appropriations Bill Department of Defense Department of Defense Appropriations Act Department of Homeland Security Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act Department of Health and Human Services - National Institutes of Health Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Energy Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act National Science Foundation Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Commerce - National Institute of Standards and Technology Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Agriculture Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of the Interior Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Environmental Protection Agency Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Transportation Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Veterans Affairs Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Source:

Department/Agency

Regular Appropriations Bill

Department of Defense

Department of Defense Appropriations Act

Department of Homeland Security

Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act

Department of Health and Human Services- National Institutes of Health

Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act

Department of Energy

Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act

National Science Foundation

Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act

Department of Commerce- National Institute of Standards and Technology- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act

Department of Agriculture

Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act

Department of the Interior

Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act

Environmental Protection Agency

Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act

Department of Transportation

Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act

Department of Veterans Affairs

Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act

Source: CRS website, FY2016 Status Table of Appropriations, available at http://crs.gov/Pages/ AppropriationsStatusTable.aspx. Congressional Research Service 19 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Department of Defense47 . Department of Defense⁴⁷ Congress supports research and development in the Department of Defense (DOD) primarily through its Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) appropriation. The appropriation supports the development of the nation’'s future military hardware and software and the technology base upon which those products rely. Nearly all of what DOD spends on RDT&E is appropriated in Title IV of the defense appropriation bill. (See Table 8.) However, RDT&E funds are also appropriated in other parts of the bill. For example, RDT&E funds are appropriated as part of the Defense Health Program, Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction Program, and the National Defense Sealift Fund. The Defense Health Program (DHP) supports the delivery of health care to DOD personnel and their families. DHP funds (including the RDT&E funds) are requested through the Defensewide Operations and Maintenance appropriations request. The program’'s RDT&E funds support congressionally directed research in such areas as breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer and other medical conditions. Congress appropriates funds for this program in Title VI (Other Department of Defense Programs) of the defense appropriations bill. The Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction Program supports activities to destroy the U.S. inventory of lethal chemical agents and munitions to avoid future risks and costs associated with storage. Funds for this program are requested through the Defensewide Procurement appropriations request. Congress appropriates funds for this program also in Title VI. The National Defense Sealift Fund supports the procurement, operation and maintenance, and research and development of the nation’'s naval reserve fleet and supports a U.S. flagged merchant fleet that can serve in time of need. The RDT&E funding for this effort is requested in the Navy’'s Procurement request and appropriated in Title V, Revolving and Management Funds, of the appropriation bill. The Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Fund (JIEDDF) also contains RDT&E monies. However, the fund does not contain an RDT&E line item as do the programs mentioned above. The Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Office, which administers the fund, tracks (but does not report) the amount of funding allocated to RDT&E. The JIEDDF funding is not included in the table below. RDT&E funds also have been requested and appropriated as part of DOD’'s separate funding to support efforts in what the Bush Administration had termed the Global War on Terror (GWOT), and what the Obama Administration refers to as Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO). Typically, the RDT&E funds appropriated for GWOT/OCO activities go to specified Program Elements (PEs) in Title IV. However, they are requested and accounted for separately. The Bush Administration requested these funds in separate GWOT emergency supplemental requests. The Obama Administration, while continuing to identify these funds uniquely as OCO requests, has included these funds as part of the regular budget, not in emergency supplementals. However, the Obama Administration has asked for additional OCO funds in supplemental requests, if the initial OCO funding is not enough to get through the fiscal year. The OCO budget has been declining as operations in Iraq and Afghanistan are reduced. As the United States steps up its battle with the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), OCO funding will continue. In addition, GWOT/OCO-related requests/appropriations often include money for a number of transfer funds. These have included in the past the Iraqi Freedom Fund (IFF), the Iraqi Security 47 This section was written by John Moteff, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. Congressional Research Service 20 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Forces Fund, the Afghanistan Security Forces Fund, and the Pakistan Counterinsurgency Capability Fund. Another transfer fund is the Mine Resistant and Ambush Protected Vehicle Fund (MRAPVF). Congress typically makes a single appropriation into each of these funds, and authorizes the Secretary to make transfers to other accounts, including RDT&E, at his discretion. These transfers are eventually reflected in Title IV prior year funding figures. For FY2016, the Obama Administration requested $69.785 billion for DOD’'s baseline Title IV RDT&E. This is $6.101 billion above what was enacted for FY2015. It should be noted that the overall President’'s budget request did not stay within the caps of the Budget Control Act of 2011 ( (P.L. 112-25) as modified by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-240) and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2012 (P.L. 113-67). Whether to continue abiding by these caps was a matter of a larger budget debate between the Administration and Congress. This debate was reflected somewhat in the amount of funding allocated to OCO-related RDT&E, since OCO funding is considered emergency funding and not counted toward the caps. In addition to the baseline Title IV RDT&E request, the Administration requested $980 million in RDT&E through the Defense Health Program and $579 million in RDT&E through the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction program for FY2016. The Administration requested $25 million in RDT&E funding through the National Defense Sealift Fund for FY2016. The House approved $66.151 billion for DOD’'s baseline RDT&E program, $3.634 billion below the Administration’'s request. Most of this decrease can be attributed to reductions made to the Air Force’ Force's request. For example, the Long Range Strike program request was reduced by $460 million to reflect a rescheduling of the program. The Next Generation Refueling K-46 Aircraft program request was reduced by $275 million because the House determined that the request of $602 million exceeded needed funding. The House also expressed concern that the Air Force was using funds authorized for the Space Modernization Initiative to start new programs rather than to advance more evolutionary improvements in existing programs. As a result the House reduced the request for the Advanced Extremely High Frequency Military Satellite Communication program by $140 million and the Space Based Infrared Satellite (SBIRS) program request by $51 million, while transferring the balance of the request for this latter program ($241 million) to the Air Force’ Force's Title IX OCO appropriation. This transfer of $241 million to the Air Force OCO RDT&E appropriation accounts for just a portion of the $1.349 billion increase the House approved in Air Force OCO RDT&E. The increase in Air Force OCO RDT&E also included an increase of $915 million for classified Air Force programs. In total, the House increased the request for OCO RDT&E by $1.594 billion. The House also reduced the Navy’'s request by $648 million, with the biggest decrease made to the Marine Assault Vehicle program (-$68 million). The Army’'s request was increased by $447 million with the largest increase going to the Combat Vehicle Improvement program (+$98 million) to upgrade the lethality of the Stryker combat vehicle. The House reduced the Defensewide account by a net $123 million. This included a $100 million general reduction of request for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), a $250 million increase to continue support for the Defense Rapid Innovation Fund, and an increase of $165 million for the U.S.-Israeli Cooperative program, primarily directed at ballistic missile defense technologies. In addition to the Title IV appropriation recommendations, the House also recommended the requested amounts for the National Defense Sealift Fund and the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction program, $2 million for RDT&E for the Office of the Inspector General, and $1.640 billion for Defense Health Program RDT&E. The latter includes an additional $63 million added by amendment on the House floor. Congressional Research Service 21 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 The Senate Appropriations Committee recommended $70.325 billion for Title IV RDT&E, $540 million more than that requested by the Administration. Some notable recommended changes to the Administration’'s requests were: an increase of $350 million for the Navy’'s Unmanned Carrier Launched Airborne Surveillance and Strike System; an increase of $144 million for the Air Force’ Force's Expendable Launch Vehicle,; an increase of $400 million to continue the Defense Rapid Innovation Program in the Defensewide account; an increase of $165 million for the U.S.-Israeli Cooperative program in the Defensewide account; and an increase of $203 million for the Defense Technology Analysis program in the Defensewide account. The latter was directed toward assessing the cyber vulnerability of major weapons systems. In addition to the Title IV appropriation recommendations, the Senate Committee also recommended the requested RDT&E funds for the National Defense Sealift Fund and the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction program. The committee recommended $2 million in RDT&E for the Office of the Inspector General. The committee also recommended increasing RDT&E funding in the Defense Health Program by $819 million. The committee recommended funding for OCO RDT&E at the requested levels. Division C of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113) provides FY2016 appropriations for DOD. President Obama signed the act on December 18, 2015. The act provides $69.785 billion for Title IV RDT&E, $6 million (9.6%) more than for FY2015 and equal to the request in aggregate. The aggregate Title IV DOD RDT&E funding level includes:     Army: $7.565 billion for FY2016, $892 million (13.4%) more than for FY2015 and $640 million (9.2%) more than the request; Navy: $18.118 billion for FY2016, $2.163 billion (13.6%) more than for FY2015 and $232 million (1.3%) more than the request. Air Force: $25.217 billion for FY2016, $1.587 billion (6.7%) more than for FY2015 and $1.257 (4.7%) billion less than the request. Defensewide: $18.696 billion for FY2016, $1.479 billion (8.6%) more than for FY2015 and $266 million (2.0%) more than the request. In addition, the act fully funds the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction RDT&E at $579 million, $17 million (2.8%) below the FY2015 level, and provides $2.122 billion for Defense Health Program RDT&E, $1.142 billion (116.5%) more than the request and $391 million (22.6%) above the FY2015 level. The act also provides $25 million for RDT&E in the National Defense Sealift Fund, an amount equal to the request and $1 million (3.2%) more than in FY2015, and $2 million in RDT&E for the Office of the Inspector General, $1 million (50.0%) more than in FY2015 and $2.6 million (55.3%) less than the request. P.L. 114-113 also fully funded the OCO request and added an additional $40 million to support the Israel Technical Working Group. RDT&E funding can be analyzed in different ways. Each of the military departments request and receive their own RDT&E funding. So, too, do various DOD agencies (e.g., the Missile Defense Agency and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), collectively aggregated within the Defensewide account. RDT&E funding also can be characterized by budget activity (i.e., the type of RDT&E supported). Those budget activities designated as 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3 (basic research, applied research, and advanced technology development, respectively) constitute what is called DOD’ DOD's Science and Technology Program (S&T) and represent the more research-oriented part of the RDT&E program. Budget activities 6.4 and 6.5 focus on the development of specific weapon systems or components (e.g., the Joint Strike Fighter or missile defense systems), for which an operational need has been determined and an acquisition program established. Budget activity 6.6 Congressional Research Service 22 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 provides management support, including support for test and evaluation facilities. Budget activity 6.7 supports the development of system improvements in existing operational systems. Many congressional policymakers are particularly interested in S&T funding since these funds support the development of new technologies and the underlying science. Some in the defense community see ensuring adequate support for S&T activities as imperative to maintaining U.S. military superiority into the future. The knowledge generated at this stage of development can also contribute to advances in commercial technologies. The FY2016 Title IV baseline S&T funding request was $12.266 billion, $81 million more than what was enacted in FY2015. The House voted to appropriate $12.573 billion for Title IV S&T. This includes the $100 million general reduction to DARPA’'s request. The Senate Appropriation Committee recommended $12.822 billion for Title IV S&T. P.L. 114-113 provides $13.250 billion for Title IV S&T for FY2016, $984 million (8.0%) more than the request and $1.065 billion (8.7%) above the FY2015 level. Within the S&T program, basic research (6.1) receives special attention, particularly by the nation’ nation's universities. DOD is not a large supporter of basic research, when compared to NIH or NSF. However, over half of DOD’'s basic research budget is spent at universities and represents the major contribution of funds in some areas of science and technology (such as electrical engineering and material science). The Administration requested $2.089 billion for basic research for FY2016. This is $189 million less than what was enacted for FY2015. The House approved $2.100 billion for basic research (not counting the DARPA general reduction). The Senate Appropriation Committee recommended $2.317 billion in basic research. Much of the Senate Committee’ Committee's recommended increase would go toward in-house basic research and toward increases in the Navy’'s University Research Initiatives. P.L. 114-113 provides $2.309 billion for basic research, $32 million (1.4%) more than in FY2015 and $221 million (10.6%) more than the request. Table 8. Department of Defense RDT&E (in millions of dollars) FY2015 Enacted Budget Account Base FY2016 Request OCO Base FY2016 House OCO Base FY2016 S. Cmte. OCO Base FY2016 Enacted OCO Base OCO Army 6,673 2 6,925 2 7,372 2 7,097 2 7,565 2 Navy 15,955 36 17,886 36 17,238 218 18,237 36 18,118 36 Air Force 23,630 15 26,474 17 23,163 1,366 25,874 17 25,217 17 17,217 270a 137 18,207b 199 18,926 137 18,696 177 Defensewide Dir., Test & Evaluation 209 Total Title IV—By Accountc 63,684 18,330 171 322 69,785 171 191 66,151b 191 1,785 70,325 189 191 69,785 231 Budget Activity 6.1 Basic Research 2,278 Congressional Research Service 2,089 2,100d 2,317 2,309 23 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 FY2015 Enacted Budget Account Base FY2016 Request OCO Base FY2016 House OCO Base FY2016 S. Cmte. OCO Base FY2016 Enacted OCO Base OCO 6.2 Applied Research 4,603 45 4,713 4,838d 6.3 Advanced Tech. Dev. 5,304 23 5,464 5,735d 6.4 Advanced Component Dev. and Prototypes 12,472 19 14,402 6.5 Systems Dev. And Demo 11,101 10 6.6 Management Supporte 4,396 6.7 Op. Systems Dev.f 23,530 225 26,161 190 23,931 1,447 25,231 190 25,253 190 Total Title IV—by Budget Activityc 63,684 322 69,785 191 66,151bg 1,785 70,325 191 69,785i 231 4,928 5,004 40 5,577 5,937 13,621 57 14,936 12,771 11,704 241 12,839 12,795 4,185 4,321 4,496 4,424 2 2 14,083 42 Title V— Revolving and Management Funds National Defense Sealift Fund 24 25 25 25 25 1,731 980 1,640h 1,799 2,122 596 579 579 579 579 1 5 2 2 2 Title VI— Other Defense Programs Defense Health Program Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction Inspector General Grand Totalc 66,036 322 71,374 191 68,397 1,785 72,730 191 72,513 231 Source: CRS, adapted from the Department of Defense Budget, Fiscal Year 2016 RDT&E Programs (R-1), February 2015. H.Rept. 114-139. S.Rept. 114-63; Explanatory Statement, P.L. 114-113. a. This figure includes $95 million for Ebola Response and Preparedness. b. These figures include a $100 million general reduction to the recommended DARPA appropriation. Congressional Research Service 24 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 c. d. e. f. g. h. i. Numbers may not add due to rounding. These figures do not include the $100 million general reduction to the recommended DARPA appropriation, since it is not possible to determine how this reduction will be allocated. Includes funding for Director of Test and Evaluation. Includes funding for Classified Programs. This figure does not equal the sum of the column because the 6.1 through 6.3 funding does not reflect the $100 million DARPA general reduction. This includes $63 million added to the Defense Health program RDT&E account on the House floor, which was offset by an equal reduction in the Defensewide Operations and Maintenance account. This figure does not equal the sum of the column because the 6.1 to 6.7 components above do not reflect the $100 million DARPA general reduction Department of Homeland Security48 The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has identified five core missions: to prevent terrorism and enhance security, to secure and manage the borders, to enforce and administer immigration laws, to safeguard and secure cyberspace, and to ensure resilience to disasters. New technology resulting from research and development can contribute to all these goals. The Directorate of Science and Technology (S&T) has primary responsibility for establishing, administering, and coordinating DHS R&D activities. The Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) is responsible for R&D relating to nuclear and radiological threats. Other components, such as the U.S. Coast Guard, conduct R&D relating to their specific missions. The President requested $1.154 billion in FY2016 for R&D and related programs in DHS. This was a 19.2% decrease from $1.430 billion in FY2015. The total included $779 million for the S&T Directorate, $357 million for DNDO, and $18 million for Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) in the U.S. Coast Guard. The House committee recommended a total of $1.162 billion, including $787 million for the S&T Directorate, $357 million for DNDO, and $18 million for Coast Guard RDT&E. The Senate committee recommended a total of $1.103 billion, including $765 million for the S&T Directorate, $320 million for DNDO, and $18 million for Coast Guard RDT&E. The final appropriation provided $1.152 billion, including $787 million for the S&T Directorate, $347 million for DNDO, and $18 million for Coast Guard RDT&E. (See Table 9.) Directorate of Science and Technology The S&T Directorate is the primary DHS R&D organization.49 Led by a Senate-confirmed Under Secretary for Science and Technology, it performs R&D in several laboratories of its own and funds R&D performed by the DOE national laboratories, industry, universities, and others. It also conducts testing and other technology-related activities in support of acquisitions by other DHS components. The Administration’s request of $779 million for the S&T Directorate in FY2016 was 29.4% less than the FY2015 appropriation of $1.104 billion. Most of the difference resulted from a lower request for Laboratory Facilities, which received $300 million in FY2015 for construction of the National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF). No further funds for NBAF construction were requested in FY2016. Within the request for Research, Development, and 48 This section was written by Daniel Morgan, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 49 For more information, see CRS Report R43064, The DHS S&T Directorate: Selected Issues for Congress, by Dana A. Shea. Congressional Research Service 25 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Innovation (RD&I), support for Apex projects was to increase to $78 million in FY2016.50 Apex projects are multidisciplinary projects agreed to between the S&T Directorate and the head of another DHS component. The FY2016 request proposed supporting six Apex projects in addition to the previous two. It also proposed a crosscutting “technology engines” activity within the Apex program. The request for University Programs, which funds S&T’s university centers of excellence (together with some smaller programs), was $31 million, down from $40 million in FY2015. The House committee’s recommendation of $787 million for S&T was $8 million more than the request. In its report, the House committee recommended a $9 million increase (relative to the request) for University Programs, which it said would be sufficient to support all the existing centers of excellence. Other differences relative to the request were small. The committee expressed support for the Apex concept and recommended Apex funding at the requested level. The Senate committee’s recommendation of $765 million for S&T was $14 million less than the request. In its report, the Senate committee recommended an $8 million increase (relative to the request) for University Programs, offset by a $20 million decrease for RD&I. Other differences relative to the request were small. The committee stated that the University Programs increase would allow S&T to maintain at least 10 university centers of excellence (the current number). The committee did not specify how the decrease for RD&I should be allocated. It did state that “not less than prior year funding” should be allocated to the Apex program and directed S&T to “continue its focus” on three of the six new Apex projects. The final appropriation of $787 million was $8 million more than the request. It included an increase of $9 million for University Programs, partially offset by decreases of less than $1 million for Laboratory Facilities and Management and Administration. The explanatory statement was silent regarding the Apex program. Domestic Nuclear Detection Office DNDO is the DHS organization responsible for nuclear detection research, development, testing, evaluation, acquisition, and operational support. It is led by a presidentially appointed Director. In addition to its responsibilities within DHS, it is charged with coordinating federal nuclear forensics programs and the U.S. portion of the global nuclear detection architecture. The Administration requested $357 million for DNDO in FY2016, an increase of 16.1% from the FY2015 appropriation of $308 million. In the Systems Acquisition account, the Administration proposed to merge the Radiation Portal Monitors program ($5 million in FY2015) and the Human Portable Radiation Detection Systems program ($49 million in FY2015) into a single, expanded Radiological and Nuclear Detection Equipment Acquisition program ($101 million requested for FY2016). The increase in funding for the merged program was to support recapitalization of DHS radiation detection equipment that is at or past its life expectancy. The House committee’s recommendation of $357 million for DNDO was the same as the Administration’s request, except for a reduction of less than $1 million in the Management and Administration account. The committee concurred with the Administration’s proposed consolidation and expansion of the Nuclear Detection Equipment Acquisition program. 50 The FY2015 act and explanatory statement did not specify the allocation of funding to Apex projects within the total provided for RD&I. Apex funding was $15 million in FY2014 and in the FY2015 request. Congressional Research Service 26 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 The Senate committee’s recommendation of $320 million for DNDO was $37 million less than the request. The reduction included $1 million from the Management and Administration account and $36 million from the new Nuclear Detection Equipment Acquisition program. The final appropriation of $347 million for DNDO was $10 million less than the request. The reduction included less than $1 million from Management and Administration and $10 million from Nuclear Detection Equipment Acquisition. Coordination of DHS R&D Activities DHS-wide coordination of R&D activities has been an issue for several years. In September 2012, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) reported that although the S&T Directorate, DNDO, and the Coast Guard are the only DHS components that report R&D activities to the Office of Management and Budget, several other DHS components also fund R&D and activities related to R&D.51 The GAO report found that DHS lacked department-wide policies to define R&D and guide reporting of R&D activities, and, as a result, DHS did not know the total amount its components invest in R&D. The report recommended that DHS develop policies and guidance for defining, reporting, and coordinating R&D activities across the department, and that DHS establish a mechanism to track R&D projects. In the FY2013 and FY2014 appropriations cycles, Congress responded to GAO’s findings by directing DHS to develop new policies and procedures. The explanatory statement for the

(in millions of dollars)

  FY2015Enacted FY2016 Request FY2016House FY2016S. Cmte. FY2016 Enacted

Budget Account

Base

OCO

Base

OCO

Base

OCO

Base

OCO

Base

OCO

Army

6,673

2

6,925

2

7,372

2

7,097

2

7,565

2

Navy

15,955

36

17,886

36

17,238

218

18,237

36

18,118

36

Air Force

23,630

15

26,474

17

23,163

1,366

25,874

17

25,217

17

Defensewide

17,217

270^a

18,330

137

18,207^b

199

18,926

137

18,696

177

Dir., Test & Evaluation

209

 

171

 

171

 

191

 

189

 

Total Title IV—By Account^c

63,684

322

69,785

191

66,151^b

1,785

70,325

191

69,785

231

Budget Activity

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6.1 Basic Research

2,278

 

2,089

 

2,100^d  

2,317

 

2,309

 

6.2 Applied Research

4,603

45

4,713

 

4,838^d  

4,928

 

5,004

 

6.3 Advanced Tech. Dev.

5,304

23

5,464

 

5,735^d

40

5,577

 

5,937

 

6.4 Advanced Component Dev. and Prototypes

12,472

19

14,402

2

13,621

57

14,936

2

14,083

42

6.5 Systems Dev. And Demo

11,101

10

12,771

 

11,704

241

12,839

 

12,795

 

6.6 Management Support^e

4,396

 

4,185

 

4,321

 

4,496

 

4,424

 

6.7 Op. Systems Dev.^f

23,530

225

26,161

190

23,931

1,447

25,231

190

25,253

190

Total Title IV—by Budget Activity^c

63,684

322

69,785

191

66,151^bg

1,785

70,325

191

69,785i

231

Title V—Revolving and Management Funds

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

National Defense Sealift Fund

24

 

25

 

25

 

25

 

25

 

Title VI—Other Defense Programs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Defense Health Program

1,731

 

980

 

1,640^h  

1,799

 

2,122

 

Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction

596

 

579

 

579

 

579

 

579

 

Inspector General

1

 

5

 

2

 

2

 

2

 

Grand Total^c

66,036

322

71,374

191

68,397

1,785

72,730

191

72,513

231

Source: CRS, adapted from the Department of Defense Budget, Fiscal Year 2016 RDT&E Programs (R-1), February 2015. H.Rept. 114-139. S.Rept. 114-63; Explanatory Statement, P.L. 114-113.

a. This figure includes $95 million for Ebola Response and Preparedness. b. These figures include a $100 million general reduction to the recommended DARPA appropriation. c. Numbers may not add due to rounding. d. These figures do not include the $100 million general reduction to the recommended DARPA appropriation, since it is not possible to determine how this reduction will be allocated. e. Includes funding for Director of Test and Evaluation. f. Includes funding for Classified Programs. g. This figure does not equal the sum of the column because the 6.1 through 6.3 funding does not reflect the $100 million DARPA general reduction. h. This includes $63 million added to the Defense Health program RDT&E account on the House floor, which was offset by an equal reduction in the Defensewide Operations and Maintenance account.

i. This figure does not equal the sum of the column because the 6.1 to 6.7 components above do not reflect the $100 million DARPA general reduction

Department of Homeland Security⁴⁸

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has identified five core missions: to prevent terrorism and enhance security, to secure and manage the borders, to enforce and administer immigration laws, to safeguard and secure cyberspace, and to ensure resilience to disasters. New technology resulting from research and development can contribute to all these goals. The Directorate of Science and Technology (S&T) has primary responsibility for establishing, administering, and coordinating DHS R&D activities. The Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) is responsible for R&D relating to nuclear and radiological threats. Other components, such as the U.S. Coast Guard, conduct R&D relating to their specific missions.

The President requested $1.154 billion in FY2016 for R&D and related programs in DHS. This was a 19.2% decrease from $1.430 billion in FY2015. The total included $779 million for the S&T Directorate, $357 million for DNDO, and $18 million for Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) in the U.S. Coast Guard. The House committee recommended a total of $1.162 billion, including $787 million for the S&T Directorate, $357 million for DNDO, and $18 million for Coast Guard RDT&E. The Senate committee recommended a total of $1.103 billion, including $765 million for the S&T Directorate, $320 million for DNDO, and $18 million for Coast Guard RDT&E. The final appropriation provided $1.152 billion, including $787 million for the S&T Directorate, $347 million for DNDO, and $18 million for Coast Guard RDT&E. (See Table 9.) Directorate of Science and Technology

The S&T Directorate is the primary DHS R&D organization.⁴⁹ Led by a Senate-confirmed Under Secretary for Science and Technology, it performs R&D in several laboratories of its own and funds R&D performed by the DOE national laboratories, industry, universities, and others. It also conducts testing and other technology-related activities in support of acquisitions by other DHS components. The Administration's request of $779 million for the S&T Directorate in FY2016 was 29.4% less than the FY2015 appropriation of $1.104 billion. Most of the difference resulted from a lower request for Laboratory Facilities, which received $300 million in FY2015 for construction of the National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF). No further funds for NBAF construction were requested in FY2016. Within the request for Research, Development, and Innovation (RD&I), support for Apex projects was to increase to $78 million in FY2016.⁵⁰ Apex projects are multidisciplinary projects agreed to between the S&T Directorate and the head of another DHS component. The FY2016 request proposed supporting six Apex projects in addition to the previous two. It also proposed a crosscutting "technology engines" activity within the Apex program. The request for University Programs, which funds S&T's university centers of excellence (together with some smaller programs), was $31 million, down from $40 million in FY2015.

The House committee's recommendation of $787 million for S&T was $8 million more than the request. In its report, the House committee recommended a $9 million increase (relative to the request) for University Programs, which it said would be sufficient to support all the existing centers of excellence. Other differences relative to the request were small. The committee expressed support for the Apex concept and recommended Apex funding at the requested level.

The Senate committee's recommendation of $765 million for S&T was $14 million less than the request. In its report, the Senate committee recommended an $8 million increase (relative to the request) for University Programs, offset by a $20 million decrease for RD&I. Other differences relative to the request were small. The committee stated that the University Programs increase would allow S&T to maintain at least 10 university centers of excellence (the current number). The committee did not specify how the decrease for RD&I should be allocated. It did state that "not less than prior year funding" should be allocated to the Apex program and directed S&T to "continue its focus" on three of the six new Apex projects.

The final appropriation of $787 million was $8 million more than the request. It included an increase of $9 million for University Programs, partially offset by decreases of less than $1 million for Laboratory Facilities and Management and Administration. The explanatory statement was silent regarding the Apex program.

Domestic Nuclear Detection Office

DNDO is the DHS organization responsible for nuclear detection research, development, testing, evaluation, acquisition, and operational support. It is led by a presidentially appointed Director. In addition to its responsibilities within DHS, it is charged with coordinating federal nuclear forensics programs and the U.S. portion of the global nuclear detection architecture. The Administration requested $357 million for DNDO in FY2016, an increase of 16.1% from the FY2015 appropriation of $308 million. In the Systems Acquisition account, the Administration proposed to merge the Radiation Portal Monitors program ($5 million in FY2015) and the Human Portable Radiation Detection Systems program ($49 million in FY2015) into a single, expanded Radiological and Nuclear Detection Equipment Acquisition program ($101 million requested for FY2016). The increase in funding for the merged program was to support recapitalization of DHS radiation detection equipment that is at or past its life expectancy.

The House committee's recommendation of $357 million for DNDO was the same as the Administration's request, except for a reduction of less than $1 million in the Management and Administration account. The committee concurred with the Administration's proposed consolidation and expansion of the Nuclear Detection Equipment Acquisition program.

The Senate committee's recommendation of $320 million for DNDO was $37 million less than the request. The reduction included $1 million from the Management and Administration account and $36 million from the new Nuclear Detection Equipment Acquisition program.

The final appropriation of $347 million for DNDO was $10 million less than the request. The reduction included less than $1 million from Management and Administration and $10 million from Nuclear Detection Equipment Acquisition.

Coordination of DHS R&D Activities

DHS-wide coordination of R&D activities has been an issue for several years. In September 2012, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) reported that although the S&T Directorate, DNDO, and the Coast Guard are the only DHS components that report R&D activities to the Office of Management and Budget, several other DHS components also fund R&D and activities related to R&D.⁵¹ The GAO report found that DHS lacked department-wide policies to define R&D and guide reporting of R&D activities, and, as a result, DHS did not know the total amount its components invest in R&D. The report recommended that DHS develop policies and guidance for defining, reporting, and coordinating R&D activities across the department, and that DHS establish a mechanism to track R&D projects.

In the FY2013 and FY2014 appropriations cycles, Congress responded to GAO's findings by directing DHS to develop new policies and procedures. The explanatory statement for the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6) directed the Secretary of Homeland Security, through the Under Secretary for Science and Technology, to establish a review process for all R&D and related work within DHS.5252 The joint explanatory statement for the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (P.L. 113-76) directed DHS to implement and report on new policies for R&D prioritization, and to review and, in accordance with GAO’'s recommendations, to implement policies and guidance for defining and overseeing R&D department-wide.53 53 Concerns remain, however. In September 2014, GAO testified that DHS had updated its guidance to include a definition of R&D, but that efforts to develop a process for coordinating R&D across the department were ongoing but not yet complete.5454 In April 2015, GAO’'s annual report on fragmented, overlapping, or duplicative federal programs stated that its concerns about DHS R&D had been only “"partially addressed.”55 "⁵⁵ In the FY2016 appropriations cycle, the House committee’'s report stated that “"The Department needs a strategic planning process to focus research and development and future investments.”56 "⁵⁶ In December 2015, the final explanatory statement noted as follows: The Department lacks a mechanism for capturing and understanding research and development (R&D) activities conducted across DHS, as well as coordinating R&D to 51 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Department of Homeland Security: Oversight and Coordination of Research and Development Should Be Strengthened, GAO-12-837, September 12, 2012. 52 Congressional Record, March 11, 2013, p. S1547. 53 Congressional Record, January 15, 2014, p. H927. 54 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Department of Homeland Security: Actions Needed to Strengthen Management of Research and Development, GAO-14-865T, September 9, 2014. 55 U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2015 Annual Report: Additional Opportunities to Reduce Fragmentation, Overlap, and Duplication and Achieve Other Financial Benefits, GAO-15-404SP, April 2015. 56 H.Rept. 114-215, p. 4. Congressional Research Service 27 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 development (R&D) activities conducted across DHS, as well as coordinating R&D to reflect departmental priorities. As part of the Unity of Effort initiative and in order to address the above concerns, DHS is establishing Integrated Product Teams (IPTs) to assist the Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) with requirements gathering, validation, and alignment of budgetary resources. IPTs, comprised of personnel from across DHS, will be tasked with identifying and prioritizing technological capability gaps and coordinating departmental R&D to close those gaps. The overall IPT effort will be led by the Under Secretary for S&T, but individual IPTs will be led by senior representatives from the operational components, and will have representation from the JRC [Joint Requirements Council] Portfolio Teams and S&T. S&T will also play a critical role in helping DHS-wide acquisition programs by conducting independent technical assessments of acquisitions, including participation in developmental test and evaluation activities, to ensure DHS acquisitions effectively fill identified capability gaps. S&T is directed to brief the Committees not later than January 15, 2016, on the results of the first IPTs and technology assessments. 57 Proposed Reorganization 57 Proposed Reorganization In 2013, Congress directed DHS to review its programs relating to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats and to evaluate “"potential improvements in performance and possible savings in costs that might be gained by consolidation of current organizations and missions, including the option of merging functions of the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) and the Office of Health Affairs (OHA).”58"⁵⁸ The report of this review was completed in June 2015. In July 2015, DHS officials testified that DHS planned to consolidate DNDO, OHA, and smaller elements of several other DHS programs into a new office, led by a new Assistant Secretary, with responsibility for DHS-wide coordination of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives (CBRNE) “"strategy, policy, situational awareness, threat and risk assessments, contingency planning, operational requirements, acquisition formulation and oversight, and preparedness.”59"⁵⁹ The House and Senate committee reports on FY2016 appropriations did not address the proposed consolidation. A provision in the final bill prohibited DHS from using FY2016 funds to establish an Office of CBRNE Defense “"until such time as Congress has authorized such establishment.”60"⁶⁰ The provision did, however, give DHS the authority to transfer funds for the establishment of such an office, if authorized. 57 Congressional Record, December 17, 2015, p. H10162. Explanatory statement on the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6), Congressional Record, March 11, 2013, p. S1547. 59 Joint prepared testimony of Reginald Brothers, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, Kathryn H. Brinsfield, Assistant Secretary for Health Affairs and Chief Medical Officer, and Huban A. Gowadia, Director of the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office, Department of Homeland Security, before the House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittees on Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Communications and Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection, and Security Technologies, July 14, 2015, http://homeland.house.gov/hearing/joint-subcommittee-hearingweapons-mass-destruction-bolstering-dhs-combat-persistent-threats. 60 P.L. 114-113, Div. F, Sec. 521. 58 Congressional Research Service 28 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 authority to transfer funds for the establishment of such an office, if authorized. Table 9. Department of Homeland Security R&D and Related Programs (budget authority in millions of dollars) FY2015 Enacted Directorate of Science and Technology FY2016 Request FY2016 H. Cmte. FY2016 S. Cmte. FY2016 Final $787 $1,104 $779 $787 $765 Management and Administration 130a 132 132 130 132b R&D, Acquisition, and Operations 974c 647 655d 634d 655d Research, Development, and Innovation 457 435 435 415 435 Laboratory Facilities 435 134 134 134 134 Acquisition and Operations Support 42 47 47 47 47 University Programs 40 31 40 39 40 308 357 357 320 347 Domestic Nuclear Detection Office Management and Administration 37 38 38 38 38 198 196 196 196 196 Systems Architecture 17 17 17 17 17 Systems Development 21 22 22 22 22 Transformational R&D 70 68 68 68 68 Assessments 38 38 38 38 38 Operations Support 31 31 31 31 31 National Technical Nuclear Forensics Center 21 20 20 20 20 73 123 123 87 113 — 101 101 65 91 5 — — — — 49 — — — — Research, Development, and Operations Systems Acquisition Rad./Nuc. Detection Equipment Acquisition Radiation Portal Monitors Program Human Portable Radiation Detection Systems Securing the Cities U.S. Coast Guard RDT&E DHS, Total R&D and Related Programs 19 22 22 22 22 18 18 18 18 18 1,430 1,154 1,162 1,103 1,152 Sources: FY2015 enacted from P.L. 114-4

(budget authority in millions of dollars)

  FY2015Enacted FY2016Request FY2016H. Cmte. FY2016S. Cmte. FY2016Final

Directorate of Science and Technology

$1,104

$779

$787

$765

$787

Management and Administration

130^a

132

132

130

132^b

R&D, Acquisition, and Operations

974^c

647

655^d

634^d

655^d  

Research, Development, and Innovation

457

435

435

415

435

 

Laboratory Facilities

435

134

134

134

134

 

Acquisition and Operations Support

42

47

47

47

47

 

University Programs

40

31

40

39

40

Domestic Nuclear Detection Office

308

357

357

320

347

Management and Administration

37

38

38

38

38

Research, Development, and Operations

198

196

196

196

196

 

Systems Architecture

17

17

17

17

17

 

Systems Development

21

22

22

22

22

 

Transformational R&D

70

68

68

68

68

 

Assessments

38

38

38

38

38

 

Operations Support

31

31

31

31

31

 

National Technical Nuclear Forensics Center

21

20

20

20

20

Systems Acquisition

73

123

123

87

113

 

Rad./Nuc. Detection Equipment Acquisition

—

101

101

65

91

 

Radiation Portal Monitors Program

5

—

—

—

—

 

Human Portable Radiation Detection Systems

49

—

—

—

—

 

Securing the Cities

19

22

22

22

22

U.S. Coast Guard RDT&E

18

18

18

18

18

DHS, Total R&D and Related Programs

1,430

1,154

1,162

1,103

1,152

Sources: FY2015 enacted from P.L. 114-4 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, January 13, 2015. FY2016 request from DHS FY2016 congressional budget justification. FY2016 House Committee from H.R. 3128 as reported and H.Rept. 114-215. FY2016 Senate Committee from S. 1619 as reported and S.Rept. 114-68. . FY2016 final from P.L. 114-113 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, December 17, 2015. Note: Totals may differ from sum of components due to rounding. a. a. Does not reflect a rescission of $0.5 million from unobligated prior-year balances. b. b. Does not reflect a rescission of $0.3 million from unobligated prior-year balances. c. c. Does not reflect a rescission of $16.6 million from unobligated prior-year balances. d. d. Does not reflect rescissions totaling $10.0 million from unobligated prior-year balances. Congressional Research Service 29 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Department of Health and Human Services The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is the federal government’s “principal 's "principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves.”61 "⁶¹ The President is requesting $31.0 billion in R&D funding for HHS, an increase of $565 million (1.9%) from its FY2015 level of $30.5 billion. Several components of HHS provide funding for R&D. This report focuses on HHS R&D funded through NIH, an HHS agency which provides more than 95% of total HHS R&D funding.62 62 The President’'s FY2016 request for R&D at other HHS agencies includes:      Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: $398 million, equal to the amount it received in FY2015. Food and Drug Administration: $410 million, equal to the amount it received in FY2015. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: $385 million, an increase of $1 million (0.3%) from its FY2015 level. Health Resources and Services Administration: $22 million, equal to the amount it received in FY2015. Administration for Children and Families: $17 million, an increase of $6 million (54.5%) from its FY2015 level.63 63In addition, the President’'s budget would eliminate R&D funding for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, which received $64 million in FY2015, and provide $163 million for departmental management related to R&D, an increase of $6 million (3.8%) above its FY2015 level.64 64 National Institutes of Health65 Health⁶⁵ The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the federal government charged with performing and supporting biomedical and behavioral research. It also has major roles in training biomedical researchers and disseminating health information. The NIH mission is “to "to seek fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to enhance health, lengthen life, and reduce the burdens of illness and disability.”66"⁶⁶ The agency’'s organization consists of the Office of the NIH Director (OD) and 27 institutes and centers (ICs). 61 HHS, “About,” http://www.hhs.gov/about. Email correspondence between OMB and CRS, February 9, 2015. 63 Ibid. 64 Ibid. 65 This section was written by Judith A. Johnson, Specialist in Biomedical Policy, CRS Domestic Social Policy Division. For background information on NIH, see CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background and Congressional Issues, by Judith A. Johnson, and CRS Report R43341, NIH Funding: FY1994FY2016, by Judith A. Johnson. 66 National Institutes of Health, “About the National Institutes of Health,” http://www.nih.gov/about/mission.htm. 62 Congressional Research Service 30 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 institutes and centers (ICs). NIH supports and conducts a wide range of basic and clinical research, research training, and health information dissemination across all fields of biomedical and behavioral sciences. About 83% of NIH’'s budget goes out to the extramural research community in the form of grants, contracts, and other awards. This funding supports research performed by more than 300,000 non-federal scientists and technical personnel who work at more than 2,500 universities, hospitals, medical schools, and other research institutions.6767 OD sets overall policy and coordinates the programs and activities of all NIH components, particularly in areas of research that involve multiple institutes. The ICs focus on particular diseases, areas of human health and development, or aspects of research support. Each IC plans and manages its own research programs in coordination with OD. As shown in Table 10, Congress provides separate appropriations to 24 of the 27 ICs, to OD, and to an intramural Buildings and Facilities account. The other three centers, which perform centralized support services, are funded through assessments on the IC appropriations. Funding for NIH comes primarily from the Labor, HHS, and Education (Labor/HHS/ED) appropriations bill, with an additional amount for Superfund-related activities from the Interior/Environment appropriations bill. Those two bills provide NIH’'s discretionary budget authority. Each year NIH has also received $150 million in mandatory funding that is provided in the Public Health Service (PHS) Act for a special program on type 1 diabetes research. In addition, NIH has received funding via a PHS Act transfer. The total funding available for NIH activities, taking account of transfers, is known as the NIH program level. For FY2016, the Obama Administration requested an NIH program level total of $31.311 billion, an increase of $1 billion (3.3%) over the FY2015 level of $30.311 billion (see Table 10). The FY2016 program level request for NIH included $150 million in mandatory funding for research on type 1 diabetes.6868 The FY2016 program level request also proposed $847 million in funding transferred to NIH by the PHS Program Evaluation Set-Aside, also called the evaluation tap. NIH and other HHS agencies and programs authorized under the PHS Act are subject to a budget assessment found in Section 241 of the PHS Act (42 U.S.C. §238j). It authorizes the Secretary to use a portion of eligible appropriations to study the effectiveness of federal health programs and to identify improvements. Although the PHS Act limits the evaluation tap to no more than 1% of eligible appropriations, in recent years the annual Labor/HHS/ED appropriations act has specified a higher amount (2.5% in FY2015 and in FY2016) and directed specific amounts of funding from the evaluation tap for transfer to a number of HHS programs. The set-aside has the effect of redistributing appropriated funds for specific purposes among PHS and other HHS agencies. NIH, with the largest budget among the PHS agencies, has traditionally been the largest “donor” of program evaluation funds and, until recently, a relatively minor recipient.69 67 Department of Health and Human Services, Fiscal Year 2016 Budget in Brief, Washington, DC, February 2, 2015, p. 45, http://www.hhs.gov/budget/fy2016/fy-2016-budget-in-brief.pdf. 68 Mandatory funds for type 1 diabetes research under PHS Act §330B were provided by the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 (P.L. 113-93) in FY2015 and by the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (P.L. 114-10) for FY2016 and FY2017. 69 For FY2015, although NIH contributed an estimated $700 million to the tap, it received $715 million under P.L. 113235, an increase over the $8.2 million NIH received in FY2014 and prior years from the transfer. P.L. 113-235 allocated the entire $715 million to the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), offsetting the more than $700 million reduction in discretionary budget authority for NIGMS in the law compared with its FY2014 funding level. By convention, budget tables such as Table 10 do not subtract the amount of the evaluation tap from the donor agencies’ appropriations. For further information on the PHS Evaluation Set-Aside, see CRS Report R43304, Public Health Service Agencies: Overview and Funding (FY2010-FY2016), coordinated by C. Stephen Redhead and Agata Dabrowska. Congressional Research Service 31 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Under the President’"donor" of program evaluation funds and, until recently, a relatively minor recipient.⁶⁹ Under the President's FY2016 budget request, most ICs would have received a 2% to 4% increase compared to FY2015 with few exceptions, such as a $70 million (6%) increase for the National Institute on Aging and a $57 million (17%) increase for the National Library of Medicine (NLM). The increase for NLM was targeted for the National Center for Biotechnology Information to support PubMed Central in providing public access to papers emanating from NIH research. The increase was also for ClinicalTrials.gov to accommodate the increased volume of clinical trial reporting due to a proposed expansion of NIH trial reporting policy and implementation of regulations related to the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 (FDAAA).70 70 Except for the mandatory diabetes funding, Congress does not usually specify amounts for particular diseases or research areas. Congress generally appropriates specific amounts to each IC and leaves it to NIH and its scientific advisory panels to allocate funding to different research areas.7171 Some bills may propose authorizations for designated research purposes, but funding generally remains subject to discretionary appropriations and the NIH peer review process. The House Appropriations Committee-reported version of the FY2016 Labor/HHS/ED appropriations bill (H.R. 3020) would have provided NIH with a total of $31.184 billion, including $1.01 billion provided by the evaluation tap.7272 Adding to this total the amount for Superfund-related activities ($77 million) and the mandatory type 1 diabetes program ($150 million) would bring the FY2016 NIH program level to $31.411 billion. The Senate Appropriations Committee-reported version of the FY2016 Labor/HHS/ED appropriations bill (S. 1695) would have provided NIH with a total of $32.084 billion, including $940 million provided by the evaluation tap and an estimated $650 million in new funding from the HHS Non-recurring Expenses Fund (NEF).7373 Adding to this total the amount for SuperfundrelatedSuperfund-related activities ($77 million) and the mandatory type 1 diabetes program ($150 million) would bring the FY2016 NIH program level to $32.311 billion. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (H.R. 2029, , P.L. 114-113) provides $32.084 billion for NIH in Division H (the Labor/HHS/Education appropriations act): $31.304 billion for the ICs plus $780 million in funding via the PHS Act transfer. With the addition of the $77 million for 70 NIH, FY2016 Justification of Estimates for Appropriation Committees, Vol. V, National Library of Medicine, p. NLM-6, at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/about/2016CJ_NLM.pdf. 71 See NIH website, “Estimates of Funding for Various Research, Condition, and Disease Categories (RCDC),” http://report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx. 72 The House passed version of H.R. 3020 would have set the PHS evaluation tap assessment at not more than 2.4% or $1.068 billion, whichever is less. 73 S. 1695 would have set the PHS evaluation tap assessment at not more than 2.5%, and the final bill set the tap for FY2016 at not more than 2.5% (P.L. 114-113). The HHS Secretary is authorized to transfer to the NEF unobligated balances of certain expired discretionary funds. Under current law, NEF funds are available until expended for use by the HHS Secretary for capital acquisitions including facility and information technology infrastructure. Congressional appropriators must be notified in advance of any planned use of NEF funds. NEF funds have been used by HHS for expenses related to the Affordable Care Act, such as the federally facilitated exchanges. (See CRS Report R43066, Federal Funding for Health Insurance Exchanges, by Annie L. Mach and C. Stephen Redhead.) The Senate Appropriations Committee-reported FY2016 Labor/HHS/ED appropriations bill included language that would have repurposed the NEF for NIH biomedical research activities. S.Rept. 114-74 stated on p. 105 that the NEF “funding shall be transferred to and merged with the accounts for the various” ICs and the OD “in proportion to their shares of total NIH appropriations made by this act.” Note that the House Appropriations Committee-reported FY2016 Labor/HHS/ED appropriations bill would have terminated the NEF and rescinded unobligated balances. However, the FY2016 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 114-113) did not enact either of these proposals. Congressional Research Service 32 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 plus $780 million in funding via the PHS Act transfer. With the addition of the $77 million for Superfund-related research and the $150 million in diabetes funding, the NIH program level is $32.311 billion in FY2016, an increase of $2 billion (7%) over FY2015.74 74 The overview below outlines research priorities in the FY2016 NIH budget and selected responses from the House and Senate appropriation committee report language as well as the explanatory statement that accompanies the final bill, H.R. 2029 ( (P.L. 114-113).⁷⁵ ).75 BRAIN. About 54% of the proposed NIH budget focuses on basic biomedical and behavioral research. The Brain Research through Application of Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative is a collaborative effort with the National Science Foundation and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. It develops and applies new tools for the study of complex brain functions. The Administration requested a $70 million increase over FY2015 for the NIH portion of BRAIN, bringing the total to about $135 million in FY2016. The House report on H.R. 3020H.R. 3020 stated that it would provide an $85 million increase for BRAIN in FY2016.7676 The Senate report on S. 1695 stated that it supported a $70 million increase.77 77 P.L. 114-113 provides an $85 million increase for BRAIN. Alzheimer’ Alzheimer's Disease. To continue implementing the research components of the National Plan to Address Alzheimer’'s Disease (AD), NIH estimated it would spend $638 million on AD research in FY2016, an increase of $51 million over FY2015. In a section on the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the House report on H.R. 3020 specified funding for Alzheimer’'s disease research at $886 million, an increase of $300 million over FY2015. In contrast, the Senate report on S. 1695S. 1695 stated, “"In keeping with long-standing tradition, the Committee has not earmarked funding for research on specific diseases. However, the Committee has included a $350,971,000 increase for NIA and expects that a significant portion will be dedicated to high quality research on Alzheimer’ Alzheimer's disease, subject to the scientific opportunity presented in the peer review process.”78 "⁷⁸ The explanatory statement on H.R. 2029 ( (P.L. 114-113) states that an increase of $350 million is provided for Alzheimer’'s disease research. Antimicrobial Resistance. NIH would target $461 million in FY2016 to support the Administration’ Administration's National Strategy to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, an increase of $100 million over FY2015. The increase is supported by both House and Senate appropriation committees as well as the explanatory statement on H.R. 2029 ( (P.L. 114-113). ). Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI).. The FY2016 budget request proposed a total of $215 million for a multi-agency precision medicine initiative: $10 million to FDA to support the development of the necessary regulatory approaches, $5 million to the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology for developing relevant data privacy and sharing requirements, and $200 million to support biomedical research at NIH. Of the amount for NIH, $130 million is for the development of a national research cohort composed of 1 million or more volunteers. The cohort’'s health, genetic, environmental and other data would be collected and used in research studies to identify novel therapeutics and prevention strategies. The proposal would use existing smaller research cohorts rather than recruiting 1 million new participants. The National Cancer Institute would use the remaining $70 million of NIH funds to explore the 74 Superfund amount provided by Division G of P.L. 114-113, the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016. 75 The amounts discussed in the text below regarding the Administration’s FY2016 request are based on the NIH section in Fiscal Year 2016 Budget in Brief, pp. 44-49, http://www.hhs.gov/budget/fy2016/fy-2016-budget-in-brief.pdf. 76 H.Rept. 114-195, p. 57. 77 S.Rept. 114-74, p. 9. 78 S.Rept. 114-74, p. 95. Congressional Research Service 33 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 genetics of tumor cells that are resistant to therapy, to determine the efficacy of combination therapies that target specific tumor mutations, and for research on non-invasive methods to track response to cancer treatment. Both House and Senate appropriation committees indicated support for PMI and the explanatory statement states that it includes $200 million for PMI in FY2016. Biomedical Research Workforce. NIH estimated it would spend $785 million—$23 million more than in FY2015—to support 15,735 individuals, with a 2% stipend increase for predoctoral and postdoctoral trainees, in its major research training program, the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Awards. The explanatory statement accompanying H.R. 2029 ( (P.L. 114-113) ) states it “"expects NIH to support the number of Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Awards and other training grants in proportion to at least the general IC level funding increase. The agreement expects NIH to provide a stipend level and inflationary increases to grantees that is at least consistent with any fiscal year 2016 Federal employee pay raise.” " National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The explanatory statement accompanying H.R. 2029 ( (P.L. 114-113) indicates that funding is provided directly to NLM for NCBI “"to meet the challenge of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and disseminating the increasing amounts of data related to research in molecular biology and genomics and to support the deposit of manuscripts in PubMed Central under the NIH Public Access Policy.” " Pediatric Research. NIH estimated it would spend over $3.6 billion on pediatric research in FY2016, an increase of $75 million over FY2015. The $13 million authorized for pediatric research by the Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act of 2014 (P.L. 113-94) would continue in FY2016. The House and Senate appropriation committees allocated $12.6 million for pediatric research via the Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act as did the explanatory statement accompanying H.R. 2029 ( (P.L. 114-113) which encouraged NIH to prioritize research on childhood cancer and provide an update in the FY2017 NIH budget request. National Children’'s Study. Both committees commented on the cancellation of the National Children’ Children's Study (NCS) by NIH in December 2014.7979 The House Appropriations Committee “ "directs and provides funding for the continuation of the NCS in an alternative form”" while the Senate Appropriations Committee “"urges NIH to recalibrate and realign the investment already made in the NCS to initiate new and focus existing longitudinal studies to address the objectives identified for the NCS.”80"⁸⁰ The explanatory statement accompanying H.R. 2029 ( (P.L. 114-113) ) provides funding to the NIH Office of the Director for the follow-on to the NCS and “expects "expects NIH to continue to move forward based on the directions provided by the Committees on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Senate.” " Research Project Grants. The main funding mechanism for supporting NIH extramural research is research project grants (RPGs), which are competitive, peer-reviewed, and largely investigatorinitiatedinvestigator-initiated. The FY2016 budget requested total funding for RPGs of $17.2 billion, representing about 55% of NIH’'s proposed budget. The request would support an estimated 35,447 RPG awards. Within that total, 10,000 would be competing RPGs, an increase of over 1,200 grants compared with FY2015. (Competing awards are new grants plus competing renewals of existing grants.) NIH estimated the average amount of a competing RPG in FY2016 would be about $461,000, up from about $457,000 in FY2015. 79 National Institutes of Health, “Statement on the National Children’s Study,” press release, December 12, 2014, http://nih.gov/about/director/12122014_statement_ACD.htm. 80 H.Rept. 114-195, p. 78; and., S.Rept. 114-74, p. 104. Congressional Research Service 34 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 $461,000, up from about $457,000 in FY2015. Table 10. National Institutes of Health Funding (budget authority, in millions of dollars) FY2015 Enacted National Cancer Institute (NCI) FY2016 Request FY2016 H. Cmte. FY2016 S. Cmte. FY2016 Final $4,950 $5,098 $5,082 $5,204 $5,215 National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute (NHLBI) 2,998 3,072 3,035 3,136 3,116 Dental/Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) 400 407 405 415 416 1,750 1,788 1,771 1,825 1,818 Neurological Disorders/Stroke (NINDS) 1,605 1,660 1,656 1,695 1,696 Allergy/Infectious Diseases (NIAID) 4,359 4,615 4,513 4,710 4,630 General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) 1,656 1,587 1,429 1,571 1,732 Child Health/Human Development (NICHD) 1,287 1,318 1,306 1,345 1,340 National Eye Institute (NEI) 684 695 698 710 716 Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) 668 682 676 696 694 1,199 1,267 1,518 1,548 1,600 Arthritis/Musculoskeletal/Skin Diseases (NIAMS) 522 533 528 544 542 Deafness/Communication Disorders (NIDCD) 405 416 412 425 423 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) 1,463 1,489 1,512 1,520 1,548 National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) 1,029 1,047 1,051 1,069 1,077 Alcohol Abuse/Alcoholism (NIAAA) 447 460 456 469 468 National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) 141 145 143 148 146 National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) 499 515 506 526 519 Biomedical Imaging/Bioengineering (NIBIB) 330 337 338 344 347 Minority Health/Health Disparities (NIMHD) 269 282 272 287 280 125 128 128 130 131 635 660 643 699 685 Fogarty International Center (FIC) 68 70 69 71 70 National Library of Medicine (NLM) 337 394 341 402 395 1,414 1,443 1,552 874 1,571 129 129 133 129 129 29,369 30,237 30,174 30,494 31,304 715 847 1,010 940 780 Diabetes/Digestive/Kidney (NIDDK)a National Institute on Aging (NIA) Complementary/Integrative Health (NCCIH)b Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) Office of Director (OD) Buildings & Facilities (B&F) Subtotal, Labor/HHS Appropriation PHS Evaluation Tap fundingc Non-recurring Expenses Fund (NEF) Subtotal, NIH Superfund (Interior appropriation to NIEHS)d Pre-appropriated type 1 diabetes fundse Total, NIH program level Congressional Research Service 650 30,084 31,084 31,184 32,084 32,084 77 77 77 77 77 150 150 150 150 150 30,311 31,311 31,411 32,311 32,311 35 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Sources: H.Rept. 114-195, pp. 232-234; S.Rept. 114-74, pp. 231-233; and detailed tables of the explanatory statement accompanying H.R. 2029 (P.L. 114-113). Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Amounts in table may differ from  

FY2015 Enacted

FY2016 Request

FY2016 H. Cmte. FY2016S. Cmte.

FY2016 Final

National Cancer Institute (NCI)

$4,950

$5,098

$5,082

$5,204

$5,215

National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute (NHLBI)

2,998

3,072

3,035

3,136

3,116

Dental/Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)

400

407

405

415

416

Diabetes/Digestive/Kidney (NIDDK)^a

1,750

1,788

1,771

1,825

1,818

Neurological Disorders/Stroke (NINDS)

1,605

1,660

1,656

1,695

1,696

Allergy/Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

4,359

4,615

4,513

4,710

4,630

General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)

1,656

1,587

1,429

1,571

1,732

Child Health/Human Development (NICHD)

1,287

1,318

1,306

1,345

1,340

National Eye Institute (NEI)

684

695

698

710

716

Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

668

682

676

696

694

National Institute on Aging (NIA)

1,199

1,267

1,518

1,548

1,600

Arthritis/Musculoskeletal/Skin Diseases (NIAMS)

522

533

528

544

542

Deafness/Communication Disorders (NIDCD)

405

416

412

425

423

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

1,463

1,489

1,512

1,520

1,548

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)

1,029

1,047

1,051

1,069

1,077

Alcohol Abuse/Alcoholism (NIAAA)

447

460

456

469

468

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)

141

145

143

148

146

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)

499

515

506

526

519

Biomedical Imaging/Bioengineering (NIBIB)

330

337

338

344

347

Minority Health/Health Disparities (NIMHD)

269

282

272

287

280

Complementary/Integrative Health (NCCIH)^b

125

128

128

130

131

Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS)

635

660

643

699

685

Fogarty International Center (FIC)

68

70

69

71

70

National Library of Medicine (NLM)

337

394

341

402

395

Office of Director (OD)

1,414

1,443

1,552

874

1,571

Buildings & Facilities (B&F)

129

129

133

129

129

Subtotal, Labor/HHS Appropriation

29,369

30,237

30,174

30,494

31,304

PHS Evaluation Tap funding^c

715

847

1,010

940

780

Non-recurring Expenses Fund (NEF)

 

 

 

650

 

Subtotal, NIH

30,084

31,084

31,184

32,084

32,084

Superfund (Interior appropriation to NIEHS)^d

77

77

77

77

77

Pre-appropriated type 1 diabetes funds^e

150

150

150

150

150

Total, NIH program level

30,311

31,311

31,411

32,311

32,311

Sources: H.Rept. 114-195, pp. 232-234; S.Rept. 114-74, pp. 231-233; and detailed tables of the explanatory statement accompanying H.R. 2029 (P.L. 114-113).

Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Amounts in table may differ from actuals in many cases. By convention, budget tables such as Table 10 do not subtract the amount of transfers, such as the evaluation tap, from the agencies’' appropriation. CRS estimated the NIH contribution to the evaluation tap to be over $700 million for FY2015. FY2015 amounts do not include $238,000,000 for NIAID for research on Ebola that was provided in P.L. 113-235 (Title VI of Division G). a. a. Amounts for NIDDK do not include mandatory funding for type 1 diabetes research (see note h). b. b. Reflects name change from National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine to National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health; provision included in P.L. 113-235. c. . c. Additional funds for NIGMS from PHS Evaluation Set-Aside (§241 of PHS Act). d. d. This is a separate account in the Interior/Environment appropriations for NIEHS research activities related to Superfund; H.Rept. 114-170, p. 77, S.Rept. 114-70, p. 5. e. e. Mandatory funds available to NIDDK for type 1 diabetes research under PHS Act §330B (provided by P.L. 113-93 in FY2015 and P.L. 114-10 in FY2016). Department of Energy81 Department of Energy⁸¹ The Department of Energy (DOE) was established in 1977 by the Department of Energy Organization Act (P.L. 95-91), which combined energy-related programs from a variety of other agencies with defense-related nuclear programs that dated back to the Manhattan Project. Today, DOE conducts basic scientific research in areas ranging from nuclear physics to the biological and environmental sciences, basic and applied R&D relating to energy production and use, and R&D on nuclear weapons, nuclear nonproliferation, and defense nuclear reactors. The department has a system of 17 national laboratories around the country, mostly operated by contractors, that together account for about 40% of all DOE expenditures. The Administration requested $14.178 billion in FY2016 for DOE R&D and related activities, including programs in three major categories: science, national security, and energy. This request was 12.2% more than the FY2015 appropriation of $12.640 billion. The House bill (H.R. 2028 as passed by the House) would have provided $12.813 billion. The Senate bill (H.R. 2028 as reported in the Senate) would have provided $13.154 billion. The enacted omnibus bill (P.L. 114113114-113) provided $13.680 billion. (See Table 11 for details.) The request for the DOE Office of Science was $5.340 billion, an increase of 5.4% from the FY2015 appropriation of $5.068 billion. There is no authorized funding level for the Office of Science for FY2016. The most recent authorization act (the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010, P.L. 111-358) authorized appropriations through FY2013. The FY2016 budget request did not mention the Obama Administration’'s previous goal of doubling the combined funding of the Office of Science and two other agencies. (For more information on the doubling goal and how it has evolved, see “"Efforts to Double Certain R&D Accounts.”.") The original target, announced by the Bush Administration in 2006, was to achieve the doubling in the decade from FY2006 to FY2016. The FY2016 request for the Office of Science was 47% more than its FY2006 baseline. The House bill would have provided $5.100 billion, 40% above the baseline. The Senate bill would have provided $5.144 billion, 42% above the baseline. The final bill provided $5.350 billion, 47% above the baseline. 81 This section was written by Daniel Morgan, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. Congressional Research Service 36 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 The Office of Science includes six major research programs. The request for the largest program, Basic Energy Sciences (BES), was $1.849 billion, an increase of 6.7%. Within BES, a proposed increase of $62 million for continued construction of the Linac Coherent Light Source II (LCLSIILCLS-II) was slightly less than previously projected; however, the projected future cost of completing the project in FY2017 through FY2019 increased. A proposed increase of $35 million for Scientific User Facilities was to support increased operating hours at multiple BES research facilities. Energy Frontier Research Centers were to increase by $10 million to support up to 10 new centers. The House bill would have provided $79 million less than the request, including $8 million less for LCLS-II construction, $57 million less for Scientific User Facilities, and $12 million less for Energy Frontier Research Centers. The Senate bill would have provided the requested amount for LCLS-II construction, but $5 million less than the request for the remainder of the program. As requested, the final bill provided $1.849 billion for BES. This total included the requested amount for LCLS-II construction and $15 million more than the request for Scientific User Facilities. The explanatory statement was silent regarding Energy Frontier Research Centers. The request for High Energy Physics was $788 million, an increase of 2.9%. Within this program, a proposed increase of $15 million for continued construction of the Muon to Electron Conversion Experiment (Mu2e) was slightly less than was previously projected; however, the projected future cost of completing the project in FY2017 through FY2019 increased. In the program’ program's three major experimental research areas, proposed increases for cosmic frontier physics and energy frontier physics were approximately offset by a proposed decrease for physics at the intensity frontier. The House bill would have provided $12 million less than the request, including $9 million less for accelerator stewardship. The Senate bill would have provided approximately the requested amount overall, with $10 million more for construction of the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility offset by $10 million less for research. Both bills would have funded Mu2e construction at the requested level. The final bill provided $795 million, an increase of $7 million above the request. This total included the requested amount for Mu2e construction and $10 million more than the request for construction of the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility. The request for Nuclear Physics was $625 million, an increase of 4.9%.The proposed increases were to be spread across most areas of research and operations. The House bill would have provided $8 million less than the request, including $6 million less for operations at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and $2 million less for construction of the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams. The Senate bill would have provided $33 million less than the request, including the requested amount for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, $5 million less for the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, and unspecified other reductions. The final appropriation was $617 million, or $8 million less than the request. The total included the requested amount for the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams. The explanatory statement also “encouraged”"encouraged" DOE to fund “optimal operations”"optimal operations" at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The request for Biological and Environmental Research (BER) was $612 million, an increase of 3.4%. This program consists of two roughly equal parts: Biological Systems Science and Climate and Environmental Sciences. Within Climate and Environmental Sciences, the request included an increase of $31 million for climate and Earth system modeling. The House bill would have provided $74 million less than the request. The House committee report did not specify how its recommended funding for Biological and Environmental Research should be allocated. It expressed support for the Biological Systems Science program and for climate modeling in academia in collaboration with NASA, but it was silent regarding the remainder of the Climate and Environmental Sciences program. The Senate bill would have provided $2 million less than the request, with the entire reduction allocated to Climate and Environmental Sciences. The final bill provided $609 million, or $3 million less than the request. The explanatory statement stated Congressional Research Service 37 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 that this total included the requested funds for Bioenergy Research Centers within Biological Systems Science, and “urged”"urged" DOE to “"give priority to optimizing the operation of BER user facilities,”" but explicitly declined to give any other direction regarding BER. The request for Advanced Scientific Computing Research was $621 million, an increase of 14.8%. Essentially the entire increase was to be allocated to the Research and Evaluation Prototypes program. This activity supports R&D partnerships with vendors to influence and accelerate critical technologies for next-generation systems, system integration research, and development and engineering efforts. The Advanced Scientific Computing Research program is the focus of exascale computing activities in the Office of Science, accounting for $178 million of the $209 million requested for this crosscutting initiative. The House bill would have provided $83 million less than the request for Advanced Scientific Computing Research. Although the House committee report expressed support for the exascale initiative, it stated that its recommendation included only $99 million for this purpose within the Office of Science. The Senate bill would have provided the requested amount for Advanced Scientific Computing Research. The Senate committee report “"strongly supported”" the exascale initiative and stated that its total recommendation for that purpose in the Office of Science was $158 million. The final bill provided $621 million as requested, including $158 million for the exascale initiative. The request for Fusion Energy Sciences was $420 million, a decrease of 10.2%. Construction funding for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) was to be $150 million, the same as in FY2015. In 2008, the cost for the U.S. share of ITER, a multi-year international construction project, was estimated to be between $1.45 billion and $2.2 billion. Schedule delays, design and scope changes, and other factors have delayed formal approval of a revised cost estimate. According to DOE, the current best estimate of the total U.S. cost for ITER construction (which is 9.09% of the total international cost) is between $4 billion and $6.5 billion. In June 2014, the Government Accountability Office found that the cost of ITER has increased, its schedule has slipped, the international project schedule is “"not reliable,”" and DOE can “only partially”"only partially" influence the international project’'s performance.8282 All other major program areas in Fusion Energy Sciences were to decrease under the Administration’'s request. The Alcator CMODC-MOD facility was to cease operations at the end of FY2016. The House bill would have provided $48 million more than the request. This increase would have gone entirely to the domestic portion of the program, as House funding for ITER would have been the same as the request. The Senate bill would have provided no funding for ITER, but the requested amount for the domestic program. The Senate committee report directed the Secretary of Energy “"to work with the Department of State to withdraw from the ITER project.”" The final bill provided $438 million, including $35 million less than requested for ITER and $53 million more than requested for the domestic program. The bill required that not later than May 2, 2016, the Secretary of Energy shall submit to the Committees on Appropriations of both Houses of Congress a report recommending either that the United States remain a partner in the ITER project after October 2017 or terminate participation, which shall include, as applicable, an estimate of either the full cost, by fiscal year, of all future Federal funding requirements for construction, operation, and maintenance of ITER or the cost of termination. The request for DOE national security R&D was $4.488 billion, a 9.0% increase from $4.119 billion in FY2015. In the Weapons Activities account, Advanced Simulation and Computing was to increase by $25 million, and Advanced Manufacturing Development was to increase by $23 82 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Fusion Energy: Actions Needed to Finalize Cost and Schedule Estimates for U.S. Contributions to an International Experimental Reactor, GAO-14-499, June 5, 2014. Congressional Research Service 38 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 million. Funding for the Naval Reactors program was to rise by 11.5%, including increases for technology development, systems development, and facility operations and maintenance. Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation R&D was to increase by $26 million, but this was to result largely from a transfer of funding for materials characterization research and diagnostic equipment development to this account from Weapons Activities. The House bill would have provided $109 million less than the request for R&D in Weapons Activities, including $18 million less for Advanced Simulation and Computing, $16 million less for Advanced Manufacturing Development, and a number of other changes. It would have provided $53 million less than the request for Naval Reactors, including $30 million less for Development and $21 million less for Operations and Infrastructure. The Senate bill would have provided $67 million less than the request for R&D in Weapons Activities, including the requested amount for Advanced Simulation and Computing, $19 million less for Advanced Manufacturing Development, and other changes. It would have provided $75 million less than the request for Naval Reactors, including $14 million less for Development and $59 million less for two construction projects. The final bill provided $4.451 billion, or $37 million less than the request. It provided the requested amount for Naval Reactors and Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation R&D. Within Weapons Activities, it provided the requested amounts for Advanced Simulation and Computing and for Advanced Manufacturing Development. The FY2016 request for DOE energy R&D was $4.350 billion, up 26.0% from $3.453 billion in FY2015. The request proposed to increase funding for R&D in the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) by 43.9%, with increases requested for all major EERE programs. Within EERE, the largest proposed increases were for Advanced Manufacturing ($404 million, up from $200 million in FY2015), Vehicle Technologies ($444 million, up from $280 million), Solar Energy ($337 million, up from $233 million), and Building Technologies ($264 million, up from $172 million). The request for Advanced Manufacturing was to support the establishment of two additional Clean Energy Manufacturing Innovation Institutes (see “National "National Network for Manufacturing Innovation”"). The proposed increase for Nuclear Energy reflected a rescission of unobligated prior-year balances in FY2015; without this rescission, the FY2016 request for Nuclear Energy would have been a $6 million decrease. The request for Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability R&D included an increase of $15 million for smart grid R&D and $10 million to establish a new program of R&D on transformer resilience and advanced components. Support for the Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E) was to increase by 16.1%. The balance of ARPA-E project funding was to shift from an equal distribution between Stationary Power Systems and Transportation Systems to approximately a 60:40 split. The House and Senate bills would both have rejected the Administration’'s proposed large increases in EERE programs, although the Senate bill would have provided more than the FY2015 enacted amount for most major EERE programs (with the exception of Wind Energy). Both bills would have provided more than the request for Fossil Energy R&D, more for Nuclear Energy, and less for ARPA-E. The final bill provided a total of $3.879 billion. Within this total, it provided more than either the House or Senate bill for EERE, but still less than the request, and more than the House or Senate bill or the request for Fossil Energy R&D, Nuclear Energy and Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability R&D. For ARPA-E, the final bill provided $291 million, the same as the Senate bill. Congressional Research Service 39 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Table 11. Department of Energy R&D and Related Activities (budget authority in millions of dollars) FY2015 Enacted Science FY2016 Request FY2016 House FY2016 Sen. Cte. FY2016 Final $5,068 $5,340 $5,100 $5,144 $5,350a 1,733 1,849 1,770 1,844 1,849 High Energy Physics 766 788 776 788 795 Biological and Environmental Research 592 612 538 610 609 Nuclear Physics 596 625 616 592 617 Advanced Scientific Computing Research 541 621 538 621 621 Fusion Energy Sciences 468 420 468 270 438 Other 373 425 394 419 421 4,119 4,488 4,326 4,346 4,451 2,478 2,676 2,567 2,609 2,633 1,234 1,375 1,323 1,300 1,375 393 419 419 419 419 14 17 17 17 23 3,453 4,350 3,387 3,664 3,879 1,671 2,404 1,425 1,700 1,808d Fossil Energy R&D 561 560 605 610 632 Nuclear Energy 833 908 936 950 986 Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability R&D 108 153 141 113 162 Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy 280 325 280 291 291 12,640 14,178 12,813 13,154 13,680 Basic Energy Sciences National Security Weapons Activitiesb Naval Reactors Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation R&D Defense Environmental Cleanup Tech. Dev. Energy Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energyc DOE, Total Source: FY2015 enacted from P.L. 113-235

(budget authority in millions of dollars)

 

FY2015 Enacted

FY2016Request FY2016 House FY2016Sen. Cte.

FY2016 Final

Science

$5,068

$5,340

$5,100

$5,144

$5,350^a  

Basic Energy Sciences

1,733

1,849

1,770

1,844

1,849

 

High Energy Physics

766

788

776

788

795

 

Biological and Environmental Research

592

612

538

610

609

 

Nuclear Physics

596

625

616

592

617

 

Advanced Scientific Computing Research

541

621

538

621

621

 

Fusion Energy Sciences

468

420

468

270

438

 

Other

373

425

394

419

421

National Security

4,119

4,488

4,326

4,346

4,451

  Weapons Activities^b

2,478

2,676

2,567

2,609

2,633

 

Naval Reactors

1,234

1,375

1,323

1,300

1,375

 

Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation R&D

393

419

419

419

419

 

Defense Environmental Cleanup Tech. Dev.

14

17

17

17

23

Energy

3,453

4,350

3,387

3,664

3,879

  Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy^c

1,671

2,404

1,425

1,700

1,808^d  

Fossil Energy R&D

561

560

605

610

632

 

Nuclear Energy

833

908

936

950

986

 

Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability R&D

108

153

141

113

162

 

Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy

280

325

280

291

291

DOE, Total

12,640

14,178

12,813

13,154

13,680

Source: FY2015 enacted from P.L. 113-235 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, December 11, 2014. FY2016 request from DOE FY2016 congressional budget justification, http://energy.gov/cfo/downloads/fy2016fy-2016-budget-justification. FY2016 House from H.R. 2028 as passed by the House and H.Rept. 114-91. FY2016 Senate Committee from H.R. 2028 as reported in the Senate and S.Rept. 114-54. FY2016 final from P.L. 114-113 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, December 17, 2015. Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Amounts include rescissions and use of prior-year unobligated balances. a. a. Does not reflect a rescission of $3.2 million from unobligated prior-year balances. b. b. Including Stockpile Services R&D Support, Stockpile Services R&D Certification and Safety, Science, Engineering except Enhanced Surety and Enhanced Surveillance; Inertial Confinement Fusion Ignition and High Yield; Advanced Simulation and Computing; and a prorated share of Readiness in Technical Base and Facilities (called in Infrastructure and Operations in some bills) and Infrastructure and Safety. Additional R&D activities may take place in the subprograms of Directed Stockpile Work that are devoted to specific weapon systems. This table does not include these funds because detailed funding schedules for those subprograms are classified. c. c. Excluding Weatherization and Intergovernmental Activities. d. d. Does not reflect rescissions totaling $3.8 million from unobligated prior-year balances. Congressional Research Service 40 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 National Science Foundation83 National Science Foundation⁸³ The National Science Foundation (NSF) supports basic research and education in the non-medical sciences and engineering. Congress established the Foundation as an independent federal agency in 1950 and directed it to “"promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense; and for other purposes.”84"⁸⁴ The NSF is a primary source of federal support for U.S. university research, especially in mathematics and computer science. It is also responsible for significant shares of the federal science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education program portfolio and federal STEM student aid and support.85 85 NSF has six major appropriations accounts: Research and Related Activities (RRA, the main research account), Education and Human Resources (EHR, the main education account), Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC), Agency Operations and Award Management (AOAM), the National Science Board (NSB), and the Office of Inspector General (OIG). FY2016 funding for these accounts is tracked in Table 12. Overall. Overall. Division B of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113) provides NSF with a total of $7.463 billion for FY2016, $119 million (2%) more than for FY2015 and $260 million (3%) less than the request. The Obama Administration had requested $7.724 billion for the NSF in FY2016, a $379 million (5%) increase over the FY2015 estimate of $7.344 billion. Under the request, RRA would have increased by $253 million or 4%. EHR would have grown by nearly $100 million (11%). In its budget documents NSF indicated that its FY2016 priorities include four programs that have been foundation priorities since at least FY2013: Cyber-enabled Materials, Manufacturing, and Smart Systems (CEMMSS, $257 million requested, 11% increase); Cyberinfrastructure Framework for 21st21^st Century Science, Engineering, and Education (CIF21, $143 million requested, 11% increase); Science, Engineering, and Education for Sustainability (SEES, $81 million requested, 42% reduction); and Secure and Trustworthy Cyberspace (SaTC, $124 million requested, 1% increase). New priorities in FY2016 included Clean Energy Technology ($377 million, 2% increase), Innovation Corps (I-Corps, $30 million, 14% increase), NSF Research Traineeships (NRT, $62 million, 1% increase), and Research at the Interface of Biological, Mathematical, and Physical Sciences (BioMaPS, $33 million, 12% increase). NSF added Cognitive Science and Neuroscience to its priority list in FY2015, but removed it in FY2016.86 86 As passed by the House, H.R. 2578 (Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016) would have provided a total of $7.394 billion to NSF in FY2016. This amount was $50 million (1%) more than the FY2015 estimated funding level and $329 million (4%) less than the Administration request. The House bill would have kept most NSF accounts at FY2015 levels. The $50 million increase in total NSF funding would have accrued to RRA. (A 83 This section was written by Heather B. Gonzalez, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 84 The National Science Foundation Act of 1950 (P.L. 81-507). 85 For more information about the NSF, see CRS Report R43585, The National Science Foundation: Background and Selected Policy Issues, by Heather B. Gonzalez; and CRS Report R44170, The National Science Foundation: FY2016 Budget Request and Funding History, by Heather B. Gonzalez. 86 In FY2016, NSF identifies cognitive science and neuroscience as elements of a cross-foundation investment called Understanding the Brain (UtB). The FY2016 request for UtB is $144 million, $38 million (35%) more than the FY2015 estimate of $106 million. Congressional Research Service 41 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 small increase in funding for the OIG would have been offset by a similar reduction in MREFC.) When it was reported from the House Committee on Appropriations, H.R. 2578 was accompanied by H.Rept. 114-130 (referred to as the “"House report”" in this section). The House report directed NSF to comply with Section 106 of H.R. 1806 (America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2015) as reported, which requires NSF to publicly articulate (in the award abstract from NSF’s 's public awards database) how each award serves the national interest. The Obama Veto? Administration threatened to veto H.R. 2578 when it was considered by the House (for a variety of reasons, only some of which related to the NSF—see text box titled, "Veto?").⁸⁷

Veto?

On June 1, 2015, the Obama Administration issued a "H.R. 2578 On June 1, 2015, the Obama Administration issued a when it was considered by the House (for a “Statement of Administration Policy" on H.R. 2578, as , as variety of reasons, only some of which related considered by the House. That statement indicated that the Administration strongly opposed House passage of to the NSF—see text box titled, “Veto?”).87 H.R. 2578 and that senior advisors would recommend a veto. The statement described a number of concerning provisions from the bill, most of which were not related to NSF. However, the statement also cited perceived insufficiencies in the NSF top line, as well as the allocation of RRA funding by discipline.88 88 As amended and reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations, H.R. 2578 would have provided close to the FY2015 estimated funding levels to all major NSF accounts in FY2016. RRA and MREFC would have received slightly less than their FY2015 funding levels; OIG would have received slightly more. When it was reported from the Senate Committee on Appropriations, H.R. 2578 was accompanied by S.Rept. 114-66 (referred to as the “"Senate report”" in this section). Research. Research. P.L. 114-113 provides $6.034 billion for RRA for FY2016, $100 million (2%) more than in FY2015 and $153 million (2%) less than requested by the President. RRA directorate funding levels are not specified in the act and an NSF spending plan had not been submitted to the Appropriations committees at the time of this report’'s publication. The explanatory statement accompanying P.L. 114-113 directs that “"in lieu of House language regarding funding percentages for certain activities … funds for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences shall be up to the fiscal year 2015 level [$272.2 million].”89 "⁸⁹ The act provides no less than $160.0 million for the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) program, $10 million less than requested and essentially the same as for FY2015. In addition, the act provides $147 million for neuroscience and cognitive science research under the NSF’'s Understanding the Brain activity, a part of the multi-agency Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) initiative, equal to the amount recommended in the House report. The Obama Administration had requested a $253 million (4%) increase in year-over-year funding for RRA in FY2016, for a total of $6.186 billion. H.R. 2578, as passed by the House, would have provided $5.984 billion to this account in FY2016. As amended and reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations, H.R. 2578 would have provided $5.934 billion. FY2015 House report language (H.Rept. 113-448) directed NSF to apply any additional appropriations (over FY2015 RRA requested levels) to four major RRA subaccounts: BIO, CISE, ENG, and MPS. NSF received $126 million more than requested for RRA in FY2015. As 87 Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, “Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 2578—Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016,” June 1, 2015, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/legislative/sap/114/saphr2578r_20150601.pdf. 88 Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, “Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 2578—Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016,” June 1, 2015, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/legislative/sap/114/saphr2578r_20150601.pdf. 89 Explanatory statement, P.L. 114-113. Congressional Research Service 42 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 ENG, and MPS. NSF received $126 million more than requested for RRA in FY2015. As directed, NSF applied the additional funding to the specified major RRA subaccounts, which each received 3% to 4% increases over FY2015 requested levels. Funding for GEO, SBE, IIA/OISE, and USARC was at FY2015 requested levels. The FY2016 request sought increases ranging from 2% to 8% for all major RRA subaccounts. However, the request seeks slightly more (on average, as a percentage over the prior year) for accounts that did not receive extra funding over requested levels in FY2015 (i.e., GEO, SBE, IIA/OISE, and USARC).9090 Nevertheless, more than half of the total requested increase for RRA in FY2016 (54% of $253 million) would have gone to BIO, CISE, ENG, and MPS. H.R. 2578, as passed by the House, would have provided a total of $5.984 billion to RRA in FY2016—about $50 million more than the FY2015 estimate. The House report further directed NSF to provide no less than 70% of total FY2016 RRA funding to BIO, CISE, ENG, and MPS. Under these provisions, BIO, CISE, ENG, and MPS would have split $4.189 billion in FY2016. This amount represents an 8% increase ($307 million) over the combined total that these four major subaccounts received in FY2015 ($3.882 billion).

Funding for Major RRA Subaccounts? Policymakers actively debate congressional funding directives at the major subaccount level in RRA. Some analysts assert that legislators have a role in establishing funding priorities by scientific field within RRA, as part of the legislative oversight function and in order to assure accountability for taxpayer funds. Other analysts argue that the scientists who manage NSF ought to determine the distribution of funding by field, based on their deeper knowledge of research needs and scientific possibilities within each field, and of how these needs are best balanced across the NSF portfolio.91

The remaining major RRA subaccounts (GEO, SBE, OISE, IA, and USARC) would have split $1.795 billion. This amount was $257 million or -13% less than the combined total these accounts received in FY2015 ($2.052 billion). Other House report provisions further directed NSF to provide at least FY2015 levels to OISE, IA, and USARC. Therefore, of the $1.795 billion total provided for GEO, SBE, OISE, IA, and USARC in the House report, at least $475 million would have gone to OISE, IA, and USARC, while GEO and SBE would have split $1.320 billion. GEO and SBE received $1.577 billion (combined) in FY2015, which is $257 million (16%) more than they would have received in FY2016 under the House report. If NSF distributed these funds proportionally, which the House report did not Funding for Major RRA Subaccounts? require but has been past practice at NSF in Policymakers actively debate congressional funding some instances, the 16% decrease in funding directives at the major subaccount level in RRA. Some would have reduced support for GEO by $212 analysts assert that legislators have a role in establishing million (from $1.304 billion in FY2015 to funding priorities by scientific field within RRA, as part of the legislative oversight function and in order to assure some instances, the 16% decrease in funding would have reduced support for GEO by $212 million (from $1.304 billion in FY2015 to $1.092 billion in FY2015) and would have accountability for taxpayer funds. Other analysts argue reduced support for SBE by $44 million (from that the scientists who manage NSF ought to determine $272 million in FY2015 to $228 million in the distribution of funding by field, based on their deeper FY2016). knowledge of research needs and scientific possibilities within each field, and of how these needs are best balanced across the NSF portfolio.91 reduced support for SBE by $44 million (from $272 million in FY2015 to $228 million in FY2016). Other RRA provisions in the House report would have provided $147 million for the BRAIN initiative; $177 million for Advanced Manufacturing; and $50 million for the International Ocean Drilling Program (IOPD). As amended and reported by the Senate Committee on Appropriations, H.R. 2578 would have provided $5.934 billion to RRA in FY2016—the same amount as the FY2015 estimate, $253 million less than the request, and $50 million less than the House. The Senate report was silent on the question of the distribution of funding by major subaccount within RRA. Provisions in the Senate report included $15 million for research in biomanufacturing; $159 million for cybersecurity research; and $10 million for a pilot program to provide research funding to 90 The average requested percentage increase for BIO (2%), CISE (4%), ENG (6%), and MPS (2%) is 4%. The average requested percentage increase for GEO (5%), SBE (7%), IIA/OISE (8%), and USARC (5%) is 6%. 91 CRS Report R43585, The National Science Foundation: Background and Selected Policy Issues, by Heather B. Gonzalez. Congressional Research Service 43 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) from within RRA. (HBCUs already receive targeted funding through EHR.) The House report would have provided $160 million for the EPSCoR program; the Senate report would have provided just under this amount. The Administration requested $170 million for EPSCoR in FY2016, $10 million (6%) more than the FY2015 estimated funding level of just under $160 million. Education. Education. P.L. 114-113 provides $880 million for EHR, $14 million (1.6%) more than in FY2015 and $153 million (2.5%) less than the request. EHR FY2016 funding includes $35 million for the Historically Black Colleges and Universities Undergraduate Program (HBCUUPHBCU-UP), equal to the House recommended level, and $3 million more than the FY2015 level, the FY2016 request, and the Senate committee-recommended level. The act also provides $46 million for the Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation (LSAMP) and $14 million for the Tribal Colleges and Universities Program (T-CUP), an amount equal to the FY2015 level, the FY 2016requestFY2016 request, and the House, and Senate committee-recommended levels. The act also provides $63 million for the Advancing Informal STEM Learning (AISL) program for FY2016, $8 million (13.6) more than in FY2015 and $3 million (4.2%) more than the request. The act also includes $50 million for CyberCorps: Scholarships for Service, $5 million (11.1%) more than the FY2015 and request levels. The FY2016 request for EHR was $963 million, or $97 million more than the FY2015 estimated level of $866 million. Most of the requested increase ($81 million or 83%) would have gone to activities classified as R&D. This additional investment in R&D would have further shifted the balance between R&D and education and training within EHR.9292 The President’'s FY2016 request for EHR allocated 49% to R&D activities. By comparison, in FY2008 (the earliest year for which comparable budget data are available), R&D activities constituted 11% of EHR funding. The character of EHR’'s R&D funding has also shifted, moving from about 91% basic research in FY2008 to about 34% basic research in the FY2016 request.9393 It is not entirely clear what has driven these changes or how these changes have affected program activities and constituencies.94 94 By program, the largest increase in the FY2016 EHR request was for Improving Undergraduate STEM Education (IUSE).9595 The Administration requested $121 million in EHR funding for IUSE in FY2016, a $36 million (43%) increase over the FY2015 estimated level of $84 million. In addition, IUSE would have received $15 million in FY2016 RRA co-funding (from GEO, ENG, and BIO). The second-largest increase in the FY2016 EHR request was for EHR Core Research (ECR): STEM Learning, within the Division of Research on Learning in Formal and Informal Settings.9696 The FY2016 request for ECR:STEM Learning was $49 million, or $24 million (92%) more than the FY2015 estimate of $26 million. 92 According to Office of Management and Budget (OMB) character classification definitions, most EHR funding goes to R&D or to education and training. The education and training classification includes scholarships, as well as operating assistance for schools and colleges. For more information, see OMB Circular A-11, Section 84, “Character Classification (Schedule C)” at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/a11_current_year/s84.pdf. 93 CRS analysis of NSF budget data from annual NSF congressional budget justifications and materials. 94 The NSF asserts that some of this change may be attributable to OMB-driven reclassification of EHR activities. However, some stakeholders perceive an increase in research requirements under EHR solicitations. 95 According to the July 23, 2014, IUSE program solicitation (NSF14-588), two goals guide the IUSE program, “1) to promote the development, use, and testing of instructional practices and curricular innovations that engage and improve student learning and retention in STEM, and 2) to promote community and institutional transformation that will increase opportunities for the application of highly effective STEM teaching methods.” 96 Each EHR division has an ECR program. ECR:STEM Learning is in the Division of Research on Learning in Formal (continued...) Congressional Research Service 44 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 more than the FY2015 estimate of $26 million. EHR programs that are widely tracked by congressional policymakers include the Graduate Research Fellowship (GRF) and National Research Traineeship (NRT). The FY2016 request for GRF was $338 million, $4 million (1%) over the FY2015 estimated level of $333 million. GRF funding have been split equally between RRA and EHR, which would each have contribute $169 million. The FY2016 request for NRT was $62 million, which is essentially the same as the FY2015 estimate. Funding for the NRT would not have been evenly split between EHR and RRA. The RRA contribution would have been $27 million, $7 million below the FY2015 estimate of $33 million. The EHR contribution would have been $35 million, $7 million above the FY2015 estimate of $28 million. EHR would have provided the majority of NRT program funding for the first time in at least five fiscal years.97 97 The House-passed and Senate Committee on Appropriations-reported versions of H.R. 2578 agreed on topline funding for EHR in FY2016. Each would have provided $866 million. This amount was equal to the FY2015 estimate and $97 million below the request. Provisions in the House report included $66 million for the Advanced Technological Education (ATE) program—an amount equal to the FY2015 funding level, FY2016 request, and Senate report recommendation. The House report also recommended $65 million for AISL, $10 million more than the FY2015 estimate and $5 million more than both the FY2016 request and Senate report recommendation. The Senate report recommended $61 million for the Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program, equal to the FY2015 level and the FY2016 request; $45 million for Cybercorps: Scholarships for Service, an amount equal to the FY2015 estimate and FY2016 request; and $52 million for STEM+C Partnerships, $5 million less than the FY2015 estimate and equal to the FY2016 request. The House report was silent on these programs. Broadening participation provisions in the House report would have provided $35 million for HBCU-UP. This amount was $3 million more than the FY2015 estimated funding level, the FY2016 request, and the Senate report recommendation. The House report also recommended $46 million for LSAMP and $14 million for T-CUP. These amounts were equal to the FY2015 estimated funding levels, FY2016 requests, and Senate report recommendations for these two programs. The Senate report recommended $8 million for Alliances for Graduate Education and the Professoriate (AGEP) and $24 million for Centers for Research Excellence in Science and Technology (CREST). These amounts were the same as both the FY2015 estimated funding levels and FY2016 requests for these programs. The House report did not specify funding for these programs. (...continued) and Informal Settings (DRL). According to the October 24, 2014, ECR: STEM Learning program solicitation (NSF15509), DRL’s “ECR projects are grounded in theory, ask well formulated research questions, employ relevant data and analytic techniques, and contribute to the growing body of literature on STEM education research.” 97 Section 510 of the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-358) directed NSF to (1) provide for “equal treatment” of the GRF and NRT (previously called the Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship or IGERT) in funding change decisions—such that increases or decreases to these programs would purportedly happen at the same rate—and (2), to ensure that at least 50% of GRF and NRT program funds come from the RRA account. (The other 50% would come from EHR.) However, there may be some ambiguity in the equal treatment provisions (see author for details); and provisions requiring NSF to support the GRF and NRT programs with at least 50% RRA funding applied only to the period between FY2011 and FY2013. Congressional Research Service 45 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 levels and FY2016 requests for these programs. The House report did not specify funding for these programs. With respect to Hispanic Serving Institutions (HSIs), the Senate report would have provided $5 million for NSF to implement an HSI program. The House report would have required NSF to report on targeted funding opportunities (of at least $30 million) for HSIs. The budget request pledged to emphasize Hispanic-serving two-year colleges through existing programs, including ATE, IUSE, and LSAMP. Construction Construction. Other accounts that fund R&D at the NSF include the MREFC account, which supports large construction projects and scientific instruments. P.L. 114-113 provides $200.3 million for MREFC, an amount approximately the same as the FY2015 and request levels. The Administration requested $200.3 million for MREFC in FY2016, which is close to the FY2015 estimate of $201 million. In FY2016, MREFC funding would pay for the final year of National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) construction, and would provide ongoing support for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) and Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST).98 98 Both the House-passed and Senate Committee on Appropriations-reported versions of H.R. 2578 would have provided approximately $200 million to MREFC in FY2016. Too Few MREFC Projects? Historically, the MREFC account has typically supported between four and six projects at a time. The FY2015 and FY2016 requests for three projects was lower than the historical trend, which could indicate that some potentially scientifically valuable projects are being delayed or overlooked. On the other hand, when these large projects come online their operations costs must be shouldered by research accounts. This can be seen in the FY2016 BIO request, which states that “"NEON operations will represent a major change to the BIO portfolio, with up to 5.9% of BIO’s 's total funding dedicated to operations and maintenance of the facility.”99"⁹⁹ In a constrained budget environment, this dynamic could precipitate difficult choices between funding for research and funding research facilities and equipment. Other accounts. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 provides $330 million for AOAM, $5 million (2%) more than the FY2015 level and $25 million (7%) less than the request; $4 million for the NSB, equal to the FY2015 and request levels; and $15 million for the OIG, $1 million (6%) above the FY2015 level and equal to the request. The Administration requested $355 million, $4 million, and $15 million for AOAM, NSB, and OIG (respectively). Funding for AOAM would have been $30 million or 9% greater in FY2016 than it was in FY2015 ($325 million, estimated). The increase for AOAM was part of a multiyearmulti-year plan to relocate NSF headquarters. Previous disputes between NSF and its labor unions over headquarters interior space allocations have been resolved. Funding for NSB would not have changed significantly between FY2015 and FY2016 under the request; funding for OIG would increase by about three-quarters of a million (5%). The House-passed and Senate Committee on Appropriations-reported versions of H.R. 2578 agreed on funding for AOAM ($325 million) and the NSB ($4 million); they differed slightly on funding for OIG. The House would have provided $15 million to OIG in FY2016, about $700,000 more than the Senate committee. The FY2016 NSF budget request included funding for three multi-agency initiatives: National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI, $416 million), Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD, $1.217 billion), and U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP, $341 million). The NSF request for NNI was about the same as the FY2015 estimate, 98 99 The Advanced Technology Solar Telescope was renamed the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope in December 2013. National Science Foundation, FY2016 Budget Request to Congress, February 2, 2015, p. BIO-2. Congressional Research Service 46 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 NITRD would have increased by $31 million, and USGCRP would have received an additional $10 million in FY2016. Table 12. NSF Funding by Major Account (budget authority in millions of dollars) FY2015 Estimate Account FY2016 Request FY2016 House FY2016 S. Cmte. FY2016 Enacted Research and Related Activities (RRA) Biological Sciences (BIO) 731.0 747.9 see note a n/s n/s Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE) 921.7 954.4 see note a n/s n/s Engineering (ENG) 892.3 949.2 see note a n/s n/s Geosciences (GEO) 1,304.4 1,365.4 see note a n/s n/s Mathematical and Physical Sciences (MPS) 1,336.7 1,366.2 see note a n/s n/s Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences (SBE) 272.2 291.5 see note a n/s n/s 48.5 51.0 see note a n/s n/s 425.3 459.2 425.3 n/s n/s 1.4 1.5 1.4 n/s n/s 5,933.7 6,186.3 5,983.6 5,933.6 6,033.6 Education and Human Resources (EHR) 866.0 962.6 866.0 866.0 880.0 Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC) 200.8 200.3 200.0 200.3 200.3 Agency Operations and Award Management (AOAM) 325.0 354.8 325.0 325.0 330.0 National Science Board (NSB) 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 14.4 15.2 15.2 14.5 15.2 7,344.2 7,723.6 7,394.2 7,343.8 7,463.5 Office of International Science and Engineering (OISE) Integrative Activities (IA) U.S. Arctic Research Commission (USARC) RRA, Subtotal Office of the Inspector General (OIG) NSF, Total Source: FY2016 Account FY2015Estimate FY2016Request FY2016House FY2016S. Cmte.

FY2016 Enacted

Research and Related Activities (RRA)

         

Biological Sciences (BIO)

731

.0

747

.9

see note a

n/s

n/s

Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE)

921

.7

954

.4

see note a

n/s

n/s

Engineering (ENG)

892

.3

949

.2

see note a

n/s

n/s

Geosciences (GEO)

1,304

.4

1,365

.4

see note a

n/s

n/s

Mathematical and Physical Sciences (MPS)

1,336

.7

1,366

.2

see note a

n/s

n/s

Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences (SBE)

272

.2

291

.5

see note a

n/s

n/s

Office of International Science and Engineering (OISE)

48

.5

51

.0

see note a

n/s

n/s

Integrative Activities (IA)

425

.3

459

.2

425

.3

n/s

n/s

U.S. Arctic Research Commission (USARC)

1

.4

1

.5

1

.4

n/s

n/s

RRA, Subtotal

5,933

.7

6,186

.3

5,983

.6

5,933

.6

6,033

.6

Education and Human Resources (EHR)

866

.0

962

.6

866

.0

866

.0

880

.0

Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC)

200

.8

200

.3

200

.0

200

.3

200

.3

Agency Operations and Award Management (AOAM)

325

.0

354

.8

325

.0

325

.0

330

.0

National Science Board (NSB)

4

.4

4

.4

4

.4

4

.4

4

.4

Office of the Inspector General (OIG)

14

.4

15

.2

15

.2

14

.5

15

.2

NSF, Total

7,344

.2

7,723

.6

7,394

.2

7,343

.8

7,463

.5

Source: FY2016 NSF Budget Request to Congress; ; H.R. 2578, as passed by the House, and H.Rept. 113-130; as well as H.R. 2578, as amended and reported in the Senate, and S.Rept. 114-54; ; P.L. 114-113 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, December 17, 2015. Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. The term “"n/s”" means “not "not specified.”" The account structure in Table 12 reflects the realignment (in FY2015) of OISE and IA as separate budget activities. a. a. H.Rept. 114-130 directs NSF to ensure that the BIO, CISE, ENG, and MPS directorates receive 70% of the committee recommendation for RRA, or $4.189 billion, in FY2016. The remaining $1.795 billion would be distributed to the other RRA accounts: GEO, SBE, OISE, IA, and USARC. Of the $1.795 billion provided for GEO, SBE, OISE, IA, and USARC, $475 million would go to OISE, IA, and USARC. (This is because the House report further directs NSF to provide no less than the FY2015 estimate for OISE, IA, and USARC in FY2016.) The remaining funds, $1.320 billion, would go to GEO and SBE. Congressional Research Service 47 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 National Aeronautics and Space Administration100 Administration¹⁰⁰ In 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Act (P.L. 85-568) created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to conduct civilian space and aeronautics activities. NASA has research programs in planetary science, Earth science, heliophysics, astrophysics, and aeronautics, as well as development programs for future human spacecraft and for multipurpose space technology such as advanced propulsion systems. In addition, NASA operates the International Space Station as a facility for R&D and other purposes. The Administration requested $17.282 billion for NASA R&D in FY2016. This amount was 3.0% more than the $16.784 billion NASA received for R&D in FY2015.101101 The House bill (H.R. 2578 as passed by the House) would have provided $17.275 billion. The Senate bill (H.R. 2578 as reported in the Senate) would have provided $17.143 billion. The final appropriation included $18.094 billion. For a breakdown of these amounts, see Table 13. NASA R&D funding comes through five accounts: Science, Aeronautics, Space Technology, Exploration, and the International Space Station portion of Space Operations. There is no authorized level for NASA funding in FY2016. The most recent authorization act (the NASA Authorization Act of 2010, P.L. 111-267) authorized appropriations through FY2013. The FY2016 request for Science was $5.289 billion, an increase of 0.8%. The House bill would have provided $5.238 billion. The Senate bill would have provided $5.295 billion. The final appropriation was $5.589 billion. In Planetary Science, the request included $30 million for formulation and development of a potential future mission to Jupiter’'s moon Europa. Congress provided $69.7 million in FY2013, $80 million in FY2014, and $100 million in FY2015 for formulation of a Europa mission, which was a high priority of the 2011 National Research Council (NRC) decadal survey of planetary science.102102 The NRC expressed reservations, however, at the mission’'s estimated cost of $4.7 billion, and in April 2014, NASA issued a request for information seeking Europa mission concepts costing less than $1 billion.103103 NASA expects to formulate cost and schedule range estimates for a Europa mission during FY2016; it notes that the “"mission concept may require significant modification.”104"¹⁰⁴ The House bill would have provided $140 million for a Europa mission. Other Planetary Science increases in the House bill (relative to the request) included an additional $36 million for Mars Exploration, $20 million for production of plutonium-238 by the Department of Energy for use as an energy source in future NASA spacecraft, and $19 million for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. The Senate bill would have provided $40 million less than the request for Planetary Science. The Senate committee report was silent on funding for a Europa mission, but directed NASA to use the Space Launch System (see below) to launch the mission. The final bill included $175 million for a Europa mission; the explanatory statement “clarified "clarified that this mission shall include an orbiter with a lander that will include competitively selected instruments and that funds shall be used to finalize the mission design concept with a target 100 This section was written by Daniel Morgan, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 101 Based on $2.974 billion for the International Space Station in FY2015. See notes to Table 13. 102 National Research Council, Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 (National Academies Press, 2011). Available online at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13117. 103 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, “Europa Mission Concepts Costing Less than $1 Billion,” solicitation NNH14ZDA008L, April 28, 2014. Available at https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/solicitations/. 104 NASA FY2016 congressional budget justification, p. PS-47. Congressional Research Service 48 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 launch date of 2022.”" Overall, the final bill provided $270 million more than the Administration had requested for Planetary Science. Also in the Science account, the Administration requested an increase of 9.9% for Earth Science to support, among other initiatives, an expansion of the Sustainable Land Imaging program. Over several years, this program is to develop and launch the Landsat 9 land imaging satellite for the U.S. Geological Survey as a duplicate of the currently operational Landsat 8. The budget request also proposed development of a lower-cost Thermal Infrared Free Flyer satellite to reduce the risk of a gap in data availability prior to the launch of Landsat 9, and initiation of a technology development program to inform the future design of Landsat 10. The House bill would have provided $264 million less than the request for Earth Science, with no funds for the Thermal Infrared Free Flyer and $33 million for Landsat 9. The Senate bill would have provided $16 million less than the request for Earth Science. Like the House bill, it would have provided no funds for the Thermal Infrared Free Flyer, but it included $100 million for Landsat 9. The final bill included $26 million less than the request for Earth Science overall, including no funds for the Thermal Infrared Free Flyer but $100 million for Landsat 9. In Astrophysics, also funded in the Science account, the request included $85.2 million for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). In the FY2015 budget, NASA proposed placing the SOFIA aircraft in storage unless international partners could support the U.S. share of its operating costs. Rejecting this proposal, the 113th113^th Congress provided $70 million for SOFIA in FY2015 and directed NASA to “"continue to seek partners to restore SOFIA to its full operational level.”" The House and Senate bills would both have provided the requested amount for SOFIA. The House bill would have prohibited NASA from using FY2016 funds to shut down SOFIA or prepare to shut it down. The final bill also provided the requested amount; the explanatory statement noted (and supported) NASA’'s decision not to include SOFIA in its FY2016 senior review, the process by which NASA determines whether to extend or terminate long-standing programs. The FY2016 request for Aeronautics was $571 million, a decrease of 12.3%. This request followed an increase in FY2015 of nearly $100 million above the FY2015 request. NASA reorganized its aeronautics research in FY2015 to align with a new strategic vision announced in August 2013.105105 The proposed FY2016 budget for Aeronautics was to support new activities aligned with the research thrust areas identified in the strategic vision. The House bill would have provided $600 million for Aeronautics. The Senate bill would have provided $525 million. The final appropriation was $640 million. The FY2016 request for Space Technology was $725 million, an increase of 21.6%. The request included an increase of $44 million for in-space technology demonstrations and an increase of $48 million for maturation of early-stage transformational technologies. Space Technology was first established as a separate account in FY2011. Each year since then, the Administration has proposed to increase Space Technology funding. Congress has provided increases each year except FY2014, but always less than the Administration’'s request. This pattern was repeated for FY2016. The House bill would have provided $625 million, including $25 million for icy satellite surface technology and $20 million for nuclear propulsion. The Senate bill would have provided $600 million, including $150 million for on-orbit satellite servicing and $20 million for the Flight Opportunities program. The final bill provided $687 million, including up to $20 million for nuclear propulsion, $133 million for satellite servicing, and $15 million for Flight Opportunities. 105 See National Aeronautics and Space Administration, “NASA Introduces New Blueprint for Transforming Global Aviation,” August 14, 2013, http://www.nasa.gov/aero/strategic_vision/. Congressional Research Service 49 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 The explanatory statement noted that $25 million for icy satellite surface technology was included in its provision for Planetary Science. The FY2016 request for Exploration was $4.506 billion, an increase of 3.4%. This account funds development of the Orion Multipurpose Crew Vehicle and the Space Launch System (SLS) heavy-lift rocket, which the 2010 authorization act mandated for human exploration beyond Earth orbit. The account also previously funded development of a commercial crew transportation capability for future U.S. astronaut access to the International Space Station. The House bill would have provided $4.759 billion. The Senate bill would have provided $3.831 billion (not counting $900 million for the commercial crew program, which the Senate and final bills included in another account, as part of their funding for the International Space Station). The final bill provided $4.030 billion (not counting up to $1.244 billion for commercial crew). Within Exploration, the request of $2.863 billion for Orion, the SLS, and related ground systems (known collectively as Exploration Systems Development) was a decrease of 11.8%, while the request of $1.244 billion for commercial crew was an increase of 54.5%. Other recent Administration budgets similarly proposed to decrease Exploration Systems Development funding while increasing commercial crew funding. Many in Congress have seen these proposals as evidence of a difference in human spaceflight priorities between Congress and the Administration. Congress has generally appropriated less than the Administration’'s request for commercial crew and more for Exploration Systems Development. This pattern was again evident in the House and Senate bills for FY2016: the House bill would have provided $3.409 billion for Exploration Systems Development and $1.000 billion for commercial crew, while the Senate bill would have provided $3.510 billion for Exploration Systems Development and $900 million (in a different account, as noted above) for commercial crew. The pattern was less clear in the final bill, which provided $3.680 billion for Exploration Systems Development in the Exploration account and “"up to”" the requested amount for commercial crew in a different account. NASA argued that the requested amount for commercial crew was necessary to maintain the scheduled availability of commercial crew transportation to the International Space Station (ISS) starting in 2017. It noted that without a U.S. commercial capability, it will need to pay Russia for additional Soyuz flights to transport U.S. ISS crews (although it has also stated that it will likely purchase some additional Soyuz flights in any case). It asserted that the schedule for initial operation of Orion and the SLS (NASA plans a first crewed test flight for 2023) depends primarily on testing and development schedules and would be difficult to accelerate, even with additional funds. Some congressional supporters of Orion and the SLS argued that those programs have not received the funds they need to stay on schedule. Lastly, the Administration’'s FY2016 request included $3.106 billion for the ISS.106106 Funding for the ISS includes the cost of commercial cargo flights for ISS resupply, as well as the cost of Russian Soyuz flights for U.S. ISS astronauts. The House bill would have provided $3.076 billion. The Senate bill would have provided $3.952 billion. As noted above, $900 million of the Senate provision for the ISS would have been for the commercial crew program, which was funded under Exploration in FY2015, the FY2016 request, and the FY2016 House bill. In the final bill, up to $1.244 billion of the ISS provision was for commercial crew, and the total amount for the ISS was not specified. 106 Neither P.L. 113-235 nor the accompanying explanatory statement specified FY2015 funding for the ISS. They identified only the amount for Space Operations, which includes funding for other (non-R&D) activities in addition to the ISS. The total FY2016 request for Space Operations was a 4.6% increase. Relative to NASA’s April 2015 operating plan for FY2015, the FY2016 request for the ISS was a 4.4% increase. Congressional Research Service 50 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 for the ISS was not specified. Table 13. NASA R&D (budget authority in millions of dollars) FY2015 Enacted FY2016 Request FY2016 House FY2016 S. Cmte. FY2016 Final $5,244.7 $5,288.6 $5,237.5 $5,295.0 $5,589.4 Earth Science 1,772.5 1,947.3 1,682.9 1,931.6 1,921.0 Planetary Science 1,437.8 1,361.2 1,557.0 1,321.0 1,631.0 Astrophysics 684.8 709.1 735.6 730.6 730.6 James Webb Space Telescope 645.4 620.0 620.0 620.0 620.0 Heliophysics 662.2 651.0 642.0 649.8 649.8 Education 42.0 —a —a 42.0 37.0 Aeronautics 651.0 571.4 600.0 524.7 640.0 Space Technology 596.0 724.8 625.0 600.0 686.5 4,356.7 4,505.9 4,759.3 3,831.2 4,030.0 Science Exploration Exploration Systems Development 3,245.3 2,862.9 3,409.3 3,510.0 3,680.0 Commercial Spaceflight 805.0 1,243.8 1,000.0 —b —c Exploration R&D 306.4 399.2 350.0 321.2 350.0 3,105.6 3,075.6 3,951.6e —f 13,822.3 14,196.3 14,297.4 14,202.5 15,131.9 1009.9 1,024.4 1,038.1 950.2 995.7 2,758.9 2,843.1 2,768.6 2,784.0 2,768.6 2,571.1 2,651.8 2,581.2 2,609.4 2,597.7 419.1 465.3 425.0 352.8 388.9 Associated with R&Di 390.6 434.0 396.2 330.7 364.9 NASA, Total (R&D) 16,783.9 17,282.0 17,274.8 17,142.6 18,094.4 NASA, Total 18,010.2 18,529.1 18,529.1 18,289.5 19,285.0 International Space Station Subtotal R&D Non-R&D Programsg Safety, Security, and Mission Associated with Servicesh R&Di Construction & Environmental C&R —d Sources: FY2015 enacted from P.L. 113-235  

FY2015 Enacted

FY2016Request FY2016House FY2016S. Cmte. FY2016Final

Science

$5,244

.7

$5,288

.6

$5,237

.5

$5,295

.0

$5,589

.4

 

Earth Science

1,772

.5

1,947

.3

1,682

.9

1,931

.6

1,921

.0

 

Planetary Science

1,437

.8

1,361

.2

1,557

.0

1,321

.0

1,631

.0

 

Astrophysics

684

.8

709

.1

735

.6

730

.6

730

.6

 

James Webb Space Telescope

645

.4

620

.0

620

.0

620

.0

620

.0

 

Heliophysics

662

.2

651

.0

642

.0

649

.8

649

.8

 

Education

42

.0

—^a

—^a

42

.0

37

.0

Aeronautics

651

.0

571

.4

600

.0

524

.7

640

.0

Space Technology

596

.0

724

.8

625

.0

600

.0

686

.5

Exploration

4,356

.7

4,505

.9

4,759

.3

3,831

.2

4,030

.0

 

Exploration Systems Development

3,245

.3

2,862

.9

3,409

.3

3,510

.0

3,680

.0

 

Commercial Spaceflight

805

.0

1,243

.8

1,000

.0

—^b

—^c  

Exploration R&D

306

.4

399

.2

350

.0

321

.2

350

.0

International Space Station

—^d

3,105

.6

3,075

.6

3,951.6^e

—^f

Subtotal R&D

13,822

.3

14,196

.3

14,297

.4

14,202

.5

15,131

.9

Non-R&D Programs^g

1009

.9

1,024

.4

1,038

.1

950

.2

995

.7

Safety, Security, and Mission Services^h

2,758

.9

2,843

.1

2,768

.6

2,784

.0

2,768

.6

 

Associated with R&Dⁱ

2,571

.1

2,651

.8

2,581

.2

2,609

.4

2,597

.7

Construction & Environmental C&R

419

.1

465

.3

425

.0

352

.8

388

.9

 

Associated with R&Dⁱ

390

.6

434

.0

396

.2

330

.7

364

.9

NASA, Total (R&D)

16,783

.9

17,282

.0

17,274

.8

17,142

.6

18,094

.4

NASA, Total

18,010

.2

18,529

.1

18,529

.1

18,289

.5

19,285

.0

Sources: FY2015 enacted from P.L. 113-235 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, December 11, 2014, Book II, at pp. H9348-H9349. FY2016 request from NASA’'s FY2016 congressional budget justification, http://www.nasa.gov/news/budget/. FY2016 House from H.R. 2578 as passed by the House and H.Rept. 114-130. . FY2016 Senate from H.R. 2578 as reported in the Senate and S.Rept. 114-66. FY2016 final from P.L. 114-113 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, December 17, 2015, Book II, at pp. H9741-H9743. Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. a. a. Included in Astrophysics. This item is distinct from the Education account, which is included in Non-R&D Programs, lower in the table. b. b. $900.0 million included in International Space Station. c. c. Up to $1,243.8 million included in International Space Station. d. d. Not specified in P.L. 113-235 or the explanatory statement. The R&D totals shown lower in the table are calculated using the $2,973.9 million amount given in NASA’'s April 2015 operating plan. e. e. Includes $900.0 million for Commercial Crew. f. f. Includes up to $1,243.8 million for Commercial Crew. Total not specified in P.L. 114-113 or the explanatory statement. The R&D totals shown lower in the table are calculated using an estimate of $4,186.0 million (based on assuming the average of the House and Senate amounts for the remainder of Space Operations). g. g. Space Operations other than International Space Station, Education, and Inspector General. h. h. Formerly known as Cross-Agency Support. Congressional Research Service 51 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 i. i. CRS estimates the allocation between R&D and non-R&D in proportion to the underlying program amounts in order to allow calculation of a total for R&D. The Safety, Security, and Mission Services account and the Construction and Environmental Compliance and Remediation account consist mostly of indirect costs for other programs, assessed in proportion to their direct costs. Department of Commerce The Department of Commerce is a multi-faceted organization that engages in diverse policy and programmatic activities, including trade, technology, telecommunications, data collection and analysis, and the environment. The department’'s R&D activities are found primarily in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This chapter addresses only DOC R&D funding at those two organizations. National Institute of Standards and Technology107 Technology¹⁰⁷ An agency of the Department of Commerce, NIST has a mandate to increase the competitiveness of U.S. companies through appropriate support for industrial development of precompetitive, generic technologies and the diffusion of government-developed technological advances to users in all segments of the American economy. NIST research also provides the measurement, calibration, and quality assurance methods and techniques that underpin U.S. commerce, technological progress, product reliability, manufacturing processes, and public safety. NIST is also responsible for developing, maintaining, and retaining custody of the national standards of measurement; providing the means and methods for making measurements consistent with those standards; and ensuring the compatibility of U.S. national measurement standards with those of other nations. Total Funding. Division B of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113) funds NIST at $964 million for FY2016, $100.1 million (11.6%) more than for FY2015 and $155.7 million (13.9%) below the request. The President’'s budget request would have provided $1.120 billion for NIST in FY2016, an increase of $255.8 million (29.6%) over the FY2015 enacted appropriation. (See Table 14.) On June 3, 2015, the House approved the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016 (H.R. 2578). The bill would have provided a total of $855.0 million for NIST, $8.9 million (1.0%) less than in FY2015 and $264.7 million (23.6%) less than the request. On June 11, 2015, the Senate Committee on Appropriations reported an amended version of H.R. 2578H.R. 2578 accompanied by S.Rept. 114-66. The Senate committee-recommended funding level for NIST was $893.0 million, $29.1 million (3.4%) less than for FY2015, $226.7 million (20.2%) less than the request, and $38.0 million (4.4%) more than the House-passed level. NIST funding is provided through three accounts: Scientific and Technical Research and Services (STRS), Industrial Technology Services (ITS), and Construction of Research Facilities (CRF). Scientific and Technical Research and Services. P.L. 114-113 funds STRS at $690.0 million for FY2016, $14.5 million (2.1%) more than it received for FY2015 and $64.7 million (8.6%) less than the request. 107 This section was written by John F. Sargent Jr., Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. Congressional Research Service 52 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 than the request. The President’'s request included $754.7 million for R&D in the STRS account for FY2016, $79.2 million (11.7%) above FY2015 funding. According to NIST, activities in this account for which increased funding is requested for FY2016 include: advanced manufacturing, up $24 million; ensuring a world-class neutron research facility, up $11 million; disaster resilient buildings and infrastructure, up $10 million; advanced communications, up $9 million; cybersecurity, up $7 million; Smart Cities/cyber-physical systems, up $5 million; quantum information science, up $5 million; and a lab-to-market/technology transfer initiative, up $4 million.108108 The proposed increase for advanced manufacturing included additional funding of $10 million for the Manufacturing Genome Initiative, $5 million for advanced sensing, $5 million for manufacturing entrepreneurship, and $4 million for biomanufacturing. The House-passed bill would have provided $675.0 million for the STRS account, slightly below the $675.5 million provided for FY2015 and $79.7 million (10.6%) below the request. Of this amount, the House committee report (H.Rept. 114-130) recommended $603.5 million for laboratory programs, including $6.5 million for ongoing activities of the National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC); $55.0 million for standards coordination and special programs, including $5.0 million for forensic research and standards work; and no funding for the lab-to-market program. The House committee encouraged NIST to continue existing work in retail cybersecurity and retail supply chain management and logistics, as well as its cybersecurityrelatedcybersecurity-related measurement science, particularly as it relates to implantable medical devices. The House committee also expresses its support for NIST’'s work in windstorm research and disaster resiliency, advanced textile and apparel research and manufacturing activities, and neuroscience, and encouraged NIST to examine technical and workforce barriers to high volume additive manufacturing of metals. The Senate committee report (S.Rept. 114-66), recommended $684.7 million for the STRS account, $9.2 million (1.4%) more than for FY2015, $70.0 million less (9.3%) than the request, and $9.7 million more (1.4%) than the House-passed level. The Senate committee report expressed its support for the Administration’'s request for cybersecurity funding, including $15.0 million for the National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence, $16.5 million for the NSTIC, $4.4 million for the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education, and $72.7 million for cybersecurity R&D. The Senate committee report recommended the requested level of funding for Disaster Resilient Buildings and Infrastructure, $2.0 million more than the FY2015 funding level for NIST’'s Urban Dome program focused on accurate measurement science for environmental monitoring and human health in urban areas. The Senate committee report also encouraged NIST to propose funding in future budgets for additional centers of excellence in fields such as regenerative medicine and advanced photonics, and to investigate the development of new and better standards for testing sports equipment. Industrial Technology Services. P.L. 114-113 funds ITS at $155.0 million for FY2016, $16.9 million (12.2%) more than it received for FY2015 and $151.0 million (49.3%) less than the request. The appropriation includes $130 million for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) program, equal to FY2015 funding and $11 million (7.8%) less than the request, and $25 million for the National Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI) which did not receive funding in FY2015. The explanatory statement accompanying the act directs NIST to merge the activities of the Advanced Manufacturing Technology Consortia (AMTech) program into the NNMI. 108 Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Submission to Congress, February 2015, http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/budget/FY16CJ/NISTNTIS_FY_2016_CJ_Final_508_Compliant.pdf. Congressional Research Service 53 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 NNMI. The President requested $306.0 million for the ITS account for FY2016, up $167.9 million (121.6%) from FY2016. The President’'s ITS request included $141.0 million for the MEP program (up $11.0 million, 8.5%, from FY2015), $15.0 million for AMTech, up $6.9 million, 85.2%, from FY2015, and $150.0 million for the NNMI.109109 The Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act of 2014 (RAMIA, Title VII of Division B of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, P.L. 113-235) authorized the NMI with provisions largely mirroring the National Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI) first proposed by President Obama in his FY2013 budget request and renewed in his FY2014 and FY2015 requests. RAMIA authorizes NIST to carry out the NMI program using $5 million per year for FY2015-FY2024 from funds appropriated to the ITS account. The act also authorizes DOE to transfer to NIST up to $250 million over the FY2015-FY2024 period from funds appropriated for advanced manufacturing R&D in the DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy account. The President’'s FY2016 budget also included a request for $1.9 billion in mandatory funding for NIST for the establishment of 29 additional centers between FY2017 and FY2024, bringing the total number of centers to 45. The House-passed bill would have provided $130.0 million for the ITS account for FY2016, $8.1 million (5.9%) below the FY2015 level and $176.0 million (57.5%) below the request. The House-passed bill would have provided $130.0 million for the MEP program, an amount equal to its FY2015 level and $11.0 million (7.8%) below the request, and would have provided no funding for the AmTech program ($8.1 million in FY2015, $15.0 million in the request) or the Network for Manufacturing Innovation (no funding in FY2015, $150.0 million in the request). The House committee report recognizes the authority given NIST under RAMI to use unobligated balances for the NMI, but stated its expectation that such funds only be used for coordination of interagency activities in support of the institutes and only for activities authorized by RAMI. The House committee report also noted that NIST was authorized under RAMI to seek the use of unobligated balances in the DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy account for manufacturing innovation institutes and stated that NIST may pursue the use of such funds to establish and operate such institutes. The Senate committee-recommended funding level for ITS was $145.0 million for FY2016, $6.9 million (5.0%) more than for FY2015, $161.0 million (52.6%) less than the request, and $15.0 million (11.5%) more than the House-passed level. Senate committee-recommended funding for ITS included $130.0 million for the MEP program and $15.0 million for the AmTech program. Within the funds provided for AmTech, the Senate committee recommended $5.0 million for competitive external grants for R&D and workforce training related to high-volume additive manufacturing of metals, and $5.0 million for NIST’'s role in coordinating the existing NNMI institutes but would have provided no funds for the establishment of any NIST-led NNMIs in FY2016. 109 The President’s FY2015 budget proposed the establishment of the NNMI to promote the development of manufacturing technologies with broad applications. This request was not part of the President’s FY2015 base budget request, but rather a part of the adjunct $56 billion Opportunity, Growth, and Security Initiative (OGSI) proposal. The OGSI included $2.4 billion to establish up to 45 NNMI institutes. The President’s FY2013 and FY2014 budget requests sought mandatory appropriations to NIST of $1 billion in support of up to 15 NNMI manufacturing innovation institutes. No funding was provided for the NNMI in FY2013, FY2014, or FY2015. For more information, see “National Network for Manufacturing Innovation.” Congressional Research Service 54 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 FY2016. Construction of Research Facilities. P.L. 114-113 funds CRF at $119.0 million for FY2016, $68.7 million (136.6%) more than it received for FY2015 and $60.0 million (101.7%) more than the request. Of the appropriated amount, NIST is to use $60.0 million “"to begin the design and renovation of its outdated and unsafe radiation physics infrastructure.”110 "¹¹⁰ The President requested $59.0 million for the NIST CRF account, up $8.7 million (17.3%) over FY2015.111111 The House-passed bill would have provided $50.0 million for the CRF account, slightly less than the $50.3 million provided for FY2015 and $9.0 million (15.3%) less than the request. Of these funds, the committee directed NIST to use no less than $13.0 million to begin design and renovation of its radiation physics research laboratory (Building 245) in FY2016. The Senate committee-recommended funding level for the CRF account was $63.3 million, $13.0 million (25.8%) more than for FY2015, $4.3 million (7.3%) more than the request, and $13.3 million (26.6%) more than the House-passed level. NIST’ NIST's extramural programs (currently the MEP and AMTech), which are directed toward increased private-sector commercialization, have been a source of contention. Some Members of Congress have expressed skepticism providing federal funds to industry for the development of what are termed “"pre-competitive generic technologies.”" This skepticism, coupled with pressures to balance the federal budget, previously led to proposals for the elimination of NIST extramural activities. In 2007, similar concerns led to the Advanced Technology Program being terminated and replaced by the Technology Innovation Program, which operated until Congress withdrew its funding in FY2012. Some supporters assert that some technologies are too high-risk or too costly for a single company, or even a group of companies, to develop on their own, even though the anticipated widespread economic and societal benefits may be expected to greatly exceed the development costs. In such cases, some supporters assert that a market failure exists resulting in the private sector underinvesting in the technologies providing a rationale for federal financial and other assistance. As part of the American Competitiveness Initiative, announced in 2006, the Bush Administration stated its intention to double funding over 10 years for “"innovation-enabling research”" done, in part, at NIST through its “core”"core" programs (defined as the STRS and CRF accounts). In April 2009, President Obama indicated his decision to double the budget of key science agencies, including the NIST STRS and CRF accounts, over the next 10 years. In President Obama’s 's FY2011 budget the time frame for doubling slipped to 11 years; his FY2012 budget was silent on a time frame for doubling. There is no mention of doubling or a time frame in the FY2016 budget request. For more information on the doubling effort, see “Efforts to Double Certain R&D Accounts.” 110 Explanatory statement, P.L. 114-113. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Submission to Congress, February 2015, http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/budget/FY16CJ/NISTNTIS_FY_2016_CJ_Final_508_Compliant.pdf. 111 Congressional Research Service 55 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 "Efforts to Double Certain R&D Accounts." Table 14. NIST Appropriations (budget authority, in millions of dollars) FY2015 Enacted FY2016 Request FY2016 House FY2016 S. Cmte. FY2016 Enacted Scientific and Technical Research and Services (STRS) $675.5 $754.7 $675.0 $684.7 $690.0 Industrial Technology Services (ITS) 138.1 306.0 130.0 145.0 155.0 Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) 130.0 141.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 Adv. Mfg. Technology Consortia (AmTech) 8.1 15.0 0.0 15.0 National Network for Mfg. Innovation (NNMI) 0.0 150.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 50.3 59.0 50.0 63.3 119.0 $863.9 $1,119.7 $855.0 $893.0 $964.0 $300.0b —b — —b — 0 1,930.0 Base Budget a Construction of Research Facilities (CRF) NIST, Total (Base Budget) Mandatory Funding Wireless Innovation (WIN) Fund National Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI) b 0 0 b 0 Source:   FY2015 Enacted FY2016 Request FY2016House

FY2016 S. Cmte.

FY2016 Enacted

Base Budget

 

 

 

 

 

Scientific and Technical Research and Services (STRS)

$675

.5

$754

.7

$675

.0

$684

.7

$690

.0

Industrial Technology Services (ITS) ^a

138

.1

306

.0

130

.0

145

.0

155

.0

Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)

130

.0

141

.0

130

.0

130

.0

130

.0

Adv. Mfg. Technology Consortia (AmTech)

8

.1

15

.0

0

.0

15

.0

 

National Network for Mfg. Innovation (NNMI)

0

.0

150

.0

0

.0

0

.0

25

.0

Construction of Research Facilities (CRF)

50

.3

59

.0

50

.0

63

.3

119

.0

NIST, Total (Base Budget)

$863

.9

$1,119

.7

$855

.0

$893

.0

$964

.0

Mandatory Funding

 

 

 

 

 

Wireless Innovation (WIN) Fund

$300.0^b

^b

^b

^b

^b

National Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI)

0

1,930

.0

0

0

0

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Department of Commerce, Budget in Brief, Fiscal Year 2016, http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/budget/FY16BIB/EntireDocument-WebVersionWithCharts.pdf; FY2016 Congressional Budget Justification for the National Institute of Standards and Technology/National Technical Information Service, http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/budget/FY16CJ/NIST-NTIS_FY_2016_CJ_Final_508_Compliant.pdf; FY16CJ/NISTNTIS_FY_2016_CJ_Final_508_Compliant.pdf; H.R. 2578; ; H.Rept. 114-130; ; S.Rept. 114-66; and P.L. 114-113 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, December 17, 2015.. Notes: a.

Notes:

a. The Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act of 2014 authorizes NIST to use $5 million per year for FY2015-FY2024 from funds appropriated to its Industrial Technology Services account to carry out the Network for Manufacturing Innovation program. The act also authorizes the Department of Energy to transfer to NIST up to $250 million over the FY2015-FY2024 period from funds appropriated for advanced manufacturing R&D. b. b. The spectrum auction authorized by the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-96) ) provided $300.0 million for NIST; these funds will be used in FY2015 and future years. Congressional Research Service 56 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration112 Administration¹¹² The Commerce Department’'s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) conducts scientific research in areas such as ecosystems, climate, global climate change, weather, and oceans; supplies information on the oceans and atmosphere; and manages coastal and marine organisms and environments. NOAA was created in 1970 by Reorganization Plan No. 4.113 The 113 The reorganization was intended to unify elements of the nation’'s environmental activities and to provide a systematic approach for monitoring, analyzing, and protecting the environment. One of the agency’'s main challenges is related to its diverse mission of science, service, and stewardship. A review of research undertaken by NOAA found, “"The major challenge for NOAA is connecting the pieces of its research program and ensuring research is linked to the broader science needs of the agency.”114 NOAA’"¹¹⁴ NOAA's Research Council has developed a five-year plan (2013-2017) to guide the agency’s 's R&D efforts.115115 R&D efforts support the long-term goals and enterprise objectives of NOAA’s 's Next Generation Strategic Plan.116.¹¹⁶ The strategic plan is organized into four categories of longtermlong-term goals including (1) climate adaptation and mitigation, (2) a weather-ready nation,117 (3) 117 (3) healthy oceans, and (4) resilient coastal communities and economies; and three groups of enterprise objectives including (1) stakeholder engagement, (2) data and observations, and (3) integrated environmental modeling. To achieve the strategic plan’'s goals and objectives, NOAA has identified gaps in knowledge and capabilities. NOAA’'s R&D plan attempts to address these gaps by asking key questions. Key questions are used in the plan to frame and organize R&D objectives and to identify tasks associated with achieving these objectives. The R&D plan notes that it “"contains many elements to pursue and efforts must be prioritized as funding will likely not be available for all topics at all times.”" The plan also describes how priorities are set during the annual planning season. Although the plan identifies many different NOAA R&D efforts, it does not consider the relative importance of these efforts and related funding needs. Another challenge identified in the NOAA R&D plan is the need to integrate the diverse perspectives and professional expertise required by the agency’'s mission. The plan states that “"holistically understanding the earth system is not only understanding its individual components, but understanding and interpreting the way each of the components interact and behave as an integrated composite that is more than the sum of its parts.” " For FY2016, President Obama requested $911.7 million in R&D funding for NOAA, an increase of $219.8 million (31.8%) above the FY2015 enacted level of $691.9 million. P.L. 114-113 funds NOAA R&D at $806.4 million, $105.3 million (11.5%) less than the FY2016 request and $114.5 112 This section was written by Harold F. Upton, Analyst in Natural Resources Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 113 “Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970,” 35 Federal Register 15627-15630, October 6, 1970; see also http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/ReorganizationPlan4.html. 114 Dr. Kathryn Sullivan, Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and NOAA Administrator, NOAA Response to the NOAA Science Advisory Board’s Portfolio Review Task Force Report, NOAA, April 15, 2014, http://www.sab.noaa.gov/Reports/2014/NOAA.Response.to.PRTF.Report_2014.04.15.pdf. 115 NOAA, Research and Development at NOAA, Five-Year Research and Development Plan 2013-2017, Washington, DC, 2014, http://nrc.noaa.gov/CouncilProducts/ResearchPlans/5YearRDPlan/NOAA5YRPHome/Preface/ Purpose.aspx. 116 NOAA, NOAA’s Next-Generation Strategic Plan, Silver Spring, MD, December 2010, http://www.ppi.noaa.gov/ wp-content/uploads/NOAA_NGSP.pdf. 117 According to NOAA a weather-ready nation is envisioned as a society that is prepared for and responds to weatherrelated events. Congressional Research Service 57 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 NOAA R&D at $806.4 million, $105.3 million (11.5%) less than the FY2016 request and $114.5 million (16.5%) more than the FY2015 enacted funding level. In FY2016, R&D accounts for 14.0% of NOAA’'s total funding. R&D funding for FY2016 consists of $478.7 million for research (59.4% of total R&D funding), $81.3 million for development (10.1%), and $246.3 million for R&D equipment (30.5 %).118118 Most of the $98.0 million increase for R&D equipment will be used for NOAA vessel construction and fleet improvements. NOAA’ NOAA's administrative structure is organized by five line offices that reflect its diverse mission: the National Ocean Service (NOS); National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS); National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS); National Weather Service (NWS); and Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR). In addition to NOAA’'s five line offices, Program Support (PS), a cross-cutting budget activity, includes the Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO). Table 15 provides R&D funding levels by line office for FY2015, the FY2016 request, and FY2016 enacted.119 119 The Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research is the primary center for R&D within NOAA. In FY2016, OAR accounts for 54.7% of NOAA’'s total R&D funding. P.L. 114-113 provides OAR with $441.4 million to fund R&D, an increase of $29.9 million (7.3%) above the FY2015 enacted funding level of $411.5 million.120 120 Funding for NOAA R&D is included in line items that also include non-R&D activities; therefore, it is not possible to identify precisely how much of the funding provided in appropriations laws is allocated to R&D. In general, R&D funding levels are known only after NOAA allocates its appropriations to specific activities and reports those figures. OAR conducts research in three major areas which include weather and air chemistry; climate; and oceans, coasts, and the Great Lakes. A significant portion of these efforts is implemented through partnerships between NOAA and cooperative research institutes and the National Sea Grant College Program. NOAA supports 16 cooperative research institutes that work with seven NOAA laboratories in all three of the main OAR research areas. The President’'s FY2016 request would have funded the cooperative institutes with a total of $165.6 million, $8.6 million (5.5%) more than the FY2015 enacted funding level of $157.0 million. The House-passed bill would have funded the cooperative institutes with a total of $155.0 million, $10.6 million (6.4%) less than the FY2016 request and $2.0 million (1.3%) less than the FY2015 enacted funding level. The Senate committee-reported bill would have funded the cooperative institutes with a total of $162.0 million, $7.0 million (4.5%) more than the House--passed bill, $3.6 million (2.2%) less than the FY2016 request, and $5.0 million (3.2%) more than the FY2015 enacted funding level. P.L. 114-113 funds the cooperative institutes with a total of $168.0 million, $6.0 million (3.7%) more than the Senate committee-reported bill, $13.0 million (8.4%) more than the House-passed -passed bill, $2.4 million (1.4%) more than the FY2016 request, and $11.0 million (7.0%) more than the FY2015 enacted funding level. The National Sea Grant College Program is composed of 33 university-based state programs. Sea Grant programs support scientific research and engage constituents to identify and solve problems faced by coastal communities. The President’'s FY2016 request would have provided the National Sea Grant College Program with a total of $68.5 million, $1.2 million (1.8%) more than the FY2015 enacted funding level of $67.3 million. The House-passed bill would have funded Sea Grant with a total of $64.8 million, $3.7 million (5.3%) less than the FY2016 request, and $2.5 118 Vicki Sschwantes, NOAA Budget Office, email to CRS, February 10, 2016. Ibid. 120 Ibid. 119 Congressional Research Service 58 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 million (3.7%) less than the FY2015 enacted funding level. The Senate committee-reported bill would have funded Sea Grant with a total of $72.8 million, $8.0 million (12.4%) more than the House- House-passed bill, $4.4 million (6.6%) more than the FY2016 request, and $5.5 million (8.2%) more than the FY2015 enacted funding level.121 121 P.L. 114-113 funds Sea Grant with a total of $73.0 million, $0.2 million (0.3%) more than the Senate committee-reported bill, $8.2 million (12.7%) more than the House--passed bill, $4.5 million (6.6%) more than the FY2016 request, and $5.7 million (8.5%) more than the FY2015 enacted funding level. Table 15. NOAA R&D (budget authority, in millions of dollars) FY2015 Actuals FY2016 Request FY2016 Housea $70.7 $77.9 n/a n/a $75.0 National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) 88.9 76.8 n/a n/a 70.9 National Weather Service (NWS) 17.1 26.1 n/a n/a 26.2 National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) 23.9 25.9 n/a n/a 26.0 Office of Marine and Aviation Operationsb (OMAO) 79.8 233.9 n/a n/a 166.9 Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) 411.5 471.1 n/a n/a 441.4 Total, R&D 691.9 911.7 n/a n/a 806.4 OAR Total, R&D and Non-R&Dc 446.3 507.0 430.7 456.1 482.0 5,441.0 5,974.7 5,169.3 5,381.6 5,765.6 National Ocean Service (NOS) NOAA Total, R&D and Non-R&D FY2016 S. Cmte.a FY2016 Enacted Source: Vicki Schwantes, NOAA Budget Office, email to CRS concerning NOAA R&D, February 10, 2016. Notes: a. House-passed and Senate committee-reported bills do not provide funding levels for R&D. b. All Office of Marine and Aviation Operations funding is for equipment related to R&D. c. OAR and NOAA funding totals are provided for context. Department of Agriculture122 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) was created in 1862 in part to support agricultural research in an expanding, agriculturally dependent country. USDA conducts intramural research at federal facilities with government-employed scientists, and supports external research at universities and other facilities through competitive grants and formula-based funding. The breadth of contemporary USDA research spans traditional agricultural production techniques, organic and sustainable agriculture, bioenergy, nutrition needs and composition, food safety, animal and plant health, pest and disease management, economic decisionmaking, and other social sciences affecting consumers, farmers, and rural communities. 121 The Sea Grant Program funding level includes Sea Grant base and aquaculture research funding. This section was written by Jim Monke, Specialist in Agricultural Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 122 Congressional Research Service 59 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Four agencies carry out USDA’s research and education activities, grouped together into the Research, Education, and Economics (REE) mission area. The agencies are the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), and Economic Research Service (ERS).123 For FY2016, the USDA research mission area receives $2.936 billion in the omnibus appropriation, an increase of $211 million over FY2015. Most of the increase is for ARS buildings and facilities ($167 million) and the flagship NIFA competitive grant program ($25 million), while most other accounts are held constant or nearly constant compared to FY2015. The enacted appropriation, like the House and Senate bills, does not follow most of the proposed changes in priorities in the Administration’s request. (See Table 16.) Agricultural Research Service The Agricultural Research Service is USDA’s in-house basic and applied research agency. It operates approximately 90 laboratories nationwide with about 7,400 employees. ARS also operates the National Agricultural Library, one of the Department’s primary information repositories for food, agriculture, and natural resource sciences. ARS laboratories focus on efficient food and fiber production, development of new products and uses for agricultural commodities, development of effective controls for pest management, and support of USDA regulatory and technical assistance programs. For FY2016, the enacted appropriation provides $1.144 billion for ARS salaries and expenses, an increase of $11 million over FY2015 (1%). The President had requested a 5% increase for salaries and expenses. ARS had proposed increases across several programmatic areas for prioritized research projects, coupled with reductions in funding for several existing programs. Both the House and Senate committees expressly rejected many, if not most, of those specific reductions and reprogramming. The explanatory statement for the omnibus and the individual committee reports address deficient animal welfare conditions that were uncovered at ARS research facilities, particularly at the ARS Meat Animal Research Center in Nebraska.124 In the appropriations act and via report language, Congress instructs ARS to comply with Animal Welfare Act standards, allow animal welfare inspections by a USDA sister agency (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, APHIS), review and update its own animal care policies, and certify progress with the committees. Also, via explanatory statements for the Office of the Secretary, all House and Senate requirements on this issue are to be followed, thus including House report language that further withholds 5% of the ARS appropriation until USDA certifies that it has updated its policies and has functioning Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees. For the ARS buildings and facilities account, the enacted appropriation provides $212 million, an increase of $167 million over FY2015 for an account which had received no appropriation for several years. As in FY2015, the funding is to be used for priorities that are identified in the “USDA ARS Capital Investment Strategy.”125 ARS’ top facilities priorities are the construction of 123 For background on agricultural research, see CRS Report R40819, Agricultural Research: Background and Issues, by Jim Monke. For background on FY2016 agricultural appropriations, see CRS Report R44240, Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2016 Appropriations, coordinated by Jim Monke. 124 See CRS Report R44091, Meat Animal Research Center: The Animal Welfare Act and Farm Animal Research, by Tadlock Cowan and Joel L. Greene. 125 USDA-ARS, The USDA Agricultural Research Service Capital Investment Strategy, April 2012, at http://www.ars. (continued...) Congressional Research Service 60 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 a biocontainment laboratory at its poultry research facility in Athens, GA ($145 million); a foreign disease-weed science facility in Frederick, MD ($70 million); and an animal science, human nutrition and bee research center in Beltsville, MD ($33 million). National Institute of Food and Agriculture The National Institute of Food and Agriculture provides federal funding for research, education, and extension projects conducted in partnership with the State Agricultural Experiment Stations, the State Cooperative Extension System, land grant universities, colleges, and other research and education institutions, as well as individual researchers. These partnerships include the 1862 landgrant institutions, 1890 historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), 1994 tribal landgrant colleges, and Hispanic-serving institutions.126 Federal funds enhance capacity at universities and institutions by statutory formula funding, competitive awards, and grants. For FY2016, the enacted appropriation provides $1.327 billion for NIFA, an increase of $37 million over FY2015 (2.9%). The President had requested $1.503 billion for NIFA. USDA had proposed to merge NIFA’s three primary accounts (Research and Education, Extension, and Integrated Activities) into a single NIFA-wide account. Congress effectively rejected that proposal by continuing to fund each of the accounts separately as in past years. The Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI)—USDA’s flagship competitive grants program with 25% of NIFA’s total budget—receives $350 million, an increase of $25 million over FY2015 but less than the $125 million increase requested by the President. Formula-funded programs are held constant, with the exception of Evans-Allen funding for historically black colleges and universities, which receive a $1.7 million increase (3%). The omnibus rejects an Administration’s proposal that would have added a competitive portion to the normally formula-funded “capacity awards” programs such as the Hatch Act. The House report noted a lack of state matching funding for some historically black colleges and universities and directed USDA to develop a plan to work with the states to meet the matching requirements.127 The explanatory statement continues to direct that not less than 15% of NIFA’s competitive research grant funds be used for the USDA agriculture research enhancement awards program, including USDA-EPSCoR. The Administration had proposed $80 million to establish two new “Innovation Institutes” at USDA as part of its multiagency National Network for Manufacturing Innovation. (For additional information, see “National Network for Manufacturing Innovation.”) These public-private institutes were to research challenges such as biomanufacturing and nanocellulosics. Like last year, the enacted appropriation ignores this proposal. The President’s request would have consolidated federal STEM education funding so that USDA would no longer provide Higher Education Challenge Grants, Graduate and Post-graduate Fellowship Grants, Higher Education Multicultural Scholars Program, Women and Minorities in (...continued) usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/Subsite/ARSLegisAffrs/USDA_ARS_Capital_Investment_Strategy_FINAL_eeo.pdf. 126 The numbers 1862, 1890, and 1994 in this context refer to the years that laws were enacted creating these classifications of colleges and universities, not to the number of institutions. 127 Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities, Land-Grant but Unequal: State One-to-One Match Funding for 1890 Land-Grant Universities, September 2013, at http://www.aplu.org/library/land-grant-but-unequal-state-one-toone-match-funding-for-1890-land-grant-universities/file. Congressional Research Service 61 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 STEM Program, Agriculture in the Classroom, and Secondary/Postsecondary Challenge Grants. (See “Reorganization of STEM Education Programs.”) The appropriation rejects that proposal and continues to fund the programs in USDA at FY2015 levels. National Agricultural Statistics Service The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) conducts the Census of Agriculture and provides official statistics on agricultural production and indicators of the economic and environmental status of the farm sector. For FY2016, the appropriation provides NASS $168 million, a decrease of 4 million (2%) from FY2015. The President’s request was $180 million, which would have been an increase of 5% over FY2015. Economic Research Service The Economic Research Service supports economic and social science information analysis on agriculture, rural development, food, commodity markets, and the environment. It collects and disseminates data concerning USDA programs and policies to various stakeholders. For FY2016, the appropriation provides ERS $85 million, which is the same as FY2015. USDA had requested $86 million. Table 16. U.S. Department of Agriculture R&D (budget authority in millions of dollars) Agency or Major Program Agricultural Research Service (ARS) FY2015 Enacted FY2016 Request FY2016 H. Cmte. FY2016 S. Cmte. FY2016 Final 1,132.6 1,191.5 1,122.5 1,136.8 1,143.8 45.0 205.9 45.0 0.0 212.1 1,177.6 1,397.4 1,167.5 1,136.8 1,355.9 AFRI (competitive grants) 325.0 450.0 335.0 325.0 350.0 Hatch Act (1862 institutions) 243.7 243.7 243.7 243.7 243.7 Evans-Allen (1890s institutions) 52.5 58.0 52.5 52.5 54.2 McIntire-Stennis (forestry) 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 — 80.0 — — — Other 131.7 132.9 116.4 135.9 137.8 Subtotal 786.9 998.6 781.5 791.1 819.7 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 Smith-Lever (d) 85.5 85.7 85.5 102.7 85.5 Other 86.2 89.8 86.5 86.2 90.4 Subtotal 471.7 475.6 472.1 488.9 475.9 Integrated Activities 30.9 28.9 30.9 13.7 30.9 1,289.5 1,503.1 1,284.5 1,293.7 1,326.5 Buildings and Facilities Subtotal, ARS National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Research and Education Innovation Institutes Extension Smith-Lever (b) & (c) Subtotal, NIFA Congressional Research Service 62 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Agency or Major Program National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Economic Research Service (ERS) Total, USDA Research Mission Area FY2015 Enacted FY2016 Request FY2016 H. Cmte. FY2016 S. Cmte. FY2016 Final 172.4 180.3 161.2 168.1 168.4 85.4 86.0 78.1 85.4 85.4 2,724.9 3,166.9 2,691.2 2,684.0 2,936.2 Source: CRS, compiled from H.R. 3049 (H.Rept. 114-205), S. 1800 (S.Rept. 114-82), and tables in the joint explanatory statement for P.L. 113-235 and P.L. 114-113. Notes: Components may not add to subtotals. Department of the Interior128 The Department of the Interior (DOI) was created to protect and manage the nation’s natural resources and cultural heritage and provides scientific and other information about those resources. DOI’s responsibilities include, among other things, mapping; geological, hydrological, and biological science; migratory bird and wildlife conservation; endangered species preservation; surface-mined lands protection and restoration; and historic preservation.129 The Administration requested $1.075 billion in DOI R&D funding for FY2016, which was $140.2 million (15.0%) above its FY2015 enacted level of $934.6 million.130 According to DOI, Activities supported by this [R&D] funding range from scientific observations of the Earth and its systems—including water, wildlife, and plants—to applied field research to better address specific problems such as sea level rise, invasive species, and drought. This research reflects and informs the expertise of Interior’s land managers who are on the front lines of a changing climate and confronting the unpredictable nature of its impacts.131 Of the R&D funding requested for FY2016, 5.6% was for basic research, 81.4% was for applied research, and 13.0% was for development. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the only DOI component that conducts basic research.132   FY2015Actuals FY2016 Request FY2016 House^a FY2016S. Cmte.^a FY2016 Enacted

National Ocean Service (NOS)

$70

.7

$77

.9

n/a

n/a

$75

.0

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)

88

.9

76

.8

n/a

n/a

70

.9

National Weather Service (NWS)

17

.1

26

.1

n/a

n/a

26

.2

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS)

23

.9

25

.9

n/a

n/a

26

.0

Office of Marine and Aviation Operations^b (OMAO)

79

.8

233

.9

n/a

n/a

166

.9

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)

411

.5

471

.1

n/a

n/a

441

.4

Total, R&D

691

.9

911

.7

n/a

n/a

806

.4

   

 

 

 

 

OAR Total, R&D and Non-R&D^c

446

.3

507

.0

430

.7

456

.1

482

.0

NOAA Total, R&D and Non-R&D

5,441

.0

5,974

.7

5,169

.3

5,381

.6

5,765

.6

Source: Vicki Schwantes, NOAA Budget Office, email to CRS concerning NOAA R&D, February 10, 2016.

Notes:

a. House-passed and Senate committee-reported bills do not provide funding levels for R&D. b. All Office of Marine and Aviation Operations funding is for equipment related to R&D. c. OAR and NOAA funding totals are provided for context. Department of Agriculture¹²²

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) was created in 1862 in part to support agricultural research in an expanding, agriculturally dependent country. USDA conducts intramural research at federal facilities with government-employed scientists, and supports external research at universities and other facilities through competitive grants and formula-based funding. The breadth of contemporary USDA research spans traditional agricultural production techniques, organic and sustainable agriculture, bioenergy, nutrition needs and composition, food safety, animal and plant health, pest and disease management, economic decisionmaking, and other social sciences affecting consumers, farmers, and rural communities.

Four agencies carry out USDA's research and education activities, grouped together into the Research, Education, and Economics (REE) mission area. The agencies are the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), and Economic Research Service (ERS).¹²³

For FY2016, the USDA research mission area receives $2.936 billion in the omnibus appropriation, an increase of $211 million over FY2015. Most of the increase is for ARS buildings and facilities ($167 million) and the flagship NIFA competitive grant program ($25 million), while most other accounts are held constant or nearly constant compared to FY2015. The enacted appropriation, like the House and Senate bills, does not follow most of the proposed changes in priorities in the Administration's request. (See Table 16.) Agricultural Research Service

The Agricultural Research Service is USDA's in-house basic and applied research agency. It operates approximately 90 laboratories nationwide with about 7,400 employees. ARS also operates the National Agricultural Library, one of the Department's primary information repositories for food, agriculture, and natural resource sciences. ARS laboratories focus on efficient food and fiber production, development of new products and uses for agricultural commodities, development of effective controls for pest management, and support of USDA regulatory and technical assistance programs.

For FY2016, the enacted appropriation provides $1.144 billion for ARS salaries and expenses, an increase of $11 million over FY2015 (1%). The President had requested a 5% increase for salaries and expenses.

ARS had proposed increases across several programmatic areas for prioritized research projects, coupled with reductions in funding for several existing programs. Both the House and Senate committees expressly rejected many, if not most, of those specific reductions and reprogramming.

The explanatory statement for the omnibus and the individual committee reports address deficient animal welfare conditions that were uncovered at ARS research facilities, particularly at the ARS Meat Animal Research Center in Nebraska.¹²⁴ In the appropriations act and via report language, Congress instructs ARS to comply with Animal Welfare Act standards, allow animal welfare inspections by a USDA sister agency (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, APHIS), review and update its own animal care policies, and certify progress with the committees. Also, via explanatory statements for the Office of the Secretary, all House and Senate requirements on this issue are to be followed, thus including House report language that further withholds 5% of the ARS appropriation until USDA certifies that it has updated its policies and has functioning Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees.

For the ARS buildings and facilities account, the enacted appropriation provides $212 million, an increase of $167 million over FY2015 for an account which had received no appropriation for several years. As in FY2015, the funding is to be used for priorities that are identified in the "USDA ARS Capital Investment Strategy."¹²⁵ ARS' top facilities priorities are the construction of a biocontainment laboratory at its poultry research facility in Athens, GA ($145 million); a foreign disease-weed science facility in Frederick, MD ($70 million); and an animal science, human nutrition and bee research center in Beltsville, MD ($33 million).

National Institute of Food and Agriculture

The National Institute of Food and Agriculture provides federal funding for research, education, and extension projects conducted in partnership with the State Agricultural Experiment Stations, the State Cooperative Extension System, land grant universities, colleges, and other research and education institutions, as well as individual researchers. These partnerships include the 1862 land-grant institutions, 1890 historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), 1994 tribal land-grant colleges, and Hispanic-serving institutions.¹²⁶ Federal funds enhance capacity at universities and institutions by statutory formula funding, competitive awards, and grants.

For FY2016, the enacted appropriation provides $1.327 billion for NIFA, an increase of $37 million over FY2015 (2.9%). The President had requested $1.503 billion for NIFA.

USDA had proposed to merge NIFA's three primary accounts (Research and Education, Extension, and Integrated Activities) into a single NIFA-wide account. Congress effectively rejected that proposal by continuing to fund each of the accounts separately as in past years.

The Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI)—USDA's flagship competitive grants program with 25% of NIFA's total budget—receives $350 million, an increase of $25 million over FY2015 but less than the $125 million increase requested by the President.

Formula-funded programs are held constant, with the exception of Evans-Allen funding for historically black colleges and universities, which receive a $1.7 million increase (3%). The omnibus rejects an Administration's proposal that would have added a competitive portion to the normally formula-funded "capacity awards" programs such as the Hatch Act. The House report noted a lack of state matching funding for some historically black colleges and universities and directed USDA to develop a plan to work with the states to meet the matching requirements.¹²⁷

The explanatory statement continues to direct that not less than 15% of NIFA's competitive research grant funds be used for the USDA agriculture research enhancement awards program, including USDA-EPSCoR.

The Administration had proposed $80 million to establish two new "Innovation Institutes" at USDA as part of its multiagency National Network for Manufacturing Innovation. (For additional information, see "National Network for Manufacturing Innovation.") These public-private institutes were to research challenges such as biomanufacturing and nanocellulosics. Like last year, the enacted appropriation ignores this proposal.

The President's request would have consolidated federal STEM education funding so that USDA would no longer provide Higher Education Challenge Grants, Graduate and Post-graduate Fellowship Grants, Higher Education Multicultural Scholars Program, Women and Minorities in STEM Program, Agriculture in the Classroom, and Secondary/Postsecondary Challenge Grants. (See "Reorganization of STEM Education Programs.") The appropriation rejects that proposal and continues to fund the programs in USDA at FY2015 levels.

National Agricultural Statistics Service

The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) conducts the Census of Agriculture and provides official statistics on agricultural production and indicators of the economic and environmental status of the farm sector. For FY2016, the appropriation provides NASS $168 million, a decrease of 4 million (2%) from FY2015. The President's request was $180 million, which would have been an increase of 5% over FY2015.

Economic Research Service

The Economic Research Service supports economic and social science information analysis on agriculture, rural development, food, commodity markets, and the environment. It collects and disseminates data concerning USDA programs and policies to various stakeholders. For FY2016, the appropriation provides ERS $85 million, which is the same as FY2015. USDA had requested $86 million.

Table 16. U.S. Department of Agriculture R&D

(budget authority in millions of dollars)

Agency or Major Program

FY2015 Enacted

FY2016Request FY2016H. Cmte. FY2016 S. Cmte. FY2016 Final

Agricultural Research Service (ARS)

1,132.6

1,191.5

1,122.5

1,136.8

1,143.8

Buildings and Facilities

45.0

205.9

45.0

0.0

212.1

Subtotal, ARS

1,177.6

1,397.4

1,167.5

1,136.8

1,355.9

National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)

         

Research and Education

         

AFRI (competitive grants)

325.0

450.0

335.0

325.0

350.0

Hatch Act (1862 institutions)

243.7

243.7

243.7

243.7

243.7

Evans-Allen (1890s institutions)

52.5

58.0

52.5

52.5

54.2

McIntire-Stennis (forestry)

34.0

34.0

34.0

34.0

34.0

Innovation Institutes

—

80.0

—

—

—

Other

131.7

132.9

116.4

135.9

137.8

Subtotal

786.9

998.6

781.5

791.1

819.7

Extension

         

Smith-Lever (b) & (c)

300.0

300.0

300.0

300.0

300.0

Smith-Lever (d)

85.5

85.7

85.5

102.7

85.5

Other

86.2

89.8

86.5

86.2

90.4

Subtotal

471.7

475.6

472.1

488.9

475.9

Integrated Activities

30.9

28.9

30.9

13.7

30.9

Subtotal, NIFA

1,289.5

1,503.1

1,284.5

1,293.7

1,326.5

National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS)

172.4

180.3

161.2

168.1

168.4

Economic Research Service (ERS)

85.4

86.0

78.1

85.4

85.4

Total, USDA Research Mission Area

2,724.9

3,166.9

2,691.2

2,684.0

2,936.2

Source: CRS, compiled from H.R. 3049 (H.Rept. 114-205), S. 1800 (S.Rept. 114-82), and tables in the joint explanatory statement for P.L. 113-235 and P.L. 114-113.

Notes: Components may not add to subtotals.

Department of the Interior¹²⁸

The Department of the Interior (DOI) was created to protect and manage the nation's natural resources and cultural heritage and provides scientific and other information about those resources. DOI's responsibilities include, among other things, mapping; geological, hydrological, and biological science; migratory bird and wildlife conservation; endangered species preservation; surface-mined lands protection and restoration; and historic preservation.¹²⁹

The Administration requested $1.075 billion in DOI R&D funding for FY2016, which was $140.2 million (15.0%) above its FY2015 enacted level of $934.6 million.¹³⁰

According to DOI,

Activities supported by this [R&D] funding range from scientific observations of the Earth and its systems—including water, wildlife, and plants—to applied field research to better address specific problems such as sea level rise, invasive species, and drought. This research reflects and informs the expertise of Interior's land managers who are on the front lines of a changing climate and confronting the unpredictable nature of its impacts.¹³¹

Of the R&D funding requested for FY2016, 5.6% was for basic research, 81.4% was for applied research, and 13.0% was for development. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the only DOI component that conducts basic research.¹³²

Division G of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113) provides DOI $963.5 million for FY2016, $26.7 million (2.9%) more than for FY2015 (actual) and $111.3 million (10.4%) below the request.133 133 Funding for DOI R&D is generally included in appropriations line items that also include nonRnon-R&D activities; therefore, it is not possible to identify precisely how much of the funding that 128 This section was written by John F. Sargent, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 129 Department of the Interior, Strategic Plan for Fiscal Years 2014-2018, http://www.doi.gov/pmb/ppp/upload/DOIStrategic-Plan-for-FY-2014-2018-POSTED-ON-WEBSITE.pdf. 130 Email correspondence between the DOI budget office and CRS. 131 Department of the Interior, Fiscal Year 2016: The Interior Budget in Brief, February 2015, p. DH-50, http://www.doi.gov/budget/appropriations/2016/highlights/upload/2016_Highlights_Bookv3.pdfhttp://www.doi.gov/ budget/appropriations/2015/highlights/upload/2015_Highlights_Book.pdf. 132 Email correspondence between the DOI budget office and CRS. 133 Email communications between DOI and CRS on February 9, 2016. Congressional Research Service 63 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 would be provided by appropriations bills is allocated to R&D unless funding is provided at the precise level of the request. In general, R&D funding levels are known only after DOI components allocate their final appropriations to specific activities and report those figures. U.S. Geological Survey The U.S. Geological Survey was established by Congress on March 3, 1879, to support the mission of the Department of the Interior and its science requirements. The USGS also works in collaboration with other federal, state, and tribal cooperators to conduct research and provide scientific data and information to describe and understand the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; and enhance and protect our quality of life. A single account, Surveys, Investigations, and Research (SIR), provides all USGS funding including R&D and non-R&D activities. USGS R&D is conducted under seven SIR activity/program areas: Ecosystems; Climate and Land Use Change; Energy, Minerals, and Environmental Health; Natural Hazards; Water Resources; Core Science Systems; and Science Support. Division G of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 provides USGS $676.9 million for FY2016, $11.1 million (1.7%) more than in FY2015 (actual) and $84.2 million (11.1%) less than the request. The President’'s total FY2016 budget request for USGS (i.e., SIR account) was $1.104 billion. Requested SIR funding included $761.1 million for R&D, an increase of $95.3 million (14.3%) over the FY2015 level of $665.8 million. This total included $176.3 million for Ecosystems, up $19.3 million (12.3%); $140.1 million for Climate and Land Use Change, up $40.1 million (40.1%); $103.3 million for Energy, Minerals, and Environmental Health, up $11.0 million (12.0%); $116.9 million for Natural Hazards, up $5.6 million (5.1%); $128.2 million for Water Resources, up $6.5 million (5.4%); $95.9 million for Core Science Systems, up $12.7 million (15.2%); and $0.4 million for Science Support, up $17,000 (4.0%).134 134 On June 16, 2015, the House Committee on Appropriations reported H.R. 3128 accompanied by H.Rept. 114-170. The House committee-recommended funding level for USGS (including both R&D and non-R&D activities) was $1.045 billion for FY2016, the same as for FY2015 and $149.8 million (12.5%) below request. On June 18, 2015, the Senate Committee on Appropriations reported S. 1645, accompanied by S.Rept. 114-70.The Senate CommitteerecommendedCommittee-recommended funding level for USGS was $1,058.5 billion, $13.5 million (1.3%) more than for FY2015, $136.3 million (11.4%) less than the request, and $13.5 million (1.3%) more than the House committee-recommended level. Other DOI Components In addition to the USGS, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 provided R&D funding for the following DOI components: 135 134 135 Ibid. Ibid. Congressional Research Service 64 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016          ¹³⁵Bureau of Reclamation (BOR): $88.6 million in applied research and development funding for FY2016, $11.7 million (15.2%) more than in FY2015 (actual) and $2.7 million (3.1%) more than the FY2016 request. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM): $72.8 million in applied research and development funding for FY2016, $1.2 million (1.7%) less than FY2015 (actual) and $3.5 million (5.1%) more than the FY2016 request. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS): $32.5 million in applied research funding for FY2016, equal to the FY2015 (actual) level and $17.2 million (34.7%) less than the FY2016 request. Bureau of Land Management (BLM): $23.5 million in applied research and development funding for FY2016, $3.3 million (16.4%) more than in FY2015 (actual) and $7.5 million (24.1%) less than the FY2016 request. National Park Service (NPS): $27.0 million in applied research and development funding for FY2016, equal to the FY2015 (actual) level and $1.2 million (4.3%) less than the FY2016 request. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE): $26.7 million in applied research funding for FY2016, $1.9 million (7.6%) more than in FY2015 (actual) and equal to the FY2016 request. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA): $9.5 million in applied research for FY2016, equal to the FY2015 (actual) level and $3.0 million (24.0%) less than the FY2016 request. Wildland Fire Management (WFM): $6.0 million in applied research for FY2016, equal to the FY2015 level and the request. Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE): received no funding for R&D in FY2016 or in FY2015; President Obama had requested $4.4 million in applied research for FY2016. Table 17 summarizes FY2015 R&D funding, the President’'s FY2016 R&D funding request, House and Senate Committee actions, and final FY2016 enacted appropriations for DOI components. Congressional Research Service 65 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 components. Table 17. Department of the Interior R&D (budget authority, in millions of dollars) FY2015 Actual U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) FY2016 Request FY2016 H. Cmte. FY2016 S. Cmte. FY2016 Enacted $665.8 $761.1 ___a ___a $676.9 Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) 76.9 85.9 ___a ___a 88.6 Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) 74.1 69.3 ___a ___a 72.8 ___a 32.5 Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) 32.5 49.7 ___a Bureau of Land Management (BLM) 20.2 31.0 ___a ___a 23.5 ___a 27.0 National Park Service (NPS) 27.0 28.2 ___a Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) 24.8 26.7 ___a ___a 26.7 Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) 9.5 12.5 ___a ___a 9.5 Wildland Fire Management (WFM) 6.0 6.0 ___a ___a 6.0 Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE) 0.0 4.4 ___a ___a 0.0 $936.8 $1,074.8 ___a ___a $963.5 Department of the Interior, Total Source: FY2015 actual and FY2016 enacted figures from email communication from DOI to CRS on February 9,   FY2015 Actual

FY2016 Request

FY2016 H. Cmte.

FY2016 S. Cmte.

FY2016 Enacted

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

$665

.8

$761

.1

___^a

___^a

$676

.9

Bureau of Reclamation (BOR)

76

.9

85

.9

___^a

___^a

88

.6

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)

74

.1

69

.3

___^a

___^a

72

.8

Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)

32

.5

49

.7

___^a

___^a

32

.5

Bureau of Land Management (BLM)

20

.2

31

.0

___^a

___^a

23

.5

National Park Service (NPS)

27

.0

28

.2

___^a

___^a

27

.0

Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE)

24

.8

26

.7

___^a

___^a

26

.7

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

9

.5

12

.5

___^a

___^a

9

.5

Wildland Fire Management (WFM)

6

.0

6

.0

___^a

___^a

6

.0

Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE)

0

.0

4

.4

___^a

___^a

0

.0

Department of the Interior, Total

$936

.8

$1,074

.8

___^a

___^a

$963

.5

Source: FY2015 actual and FY2016 enacted figures from email communication from DOI to CRS on February 9, 2016. FY2016 request figures from Department of the Interior, Fiscal Year 2016: The Interior Budget in Brief, , February 2015, p. DH-51, http://www.doi.gov/budget/appropriations/2016/highlights/upload/ 2016_Highlights_Bookv3.pdf. . Note: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. TBD = To be determined. As noted in the main text, the allocation of R&D funds within these accounts is not generally specified in appropriations bills and is therefore not usually determined until after DOI appropriations are finalized. a. a. Cannot be determined as R&D is included in accounts with non-R&D funding. Environmental Protection Agency136 Environmental Protection Agency¹³⁶ The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the federal regulatory agency responsible for implementing a number of environmental pollution control laws, funds a broad range of R&D activities to provide scientific tools and knowledge that support decisions relating to preventing, regulating, and abating environmental pollution. Beginning in FY2006, Congress has funded EPA through the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations. Funding for EPA R&D is generally included in line items that also include non-R&D activities; therefore, it is not possible to identify precisely how much of the funding provided in appropriations laws is allocated to R&D specifically unless funding is provided at the precise level of the request (see discussion later in this section). In general, R&D funding levels are known only after EPA 136 This section was written by Robert Esworthy, Specialist in Environmental Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. Congressional Research Service 66 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 allocates its appropriations to specific activities and reports those figures. The agency’'s Science and Technology (S&T) account funds much of EPA’'s scientific research activities. These activities include R&D conducted by the agency at its own laboratories and facilities, and R&D and other related scientific evaluations conducted by universities, foundations, and other nonfederalnon-federal entities that receive EPA grants. The S&T account receives a base appropriation and a transfer from the Hazardous Substance Superfund (Superfund) account.137137 The transferred funds are for research on more effective methods to clean up contaminated sites. Title II of Division G of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113; ; H.R. 2029) ) provides $753.5 million for the EPA S&T account for FY2016 including transfers ($18.8 million) from the Superfund account, the same as enacted for the S&T account for FY2015.138138 Including transfers, the FY2016 total for the S&T account, which represents 9.3% of the $8.14 billion for the agency overall for FY2016 appropriations,139139 is $31.8 million (4.0%) less than the $785.3 million requested for FY2016. No bill providing regular appropriations for FY2016 for Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies was passed in the House or Senate. On June 18, 2015, the House Appropriations Committee reported the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations Act, 2016, H.R. 2822 ( (H.Rept. 114-170). The reported bill would have provided $721.1 million for FY2016 for EPA’'s S&T account, including transfers from the Superfund account ($16.2 million). The House suspended floor consideration of H.R. 2822 on July 8, 2015, and no final vote on its passage occurred. The Senate Committee on Appropriations’' June 23, 2015, reported bill, S. 1645 ( (S.Rept. 114-70), would have provided $720.2 million for EPA’'s S&T account, including transfers from the Superfund account ($16.2 million). S. 1645 was placed on the Senate Legislative Calendar but was not considered on the floor. Table 18 at the end of this section presents the FY2016 amounts for program activities within EPA’ EPA's S&T account as enacted compared to H.R. 2822 and S. 1645 as reported by the House and the Senate Committees on Appropriations, the President’'s FY2016 budget request, and the FY2015 enacted level. As indicated in the explanatory statement and table in the December 17, 2015, Congressional Record140Record¹⁴⁰ the enacted FY2016 base amount for the S&T account includes mostly decreases for individual EPA program and activity line items below the account level compared to the FY2016 request. The FY2016 requested base amount for the S&T account included mostly increases for programs and activities below the account level compared to the FY2015 enacted levels.141 The FY2016 enacted amount for S&T account overall is identical to 137 The EPA S&T account incorporates elements of the former EPA Research and Development account, as well as portions of the former Salaries and Expenses and Program Operations accounts, which were in place until FY1996. Since 1996, EPA’s annual appropriations have been requested, considered, and enacted according to eight statutory appropriations accounts established by Congress. A ninth account, Hazardous Waste Electronic Manifest System Fund, was added during the FY2014 budget process. Because of the differences in the scope of the activities included in these accounts, comparisons before and after FY1996 are not readily available. 138 For an overview of the EPA FY2015 appropriations see CRS Report R43709, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): FY2015 Appropriations, by Robert Esworthy. 139 For and overview of EPA’s FY2016 appropriations see CRS Report R44208, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): FY2016 Appropriations, by Robert Esworthy and David M. Bearden. 140 “Explanatory Statement” submitted by the Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations in the House Congressional Record, vol. 161 No. 184-Book III (December 17, 2015), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-201512-17/pdf/CREC-2015-12-17-house-bk3.pdf. Under Division G, see discussion regarding EPA S&T account under “Title II—Environmental Protection Agency,” p. H10219; and in the funding table, pp. H10256-H10263. 141 For detailed discussion of the various EPA program areas and activities below the S&T account level see U.S. EPA, Fiscal Year 2016 Justification of Appropriations Estimates for the Committee on Appropriations: Science and Technology, February 2015, http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/ (continued...) Congressional Research Service 67 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 141 The FY2016 enacted amount for S&T account overall is identical to the FY2015 enacted level. The only exception in program funding was a $10.0 million increase for “"Research: National Priorities”" for FY2016, offset by a reduction of $10.0 million for “ "Research: Sustainable and Healthy Communities.” " The total National Priorities funding includes $4.1 million in funding for competitively awarded extramural research grants to fund high-priority water quality and availability research by not-forprofitfor-profit organizations the same as FY2015.142142 The additional $10.0 million is distributed as specified in the explanatory statement:143143 $3.0 million (including $2.0 million for extramural funding) for further EPA research on oil and gas development in the Appalachian Basin;144 and 144 and $7.0 million for certification and compliance activities related to vehicle and engine emissions. As in previous requests, the President’'s FY2016 budget request did not include funding for these “ "national priorities.”145 "¹⁴⁵ As indicated in Table 18 the total amount proposed in the House and Senate committee-reported bills would have provided less funding overall compared to the President’'s FY2016 request and FY2015 enacted, including reductions in funding for most programs and activities as requested, and several as enacted in FY2015. The House committee-reported bill was $64.2 million (8.2%) less than the President’'s FY2016 budget request for EPA’'s S&T account, including transfers and 4.3% below for FY2015 enacted level. The total amount proposed in the Senate committeereportedcommittee-reported was 8.3% less than the President’'s FY2016 budget request for EPA’'s S&T account, including transfers and 4.4% below the appropriated amount for FY2015. Title IV of Division G, “"General Provisions,”" contains several provisions (referred to by some as “riders” "riders") that would restrict or prohibit the use of FY2016 funds by EPA for implementing or proceeding with a number of regulatory actions, including in some instances conducting research to support these actions. Many of these provisions have been included in previous recent appropriations. The House and Senate reported bills had proposed a number of additional administrative provisions, but most were not included in the FY2016 consolidated appropriations. The proposed general provisions can be found in Title II of each the committee-reported bills, the general provisions in Title IV. The EPA’'s Office of Research and Development (ORD) is the primary manager of R&D at EPA headquarters and laboratories around the country, as well as external R&D. A large portion of the S&T account funds EPA R&D activities managed by ORD, including the agency’'s research laboratories and research grants. Many of the programs implemented by other offices within EPA have a research component, but the research component is not necessarily the primary focus of the program. (...continued) epa_fy_2016_congressional_justification.pdf, pp. 83-194. 142 The grants are to be independent of the Science to Achieve Results (STAR) grant program. The grants are subject to a 25% matching funds requirement as specified in the explanatory statement, see footnote 140. 143 See footnote 140. 144 The Explanatory Statement in the December 17, 2016, Congressional Record (see footnote 140), states that the funding is to be provided as specified in H.Rept. 114-170; see p. 50. 145 EPA refers also to these priorities as “Congressionally Directed Projects” in the FY2016 Budget Justification; see footnote 141, p. 87, p. 1046. Congressional Research Service 68 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 the program. Table 18. Environmental Protection Agency Science &Technology (S&T) Account (millions of dollars) FY2015 Enacted FY2016 FY2016  

FY2015 Enacted

FY2016Request FY2016 H. Cmte.H.R. 2822 FY2016 S. Cmte.S. 1645 FY2016 EnactedP.L. 114-113

Science and Technology Appropriations Acct.

         

Clean Air and Climate

$116

.5

$124

.8

$107

.7

$106

.0

$116

.5

Clean Air Allowance Trading Program

NR

7

.8

NR

NR

NR

Climate Protection Program

8

.0

8

.1

8

.0

8

.0

8

.0

Federal Support for Air Quality Management

NR

8

.5

NR

NR

NR

Federal Vehicle and Fuel Standards and Certification

NR

100

.4

NR

NR

NR

Enforcement

13

.7

14

.4

13

.1

13

.7

13

.7

Homeland Security

37

.1

38

.1

37

.1

36

.3

37

.1

Indoor Air and Radiation

6

.0

6

.6

6

.0

6

.3

6

.0

Indoor Air: Radon

NR

0

.0

NR

NR

NR

Radiation: Protection

NR

2

.2

NR

NR

NR

Radiation: Response Preparedness

NR

4

.0

NR

NR

NR

Reduce Risks from Indoor Air

NR

0

.4

NR

NR

NR

IT/Data Management/Security

3

.1

3

.2

3

.1

3

.2

3

.1

Operations and Administration

68

.3

79

.2

68

.3

68

.3

68

.3

Pesticide Licensing

6

.0

7

.7

6

.0

6

.1

6

.0

Research: Air, Climate, and Energy

91

.9

100

.3

88

.3

90

.4

91

.9

Research: Chemical Safety and Sustainability

126

.9

140

.7

126

.9

125

.9

126

.9

Human Health Risk Assessment

NR

39

.3

NR

NR

NR

Research: Computational Toxicology

21

.4

33

.8

21

.4

21

.4

21

.4

Research: Endocrine Disruptor

16

.3

15

.4

16

.3

15

.4

16

.3

Research: Other Activities

NR

52

.3

NR

NR

NR

Research: Safe and Sustainable Water Resources

107

.4

111

.0

102

.6

104

.9

107

.4

Research: Sustainable and Healthy Communities

150

.0

139

.2

135

.1

135

.1

140

.0

Water: Human Health Protection (Drinking Water Programs)

3

.5

3

.8

3

.5

3

.7

3

.5

Research: National [Congressional] Priorities (Water Quality and Availability)

4

.1

0

.0

7

.1

4

.1

14

.1

Subtotal S&T Account Base Appropriations

734

.6

769

.1

704

.9

704

.0

734

.6

Transfer in from Hazardous Substance Superfund Account

18

.8

16

.2

16

.2

16

.2

18

.8

EPA, Total (Science and Technology)

753

.5

785

.3

721

.1

720

.2

753

.5

Source: Prepared by CRS. The FY2016 and FY2015 enacted appropriations are as reported in the "Explanatory Statement" submitted by the Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations in the House Congressional RecordH. Cmte. S. Cmte. Request H.R. 2822 S. 1645 FY2016 Enacted P.L. 114-113 Science and Technology Appropriations Acct. Clean Air and Climate $116.5 $124.8 $107.7 $106.0 $116.5 Clean Air Allowance Trading Program NR 7.8 NR NR NR Climate Protection Program 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.0 Federal Support for Air Quality Management NR 8.5 NR NR NR Federal Vehicle and Fuel Standards and Certification NR 100.4 NR NR NR Enforcement 13.7 14.4 13.1 13.7 13.7 Homeland Security 37.1 38.1 37.1 36.3 37.1 Indoor Air and Radiation 6.0 6.6 6.0 6.3 6.0 Indoor Air: Radon NR 0.0 NR NR NR Radiation: Protection NR 2.2 NR NR NR Radiation: Response Preparedness NR 4.0 NR NR NR Reduce Risks from Indoor Air NR 0.4 NR NR NR 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 68.3 79.2 68.3 68.3 68.3 6.0 7.7 6.0 6.1 6.0 91.9 100.3 88.3 90.4 91.9 126.9 140.7 126.9 125.9 126.9 NR 39.3 NR NR NR Research: Computational Toxicology 21.4 33.8 21.4 21.4 21.4 Research: Endocrine Disruptor 16.3 15.4 16.3 15.4 15.4 NR 52.3 NR NR NR Research: Safe and Sustainable Water Resources 107.4 111.0 102.6 104.9 107.4 Research: Sustainable and Healthy Communities 150.0 139.2 135.1 135.1 140.0 Water: Human Health Protection (Drinking Water Programs) 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.7 3.5 Research: National [Congressional] Priorities (Water Quality and Availability) 4.1 0.0 7.1 4.1 14.1 734.6 769.1 704.9 704.0 734.6 18.8 16.2 16.2 16.2 18.8 753.5 785.3 721.1 720.2 753.5 IT/Data Management/Security Operations and Administration Pesticide Licensing Research: Air, Climate, and Energy Research: Chemical Safety and Sustainability Human Health Risk Assessment Research: Other Activities Subtotal S&T Account Base Appropriations Transfer in from Hazardous Substance Superfund Account EPA, Total (Science and Technology) Source: Prepared by CRS. The FY2016 and FY2015 enacted appropriations are as reported in the “Explanatory Statement” submitted by the Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations in the House Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book III (December 17, 2015), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2015-12-17/pdf/ CREC-2015-12-17-house-bk3.pdf. Under Division G, see discussion regarding EPA S&T account under “Title II— Congressional Research Service 69 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 "Title II—Environmental Protection Agency,”" p. H10219; and in the funding table, pp. H10256-H10263. FY2016 requested amounts are as reported in the explanatory statement and EPA’s 's Fiscal Year 2016 Justification of Appropriations Estimates for the Committee on Appropriations: Science and Technology, February 2015, http://www2.epa.gov/sites/ production/files/2015-02/documents/epa_fy_2016_congressional_justification.pdf, pp. 83-194. FY2016 amounts recommended by the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations are as presented in the House and Senate Committee-reported bills and their accompanying reports, H.Rept. 114-170 and S.Rept. 114-70. Numbers may not add up due to rounding. Notes: The NR (not reported) indicates those instances where the reports accompanying the House and Senate committee reported bills did not specify funding amounts for these sub-program activities. Totals may differ from the sum of the components. Department of Transportation146 Department of Transportation¹⁴⁶ The Department of Transportation (DOT) seeks to ensure a fast, safe, efficient, accessible, and convenient transportation system. DOT’'s goals include improving public health and safety by reducing transportation-related fatalities and injuries; ensuring that the United States maintains critical transportation infrastructure in a state of good repair; promoting transportation policies and investments that bring lasting and equitable economic benefits; fostering livable communities by integrating transportation policies, plans, and investments with housing and economic development policies; and advancing environmentally sustainable policies and investments that reduce carbon and other harmful emissions from transportation sources. Division L of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113) provides appropriations for the Department of Transportation. Funding for research and development is generally included in accounts with non-R&D funding. Accordingly, R&D funding is generally not known until the agency reports how much of the appropriated funds will be used for R&D. President Obama requested $1.046 billion for Department of Transportation R&D and R&D facilities in FY2016, an increase of $244.6 million (30.5%) from the FY2015 enacted level. (See Table 19.) P.L. 114-113 provides DOT with $883.1 million for R&D and R&D facilities for FY2016, $118.7 million (15.5%) more than the FY2015 enacted level of $764.4 million, and $162.5 million (15.5%) less than the requested level of $1,045.6 million. Two DOT agencies—the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)—account for more than three-fourths of the department’s R&D funding (79.1% in the FY2016 request).147 's R&D and R&D facilities funding for FY2016. President Obama had requested $1,045.6 million for DOT R&D and R&D facilities in FY2016, an increase of $281.2 million (36.8%) from the FY2015 enacted level. (See Table 19.)¹⁴⁷ Funding for DOT R&D is generally included in appropriations line items that also include nonRnon-R&D activities; therefore, it is not possible to identify precisely how much of the funding that would be provided by appropriations bills is allocated to R&D unless funding is provided at the precise level of the request. In general, R&D funding levels are known only after DOT agencies allocate their final appropriations to specific activities and report those figures. Federal HighwayAviation Administration Under the President’s request, P.L. 114-113 provides the Federal HighwayAviation Administration would have received $453.3 million in R&D funding in FY2016, an increase of $89.5 million (24.6%) from the FY2015 enacted level. The President’s request would have provided $130.0 million for highway R&D, up $22.0 million (20.4%); $139.5 million for Intelligent Transportation Systems R&D, up $64.1 million (84.8%); $167.1 million for State Planning and Research, up $3.2 million (1.9%); and 146 This section was written by John F. Sargent, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 147 Except as noted otherwise, the R&D funding figures in this section come from unpublished data provided by the DOT budget office to CRS by email on February 24, 2015. Congressional Research Service 70 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 $16.7 million for R&D-related administrative expenses.148 Allocations for these activities are not specified in the House and Senate bills. Federal Aviation Administration Under the President’s request, the Federal Aviation Administration would have received $374.2 (FAA) with $379.2 million for R&D and R&D facilities for FY2016, $137.2 million (57.9%) above the FY2015 enacted level of $237.0 million, and $27.3 million (7.3%) below the requested level of $374.2 million. Under the President's request, the FAA would have received $374.2 million for R&D and R&D facilities in FY2015, an increase of $93.7137.2 million (33.4%) from the 57.9%) above the FY2015 enacted level.149148 The FY2016 request included $342.0 million for research and development, an increase of $86.7 million (34.0%),150149 and $32.3 million for R&D facilities, an increase of $7.0 million (27.7%). Of this Of the FY2016 request, $166.0 million constituted the FAA’'s Research, Engineering, and Development (RE&D) account (up $9.3 million, 5.9%). All RE&D account funding is for research and development. The RE&D account supports research in NextGen-specific areas such as wake turbulence, human factors, and clean aircraft technologies, as well as in fire safety, propulsion systems, advanced materials, aircraft icing, and continued airworthiness. The HousepassedHouse-passed version of H.R. 2577 would have provided $156.8 million for the RE&D account, the same as the FY2015 level and $9.3 million (5.6%) less than the request. The Senate Committee on Appropriations-reported bill recommended $163.3 million for FY2016, $6.6 million (4.2%) more the FY2015 level and the FY2016 House-passed level, and $2.7 million (1.6%) below than the request. Other DOT Components A number of other DOT components also fund research and development.       The President’s FY2016 request for National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) R&D and R&D facilities was $76.6 million, an increase of $14.1 million (22.5%) above the FY2015 level. The President’s FY2016 request for Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) R&D and R&D facilities was $65.3 million, an increase of $22.5 million (52.6%) above the FY2015 level. The President’s FY2016 request for Federal Transit Administration (FTA) R&D and R&D facilities was $28.2 million, an increase of $15.5 million (122.1%) above the FY2015 level. The President’s FY2016 request for Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) R&D and R&D facilities was $22.0 million, an increase of $0.8 million (3.7%) above the FY2015 level. The President’s FY2016 request for Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) R&D and R&D facilities was $10.6 million, an increase of $4.5 million (74.0%) above the FY2015 level. The President’s FY2016 request for Office of the Secretary of Transportation (OST) R&D was $15.4 million, an increase of $4.0 million (35.4%) above the 148 FHWA, Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2016: Federal Highway Administration, http://www.dot.gov/sites/dot.gov/ files/docs/FY2016-BudgetEstimate-FHWA.pdf. 149 The FAA notes that $74 million of this increase is due to a reclassification of certain NextGen FY2016 funding as applied R&D “to better align with OMB Circular A-11 Research Definitions.” 150 Ibid. Congressional Research Service 71 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 FY2015 level. The request includes $14.6 million for the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, $1.6 million (12.2%) above the FY2015 level. On June 9, 2015, the House passed H.R. 2577, which would have provided $11.4 million for this office, $1.6 million (12.4%) less than the FY2015 level and $3.2 million (21.9%) less than the request. On June 25, 2015, the Senate Committee on Appropriations reported H.R. 2577. The Senate-reported bill recommended $13.0 million for FY2016, equal to FY2015 funding, $1.6 million (10.8%) less than the request, and $1.6 million (14.2%) more than the Housepassed level. Table 19 summarizes R&D funding for the DOT components. Table 19. Department of Transportation R&D and R&D Facilities (budget authority, in millions of dollars) FY2015 Enacted FY2016 Request FY2016 House FY2016 S. Cmte. FY2016 Finalb Federal Highway Administration $363.8 $453.3 ___a ___a TBDa Federal Aviation Administration 280.5 374.2 ___a ___a TBDa 156.8 166.0 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 62.5 76.6 Federal Railroad Administration 42.8 65.3 39.1 39.3 Federal Transit Administration 12.7 28.2 ___a ___a TBDa Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 21.2 22.0 ___a ___a TBDa Office of the Secretary 11.4 15.4 6.1 10.6 ___a ___a TBDa 801.0 1,045.6 ___a ___a TBDa Research, Engineering, and Development Railroad Research and Development Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration DOT, R&D Total 156.8 163.3 166.0 ___a ___a TBDa ___a ___a TBDa 39.1 11.4 39.1 13.0 39.1 13.0 Source: DOT FY2016 department and agency budget justifications; email communication between CRS and the Department of Transportation, February 24, 2015; P.L. 114-113. Notes: the request. Federal Highway Administration P.L. 114-113 provides the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) with $322.4 million for R&D and R&D facilities for FY2016, $42.2 million (11.6%) less than the FY2015 enacted level of $364.6 million, and $130.9 million (28.9%) less than the FY2016 requested level of $453.3 million.

Under the President's request, the FHWA would have received $453.3 million in R&D funding in FY2016, an increase of $88.7 million (24.3%) above the FY2015 enacted level. The President's request would have provided $130.0 million for highway R&D, up $22.0 million (20.4%); $139.5 million for Intelligent Transportation Systems R&D, up $64.1 million (84.8%); $167.1 million for State Planning and Research, up $3.2 million (1.9%); and $16.7 million for R&D-related administrative expenses.¹⁵⁰ Allocations for these activities are not specified in the House and Senate bills.

Other DOT Components

A number of other DOT components also fund research and development. P.L. 114-113 provides:

• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) with $86.6 million for R&D and R&D facilities for FY2016, $23.3 million (36.8%) above the FY2015 enacted level of $63.3 million and $10.0 million (13.0%) above the requested level of $76.6 million.
• Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) with $43.1 million for R&D and R&D facilities for FY2016, $0.3 million (0.8%) above the FY2015 enacted level of $42.8 million and $22.2 million (34.0%) below the requested level of $65.3 million.
• Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) with $21.5 million for R&D and R&D facilities for FY2016, $0.3 million (1.3%) above the FY2015 enacted level of $21.2 million and $0.5 million (2.4%) below the requested level of $22.0 million.
• Office of the Secretary of Transportation (OST) with $13.9 million for R&D and R&D facilities for FY2016, $2.5 million (22.2%) above the FY2015 enacted level of $11.4 million and $1.5 million (9.6%) below the requested level of $15.4 million.
• Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) with $8.9 million for R&D and R&D facilities for FY2016, $2.8 million (45.9%) above the FY2015 enacted level of $6.1 million and $1.7 million (16.3%) below the requested level of $10.6 million.
• Federal Transit Administration (FTA) with $7.5 million for R&D and R&D facilities for FY2016, $10.5 million (58.3%) below the FY2015 enacted level of $18.0 million and $20.7 million (73.4%) below the requested level of $28.2 million.

Table 19 summarizes R&D funding for the DOT components. Table 19. Department of Transportation R&D and R&D Facilities

(budget authority, in millions of dollars)

  FY2015 Enacted FY2016Request FY2016House FY2016S. Cmte.

FY2016 Enacted

Federal Aviation Administration

237

.0

374

.2

—^a —^a

379

.2

Research, Engineering, and Development^b

156

.8

166

.0

156

.8

163

.3

166

.0

Federal Highway Administration

$364

.6

$453

.3

—^a —^a

322

.4

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

63

.3

76

.6

—^a —^a

86

.6

Federal Railroad Administration

42

.8

65

.3

—^a —^a

43

.1

Railroad Research and Development^b

39

.1

39

.3

39

.1

39

.1

39

.1

Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

21

.2

22

.0

—^a —^a

21

.5

Office of the Secretary

11

.4

15

.4

—^a —^a

13

.9

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration

6

.1

10

.6

—^a —^a

8

.9

Federal Transit Administration

18

.0

28

.2

—^a —^a

7

.5

DOT, R&D Total

764

.4

1,045.6 —^a —^a

883

.1

Source: DOT FY2016 department and agency budget justifications; email communication between the Department of Transportation and CRS, February 24, 2015; P.L. 114-113; and email communication between DOT and CRS, February 12, 2016. Notes: Figures include R&D and R&D facilities. Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. TBD=To be determined. a. rounding. a. Cannot be determined as R&D is included in accounts with non-R&D funding. b. P.L. 114-113. Congressional Research Service 72 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Department of Veterans Affairs151 b. Lines in italics are components of the agency lines above them and are not counted separately in the total. Department of Veterans Affairs¹⁵¹ The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) was created to provide America’'s veterans with medical care, benefits, social support, and memorials, as well as other support. VA provides a broad range of primary care, specialized care, and related medical and social support services. VA seeks to advance medical R&D in areas that most directly address the diseases and conditions that affect veterans and eligible beneficiaries. The President requested $1.147 billion for VA R&D in FY2016, up $57.3 million (5.0%) from FY2015. This total includes $621.8 million for the Medical and Prosthetic Research account, up $33.3 million (5.7%), and $525.0 million in funding for research supported by the Medical Care appropriation (up $24.0 million, 4.8%).152 152 The VA Office of Research and Development consists of four main research services:     biomedical laboratory R&D, which supports preclinical research to understand life processes at the molecular, genomic, and physiological levels; clinical science R&D, which administers investigations, including human subject research, to determine the feasibility or effectiveness of new treatments such as drugs, therapy, or devices; health services R&D, which supports studies to identify and promote effective and efficient strategies to improve the organization, cost-effectiveness, and delivery of quality of health care; and rehabilitation R&D, which develops novel approaches to restore full and productive lives to veterans with traumatic amputation, central nervous system injuries, loss of sight or hearing, or other physical and cognitive impairments.153 153Division J of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 113114-113) provides appropriations for the Department of Veterans Affairs for FY2016. Funding for VA R&D is generally included in appropriations line items that also include non-R&D activities; therefore, it is not possible to know precisely how much of the funding provided for in appropriations laws will be allocated to R&D unless funding is provided at the precise level of the request. In general, R&D funding levels are known only after the VA allocates its appropriations to specific activities and reports those figures. The House passed H.R. 2577, which provides appropriations for VA for FY2016, on June 9, 2015. The Senate committee reported its version of H.R. 2577 on June 25, 2015. As discussed above, it is not possible to determine the level of R&D funding included in either version of the bill. Table 20 summarizes R&D funding for VA’s Research account and Medical Care Support account. 151 This section was written by John F. Sargent, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 152 Department of Veterans Affairs, “Volume II Medical Programs and Information Technology Programs,” Department of Veterans Affairs Congressional Submission, FY2016, p. VHA-280, http://www.va.gov/budget/docs/ summary/Fy2016-VolumeII-MedicalProgramsAndInformationTechnology.pdf. 153 Ibid., pp. VHA-282 to VHA-283. Congressional Research Service 73 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 's Research account and Medical Care Support account. Table 20. Department of Veterans Affairs R&D (budget authority, in millions of dollars) Account FY2015 Enacted Research FY2016 House FY2016 S. Cmte. FY2016 Enacted $588.5 $621.8 ___a ___a TBDa 501.0 525.0 ___a ___a TBDa 1,089.5 1,146.8 ___a ___a TBDa Medical Care Support Veterans Affairs, Total FY2016 Request Source: VA, 2016

Account

FY2015 Enacted FY2016Request FY2016House FY2016S. Cmte. FY2016Enacted

Research

$588

.5

$621

.8

___^a

___^a TBD^a

Medical Care Support

501

.0

525

.0

___^a

___^a TBD^a

Veterans Affairs, Total

1,089

.5

1,146

.8

___^a

___^a

TBD^a Source: VA, 2016 Budget In Brief, p. 17, http://www.va.gov/budget/docs/summary/Fy2016-BudgetInBrief.pdf. Note: . Note: TBD=To be determined. a. a. Cannot be determined as R&D is included in accounts with non-R&D funding. Table 21 provides amounts to be spent in Designated Research Areas (DRAs), which VA describe as “describes as "areas of particular importance to our veteran patient population.”154"¹⁵⁴ Funding for research projects that span multiple areas may be included in several DRAs; thus, amounts in Table 21 total to more than the appropriation or request for the VA Research account. Table 21. Department of Veterans Affairs R&D by Designated Research Area (in millions of dollars) FY2015 Estimate FY2016 Request Acute & Traumatic Injury $20.3 $21.3 Aging 146.9 154.2 Autoimmune, Allergic & Hematopoietic Disorders 27.7 29.1 Cancer 55.0 57.8 CNS Injury & Associated Disorders 89.0 93.5 Degenerative Diseases of Bones & Joints 30.2 31.8 Dementia & Neuronal Degeneration 24.8 26.1 Diabetes & Major Complications 35.0 36.8 Digestive Diseases 20.7 21.7 Emerging Pathogens/Bio-Terrorism 1.0 1.0 Gulf War Veterans Illness 9.5 15.0 Health Systems 62.5 72.7 Heart Disease/Cardiovascular Health 62.3 65.4 Infectious Diseases 33.0 34.7 Kidney Disorders 20.9 22.0 Lung Disorders 27.0 28.3 110.3 115.8 14.0 16.6 4.9 5.1 Mental Illness Military Occupations & Environ Exposures Other Chronic Diseases 154 Ibid., p. VHA-308. Congressional Research Service 74 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 FY2015 Estimate FY2016 Request Prosthetics 15.1 15.8 Sensory Loss 17.1 17.9 Special Populations 19.6 20.6 Substance Abuse 29.4 30.9 Source: VA, “Volume II Medical Programs and Information Technology Programs,” Department of Veterans Affairs   FY2015 Estimate FY2016 Request

Acute & Traumatic Injury

$20

.3

$21

.3

Aging

146

.9

154

.2

Autoimmune, Allergic & Hematopoietic Disorders

27

.7

29

.1

Cancer

55

.0

57

.8

CNS Injury & Associated Disorders

89

.0

93

.5

Degenerative Diseases of Bones & Joints

30

.2

31

.8

Dementia & Neuronal Degeneration

24

.8

26

.1

Diabetes & Major Complications

35

.0

36

.8

Digestive Diseases

20

.7

21

.7

Emerging Pathogens/Bio-Terrorism

1

.0

1

.0

Gulf War Veterans Illness

9

.5

15

.0

Health Systems

62

.5

72

.7

Heart Disease/Cardiovascular Health

62

.3

65

.4

Infectious Diseases

33

.0

34

.7

Kidney Disorders

20

.9

22

.0

Lung Disorders

27

.0

28

.3

Mental Illness

110

.3

115

.8

Military Occupations & Environ Exposures

14

.0

16

.6

Other Chronic Diseases

4

.9

5

.1

Prosthetics

15

.1

15

.8

Sensory Loss

17

.1

17

.9

Special Populations

19

.6

20

.6

Substance Abuse

29

.4

30

.9

Source: VA, "Volume II Medical Programs and Information Technology Programs," Department of Veterans Affairs Congressional Submission, FY2016, , http://www.va.gov/budget/docs/summary/Fy2016-VolumeII-MedicalProgramsAndInformationTechnology.pdf. Notes: Fy2016-VolumeIIMedicalProgramsAndInformationTechnology.pdf. Notes: Amounts in this table add to more than the totals in Table 20 because projects that span multiple areas may be included in several DRAs. Congressional Research Service 75 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 Appendix. Acronyms and Abbreviations

Glossary

ACE

Air, Climate, and Energy

ACI

American Competitiveness Initiative

AD

Alzheimer's Disease

AFRI

Agriculture and Food Research Initiative

AISL

Advancing Informal STEM Learning

AMP

Advanced Manufacturing Partnership – or – Accelerating Medicines Partnership

AMTech

Advanced Manufacturing Technology Consortia

AOAM

Agency Operations and Award Management

ARPA-E

Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy

ARS

Agricultural Research Service

ATE

Advanced Technological Education

B&F

Buildings & Facilities

BD2K

Big Data to Knowledge

BES

Basic Energy Sciences

BIA

Bureau of Indian Affairs

BIO

Directorate for Biological Sciences

BioMaPS

Research at the Interface of Biological, Mathematical, and Physical Sciences

BLM

Bureau of Land Management

BOEM

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management

BRAIN

Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies

BSEE

Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement

CAN

Cures Acceleration Network

CAUSE

Catalyzing and Advancing Undergraduate STEM Education

CEMMSS

Cyber-enabled Materials, Manufacturing, and Smart Systems

CIF21

Cyberinfrastructure Framework for 21^st Century Science, Engineering, and Education

CISE

Computer and Information Science and Engineering

CRF

Construction of Research Facilities

CR

Continuing Resolution

DARPA

Defense Advanced Projects Research Agency

DHP

Defense Health Program

DHS

Department of Homeland Security

DKIST

Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope

DNDO

Domestic Nuclear Detection Office

DOC

Department of Commerce

DOD

Department of Defense

DOE

Department of Energy

DOI

Department of the Interior

DOT

Department of Transportation

DRAs

Designated Research Areas

ECR

EHR Core Research

EERE

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

EHR

Education and Human Resources

ENG

Engineering

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

EPM

Environmental Program and Management

EPSCoR

Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research

ERS

Economic Research Service

FAA

Federal Aviation Administration

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

FDAAA

Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007

FHWA

Federal Highway Administration

FIC

Fogarty International Center

FMCSA

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration

FRA

Federal Railroad Administration

FTA

Federal Transit Administration

FWS

Fish and Wildlife Service

GAO

Government Accountability Office

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GEO

Directorate for Geosciences

GRF

Graduate Research Fellowship

GRO

Greater Research Opportunities

GWOT

Global War on Terror

HBCU

Historically Black Colleges and Universities

HBCU-UP

Historically Black Colleges and Universities—Undergraduate Program

HHS

Department of Health and Human Services

IARPA

Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity

ICER

Integrative and Collaborative Education and Research

I-Corps

Innovation Corps

ICs

Institutes and Centers

IFF

Iraqi Freedom Fund

IG

Inspector General

IGERT

Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship

IA

Integrative Activities

ISS

International Space Station

ITER

International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor

ITS

Industrial Technology Services

IUSE

Improving Undergraduate STEM Education

JIEDDF

Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Fund

LBNE

Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment

LCLS-II

Linac Coherent Light Source II

LSAMP

Louis Stokes Alliances for Minority Participation

LSST

Large Synoptic Survey Telescope

MEP

Manufacturing Extension Partnership

MGI

Materials Genome Initiative

MPS

Mathematical and Physical Sciences

MRAPVF

Mine Resistant and Ambush Protected Vehicle Fund

MREFC

Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction

Mu2e

Muon to Electron Conversion Experiment

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASS

National Agricultural Statistics Service

NBAF

National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility

NCATS

National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences

NCCAM

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

NCCIH

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health

NCI

National Cancer Institute

NCSES

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics

NEI

National Eye Institute

NEON

National Ecological Observatory Network

NESDIS

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service

NHGRI

National Human Genome Research Institute

NHLBI

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

NHTSA

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

NIA

National Institute on Aging

NIAAA

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

NIAID

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

NIAMS

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

NIBIB

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering

NICHD

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

NIDA

National Institute on Drug Abuse

NIDCD

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders

NIDCR

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

NIDDK

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

NIEHS

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

NIFA

National Institute of Food and Agriculture

NIGMS

National Institute of General Medical Sciences

NIH

National Institutes of Health

NIMH

National Institute of Mental Health

NIMHD

National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities

NINDS

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

NINR

National Institute of Nursing Research

NIST

National Institute of Standards and Technology

NITRD

Networking and Information Technology Research and Development

NLM

National Library of Medicine

NMFS

National Marine Fisheries Service

NMI

Network for Manufacturing Innovation

NNI

National Nanotechnology Initiative

NNMI

National Network for Manufacturing Innovation

NOAA

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOS

National Ocean Service

NPS

National Park Service

NRC

National Research Council

NRI

National Robotics Initiative

NRT

NSF Research Traineeships

NSB

National Science Board

NSET

Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology (NSTC Subcommittee)

NSF

National Science Foundation

NSLS-II

National Synchrotron Light Source II

NSTC

National Science and Technology Council

NWS

National Weather Service

OAR

Oceanic and Atmospheric Research

OCO

Overseas Contingency Operations

OCO-3

Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3

OD

NIH Office of the Director

OGSI

Opportunity, Growth, and Security Initiative

OIG

Office of the Inspector General

OISE

Office of International Science and Engineering

OMAO

Office of Marine and Aviation Operations

OMB

Office of Management and Budget

OOI

Ocean Observatories Initiative

ORD

Office of Research and Development

OST

Office of the Secretary of Transportation

OSTP

Office of Science and Technology Policy

PE

Program Element

PHMSA

Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PHS

Public Health Service

PMI

Precision Medicine Initiative

PS

Program Support

R&D

Research and Development

R&E

Research and Experimentation

RAMIA

Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act of 2014

RDT&E

Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation

RE&D

Research, Engineering, and Development

REE

Research, Education, and Economics

REU

Research Experiences for Undergraduates

RIID

Radioisotope Identification Device

RITA

Research and Innovative Technology Administration

RPG

Research Project Grant

RRA

Research and Related Activities

S&T

Science and Technology

SaTC

Secure and Trustworthy Cyberspace

SBE

Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences

SEES

Science, Engineering, and Education for Sustainability

SIR

Surveys, Investigations, and Research

SLS

Space Launch System

SMGI

Subcommittee on the Materials Genome Initiative (NSTC)

SOFIA

Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy

SSW

Safe and Sustainable Water

STAG

State and Tribal Assistance Grants

STAR

Science to Achieve Results

STEM

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

STEM+C

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics + Computing

STRS

Scientific and Technical Research and Services

TCUP

Tribal Colleges and Universities Program

USARC

U.S. Arctic Research Commission

USDA

Department of Agriculture

USGCRP

U.S. Global Change Research Program

USGS

U.S. Geological Survey

VA

Veterans Administration

WFM

Wildland Fire Management

WIN Fund

Wireless Innovation Fund`

   

Author Contact Information

[author name scrubbed], Coordinator, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])

[author name scrubbed], Specialist in Environmental Policy ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])

[author name scrubbed], Specialist in Biomedical Policy ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])

[author name scrubbed], Specialist in Agricultural Policy ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])

[author name scrubbed], Specialist in Science and Technology Policy ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])

[author name scrubbed], Specialist in Science and Technology Policy ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])

[author name scrubbed], Analyst in Natural Resources Policy ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])

Footnotes

1.

Funding levels included in this document are in current dollars unless otherwise noted. Inflation diminishes the purchasing power of federal R&D funds, so an increase that falls short of the inflation rate may reduce real purchasing power. Final FY2015 funding for the Department of Homeland Security had not been enacted at the time of the President's proposed FY2016 budget. Therefore, the Office of Management and Budget used the President's FY2015 budget request for DHS in estimates of FY2015 funding.

2.

As calculated by CRS using the GDP (chained) price index for FY2015 and FY2016 in Table 10.1, Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2020, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2016, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2016/assets/hist10z1.xls.

3.

As used in this report, the term "doubling pace" means the number of years required for funding for the targeted accounts to double, relative to the FY2006 baseline year, if the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) were to continue. For example, the doubling pace of the America COMPETES Act is based on the 10.3% CAGR from FY2006 to FY2010, the last year of authorizations under the act. At 10.3% annual growth, funding for the targeted accounts would double in approximately 7 years. Similarly, the CAGR for the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010, which authorized appropriations through FY2013, was 6.3%, a rate that would take approximately 11 years to double.

4.

The research and experimentation tax credit is frequently referred to as the research and development tax credit or R&D tax credit, through the credit does not apply to development expenditures. For additional information about the R&E tax credit, see CRS Report RL31181, Research Tax Credit: Current Law and Policy Issues for the 114th Congress, by [author name scrubbed].

5.

National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Patterns of R&D Resources (annual series).

6.

EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2016, February 2015, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2016/assets/ap_19_research.pdf.

7. National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, 2013, National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2011–12 Data Update, NSF 14-304, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf14304/. More recent data are not yet available. 8.

Ibid.

9.

Ibid.

10.

Ibid.

11.

EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2015, Table 21-1.

12. CRS analysis of National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators 2014, NSB 14-01, 2014, Appendix table 4-33, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind14/. 13.

John P. Holdren, Assistant to the President for Science and Technology and Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, "The 2016 Budget: Investing in America's Future," presentation at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, February 2015.

14.

For more information, see CRS Report R41951, An Analysis of Efforts to Double Federal Funding for Physical Sciences and Engineering Research, by [author name scrubbed]

15.

In 2009, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5) provided $5.202 billion in supplemental funding for several of the targeted accounts. This increased aggregate funding for the accounts above the target levels in that year.

16.

For more information, see America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69): Selected Policy Issues, coordinated by [author name scrubbed].

17.

For additional information on reauthorization efforts, see CRS Report R43880, The America COMPETES Acts: An Overview, by [author name scrubbed].

18.

EOP, OSTP, The President's Plan for Science and Innovation: Doubling Funding for Key Basic Research Agencies in the 2010 Budget, May 7, 2009, http://www.whitehouse.gov/files/documents/ostp/budget/doubling.pdf.

19.

EOP, OSTP, The President's Plan for Science and Innovation: Doubling Funding for Key Basic Research Agencies in the 2011 Budget, February 1, 2010, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/doubling%2011%20final.pdf.

20.

Richard Freeman and John Van Reenen, "What if Congress Doubled R&D Spending on the Physical," Innovation Policy and the Economy, vol. 9 (February 2009), p. 28.

21.

A video of the "21^st Century Cures Roundtable," held on May 6, 2014, is available at http://energycommerce.house.gov/event/21st-century-cures-roundtable.

22.

For additional information on the NNI, see CRS Report RL34401, The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Overview, Reauthorization, and Appropriations Issues, by [author name scrubbed]

23.

In the context of the NNI and nanotechnology, the nanoscale refers to lengths of 1 to 100 nanometers. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, or about the width of 10 hydrogen atoms arranged side by side in a line.

24.

For additional information on the NITRD program, see CRS Report RL33586, The Federal Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program: Background, Funding, and Activities, by [author name scrubbed].

25.

EOP, NSTC, Committee on Technology, Subcommittee on Networking and Information Technology Research and Development, Supplement to the President's FY2016 Budget for Fiscal Year 2016, The Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program, pp. 6-7, February 2015, https://www.nitrd.gov/pubs/2016supplement/FY2016NITRDSupplement.pdf.

26.

For additional information on the USGCRP, see CRS Report R43227, Federal Climate Change Funding from FY2008 to FY2014, by [author name scrubbed], [author name scrubbed], and [author name scrubbed].

27.

U.S. Global Change Research Program website, http://www.globalchange.gov/about/mission-vision-strategic-plan.

28.

The White House, "Remarks by the President on the BRAIN Initiative and American Innovation," speech transcript, April 2013, http://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-and-video/video/2013/04/02/president-obama-speaks-brain-initiative-and-american-innovation#transcript.

29.

The White House, "Fact Sheet: BRAIN Initiative," press release, April 2, 2013, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/04/02/fact-sheet-brain-initiative.

30.

EOP, OSTP, "Obama Administration Proposes Doubling Support for The Brain Initiative," press release, March 2014, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/FY%202015%20BRAIN.pdf.

31.

EOP, OSTP, "Obama Administration Proposes Over $300 Million in Funding for The BRAIN Initiative," fact sheet, February 2015, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/brain_initiative_fy16_fact_sheet_ostp.pdf.

32.

The White House, "Fact Sheet: President Obama's Precision Medicine Initiative," press release, January 30, 2015, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/01/30/fact-sheet-president-obama-s-precision-medicine-initiative.

33.

Email correspondence between OSTP and CRS, March 14, 2012.

34.

John P. Holdren, Director, OSTP, EOP, testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Subcommittee on Science and Space, hearing on "Keeping America Competitive Through Investments in R&D," March 6, 2012, http://commerce.senate.gov/public/?a=Files.Serve&File_id=fed566eb-e2c8-49da-aec5-f84e4045890b.

35.

The White House, Materials Genome Initiative, "Examples of Materials Applications," accessed May 2014, http://www.whitehouse.gov/mgi/examples.

36.

The White House, Materials Genome Initiative, accessed February 27, 2015, http://www.whitehouse.gov/mgi.

37.

NSTC, Committee on Technology, SMGI, "Materials Genome Initiative Strategic Plan," December 2014, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/mgi_strategic_plan_-_dec_2014.pdf.

38.

John P. Holdren, Director, OSTP, EOP, testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Subcommittee on Science and Space, hearing on "Keeping America Competitive Through Investments in R&D," March 6, 2012, http://commerce.senate.gov/public/?a=Files.Serve&File_id=fed566eb-e2c8-49da-aec5-f84e4045890b.

39.

Ibid.

40.

EOP, OSTP, website, August 3, 2011, http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/08/03/supporting-president-s-national-robotics-initiative.

41.

National Science Foundation, "National Robotics Initiative (NRI): The realization of co-robots acting in direct support of individuals and groups," Program Solicitation NSF 15-505, January 2, 2015, http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2015/nsf15505/nsf15505.htm.

42.

EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2016, pp. 293-294.

43.

For additional information on the NNMI, see CRS Report R42625, The Obama Administration's Proposal to Establish a National Network for Manufacturing Innovation, by [author name scrubbed], and CRS Report R43857, The Network for Manufacturing Innovation, by [author name scrubbed]

44.

DOC, FY2014 Budget in Brief, February 2012, p. 123, http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/budget/FY13BIB/fy2013bib_final.pdf.

45.

For additional information on the reorganization of federal STEM education programs, see CRS Report R43880, The America COMPETES Acts: An Overview, by [author name scrubbed]; CRS In Focus IF00013, The President's FY2015 Budget and STEM Education (In Focus), by [author name scrubbed]; and CRS Report R42642, Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education: A Primer, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed].

46.

EOP, OMB, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2016, "Cuts Consolidations, and Savings," p. 87, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2016/assets/ccs.pdf.

47.

This section was originally written by John Moteff, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. The section has subsequently been updated by John F. Sargent, Jr., Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

48.

This section was written by [author name scrubbed], Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

49.

For more information, see CRS Report R43064, The DHS S&T Directorate: Selected Issues for Congress, by [author name scrubbed].

50.

The FY2015 act and explanatory statement did not specify the allocation of funding to Apex projects within the total provided for RD&I. Apex funding was $15 million in FY2014 and in the FY2015 request.

51.

U.S. Government Accountability Office, Department of Homeland Security: Oversight and Coordination of Research and Development Should Be Strengthened, GAO-12-837, September 12, 2012.

52.

Congressional Record, March 11, 2013, p. S1547.

53.

Congressional Record, January 15, 2014, p. H927.

54.

U.S. Government Accountability Office, Department of Homeland Security: Actions Needed to Strengthen Management of Research and Development, GAO-14-865T, September 9, 2014.

55.

U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2015 Annual Report: Additional Opportunities to Reduce Fragmentation, Overlap, and Duplication and Achieve Other Financial Benefits, GAO-15-404SP, April 2015.

56.

H.Rept. 114-215, p. 4.

57.

Congressional Record, December 17, 2015, p. H10162.

58.

Explanatory statement on the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6), Congressional Record, March 11, 2013, p. S1547.

59.

Joint prepared testimony of Reginald Brothers, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, Kathryn H. Brinsfield, Assistant Secretary for Health Affairs and Chief Medical Officer, and Huban A. Gowadia, Director of the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office, Department of Homeland Security, before the House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittees on Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Communications and Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection, and Security Technologies, July 14, 2015, http://homeland.house.gov/hearing/joint-subcommittee-hearing-weapons-mass-destruction-bolstering-dhs-combat-persistent-threats.

60.

P.L. 114-113, Div. F, Sec. 521.

61.

HHS, "About," http://www.hhs.gov/about.

62.

Email correspondence between OMB and CRS, February 9, 2015.

63.

Ibid.

64.

Ibid.

65.

This section was written by [author name scrubbed], Specialist in Biomedical Policy, CRS Domestic Social Policy Division. For background information on NIH, see CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background and Congressional Issues, by [author name scrubbed], and CRS Report R43341, NIH Funding: FY1994-FY2016, by [author name scrubbed].

66.

National Institutes of Health, "About the National Institutes of Health," http://www.nih.gov/about/mission.htm.

67.

Department of Health and Human Services, Fiscal Year 2016 Budget in Brief, Washington, DC, February 2, 2015, p. 45, http://www.hhs.gov/budget/fy2016/fy-2016-budget-in-brief.pdf.

68.

Mandatory funds for type 1 diabetes research under PHS Act §330B were provided by the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 (P.L. 113-93) in FY2015 and by the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (P.L. 114-10) for FY2016 and FY2017.

69. For FY2015, although NIH contributed an estimated $700 million to the tap, it received $715 million under P.L. 113-235, an increase over the $8.2 million NIH received in FY2014 and prior years from the transfer. P.L. 113-235 allocated the entire $715 million to the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), offsetting the more than $700 million reduction in discretionary budget authority for NIGMS in the law compared with its FY2014 funding level. By convention, budget tables such as Table 10 do not subtract the amount of the evaluation tap from the donor agencies' appropriations. For further information on the PHS Evaluation Set-Aside, see CRS Report R43304, Public Health Service Agencies: Overview and Funding (FY2010-FY2016), coordinated by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed]. 70.

NIH, FY2016 Justification of Estimates for Appropriation Committees, Vol. V, National Library of Medicine, p. NLM-6, at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/about/2016CJ_NLM.pdf.

71.

See NIH website, "Estimates of Funding for Various Research, Condition, and Disease Categories (RCDC)," http://report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx.

72.

The House passed version of H.R. 3020 would have set the PHS evaluation tap assessment at not more than 2.4% or $1.068 billion, whichever is less.

73.

S. 1695 would have set the PHS evaluation tap assessment at not more than 2.5%, and the final bill set the tap for FY2016 at not more than 2.5% (P.L. 114-113). The HHS Secretary is authorized to transfer to the NEF unobligated balances of certain expired discretionary funds. Under current law, NEF funds are available until expended for use by the HHS Secretary for capital acquisitions including facility and information technology infrastructure. Congressional appropriators must be notified in advance of any planned use of NEF funds. NEF funds have been used by HHS for expenses related to the Affordable Care Act, such as the federally facilitated exchanges. (See CRS Report R43066, Federal Funding for Health Insurance Exchanges, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed].) The Senate Appropriations Committee-reported FY2016 Labor/HHS/ED appropriations bill included language that would have repurposed the NEF for NIH biomedical research activities. S.Rept. 114-74 stated on p. 105 that the NEF "funding shall be transferred to and merged with the accounts for the various" ICs and the OD "in proportion to their shares of total NIH appropriations made by this act." Note that the House Appropriations Committee-reported FY2016 Labor/HHS/ED appropriations bill would have terminated the NEF and rescinded unobligated balances. However, the FY2016 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 114-113) did not enact either of these proposals.

74.

Superfund amount provided by Division G of P.L. 114-113, the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016.

75.

The amounts discussed in the text below regarding the Administration's FY2016 request are based on the NIH section in Fiscal Year 2016 Budget in Brief, pp. 44-49, http://www.hhs.gov/budget/fy2016/fy-2016-budget-in-brief.pdf.

76.

H.Rept. 114-195, p. 57.

77.

S.Rept. 114-74, p. 9.

78.

S.Rept. 114-74, p. 95.

79.

National Institutes of Health, "Statement on the National Children's Study," press release, December 12, 2014, http://nih.gov/about/director/12122014_statement_ACD.htm.

80.

H.Rept. 114-195, p. 78; and., S.Rept. 114-74, p. 104.

81.

This section was written by [author name scrubbed], Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

82.

U.S. Government Accountability Office, Fusion Energy: Actions Needed to Finalize Cost and Schedule Estimates for U.S. Contributions to an International Experimental Reactor, GAO-14-499, June 5, 2014.

83.

This section was originally written by [author name scrubbed], Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. The section has subsequently been updated by John F. Sargent, Jr., Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

84.

The National Science Foundation Act of 1950 (P.L. 81-507).

85.

For more information about the NSF, see CRS Report R43585, The National Science Foundation: Background and Selected Policy Issues, by [author name scrubbed]; and CRS Report R44170, The National Science Foundation: FY2016 Budget Request and Funding History, by [author name scrubbed].

86.

In FY2016, NSF identifies cognitive science and neuroscience as elements of a cross-foundation investment called Understanding the Brain (UtB). The FY2016 request for UtB is $144 million, $38 million (35%) more than the FY2015 estimate of $106 million.

87.

Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, "Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 2578—Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016," June 1, 2015, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/legislative/sap/114/saphr2578r_20150601.pdf.

88.

Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, "Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 2578—Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016," June 1, 2015, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/legislative/sap/114/saphr2578r_20150601.pdf.

89.

Explanatory statement, P.L. 114-113.

90.

The average requested percentage increase for BIO (2%), CISE (4%), ENG (6%), and MPS (2%) is 4%. The average requested percentage increase for GEO (5%), SBE (7%), IIA/OISE (8%), and USARC (5%) is 6%.

91.

CRS Report R43585, The National Science Foundation: Background and Selected Policy Issues, by [author name scrubbed].

92.

According to Office of Management and Budget (OMB) character classification definitions, most EHR funding goes to R&D or to education and training. The education and training classification includes scholarships, as well as operating assistance for schools and colleges. For more information, see OMB Circular A-11, Section 84, "Character Classification (Schedule C)" at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/a11_current_year/s84.pdf.

93.

CRS analysis of NSF budget data from annual NSF congressional budget justifications and materials.

94.

The NSF asserts that some of this change may be attributable to OMB-driven reclassification of EHR activities. However, some stakeholders perceive an increase in research requirements under EHR solicitations.

95.

According to the July 23, 2014, IUSE program solicitation (NSF14-588), two goals guide the IUSE program, "1) to promote the development, use, and testing of instructional practices and curricular innovations that engage and improve student learning and retention in STEM, and 2) to promote community and institutional transformation that will increase opportunities for the application of highly effective STEM teaching methods."

96.

Each EHR division has an ECR program. ECR:STEM Learning is in the Division of Research on Learning in Formal and Informal Settings (DRL). According to the October 24, 2014, ECR: STEM Learning program solicitation (NSF15-509), DRL's "ECR projects are grounded in theory, ask well formulated research questions, employ relevant data and analytic techniques, and contribute to the growing body of literature on STEM education research."

97.

Section 510 of the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-358) directed NSF to (1) provide for "equal treatment" of the GRF and NRT (previously called the Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship or IGERT) in funding change decisions—such that increases or decreases to these programs would purportedly happen at the same rate—and (2), to ensure that at least 50% of GRF and NRT program funds come from the RRA account. (The other 50% would come from EHR.) However, there may be some ambiguity in the equal treatment provisions (see author for details); and provisions requiring NSF to support the GRF and NRT programs with at least 50% RRA funding applied only to the period between FY2011 and FY2013.

98.

The Advanced Technology Solar Telescope was renamed the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope in December 2013.

99.

National Science Foundation, FY2016 Budget Request to Congress, February 2, 2015, p. BIO-2.

100.

This section was written by [author name scrubbed], Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

101. Based on $2.974 billion for the International Space Station in FY2015. See notes to Table 13. 102.

National Research Council, Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 (National Academies Press, 2011). Available online at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13117.

103. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "Europa Mission Concepts Costing Less than $1 Billion," solicitation NNH14ZDA008L, April 28, 2014. Available at https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/solicitations/. 104.

NASA FY2016 congressional budget justification, p. PS-47.

105. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "NASA Introduces New Blueprint for Transforming Global Aviation," August 14, 2013, http://www.nasa.gov/aero/strategic_vision/. 106.

Neither P.L. 113-235 nor the accompanying explanatory statement specified FY2015 funding for the ISS. They identified only the amount for Space Operations, which includes funding for other (non-R&D) activities in addition to the ISS. The total FY2016 request for Space Operations was a 4.6% increase. Relative to NASA's April 2015 operating plan for FY2015, the FY2016 request for the ISS was a 4.4% increase.

107.

This section was written by [author name scrubbed], Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

108.

Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Submission to Congress, February 2015, http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/budget/FY16CJ/NIST-NTIS_FY_2016_CJ_Final_508_Compliant.pdf.

109.

The President's FY2015 budget proposed the establishment of the NNMI to promote the development of manufacturing technologies with broad applications. This request was not part of the President's FY2015 base budget request, but rather a part of the adjunct $56 billion Opportunity, Growth, and Security Initiative (OGSI) proposal. The OGSI included $2.4 billion to establish up to 45 NNMI institutes. The President's FY2013 and FY2014 budget requests sought mandatory appropriations to NIST of $1 billion in support of up to 15 NNMI manufacturing innovation institutes. No funding was provided for the NNMI in FY2013, FY2014, or FY2015. For more information, see "National Network for Manufacturing Innovation."

110.

Explanatory statement, P.L. 114-113.

111.

Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Submission to Congress, February 2015, http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/budget/FY16CJ/NIST-NTIS_FY_2016_CJ_Final_508_Compliant.pdf.

112.

This section was written by [author name scrubbed], Analyst in Natural Resources Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

113.

"Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970," 35 Federal Register 15627-15630, October 6, 1970; see also http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/ReorganizationPlan4.html.

114.

Dr. Kathryn Sullivan, Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and NOAA Administrator, NOAA Response to the NOAA Science Advisory Board's Portfolio Review Task Force Report, NOAA, April 15, 2014, http://www.sab.noaa.gov/Reports/2014/NOAA.Response.to.PRTF.Report_2014.04.15.pdf.

115.

NOAA, Research and Development at NOAA, Five-Year Research and Development Plan 2013-2017, Washington, DC, 2014, http://nrc.noaa.gov/CouncilProducts/ResearchPlans/5YearRDPlan/NOAA5YRPHome/Preface/Purpose.aspx.

116.

NOAA, NOAA's Next-Generation Strategic Plan, Silver Spring, MD, December 2010, http://www.ppi.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/NOAA_NGSP.pdf.

117.

According to NOAA a weather-ready nation is envisioned as a society that is prepared for and responds to weather-related events.

118.

Vicki Sschwantes, NOAA Budget Office, email to CRS, February 10, 2016.

119.

Ibid.

120.

Ibid.

121.

The Sea Grant Program funding level includes Sea Grant base and aquaculture research funding.

122.

This section was written by [author name scrubbed], Specialist in Agricultural Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

123.

For background on agricultural research, see CRS Report R40819, Agricultural Research: Background and Issues, by [author name scrubbed]. For background on FY2016 agricultural appropriations, see CRS Report R44240, Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2016 Appropriations, coordinated by [author name scrubbed].

124.

See CRS Report R44091, Meat Animal Research Center: The Animal Welfare Act and Farm Animal Research, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed].

125. USDA-ARS, The USDA Agricultural Research Service Capital Investment Strategy, April 2012, at http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/Subsite/ARSLegisAffrs/USDA_ARS_Capital_Investment_Strategy_FINAL_eeo.pdf. 126.

The numbers 1862, 1890, and 1994 in this context refer to the years that laws were enacted creating these classifications of colleges and universities, not to the number of institutions.

127.

Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities, Land-Grant but Unequal: State One-to-One Match Funding for 1890 Land-Grant Universities, September 2013, at http://www.aplu.org/library/land-grant-but-unequal-state-one-to-one-match-funding-for-1890-land-grant-universities/file.

128.

This section was written by John F. Sargent, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

129.

Department of the Interior, Strategic Plan for Fiscal Years 2014-2018, http://www.doi.gov/pmb/ppp/upload/DOI-Strategic-Plan-for-FY-2014-2018-POSTED-ON-WEBSITE.pdf.

130.

Email correspondence between the DOI budget office and CRS.

131.

Department of the Interior, Fiscal Year 2016: The Interior Budget in Brief, February 2015, p. DH-50, http://www.doi.gov/budget/appropriations/2016/highlights/upload/2016_Highlights_Bookv3.pdfhttp://www.doi.gov/budget/appropriations/2015/highlights/upload/2015_Highlights_Book.pdf.

132.

Email correspondence between the DOI budget office and CRS.

133.

Email communications between DOI and CRS on February 9, 2016.

134.

Ibid.

135.

Ibid.

136.

This section was written by [author name scrubbed], Specialist in Environmental Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

137.

The EPA S&T account incorporates elements of the former EPA Research and Development account, as well as portions of the former Salaries and Expenses and Program Operations accounts, which were in place until FY1996. Since 1996, EPA's annual appropriations have been requested, considered, and enacted according to eight statutory appropriations accounts established by Congress. A ninth account, Hazardous Waste Electronic Manifest System Fund, was added during the FY2014 budget process. Because of the differences in the scope of the activities included in these accounts, comparisons before and after FY1996 are not readily available.

138.

For an overview of the EPA FY2015 appropriations see CRS Report R43709, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): FY2015 Appropriations, by [author name scrubbed].

139.

For and overview of EPA's FY2016 appropriations see CRS Report R44208, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): FY2016 Appropriations, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed].

140.

"Explanatory Statement" submitted by the Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations in the House Congressional Record, vol. 161 No. 184-Book III (December 17, 2015), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2015-12-17/pdf/CREC-2015-12-17-house-bk3.pdf. Under Division G, see discussion regarding EPA S&T account under "Title II—Environmental Protection Agency," p. H10219; and in the funding table, pp. H10256-H10263.

141.

For detailed discussion of the various EPA program areas and activities below the S&T account level see U.S. EPA, Fiscal Year 2016 Justification of Appropriations Estimates for the Committee on Appropriations: Science and Technology, February 2015, http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/epa_fy_2016_congressional_justification.pdf, pp. 83-194.

142.

The grants are to be independent of the Science to Achieve Results (STAR) grant program. The grants are subject to a 25% matching funds requirement as specified in the explanatory statement, see footnote 140.

143.

See footnote 140.

144.

The Explanatory Statement in the December 17, 2016, Congressional Record (see footnote 140), states that the funding is to be provided as specified in H.Rept. 114-170; see p. 50.

145.

EPA refers also to these priorities as "Congressionally Directed Projects" in the FY2016 Budget Justification; see footnote 141, p. 87, p. 1046.

146.

This section was written by John F. Sargent, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

147.

Except as noted otherwise, the R&D funding figures in this section come from unpublished data provided by the DOT to CRS by email on February 12, 2016. The data provided by DOT included revisions to its original FY2015 enacted level figures.

148.

The FAA notes that $74 million of this increase is due to a reclassification of certain NextGen FY2016 funding as applied R&D "to better align with OMB Circular A-11 Research Definitions."

149.

Ibid.

150.

FHWA, Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2016: Federal Highway Administration, http://www.dot.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/FY2016-BudgetEstimate-FHWA.pdf.

151.

This section was written by John F. Sargent, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

152.

Department of Veterans Affairs, "Volume II Medical Programs and Information Technology Programs," Department of Veterans Affairs Congressional Submission, FY2016, p. VHA-280, http://www.va.gov/budget/docs/summary/Fy2016-VolumeII-MedicalProgramsAndInformationTechnology.pdf.

153.

Ibid., pp. VHA-282 to VHA-283.

154.

Ibid., p. VHA-308.

Acronyms and Abbreviations Glossary ACE Air, Climate, and Energy ACI American Competitiveness Initiative AD Alzheimer’s Disease AFRI Agriculture and Food Research Initiative AISL Advancing Informal STEM Learning AMP Advanced Manufacturing Partnership – or – Accelerating Medicines Partnership AMTech Advanced Manufacturing Technology Consortia AOAM Agency Operations and Award Management ARPA-E Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy ARS Agricultural Research Service ATE Advanced Technological Education B&F Buildings & Facilities BD2K Big Data to Knowledge BES Basic Energy Sciences BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs BIO Directorate for Biological Sciences BioMaPS Research at the Interface of Biological, Mathematical, and Physical Sciences BLM Bureau of Land Management BOEM Bureau of Ocean Energy Management BRAIN Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies BSEE Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement CAN Cures Acceleration Network CAUSE Catalyzing and Advancing Undergraduate STEM Education CEMMSS Cyber-enabled Materials, Manufacturing, and Smart Systems CIF21 Cyberinfrastructure Framework for 21st Century Science, Engineering, and Education CISE Computer and Information Science and Engineering CRF Construction of Research Facilities CR Continuing Resolution DARPA Defense Advanced Projects Research Agency DHP Defense Health Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DKIST Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope DNDO Domestic Nuclear Detection Office DOC Department of Commerce DOD Department of Defense DOE Department of Energy DOI Department of the Interior DOT Department of Transportation DRAs Designated Research Areas ECR EHR Core Research Congressional Research Service 76 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 EERE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy EHR Education and Human Resources ENG Engineering EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPM Environmental Program and Management EPSCoR Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research ERS Economic Research Service FAA Federal Aviation Administration FDA Food and Drug Administration FDAAA Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 FHWA Federal Highway Administration FIC Fogarty International Center FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration FWS Fish and Wildlife Service GAO Government Accountability Office GDP Gross Domestic Product GEO Directorate for Geosciences GRF Graduate Research Fellowship GRO Greater Research Opportunities GWOT Global War on Terror HBCU Historically Black Colleges and Universities HBCU-UP Historically Black Colleges and Universities—Undergraduate Program HHS Department of Health and Human Services IARPA Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity ICER Integrative and Collaborative Education and Research I-Corps Innovation Corps ICs Institutes and Centers IFF Iraqi Freedom Fund IG Inspector General IGERT Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship IA Integrative Activities ISS International Space Station ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ITS Industrial Technology Services IUSE Improving Undergraduate STEM Education JIEDDF Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Fund LBNE Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment LCLS-II Linac Coherent Light Source II LSAMP Louis Stokes Alliances for Minority Participation LSST Large Synoptic Survey Telescope MEP Manufacturing Extension Partnership MGI Materials Genome Initiative Congressional Research Service 77 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 MPS Mathematical and Physical Sciences MRAPVF Mine Resistant and Ambush Protected Vehicle Fund MREFC Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction Mu2e Muon to Electron Conversion Experiment NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASS National Agricultural Statistics Service NBAF National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility NCATS National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences NCCAM National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine NCCIH National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health NCI National Cancer Institute NCSES National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics NEI National Eye Institute NEON National Ecological Observatory Network NESDIS National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service NHGRI National Human Genome Research Institute NHLBI National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NIA National Institute on Aging NIAAA National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism NIAID National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NIAMS National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases NIBIB National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering NICHD National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDCD National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders NIDCR National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research NIDDK National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases NIEHS National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences NIFA National Institute of Food and Agriculture NIGMS National Institute of General Medical Sciences NIH National Institutes of Health NIMH National Institute of Mental Health NIMHD National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities NINDS National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke NINR National Institute of Nursing Research NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NITRD Networking and Information Technology Research and Development NLM National Library of Medicine NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NMI Network for Manufacturing Innovation NNI National Nanotechnology Initiative NNMI National Network for Manufacturing Innovation NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Congressional Research Service 78 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 NOS National Ocean Service NPS National Park Service NRC National Research Council NRI National Robotics Initiative NRT NSF Research Traineeships NSB National Science Board NSET Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology (NSTC Subcommittee) NSF National Science Foundation NSLS-II National Synchrotron Light Source II NSTC National Science and Technology Council NWS National Weather Service OAR Oceanic and Atmospheric Research OCO Overseas Contingency Operations OCO-3 Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3 OD NIH Office of the Director OGSI Opportunity, Growth, and Security Initiative OIG Office of the Inspector General OISE Office of International Science and Engineering OMAO Office of Marine and Aviation Operations OMB Office of Management and Budget OOI Ocean Observatories Initiative ORD Office of Research and Development OST Office of the Secretary of Transportation OSTP Office of Science and Technology Policy PE Program Element PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration PHS Public Health Service PMI Precision Medicine Initiative PS Program Support R&D Research and Development R&E Research and Experimentation RAMIA Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act of 2014 RDT&E Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation RE&D Research, Engineering, and Development REE Research, Education, and Economics REU Research Experiences for Undergraduates RIID Radioisotope Identification Device RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration RPG Research Project Grant RRA Research and Related Activities S&T Science and Technology SaTC Secure and Trustworthy Cyberspace SBE Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences SEES Science, Engineering, and Education for Sustainability Congressional Research Service 79 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2016 SIR Surveys, Investigations, and Research SLS Space Launch System SMGI Subcommittee on the Materials Genome Initiative (NSTC) SOFIA Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy SSW Safe and Sustainable Water STAG State and Tribal Assistance Grants STAR Science to Achieve Results STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics STEM+C Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics + Computing STRS Scientific and Technical Research and Services TCUP Tribal Colleges and Universities Program USARC U.S. Arctic Research Commission USDA Department of Agriculture USGCRP U.S. Global Change Research Program USGS U.S. Geological Survey VA Veterans Administration WFM Wildland Fire Management WIN Fund Wireless Innovation Fund` Author Contact Information John F. Sargent Jr., Coordinator Specialist in Science and Technology Policy jsargent@crs.loc.gov, 7-9147 Daniel Morgan Specialist in Science and Technology Policy dmorgan@crs.loc.gov, 7-5849 Robert Esworthy Specialist in Environmental Policy resworthy@crs.loc.gov, 7-7236 John D. Moteff Specialist in Science and Technology Policy jmoteff@crs.loc.gov, 7-1435 Judith A. Johnson Specialist in Biomedical Policy jajohnson@crs.loc.gov, 7-7077 Harold F. Upton Analyst in Natural Resources Policy hupton@crs.loc.gov, 7-2264 Jim Monke Specialist in Agricultural Policy jmonke@crs.loc.gov, 7-9664 Congressional Research Service 80