. LIHEAP: Program and Funding Libby Perl Specialist in Housing Policy May 22, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL31865 c11173008 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . Summary The Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), established in 1981 as part of the

LIHEAP: Program and Funding

November 6, 2015 (RL31865) Jump to Main Text of Report

Contents

• Introduction
• Program Rules and Benefits
• How May LIHEAP Funds Be Used?
• Who May Receive Assistance?
• How Is LIHEAP Administered?
• Households Served
• Benefit Levels
• Types of LIHEAP Funds
• Regular Funds
• Tribal Allotments
• Funds for the Territories
• Emergency Contingency Funds
• Leveraging Incentive and REACH Funds
• Other Federal Sources of Funds Available for Energy Assistance
• LIHEAP Appropriations
• The LIHEAP Program Year
• Recent LIHEAP Funding
• FY2016 LIHEAP Funding
• FY2015 LIHEAP Funding
• LIHEAP and Continuing Resolutions
• Other Issues
• Program Integrity
• Performance Measures

Tables

• Table 1. Use of Federal LIHEAP Funds by States, FY2010
• Table 2. LIHEAP Households Receiving Heating and Winter Crisis Assistance
• Table 3. FY2014-FY2015 Enacted and FY2016 Proposed LIHEAP Funding
• Table A-1. Energy Assistance Funding Prior to LIHEAP
• Table B-1. FY2016 Regular Fund Allocations to States, Tribes, and Territories
• Table B-2. LIHEAP Funding by State: FY2007 to FY2015
• Table B-3. LIHEAP Funding: FY1982 to FY2016

Appendixes

• Appendix A. Legislative History of Energy Assistance
• Appendix B. Tables Showing LIHEAP Funding Levels

Summary

The Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), established in 1981 as part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (P.L. 97-35), is a program through which the federal government makes annual grants to states, tribes, and territories to operate home energy assistance programs for low-income households. The LIHEAP statute authorizes two types of funds: regular funds (sometimes referred to as formula or block grant funds), which are allocated to all states using a statutory formula, and emergency contingency funds, which are allocated to one or more states at the discretion of the Administration in cases of emergency as defined by the LIHEAP statute. States may use LIHEAP funds to help low-income households pay for heating and cooling costs, for crisis assistance, weatherization assistance, and services (such as counseling) to reduce the need for energy assistance. The LIHEAP statute establishes federal eligibility for households with incomes at or below 150% of poverty or 60% of state median income, whichever is higher, although states may set lower limits. Available federal information regarding use of LIHEAP funds and households assisted is dated. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) releases annual LIHEAP Reports to Congress, but the most recent report available is from FY2009FY2010. In its FY2016 budget justifications, HHS reported limited preliminary LIHEAP data for FY2012. Of funds expended for heating, cooling, crisis assistance, and weatherization, 57% of funds went to pay for heating assistance, 8% was used for cooling aid, 24% went to crisis assistance, and 11% was used for weatherization. (Note that these percentages do not account for administrative expenses or services to reduce the need for energy assistance.) Also in FY2012, an estimated 6.6 million households received an average of $374 in heating assistance for the year. The President’s FY2016 budget proposed that LIHEAP be funded at $3.39 billion, the same amount that was appropriated in FY2015. However, unlike FY2015, when all funds were appropriated as regular funds, the FY2016 budget proposed that $200 million of the total be appropriated for a new competitive grant, called the Utility Innovation Fund, to help reduce the home energy burdens of low-income households. The remainder, $3.19 billion, would be appropriated as regular funds. In FY2015, Congress appropriated $3.39 billion for LIHEAP as part of the FY2015 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act (P.L. 113-235), all distributed as regular funds. (See Table B-2 for amounts available to states, tribes, and territories pursuant to the FY2015 appropriations act.) For FY2016, the House Appropriations Committee-passed bill (H.R. 3020) would provide a total of $3.365 billion for LIHEAP, all as regular funds. The Senate Appropriations-passed bill (S. 1695) would provide $3.39 billion for LIHEAP regular funds, the same amount appropriated in FY2015. Both the House and Senate Appropriations Committee-passed bills would allocate $491 million of total regular funds according to the statutory, or "new," LIHEAP formula, and the remainder according to the "old" formula. In addition, both bills would set aside approximately $3 million for training and technical assistance.

The President's FY2016 budget proposed that LIHEAP be funded at $3.39 billion, the same amount that was appropriated in FY2015. However, unlike FY2015, when all funds were appropriated as regular funds, the FY2016 budget proposed that $200 million of the total be appropriated for a new competitive grant, called the Utility Innovation Fund, to help reduce the home energy burdens of low-income households. The remainder, $3.19 billion, was proposed to be appropriated as regular funds.

As of the date of this report, FY2016 funding for LIHEAP was provided as part of a continuing resolution (CR). The FY2016 Continuing Appropriations Act (P.L. 114-53), enacted on September 20, 2015, provides funding at FY2015 levels less an across-the-board rescission of 0.2108% through December 11, 2015. HHS announced the release of approximately $3.02 billion pursuant to the CR on October 23, 2015. For state-by-state allocations, see Table B-1.

LIHEAP: Program and Funding

Introduction

The Low Income Home Energy Assistance program (LIHEAP), established by Title XXVI of the P.L. 113-235). This was the same as the amount distributed to LIHEAP grantees in FY2014, though not the same amount appropriated in FY2014. In that year, Congress appropriated approximately $3.425 billion for LIHEAP, but $34 million was transferred elsewhere within HHS and not distributed to grantees. Prior to enactment of P.L. 113-235, the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education had proposed $3.39 billion to fund LIHEAP in FY2015, exceeding the amount proposed by the President by $1 billion. (See Table B-1 for amounts available to states, tribes, and territories pursuant to the FY2015 appropriations act.) As of the date of this report, 1% of FY2015 funds had not yet been distributed. c11173008 Congressional Research Service LIHEAP: Program and Funding . Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 1 Program Rules and Benefits ............................................................................................................ 1 How May LIHEAP Funds Be Used? ......................................................................................... 1 Who May Receive Assistance?.................................................................................................. 4 How Is LIHEAP Administered? ................................................................................................ 5 Households Served .................................................................................................................... 6 Benefit Levels............................................................................................................................ 8 Types of LIHEAP Funds ................................................................................................................ 10 Regular Funds.......................................................................................................................... 10 Tribal Allotments............................................................................................................... 10 Funds for the Territories .................................................................................................... 11 Emergency Contingency Funds ............................................................................................... 11 Leveraging Incentive and REACH Funds ............................................................................... 13 Other Federal Sources of Funds Available for Energy Assistance .......................................... 14 LIHEAP Appropriations ................................................................................................................ 14 The LIHEAP Program Year ..................................................................................................... 14 Recent LIHEAP Funding......................................................................................................... 15 FY2016 LIHEAP Funding ................................................................................................ 15 FY2015 LIHEAP Funding ................................................................................................ 16 Other Issues ................................................................................................................................... 18 Program Integrity..................................................................................................................... 18 Performance Measures ............................................................................................................ 20 Tables Table 1. Use of Federal LIHEAP Funds by States, FY2009 ............................................................ 3 Table 2. LIHEAP Households Receiving Heating and Winter Crisis Assistance ............................ 9 Table 3. FY2014-FY2015 Enacted and FY2016 Proposed LIHEAP Funding .............................. 18 Table A-1. Energy Assistance Funding Prior to LIHEAP .............................................................. 24 Table B-1. FY2015 Regular Fund Allotments to States, Tribes, and Territories ........................... 27 Table B-2. LIHEAP Funding by State: FY2007 to FY2014 .......................................................... 30 Table B-3. LIHEAP Funding: FY1982 to FY2016 ........................................................................ 33 Appendixes Appendix A. Legislative History of Energy Assistance................................................................. 21 Appendix B. Tables Showing LIHEAP Funding Levels................................................................ 27 c11173008 Congressional Research Service LIHEAP: Program and Funding . Contacts Author Contact Information........................................................................................................... 35 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... 35 c11173008 Congressional Research Service LIHEAP: Program and Funding . Introduction The Low Income Home Energy Assistance program (LIHEAP), established by Title XXVI of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (P.L. 97-35), is a program through which the federal government gives states, tribes, and territories annual grants to operate home energy assistance programs for low-income households. The LIHEAP statute provides for two primary types of program funding: regular funds (sometimes referred to as block grant or formula funds) and emergency contingency funds. Regular funds are allotted to states according to a formula prescribed by the LIHEAP statute.11 Emergency contingency funds may be released and allotted to one or more states at the discretion of the President and the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS). The first section of this report discusses LIHEAP program rules and benefits, including household eligibility and how funds may be used, and presents the most recent data available from HHS regarding household characteristics and benefit levels (see “"Program Rules and Benefits”"). The second section of this report discusses each category of LIHEAP funds and how they are distributed to states, tribes, and territories (see “"Types of LIHEAP Funds”"). The third section discusses LIHEAP funding and appropriations (see “"LIHEAP Appropriations”"). Appendix A describes the legislative history of energy assistance, leading up to and including the enactment of LIHEAP (see “"Legislative History of Energy Assistance” Assistance"). Finally, Appendix B contains tables showing recent LIHEAP allocations to the states, as well as appropriations for the program since its inception. Program Rules and Benefits Federal LIHEAP requirements are minimal and leave most important program decisions to the states, the District of Columbia, the territories, and Indian tribes and tribal organizations that receive federal funds (collectively referred to in this report as “grantees”"grantees"). The law governing LIHEAP sets up most requirements as part of a list of “assurances”"assurances" that grantees must make when they apply to HHS for funds.22 For example, grantees must make assurances about the sorts of energy assistance they will provide, who will be served, and how funds will be administered. The LIHEAP statute contains 16 assurances that govern various aspects of how the program operates at the state, tribe, or territorial level. This section discusses how grantees implement the assurances to provide energy assistance to low-income households. How May LIHEAP Funds Be Used? The LIHEAP statute outlines the ways in which grantees may use funds.3 • 3Funds may be used to help households meet their home energy costs by making payments for heating and cooling expenses.4 All state grantees provide heating 1 See §2604(a)-(d) of the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Act (Title XXVI of P.L. 97-35), as amended. The section is codified at 42 U.S.C. §8623(a)-(d). 2 42 U.S.C. §8624. 3 42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(1). 4 “Home energy” is defined at 42 U.S.C. §8622 as “a source of heating or cooling in residential dwellings.” c11173008 Congressional Research Service 1 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . 4 All state grantees provide heating assistance to households, while a smaller number provide cooling assistance. See Table 1. • . States must reserve funds to assist when households face an energy crisis,5 5 defined as “"weather-related and supply shortage emergencies and other household energy-related emergencies.”6"⁶ Within this definition, states determine the circumstances under which they will provide assistance. For example, generally states provide crisis assistance to households that are in danger of losing their heating or cooling due to problems with equipment, receipt of a utility shutoff notice, or exhaustion of a fuel supply.7 • 7 Funds may be used for low-cost weatherization projects. Grantees are limited to using 15% of their allotment for weatherization unless a grantee has a waiver from HHS for up to 25%.8 • 8 Grantees may use funds to provide services to reduce the need for energy assistance (e.g., needs assessment, counseling on how to reduce energy consumption) limited to 5% of the allotment.9 • 9 Funds may be used for program administration, limited to 10% of the allotment.10 10 A Note About LIHEAP Data HHS publishes data about how states use LIHEAP funds as well as the number and characteristics of recipient households as part of annual LIHEAP Reports to Congress and LIHEAP Home Energy Notebooks. The most recent LIHEAP Report to Congress is from FY2009FY2010 and the LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook is from FY2011. As a result, publicly available comprehensive information about LIHEAP is dated. As part of the FY2016 Congressional budget justifications for LIHEAP, HHS included some preliminary FY2012 data regarding use of funds and households served.1111 In FY2012, of funds expended for heating, cooling, crisis assistance, and weatherization, 57% of funds went to pay for heating assistance, 8% was used for cooling aid, 24% went to crisis assistance, and 11% was used for weatherization. (Note that these percentages do not account for administrative expenses or services to reduce the need for energy assistance, which were not provided in the budget justifications.) Also in FY2012, an estimated 6.6 million households received an average of $374 in heating assistance for the year. The greatest share of LIHEAP funding is used to offset home heating costs. In FY2009FY2010 (the most recent year for which detailed HHS data are publicly available), approximately 5354% of all LIHEAP funds was used to provide heating assistance; all states (including the District of Columbia) provided 5 42 U.S.C. §8623(c). 42 U.S.C. §8622(3). 7 For the state definitions of “crisis” see the compilation at the LIHEAP Clearinghouse, http://liheap.ncat.org/tables/ FY2014/Crisis.pdf. The LIHEAP Clearinghouse, via a contract with HHS, collects information about how states operate their energy assistance programs. 8 The limitation on use of weatherization funds is at 42 U.S.C. §8624(k). 9 42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(16). 10 42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(9). 11 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services FY2016 Congressional Budget Justifications for the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program, https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/olab/2016_acf_cj.PDF. 6 c11173008 Congressional Research Service 2 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . some heating assistance.1212 All states also offered crisis assistance, most of which was used for heating needs. In FY2009, 19;¹³ in FY2010, 18% of LIHEAP funds was used to providein the category of winter/year-round crisis assistance in 4847 states and summer crisis assistance in sixseven states.1314 Also in FY2009FY2010, 5% of funds went for cooling aid (offered by 17 states); 108% of total LIHEAP funds was used for weatherization services (provided by 4943 states); 87% of available funds went for administration and planning purposes (51 states); and 1% of the FY2009FY2010 funds was used to offer services to reduce the need for energy assistance (provided by 26 states).14 In FY2009, funding for LIHEAP increased significantly compared to FY2008, from $2.6 billion to $5.1 billion. In nearly all categories, funding percentages remained approximately the same, with the exception of cooling programs. The number of states operating cooling programs increased from 15 to 17, with expenditures increasing from 3% to 5% of the total. The number of states offering weatherization services increased from 44 to 49 with expenditures remaining about 10% of total funding. Table 1. Use of Federal LIHEAP Funds by States, FY2009 Use of Funds Percentage of Funds Dollars Obligated ($ in millions)a Number of States Households Assistedb (in thousands) Heating 53% $2,779 51 6,642 Cooling 5 252 17 703 914 51d 2,029 49 6 164 Winter/Year Round Crisis Assistance 19c Summer Crisis Weatherization 10 523 49 141 Administration 8 401 51 — Services to Reduce Reliance on Home Energy 1 62 26 — Carry Over to Next Fiscal Year 4 212 41 — Source: Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program Report to Congress for Fiscal Year 2009, June 6, 2014, p. 20 (percentage of funds, dollars obligated, and number of states), p. 35 (number of households assisted and number of states for summer crisis), and p. ii of the executive summary (dollars obligated for winter/year round crisis and summer crisis). Notes: “States” includes the District of Columbia. a. Total dollars obligated include funds that were carried over from FY2008. b. Note that the numbers of households assisted by category are not unduplicated. For example, HHS estimates that two thirds of households that receive winter/year round crisis assistance also receive heating assistance. 12 Based on state-reported total LIHEAP obligations for FY2009 of $5.2 billion. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program Report to Congress for Fiscal Year 2009, June 6, 2014, p. 20, https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ocs/ rpt_fy09_liheap_rtc_final_052114_2.pdf (hereinafter, FY2009 LIHEAP Report to Congress). 13 Four states, Alaska, Kansas, Maryland, and Massachusetts, provide all crisis assistance as expedited heating assistance to assist households in fuel crisis situations. Ibid., Table I-8, pp. 21-23. 14 Ibid., p. 20. c11173008 Congressional Research Service 3 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . c. HHS provides the combined percentage for crisis assistance. d. Four states, Alaska, Kansas, Maryland, and Massachusetts, use expedited heating assistance to assist households in fuel crisis situations. Who May Receive Assistance? 29 states).¹⁵ Table 1. Use of Federal LIHEAP Funds by States, FY2010

Use of Funds

Percentage of Funds

Dollars Obligated($ in millions)^a

Number of States

Households Assisted^b(in thousands)

Heating

54%

$2,878

51

7,361

Cooling

5

267

17

909

Winter/Year Round Crisis Assistance

18^c

911

47^d

2,100

Summer Crisis

 

62

7

197

Weatherization

8

408

43

138

Administration

7

396

51

—

Services to Reduce Reliance on Home Energy

1

62

29

—

Carry Over to Next Fiscal Year

5

261

42

—

Source: Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program Report to Congress for Fiscal Year 2010, p. 19 (percentage of funds, dollars obligated, and number of states), p. 36 (number of households assisted and number of states for summer crisis), and p. ii of the executive summary (dollars obligated for winter/year round crisis and summer crisis).

Notes: "States" includes the District of Columbia.

a. Total dollars obligated include funds that were carried over from FY2008. b. Note that the numbers of households assisted by category are not unduplicated. For example, HHS estimates that two thirds of households that receive winter/year round crisis assistance also receive heating assistance. c. HHS provides the combined percentage for crisis assistance. d. Three states, Kansas, Maryland, and Massachusetts, use expedited heating assistance to assist households in fuel crisis situations. Who May Receive Assistance? Basic Eligibility: Federal law sets out parameters that grantees must follow in establishing eligibility for LIHEAP assistance. The statute establishes households as the unit that is eligible for LIHEAP assistance (versus a family). A household consists of an “"individual or group of individuals who are living together as one economic unit for whom residential energy is customarily purchased in common or who make undesignated payments for energy in the form of rent.”15"¹⁶ Grantees must have a system in place for a household denied assistance to appeal.16 • 17Eligibility Based on Income: Grantees have the option of setting LIHEAP eligibility for households at or below 150% of the federal poverty income guidelines or, if greater, 60% of the state median income.1718 States may adopt lower income limits, but no household with income below 110% of the poverty guidelines may be considered ineligible. • Eligibility Based on Receipt of Other Benefits: Grantees may separately choose to make eligible for LIHEAP assistance any household of which at least one member is a recipient of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), benefits under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly Food Stamps), or certain needs-tested veterans’ programs.18 veterans' programs.¹⁹ The LIHEAP statute does not impose an asset test in establishing eligibility, but states may choose to limit client assets. LIHEAP assistance does not reduce eligibility or benefits under other state or federal aid programs.1920 For example, this means that a LIHEAP payment would not count toward the income or resources of a family applying for SNAP, housing assistance, or other types of assistance programs. Each year, the LIHEAP Clearinghouse, through a contract with HHS, makes available state eligibility guidelines on its website.20 21 Vulnerable and High-Need Populations: The LIHEAP statute requires that grantees conduct outreach to eligible households, “especially”"especially" households with elderly individuals, individuals with disabilities, or that have high energy burdens (home energy expenditures divided by income), to ensure that they are aware of LIHEAP availability.21 15 42 U.S.C. §8622(5). 42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(13). 17 42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(2)(B). Each year HHS publishes updated poverty levels and state median income thresholds and the LIHEAP Clearinghouse publishes them on their website, http://liheap.ncat.org/delivery/income_elibility.htm. 18 42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(2)(A). Eligible veterans’ benefits are compensation to parents for the service-connected death of a child, to veterans with non-service connected disabilities, to the surviving spouse of a veteran, and to children of a deceased veteran. In each case, benefits are need-based and are reduced based on the beneficiary’s income. 19 42 U.S.C. §8624(f). 20 For income guidelines, see http://liheap.ncat.org/tables/FY2014/POP14.htm. For a list of states that use receipt of other benefits to establish eligibility, see http://liheap.ncat.org/tables/FY2013/autoeligtable.htm. For states that use asset tests, see http://liheap.ncat.org/tables/FY2014/assets.htm. 21 42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(3). 16 c11173008 Congressional Research Service 4 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . income), to ensure that they are aware of LIHEAP availability.²² Grantees must further ensure that households with the lowest incomes, together with the highest home energy need in relation to income, receive the highest level of assistance.2223 This provision was added to the law as part of the Human Services Amendments of 1994 (P.L. 103-252) with the intention of ensuring that both income and energy burden together were considered so that grantees would target households that are “"most drastically burdened”" and who have the “highest "highest health risk.”23 "²⁴ Owners and Renters: Under the LIHEAP statute, grantees must treat owners and renters “equitably.”24 "equitably."²⁵ The way in which renters pay utilities may differ from homeowners, where, in some cases, payments for heating and cooling are included in rent rather than paid directly by the tenant. However, this should not affect eligibility for LIHEAP. In addition, the issue of how to treat renters living in housing subsidized through the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has been raised in the past. In general, HUD housing subsidies are based both on rent levels and reasonable utility expenses. Tenants pay approximately 30% of their income toward the total rent and utility costs, and HUD subsidizes the remainder of the total. In cases where tenants pay their utilities directly (rather than as part of their rent), they are reimbursed for the HUD share of utilities through a utility allowance, which generally comes in the form of a rent reduction. In 1992, Congress enacted legislation to make clear that states may not automatically deny LIHEAP benefits to subsidized tenants who pay their utilities directly and receive utility allowances.2526 However, states may take utility allowances into account when determining the amount of benefits subsidized renters may receive. On its website, the LIHEAP Clearinghouse compiles state policies regarding renters.26 27 How Is LIHEAP Administered? Federal rules allow grantees to decide the mix and dollar range of benefits, choose how benefits are provided (e.g., to utilities or directly to households), and decide which agencies will administer the program. Grantees provide details to HHS about program operation via a state plan submitted each year,2728 and they are to provide a method for public participation in the state plan’s development.28 's development.²⁹ The state agency administering LIHEAP is to coordinate with other low-income programs, including the Department of Energy’'s Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP).2930 To the extent possible, grantees are encouraged to follow WAP rules in order to increase consistency between the two weatherization components.3031 LIHEAP grantees are also required to establish fiscal 22 42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(5). U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, Human Services Reauthorization Act of 1994, report to accompany S. 2000, 103rd Cong., 2nd sess., April 19, 1994, S.Rept. 103-251, p. 55. 24 42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(8). 25 See §927 of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-550) as amended by P.L. 103-185, a bill to provide increased flexibility to States in carrying out the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program. 26 See http://www.liheap.ncat.org/tables/FY2012/subsidize.htm. 27 42 U.S.C. §8624(c). 28 42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(12). 29 42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(4). 30 Ibid. For more information about the Weatherization Assistance Program, see CRS Report R42147, DOE Weatherization Program: A Review of Funding, Performance, and Cost-Effectiveness Studies, by Fred Sissine. 23 c11173008 Congressional Research Service 5 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . control and accounting procedures, which include a way of monitoring the assistance that is provided.31 At the state level, many LIHEAP Community Action Agencies administrative functions such as intake and Community Action Agencies (CAAs) have been a application processing are often delegated to prominent part of administering energy assistance local level agencies. In the early years of programs since the 1970s. CAAs are community-based energy assistance, prior to the existence of organizations created as part of the Economic LIHEAP, funds were administered by local Opportunity Act of 1964 (P.L. 88-452), the law that established the War on Poverty. CAAs were authorized Community Action Agencies (CAAs). This to administer a number of programs that assist lowrelationship continued when LIHEAP was households. In addition to administering energy enacted in 1981. The LIHEAP statute provides income and weatherization assistance programs, CAAs run that, if a state designates local agencies to programs to assist families with housing, child administer the program, then they agree to development (including Head Start), food and nutrition, senior services, legal affairs, community development, “give special consideration” to public or and education, among others. More than 1,000 CAAs private nonprofit agencies receiving funds for administer programs nationwide, and in many states low-income energy assistance or continue to administer LIHEAP funds. weatherization prior to LIHEAP’s enactment.32 According to the LIHEAP Clearinghouse, in 30 states CAAs are involved in administering funds, another 13 states have local programs administered by the counties, and the remaining states are either administered at the state level or by nonprofit groups.33 In most cases, LIHEAP benefits are given directly to utilities or fuel oil suppliers to be applied to recipients’ accounts rather than directly to recipients. An exception to this may occur in cases of renters whose utility payments are included in rent and who do not have their own account. Households Served Households Receiving Nominal LIHEAP Benefits For approximately five years, some states have distributed nominal LIHEAP benefits to households (ranging from $1 to $5) in order to leverage additional SNAP benefits. This practice is sometimes referred to as “heat-and-eat.” In 2014, the Farm Bill raised the amount of the LIHEAP benefit required to leverage additional funds to “greater than $20 annually.” It is unclear the extent to which HHS data on LIHEAP recipient households include those receiving nominal benefits. In the FY2009 LIHEAP Report to Congress, three states acknowledged that they gave nominal benefits, and these 31 42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(10). 42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(6). 33 See the LIHEAP Clearinghouse website, http://liheap.ncat.org/admin/admintro.htm. 32 c11173008 Congressional Research Service 6 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . Unlike some other federal assistance recipient households were not included in the total programs, such as Medicaid or the households reported to HHS. These were Connecticut, Maine, and Oregon.34 Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), simply being eligible for LIHEAP does not entitle a household to LIHEAP benefits. Available benefits are limited by the amount that Congress appropriates each year, so the number of households that are served in a given year depends both on appropriations and how grantees use their funding. In FY2009, the most recent year for which detailed HHS data are available, increased appropriations resulted in a record number of households receiving heating and/or winter crisis assistance (the bulk of LIHEAP assistance that is provided). In FY2009, Congress appropriated $5.10 billion, compared to $2.59 billion in FY2008. An estimated 7.4 million households received assistance in FY2009,35 an increase of 2 million compared to FY2008, when an estimated 5.4 million households were served. Prior to FY2009, the most households were served shortly after LIHEAP was enacted, when approximately 6.8 million households received heating and/or winter crisis assistance in FY1983. Since that time, the number of households receiving assistance declined generally until FY2000, reaching a low of 3.6 million recipients in FY1999. After FY2000, the number of recipient households began increasing again to the current level. For the number of households receiving LIHEAP from FY2000 through FY2009, see Table 2. The same trend can be seen in the percentage of federally eligible households that receive heating and/or winter crisis assistance. In FY1983, the 6.8 million households that received funds represented 31% of federally eligible households. By FY2000, the number of federally eligible households receiving LIHEAP heating and/or winter crisis assistance had dropped to 13%. Since FY2003, the percentage of federally eligible households receiving assistance hovered between 14% and 16%, settling at 16% for FY2006 through FY2008. However, in FY2009, with increased funding for LIHEAP, 21% of those households federally eligible under the LIHEAP statute were served. Note that due to a provision in the FY2009 appropriations act (P.L. 110-329) that allowed states to increase household eligibility to 75% of state median income in that year, only 16% of those eligible under the appropriations law were served in FY2009.36 Prior to FY2009, the number of households receiving cooling and/or summer crisis assistance reached a high point of 700,000 recipients in FY2006. In FY2009, with increased funding, 900,000 households received cooling assistance.37 HHS estimates that of all households receiving LIHEAP heating assistance in FY2009, about 31% had at least one member 60 years of age or older; about 32% had at least one member with a disability; and 22% included at least one child five years of age or younger.38 Households may include members in more than one of the three categories. Although some states set LIHEAP 34 As part of the 2014 Farm Bill (P.L. 113-79), Congress imposed a minimum LIHEAP payment of more than $20 per household to leverage additional SNAP benefits. For more information about heat-and-eat, see CRS Report R42591, The 2014 Farm Bill: Changing the Treatment of LIHEAP Receipt in the Calculation of SNAP Benefits, by Randy Alison Aussenberg and Libby Perl. 35 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook for Fiscal Year 2009, September 2011, p. 30 (hereinafter, FY2009 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook). This estimate attempts to remove duplication among households that received both heating and winter crisis assistance. 36 Ibid. 37 See the FY2009 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook, p. 31, and the FY2006 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook, p. 30. 38 FY2009 LIHEAP Report to Congress, p. 55. c11173008 Congressional Research Service 7 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . eligibility as high as 60% of state median income, on average, LIHEAP households served have very low incomes. In FY2009, as reported by the states, 67% of LIHEAP-recipient households had income at or below 100% of poverty.39 Benefit Levels Apart from federal funding levels, a variety of factors help determine to what extent LIHEAP is able to meet its stated goal of assisting low-income households in meeting their home energy needs. These include the following: • the cost of energy for a given household (influenced by energy price fluctuations and variation in kinds of fuels used); • the amount of energy consumed (influenced by severity of the weather, energy efficiency of housing, and expected standards of comfort); and • the number of eligible households (influenced by population size and health of the economy). The average LIHEAP benefit varies by state. For example, in FY2009, the most recent year in which state-by-state data are available, the average heating benefit nationwide was $418, with a range from $144 (Kentucky) to $1,826 (Alaska).40 When heating is combined with winter crisis benefits, the average nationwide benefit in FY2009 rose to $505.41 The average benefit for cooling assistance, available in 17 states in FY2009, was $359, ranging from $51 (Indiana) to $680 (Texas). With the increase in LIHEAP appropriations in FY2009, average benefits increased compared to the previous fiscal year. In FY2008, the average heating benefit was $293, the average combined heating/winter crisis benefit was $363, and the average cooling benefit was $199. One way of looking at LIHEAP benefits over time is to measure them in constant dollars. Each year, the HHS control and accounting procedures, which include a way of monitoring the assistance that is provided.³²

Community Action Agencies Community Action Agencies (CAAs) have been a prominent part of administering energy assistance programs since the 1970s. CAAs are community-based organizations created as part of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 (P.L. 88-452), the law that established the War on Poverty. CAAs were authorized to administer a number of programs that assist low-income households. In addition to administering energy and weatherization assistance programs, CAAs run programs to assist families with housing, child development (including Head Start), food and nutrition, senior services, legal affairs, community development, and education, among others. More than 1,000 CAAs administer programs nationwide, and in many states continue to administer LIHEAP funds.

At the state level, many LIHEAP administrative functions such as intake and application processing are often delegated to local level agencies. In the early years of energy assistance, prior to the existence of LIHEAP, funds were administered by local Community Action Agencies (CAAs). This relationship continued when LIHEAP was enacted in 1981. The LIHEAP statute provides that, if a state designates local agencies to administer the program, then they agree to "give special consideration" to public or private nonprofit agencies receiving funds for low-income energy assistance or weatherization prior to LIHEAP's enactment.³³ According to the LIHEAP Clearinghouse, in 30 states CAAs are involved in administering funds, another 13 states have local programs administered by the counties, and the remaining states are either administered at the state level or by nonprofit groups.³⁴ In most cases, LIHEAP benefits are given directly to utilities or fuel oil suppliers to be applied to recipients' accounts rather than directly to recipients. An exception to this may occur in cases of renters whose utility payments are included in rent and who do not have their own account.

Households Served

Unlike some other federal assistance programs, such as Medicaid or the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), simply being eligible for LIHEAP does not entitle a household to LIHEAP benefits. Available benefits are limited by the amount that Congress appropriates each year, so the number of households that are served in a given year depends both on appropriations and how grantees use their funding.

In FY2011, the most recent year for which HHS data are publicly available, an estimated 7.6 million households received heating and/or winter crisis assistance (the bulk of LIHEAP assistance that is provided).³⁵ While the number of recipients was down from 8.1 million in FY2010, households served continued to be significantly higher than in years preceding FY2009, when Congress appropriated the most funding ever received by the program. Congress appropriated $5.1 billion for LIHEAP in both FY2009 and FY2010, and $4.7 billion in FY2011 (compared to $2.59 billion in FY2008). In FY2009, an estimated 7.4 million households received assistance, an increase of 2 million compared to FY2008, when an estimated 5.4 million households were served.³⁶ Increased households served could also in part result from nominal LIHEAP benefits given to some households to leverage SNAP assistance (see the text box "Households Receiving Nominal LIHEAP Benefits").

Households Receiving Nominal LIHEAP Benefits

Since roughly 2009, some states have distributed nominal LIHEAP benefits to households (ranging from $1 to $5) in order to leverage additional SNAP benefits. This practice is sometimes referred to as "heat-and-eat."³⁷ In 2014, the Farm Bill raised the amount of the LIHEAP benefit required to leverage additional funds to "greater than $20 annually." In its FY2010 LIHEAP Report to Congress, HHS identified eight states that provided more than $900,000 in nominal LIHEAP benefits to nearly 900,000 households.³⁸ These were Connecticut, Maine, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Five of these states included nominal benefit recipients in their household heating totals, making up about 600,000 households.

Prior to FY2009, the most households were served shortly after LIHEAP was enacted, when approximately 6.8 million households received heating and/or winter crisis assistance in FY1983. After that time, the number of households receiving assistance declined generally until FY2000, reaching a low of 3.6 million recipients in FY1999. After FY2000, the number of recipient households began increasing again to the current level. For the number of households receiving LIHEAP from FY2000 through FY2011, see Table 2.

The same trend can be seen in the percentage of federally eligible households that receive heating and/or winter crisis assistance. In FY1983, the 6.8 million households that received funds represented 31% of federally eligible households. By FY2000, the number of federally eligible households receiving LIHEAP heating and/or winter crisis assistance had dropped to 13%. After FY2003, the percentage of federally eligible households receiving assistance hovered between 14% and 16%, settling at 16% for FY2006 through FY2008. However, in FY2009 and FY2010, with increased funding for LIHEAP, 21% and 22% of those households federally eligible under the LIHEAP statute were served, respectively.³⁹ In FY2011, 19% of federally eligible households were served.⁴⁰

FY2010 and FY2011 saw the highest number of households receiving cooling and/or summer crisis assistance—1.1 million households in each year, compared to 900,000 in FY2009.⁴¹ Prior to FY2009, the number of households receiving cooling and/or summer crisis assistance reached a high point of 700,000 recipients in FY2006.⁴²

HHS estimates that of all households receiving LIHEAP heating assistance in FY2010 (the most recent publicly available data with more detailed information about receipt), about 29% had at least one member 60 years of age or older; about 31% had at least one member with a disability; and 23% included at least one child five years of age or younger.⁴³ Households may include members in more than one of the three categories. Although some states set LIHEAP eligibility as high as 60% of state median income, on average, LIHEAP households served have very low incomes. In FY2010, 69% of households receiving heating assistance had incomes at or below 100% of poverty and 75% of households receiving cooling assistance were at or below the poverty level.⁴⁴

Benefit Levels

Apart from federal funding levels, a variety of factors help determine to what extent LIHEAP is able to meet its stated goal of assisting low-income households in meeting their home energy needs. These include the following:

• the cost of energy for a given household (influenced by energy price fluctuations and variation in kinds of fuels used);
• the amount of energy consumed (influenced by severity of the weather, energy efficiency of housing, and expected standards of comfort); and
• the number of eligible households (influenced by population size and health of the economy).

The average LIHEAP benefit varies by state. For example, in FY2010, the most recent year in which state-by-state data are available, the average heating benefit nationwide was $391, with a range from $90 (Mississippi) to $2,612 (Alaska).⁴⁵ The average benefit for cooling assistance, available in 17 states in FY2010, was $293, ranging from $52 (Indiana) to $916 (Texas).

One way of looking at LIHEAP benefits over time is to measure them in constant dollars. Each year, the HHS LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook presents average heating and winter crisis benefits in nominal dollars and constant 1981 dollars (the year in which LIHEAP was enacted). Until FY2009, when funding for the program increased by more than $2 billion compared to the previous fiscal year, the general trend in the constant dollar value of LIHEAP benefits since the program’ program's beginning had been one of decline. In FY1981, the average heating and winter crisis benefit, measured in constant 1981 dollars, was $213.4246 By FY1998, it had declined to $117, and although the average benefit reached $187 in FY2001, it generally declined again thereafter, with the exception of $171 in FY2006, when funding was higher than in the immediately preceding and subsequent years. In FY2009, the constant dollar value of the average LIHEAP heating and winter crisis benefit increased by about $58 from the previous year, to $209.4347 By FY2011, with funding down slightly, the average benefit in constant dollars was $184.4448 (See Table 2.) Table 2. LIHEAP Households Receiving Heating and Winter Crisis Assistance

FY2000-FY2011

   

Households Assisted

Average Benefits

Fiscal Year

Funding Distributed^a($ in millions) Households Receiving Assistance(millions) Households Federally Eligible for Assistance(millions)

Percentage of Federally Eligible Households Receiving Assistance

Nominal Dollars

Constant 1981 Dollars^b

2000

$1,844

3.9

29.4

13%

$270

$140

2001

1,856

4.8

30.4

16

364

187

2002

1,800

4.4

32.7

13

291

147

2003

1,988

4.8

34.5

14

312

154

2004

1,889

5.0

35.4

14

277

132

2005

2,162

5.3

34.8

15

304

140

2006

3,160

5.5

34.4

16

385

171

2007

2,161

5.3

33.6

16

320

139

2008

2,591

5.4

33.5

16

362^c

151

2009

5,100

7.4

35.0^d

21

502^e

209

2010

5,100

8.1

37.1^d

22

467

191

2011

4,701

7.6

40.1

19

462

184

Source: Data regarding households assisted, federally eligible households, and benefit levels for FY2000 to FY2011 are drawn from the LIHEAP Home Energy Notebooks for FY1998 through FY2011.

a. See Table B-3. b. Constant 1981 dollars are used by HHS to measure the value of LIHEAP benefits over time. c. .) 39 Ibid., p. 45. Ibid., pp. 40-42. 41 Ibid. Note that the FY2009 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook reports this average as $502. 42 FY2009 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook, p. 33. 43 Ibid. 44 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook for Fiscal Year 2011, June 2014, p. 32, https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ocs/fy2011_hen_final.pdf. 40 c11173008 Congressional Research Service 8 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . Table 2. LIHEAP Households Receiving Heating and Winter Crisis Assistance FY2000-FY2011 Households Assisted Average Benefits Percentage of Federally Eligible Households Receiving Assistance Nominal Dollars Constant 1981 Dollarsb Fiscal Year Funding Distributeda ($ in millions) Households Receiving Assistance (millions) Households Federally Eligible for Assistance (millions) 2000 $1,844 3.9 29.4 13% $270 $140 2001 1,856 4.8 30.4 16 364 187 2002 1,800 4.4 32.7 13 291 147 2003 1,988 4.8 34.5 14 312 154 2004 1,889 5.0 35.4 14 277 132 2005 2,162 5.3 34.8 15 304 140 2006 3,160 5.5 34.4 16 385 171 2007 2,161 5.3 33.6 16 320 139 2008 2,591 5.4 33.5 16 362c 151 7.4 35.0d 21 502e 209 22 467 191 19 462 184 2009 5,100 2010 5,100 8.1 37.1d 2011 4,701 7.6 40.1 Source: Data regarding households assisted, federally eligible households, and benefit levels for FY2000 to FY2011 are drawn from the LIHEAP Home Energy Notebooks for FY1998 through FY2011. a. See Table B-3. b. Constant 1981 dollars are used by HHS to measure the value of LIHEAP benefits over time. c. Note that the FY2008 LIHEAP Report to Congress reports this average as $363. d. d. In FY2009 and FY2010, the appropriations bills (P.L. 110-329) and (P.L. 111-117) gave states the option of increasing LIHEAP household eligibility to 75% of state median income. This meant that approximately 45 million households were eligible for LIHEAP in FY2009 and nearly 48 million in FY2010. However, for the sake of comparison, this table includes only those households federally eligible under the LIHEAP statute (those with incomes at or below the greater of 150% of poverty or 60% of state median income). e. e. Note that the FY2009 LIHEAP Report to Congress reports this average as $505. The constant dollar value of the cooling and summer crisis benefit, which is available to a more limited number of households in far fewer states, has fluctuated over the years. While the average benefit in 1981 was $129, in the years that followed the average benefit in constant 1981 dollars declined as low as $57 in FY1983 and $49 in FY1990. However, the average benefit grew from FY1990 levels, and by FY2000 and FY2001 the average benefit had reached $107. In recent years, between FY2004 and FY2008, the constant dollar value has ranged from $72 (in FY2008) to $105 (in FY2006). After FY2009, when funding for LIHEAP increased significantly, the c11173008 Congressional Research Service 9 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . constant dollar value of cooling and summer crisis benefits rose to $142.4549 In FY2011, the average constant dollar benefit was $126.46 50 Types of LIHEAP Funds The LIHEAP statute authorizes several separate distributions of LIHEAP funds.4751 The bulk of funds are distributed as “regular”"regular" funds, sometimes also referred to as formula or block grant funds. The regular funds are distributed via formula to the states and the District of Columbia. Tribes receive a share of state funding, while a percentage of regular funds is set aside for territories. The LIHEAP statute also authorizes emergency contingency funds, which may be distributed to one or more states, tribes, or territories at the discretion of the Administration. The statute also authorizes a smaller amount of funds for Leveraging Incentive grants, which are distributed to grantees that leverage non-federal resources for their energy assistance programs. And a portion of Leveraging Incentive grants may be used for competitive Residential Energy Assistance Challenge (REACH) grants that grantees may use for various purposes that improve the energy security of vulnerable low-income families. Despite the different distribution methods, grantees may use each form of funding for the eligible activities under LIHEAP (e.g., heating and cooling assistance, emergency crisis assistance, and weatherization). Regular Funds Regular Funds When LIHEAP was created in 1981, the only funds available were regular funds, which were distributed to the states via a formula developed under the predecessor program to LIHEAP, the Low Income Energy Assistance Program (discussed in Appendix A of this report). Regular funds continue to be distributed to the states via a formula, though it was changed in 1984 as part of the Human Services Reauthorization Act (P.L. 98-558). The history and operation of the formula are complicated, and the issues are addressed in a separate report, CRS Report RL33275, The The LIHEAP Formula, by [author name scrubbed], by Libby Perl. Tribes and territories are not directly included in the LIHEAP formula distribution, and the way in which they receive regular funds is described in more detail, below. Regular funds have not been authorized since FY2007, when they were authorized at $5.1 billion (P.L. 109-58). Tribal Allotments ). Tribal Allotments Indian tribes and tribal organizations have the option to request that they receive and administer their own allotments of LIHEAP funds.4852 Tribal allotments may be based on the number of lowincomelow-income households (as defined by the LIHEAP statute) residing on a reservation and any adjacent trust land as a proportion of all low-income households in the state. Alternatively, a tribe may work out its funding level with the state and enter into an agreement for an amount to be 45 FY2009 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook, p. 33. FY2011 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook, p. 32. 47 42 U.S.C. §8621. 48 42 U.S.C. §8623(d). 46 c11173008 Congressional Research Service 10 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . allocated. A tribe’'s allotment is then taken from the state’'s LIHEAP allocation. There are 162 tribes in 25 states that administer their own LIHEAP funds.49 53 Funds for the Territories The LIHEAP statute provides that at least one-tenth, but not more than one-half of 1% of the total regular fund appropriation must be set aside for energy assistance in American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. HHS sets the exact percentage of funds that goes to the territories. In FY2014, HHS set aside 0.5% of funding for the territories, the first time that funding had reached the maximum allowed by the statute. This set-aside continued in FY2015. Prior to FY2014, and since the inception of the program, the set-aside for territories had been approximately 0.134% of regular funds. This percentage was based on the amount of funding that the territories received under LIEAP, the predecessor program to LIHEAP. For that program, Congress made $2.5 million available to the territories. Prior to implementation of LIHEAP, in 1981, the territories asked HHS that more funding be provided.5054 However, according to HHS, it decided to provide the same approximate percentage of LIHEAP funding to the territories as was provided as part of LIEAP, concluding that [HHS] should retain the funding levels originally proposed, since they are based on a congressional determination of need for the 1981 program, and the comments did not include any information demonstrating that changed conditions required a higher relative level of funding as compared to the States than existed in 1981.51 55 HHS allocates funds among the five territories based on population, with Puerto Rico receiving approximately 90% of funds. For the most recent allocations to the territories, see the end of Table B-1. . Emergency Contingency Funds Unlike LIHEAP regular funds, emergency contingency funds are not distributed by formula. Instead, they are to be distributed at the Administration’'s discretion “"to meet the additional home energy assistance needs of one or more states arising from a natural disaster or other emergency.”52"⁵⁶ The two terms are defined as follows: • “Emergency”"Emergency" includes a natural disaster; a significant home energy supply shortage or disruption; significant increases in the cost of home energy, home energy disconnections, participation in public benefit programs, or unemployment; or an “"event meeting such criteria as the [HHS] Secretary may determine to be appropriate.”53 49 Based on tribes receiving LIHEAP funding in FY2014. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “Block Grant Programs: Final Rules,” 47 Federal Register 29485, July 6, 1982. 51 Ibid. 52 42 U.S.C. §8621(e). Initially, the terms “natural disaster” and “emergency” were not defined in the statute, and, several years later, in 1998, as part of P.L. 105-285, Congress amended the statute to include definitions. 53 42 U.S.C. §8622(1). 50 c11173008 Congressional Research Service 11 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . • A “ determine to be appropriate."⁵⁷ A "natural disaster”" is defined as “"a weather event (relating to hot or cold weather),”" floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, ice storms, or other events as determined by the Secretary.54 58Since the creation of the emergency contingency fund, funds have been released to grantees for various reasons, including energy price increases, extreme periods of hot or cold weather, and damage caused by natural disasters. In cases of natural disasters, grantees may be flexible in the ways they assist households, particularly those without power due to damaged or destroyed homes. According to HHS guidance, funds may be used to pay for temporary shelter, for transportation to shelter, coats and blankets, as well as for utility reconnection and equipment replacement.55 59 Congress has appropriated emergency contingency funds in every year since the funds have been authorized with the exceptions of FY2003 (when funds appropriated in a previous year were available for distribution), and FY2012 through FY2015. In addition, just because Congress appropriates funds does not mean that the Administration releases them to grantees. In a number of years that Congress appropriated funds, HHS released only a portion of the funds available (see Table B-3). ). Some form of emergency contingency funds was first appropriated in FY1991, although the funds were not authorized until enactment of the Human Services Amendments of 1994 (P.L. 103-252). ). Like the genesis of federal energy assistance programs in general, appropriations for energyrelatedenergy-related emergencies grew out of high heating oil prices coupled with cold temperatures.56 60 Congress appropriated $200 million in FY1991 and referred to the program as an “Energy "Energy Emergency Contingency Fund”" (see P.L. 101-517).⁶¹).57 Congress permanently authorized emergency contingency funding at $600 million in FY1994, and they have remained authorized at that same level. Emergency Designation

Emergency Designation

On occasion, LIHEAP emergency contingency funds were designated as “emergency” for "emergency" for purposes of budget scoring. The LIHEAP authorizing statute provided that emergency contingency funds would be designated as emergency for purposes of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-177), as amended by the Budget Enforcement Act (BEA) of 1990 (enacted as part of P.L. 101-508).⁶² The BEA used spending limits to reduce the deficit. However, funds that were designated as an emergency by both the President and in statute were not included in the spending limits.⁶³ Congress first designated emergency contingency funds as "emergency" for budgetary purposes in FY1992 and FY1993 appropriations acts, and then incorporated the language into the LIHEAP statute upon the inclusion of the emergency contingency fund in the law.⁶⁴ The BEA expired in 2002, and while the Budget ).58 The BEA used spending limits to reduce 54 42 U.S.C. §8622(7). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Community Services, LIHEAP Disaster Relief, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/resource/liheap-disaster-relief, accessed November 15, 2012. 56 During the FY1991 appropriations process, the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee noted that “[e]xtraordinary circumstances in world oil markets pose a serious risk that low-income households will face skyrocketing home energy prices in the 1990-1991 heating season.” U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Dire Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Assistance, Food Stamps, Unemployment Compensation Administration, and Other Urgent Needs, and Transfers, and Reducing Funds Budgeted for Military Spending Act, report to accompany H.R. 4404, 101st Cong., 2nd sess., March 27, 1990, H.Rept. 101-434, pp. 17-18. 57 Funds were to be made available if the average price of heating oil for a given month exceeded the four-year average for the same month by 20% or more. Funds were distributed to all states but Hawaii in January 1991 based on December 1990 heating oil prices. Pursuant to the law, states received funds based on the percentage of low-income households using heating oil, liquified petroleum gas, and kerosene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program: Report to Congress for Fiscal Year 1991, October 1992, pp. 59-60. 58 For more information, see CRS Report R41901, Statutory Budget Controls in Effect Between 1985 and 2002, by (continued...) 55 c11173008 Congressional Research Service 12 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . the deficit. However, funds that were designated as an emergency by both the President and in statute were not included in the spending limits.59 Congress first designated emergency contingency funds as “emergency” for budgetary purposes in FY1992 and FY1993 appropriations acts, and then incorporated the language into the LIHEAP statute upon the inclusion of the emergency contingency fund in the law.60 The BEA expired in 2002, and while the Budget Control Act of 2011 (P.L. 112-25) further amended the law with new procedures to reduce the deficit, the statutory reference to emergency contingency funds as an emergency designation pursuant to the BEA is no longer operative.61 65 Leveraging Incentive and REACH Funds LIHEAP does not require grantees to match the federal funds they receive. However, a portion of LIHEAP funds may be used for grants based on the amount of outside funds that grantees obtain for energy assistance. These Leveraging Incentive grants were authorized in 1990, when P.L. 101501101-501 amended the LIHEAP statute to provide a separate funding authorization of $50 million ($30 million if regular funds appropriated are under $1.4 billion) for incentive grants to states that leverage non-federal resources for their LIHEAP programs.6266 Such resources might include negotiated lower energy rates for low-income households or separate state funds for energy assistance. States are awarded incentive funds in a given fiscal year on the basis of a formula that takes into account their previous fiscal year’'s success in securing non-federal resources for their energy assistance program. In 1994 (P.L. 103-252) the statute was further amended to provide that, of any Leveraging Incentive grants appropriated, up to 25% may be set aside for the Residential Energy Assistance Challenge Option (REACH). Under the REACH option states may be awarded competitive grants for their efforts to increase the efficiency of energy usage among low-income families and to reduce those families’' vulnerability to homelessness and other health and safety risks due to high energy costs. The funding authorization for Leveraging Incentive and REACH grants is separate from regular funds, and the grants have not been authorized since FY2004. In practice, Congress has regularly funded these initiatives at $22 million to $30 million with dollars set aside out of annual regular fund appropriations. However, from FY2013 through FY2015, funds were not set aside for Leveraging Incentive and REACH grants. (...continued) Megan S. Lynch. 59 See §251(b)(2)(D) of P.L. 101-508, later extended as part of P.L. 103-66. 60 The language reads “Funds appropriated pursuant to this subsection are hereby designated to be emergency requirements pursuant to section 251(b)(2)(D) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, except that such funds shall be made available only after the submission to Congress of a formal budget request by the President (for all or a part of the appropriation pursuant to this subsection) that includes a designation of the amount requested as an emergency requirement as defined in such Act.” See 42 U.S.C. §8621(e). 61 After expiration of the BEA, there were three years in which the appropriations language designated emergency contingency funds as “emergency” for purposes of the budget resolutions (these were FY2005, FY2008, and FY2009). Budget resolutions establish allocations for appropriators. For more information, see CRS Report R40472, The Budget Resolution and Spending Legislation, by Megan S. Lynch. 62 42 U.S.C. §8621(d). c11173008 Congressional Research Service 13 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . Leveraging Incentive and REACH grants. Other Federal Sources of Funds Available for Energy Assistance For a time, beginning in the mid-1980s, additional funds were available to LIHEAP grantees via funds recovered as the result of oil company overcharges that violated price controls instituted in 1973 as part of the Emergency Fuels and Energy Allocation Act (P.L. 93-159). In cases where aggrieved parties could not be identified for reimbursement, funds were distributed to states to be used for energy efficiency purposes, including LIHEAP.6367 Oil overcharge funds that were allocated to LIHEAP reached a peak of $174 million in FY1989, and had diminished to $200,000 by FY2008, the most recent year for which HHS has data available.64 68 In addition, the Social Services Block Grant program allows states to transfer up to 10% of funds to provide low-income home energy assistance, among other purposes.6569 The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program also gives states the discretion to use funds for home heating and cooling costs.66 LIHEAP Appropriations 70 LIHEAP Appropriations The LIHEAP Program Year The federal government’'s fiscal year, which runs from October 1 to September 30, is not ideally placed for a program like LIHEAP. Most states release the bulk of their LIHEAP funds during the winter months, shortly after federal appropriations are to be finalized. Further, in recent years, appropriations often have not been finalized until well after the fiscal year is under way. This may require states to enter the winter months without certainty as to the amount of funds they will receive. LIHEAP was not always funded exactly in concert with the federal fiscal year. Beginning in FY1990, for four years (through FY1993) Congress provided “"delayed funding”" for the program, making a portion of funds available on the last day of the fiscal year. The funds were for purposes of “"starting up activities”" for the following winter’'s program.6771 These amounts were small initially, totaling $60 million in FY1990 (P.L. 101-166) and $75 million in FY1991 (P.L. 101517101-517), but growing to $406 million in FY1992 (P.L. 102-170) and $688 million in FY1993 (P.L. 102-394). ). Then, in FY1993, Congress amended the LIHEAP statute to change the way that the program was funded, recognizing the difficulty for grantees in running a program with little advance notice of 63 For example, §155 of the FY1983 Further Continuing Appropriations Act (P.L. 97-377) specified that the Department of Energy distribute $200 million to the states to be used for five energy efficiency programs, including LIHEAP. Funds were also made available via court orders and settlements. See, for example, Chuck Hill, Heather Gonzalez, and Roger Colton, “Oil Overcharge and Percentage-of-Income Payment Plan Developments,” Clearinghouse Review, vol. 22, no. 2 (June 1988), pp. 146-148. 64 FY2008 LIHEAP Report to Congress, pp. 2-3. 65 42 U.S.C. §1397a(d). 66 42 U.S.C. §604(a)(1). 67 See S.Rept. 102-104, p. 180, to accompany H.R. 2707, an appropriations bill that was vetoed, though the same LIHEAP funding went into final bill. c11173008 Congressional Research Service 14 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . the funding level for the coming year.6872 As part of the Augustus F. Hawkins Human Services Reauthorization Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-501), Congress provided that LIHEAP be funded on a program year cycle, from July 1st1^st to June 30th30^th, with appropriations made in the fiscal year in which the program year started. This funding structure is referred to as “"forward funding.” " According to the Senate Committeecommittee report (where the forward funding provision originated), forward funding was meant to give grantees time to plan once they knew how much funding would be available. Despite the statutory language, Congress never actually appropriated funds for a program year as forward funding, and instead provided advance appropriations for LIHEAP. Advance appropriations are simply made for the fiscal year subsequent to the year in which funds are appropriated. From FY1994 through FY2001, Congress provided advance appropriations for LIHEAP in every year but one (FY1997). When Congress enacted the FY2001 appropriations law, it did not provide advance appropriations for FY2002. While Congress acknowledged the benefits of advance funding,6973 it appears that the failure to provide advance funding was due to budget caps for the Departments of Labor, HHS, and Education appropriations bill.7074 Since FY2002, LIHEAP appropriations have been made for the current fiscal year. Recent LIHEAP Funding FY2016 LIHEAP Funding The As of the date of this report, LIHEAP and most federal programs were funded as part of a continuing resolution (CR). The FY2016 Continuing Appropriations Act (P.L. 114-53) provides funding through December 11, 2015, at FY2015 levels less an across-the-board rescission of 0.2108%. On October 23, 2015, HHS announced that funds would be released to states, tribes, and territories pursuant to the CR. For the distribution of funds, see Table B-1. Prior to enactment of the CR, the President proposed $3.39 billion for FY2016 LIHEAP funding, the same amount that was appropriated in FY2015. However, of the amount proposed in the budget for FY2016, $200 million wouldwas proposed to be dedicated to a “"Utility Innovation Fund”"—a competitive grant to be used to help LIHEAP recipients reduce their energy burdens. The remainder, $3.19 billion, would be was proposed to be appropriated as regular funds, of which $27 million would fund leveraging incentive and REACH grants and $3 million would go to training and technical assistance. Several other notable proposals in the President’s budget include: 68 “[T]he funding cycle for LIHEAP under current law is a major obstacle to effective state planning and management of an efficient and timely winter heating or crisis program. LIHEAP funds are designed to be expended in the season when home energy costs are incurred and in time to avoid household energy emergencies. However, in recent years, the Department had most often been without a final appropriations figure by the October 1 program start date. States must begin their planning for the program well before the level of funding is established. As a result of funding uncertainties, benefits cannot be set, and especially when major cuts are proposed, eligibility levels cannot be determined.” U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, Human Services Reauthorization Act, report to accompany H.R. 4151, 101st Cong., 2nd sess., August 3, 1990, S.Rept. 101-421, p. 75. 69 Instead the report stated that the “conferees fully intend” to provide FY2002 funding totaling $1.7 billion. Making Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for FY2001, conference report to accompany H.R. 4577, 106th Cong., 2nd sess., December 15, 2000, H.Rept. 106-1033, pp. 153-154. 70 See, for example, a discussion on the Senate floor about the Senate Committee on Labor, HHS, and Education Appropriations failing to include advance funding for FY2002: “As you know, this is a very difficult year for appropriators. The budget caps are very tight, and this bill contains many valuable programs.” Senator Spector, “The Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2001,” Senate debate, Congressional Record, vol. 146, part 9 (June 30, 2000), p. 13326. c11173008 Congressional Research Service 15 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . • Allowing all funds appropriated for Leveraging Incentive and REACH grants to be set aside for REACH grants (compared to 25% in the LIHEAP statute71). • Increasing the amount that states can use for weatherization to 40% of their allocation and requiring that each state use at least 10% of their grants for weatherization. Under the LIHEAP statute, there is no minimum requirement for weatherization (and some states use no funds for this purpose), and the maximum allowed for weatherization, with a waiver from HHS, is 25%.72 • Re-introducing a proposal, last seen in the FY2011 budget, to fund LIHEAP emergency contingency funds using mandatory funding that would be triggered by energy price increases, extreme cold, or increases in the number of households participating in SNAP (the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program). FY2015 LIHEAP Funding LIHEAP was funded in FY2015 as part of the Consolidated and Further Continuing 's budget include the following:

• Allowing all funds appropriated for Leveraging Incentive and REACH grants to be set aside for REACH grants (compared to 25% in the LIHEAP statute).⁷⁵
• Increasing the amount that states can use for weatherization to 40% of their allocation and requiring that each state use at least 10% of their grants for weatherization. Under the LIHEAP statute, there is no minimum requirement for weatherization (and some states use no funds for this purpose), and the maximum allowed for weatherization, with a waiver from HHS, is 25%.⁷⁶
• Re-introducing a proposal, last seen in the FY2011 budget, to fund LIHEAP emergency contingency funds using mandatory funding that would be triggered by energy price increases, extreme cold, or increases in the number of households participating in SNAP (the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program).

The House Appropriations Committee-passed bill (H.R. 3020) would provide a total of $3.365 billion for LIHEAP regular funds and no emergency contingency funding. Of the regular funds, $491 million would be distributed according to the "new" LIHEAP formula, and the remainder, about $2.8 billion, according to the "old" formula. (For more information about the LIHEAP formula, see CRS Report RL33275, The LIHEAP Formula, by [author name scrubbed])

The Senate Appropriations Committee-passed bill (S. 1695) would provide the same level of regular funds as in FY2015, $3.39 billion, with no emergency contingency funds. Like the House Appropriations Committee-passed bill, S. 1695 would distribute $491 million of the total using the "new" LIHEAP formula, with the remainder, about $2.9 billion, using the "old" formula. The committee report accompanying the bill (S.Rept. 114-74) would require that HHS include formula estimates in its budget justifications for both the President's request and, if different from the statutory (or "new") formula, include estimates using the statutory formula as well. In addition, the report would direct HHS to release a report with data on the heating and cooling costs of low-income households by state, as well as average LIHEAP benefits per household.

FY2015 LIHEAP Funding LIHEAP was funded in FY2015 as part of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act (P.L. 113-235), enacted on December 16, 2014. Prior to enactment of P.L. 113-235, LIHEAP and other federal programs were funded by three continuing resolutions.7377 The appropriations bill provided a total of $3.39 billion for LIHEAP, all appropriated as regular funds. Of the total, P.L. 113-235 directed that $491 million be distributed according to the provisions of the “new” the "new" LIHEAP formula, and the remainder, approximately $2.9 billion, according to the proportions of the “old”"old" LIHEAP formula. (For more information about the way LIHEAP funds are distributed according to the “new” and “old”"new" and "old" formulas, see CRS Report RL33275, The The LIHEAP Formula, by [author name scrubbed], by Libby Perl.) The appropriations bill also provided that not more than $2.988 million be available for training and technical assistance; no level was specified for Leveraging Incentive and REACH grants. The amount appropriated for LIHEAP in FY2015 iswas the same amount that was distributed to grantees in FY2014. In that year, Congress appropriated $3.425 billion for LIHEAP as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 113-76). Approximately 1% of funds (about $34 million) was not distributed to grantees and was transferred elsewhere within HHS.7478 Pursuant to an appropriations provision, the HHS Secretary has authority to transfer appropriated funds among accounts, not to exceed 1% of the discretionary funds appropriated.75 79 On October 15, 2014, HHS announced the distribution of more than $3 billion in LIHEAP funds pursuant to the first continuing resolution. After enactment of P.L. 113-235, HHS announced the distribution of an additional $302 million on January 21, 2015. As of the date of this report, about The release of the remaining 1% of the appropriation (about $34 million) was announced on June 4, 2015. See Table B-2 for FY2015 distributions to the states, tribes, and territories. $34 million) had not been distributed. As in the two previous years, FY2013 and FY2014, this may be due to funds being transferred within HHS. See Table B-1 for FY2015 distributions to the states, tribes, and territories. 71 42 U.S.C. §8626b(b). 42 U.S.C. §8624(k). 73 These were P.L. 113-164 through December 11, 2014, P.L. 113-202 through December 15, 2014, and P.L. 113-203 through December 17, 2014. 74 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, LIHEAP Dear Colleague Notice Final Budget FY 2014, March 26, 2014, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/resource/liheap-dear-colleaguenotice-final-budget-for-fy-2014. 75 See §206 of the Department of Health and Human Services General Provisions in P.L. 113-76. 72 c11173008 Congressional Research Service 16 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . In FY2015, the President had proposed to provide a total of $2.80 billion for LIHEAP. Of this amount, $2.55 billion was proposed to be distributed as regular funds, $200 million as emergency contingency funds, and $50 million available as a competitive grant to help low-income households reduce their energy burden. The budget proposed that, of the $2.55 billion available for regular funds, $366 million be distributed according to the “new”"new" LIHEAP formula, with the remainder, $2.184 billion, distributed according to the percentages of the “old”"old" LIHEAP formula. The Senate Appropriations Subcommittee for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education (LHE) approved a funding bill on June 10, 2014. The bill would have provided $3.39 billion for LIHEAP, the same amount that was distributed to states, tribes, and territories in FY2014 after 1% of the funds appropriated was transferred within HHS.7680 The bill was not released, so it is unknown whether the funds would have been formula grants alone (with no emergency contingency funds) and how they would have been distributed. LIHEAP and Continuing Resolutions OMB determines the amount of LIHEAP funding that is released to the states pursuant to a CR.77 81 Despite the fact that the program is technically funded at the previous year’'s level, states do not necessarily receive the same amount of LIHEAP funding that they received in the previous year. This is due to a standard provision in continuing resolutions that states the following: [F]or those programs that would otherwise have high initial rates of operation or complete distribution of appropriations at the beginning of fiscal year 20142016 because of distributions of funding to States, foreign countries, grantees, or others, such high initial rates of operation or complete distribution shall not be made, and no grants shall be awarded for such programs funded by this Act that would impinge on final funding prerogatives.78 82 The provision is meant to ensure that funds for a program that are released under a CR do not exceed the amount that Congress ultimately appropriates for it or influence Congress in its appropriations decision. Typically, states are eligible to receive their entire LIHEAP formula allocations in the first quarter of the fiscal year if they so choose, qualifying as a program “that "that would otherwise have high initial rates of operation or complete distribution of appropriations”" at the beginning of the fiscal year as stipulated in the CR. OMB may gauge the amount of LIHEAP funding to release, in part, based on appropriations bills in the House or Senate or, in their absence, on the President’'s budget proposal. For example, if a proposed funding level in one chamber is lower than what is proposed in the other, then the amount subject to release could be based on the lower proposal (in the event that Congress would ultimately enact the lower funding level). 76 Senate Appropriations Committee, FY15 LHHS Subcommittee Markup Bill Summary, June 10, 2014, http://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/fy15-lhhs-subcommittee-markup-bill-summary. 77 For more information about funding pursuant to CRs, see CRS Report RL34700, Interim Continuing Resolutions (CRs): Potential Impacts on Agency Operations, by Clinton T. Brass. 78 See, for example, §109 of P.L. 113-164. c11173008 Congressional Research Service 17 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . ultimately enact the lower funding level). Table 3. FY2014-FY2015 Enacted and FY2016 Proposed LIHEAP Funding (dollars in millions) FY2016 Funding FY2014 Funding (P.L. 113-76) FY2015 Funding P.L. 113-235) President’s Budget 3,425 3,390 3,190 Training and Technical Assistance 3 3 3 Leveraging Incentive/ REACH Grants 0 —a 27 Emergency Contingency Funds 0 0 0 Utility Innovation Fund — — 200 3,390b 3,356c 3,390 Type of Funding LIHEAP Regular Funds Appropriated Total Available Sources:      

FY2016 Funding

Type of Funding

FY2014 Funding(P.L. 113-76) FY2015 Funding P.L. 113-235)

President's Budget

House Appropriations Committee(H.R. 3020) Senate Appropriations Committee(S. 1695)

LIHEAP Regular Funds Appropriated

3,425

3,390

3,190

3,365

3,390

Training and Technical Assistance

3

3

3

3

3

Leveraging Incentive/REACH Grants

0

—^a

27

—^b —^b

Emergency Contingency Funds

0

0

0

0

0

Utility Innovation Fund

—

—

200

0

0

Total Available

3,390^c

3,390

3,390

3,365

3,390

Sources: The FY2014 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 113-76), the FY2015 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act (P.L. 113-235), ), and the FY2016 Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families budget justifications. a. The appropriations act did not specify a level of funding for Leveraging Incentive and REACH grants. b. , the House Appropriations Committee-passed bill (H.R. 3020), and the Senate Appropriations Committee-passed bill (S. 1695). a. The appropriations act did not specify a level of funding for Leveraging Incentive and REACH grants, and none were distributed. b. Neither the House Appropriations Committee nor Senate Appropriations Committee specified a level of funding for Leveraging Incentive and REACH grants. c. In FY2014, P.L. 113-76 provided $3.425 billion for LIHEAP. Of this amount HHS transferred 1% elsewhere within the agency, bringing the total available to $3.390 billion. c. As of the date of this report, HHS had distributed all but 1% ($34 million) of the $3.39 billion appropriation. Other Issues Program Integrity Other Issues Program Integrity In June 2010, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) released a report about the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) entitled Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program: Greater Fraud Prevention Controls Are Needed. The GAO report found instances of benefit payments to ineligible applicants based on various factors, including the use of Social Security Numbers (SSNs) from deceased or imprisoned individuals as well as the underreportingunder-reporting of income or over-reporting of household members.7983 In another instance, the GAO set up a fake utility company and through fake applicants was able to obtain LIHEAP benefits. GAO recommended ways in which HHS could prevent instances of fraud such as these in the future. Among the recommendations in the report were requiring applicants to provide SSNs and checking applicant information against various databases (e.g., Social Security Administration data, state vital records, and state directories of new hires). HHS reacted to the GAO report and its recommendations in several ways: 79 See U.S. Government Accountability Office, Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program: Greater Fraud Prevention Controls Are Needed, GAO-10-621, June 2010, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d10621.pdf. c11173008 Congressional Research Service 18 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . • The agency issued guidance that encouraged states to require LIHEAP applicants to divulge their SSNs. The LIHEAP statute and regulations do not require grantee states, tribes, and territories to collect SSNs or to verify applicant eligibility against specific databases, and not all states follow such verification procedures. Further, pursuant to the Privacy Act, HHS cannot requirerequire states to collect SSNs as part of the LIHEAP application process. However, the Tax Reform Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-455) authorizes statesstates to use SSNs in administering certain programs, including “"general public assistance”" programs,8084 which HHS has interpreted to include LIHEAP.8185 As a result, HHS released guidance that the law “ "authorizes States to require SSNs as a condition of eligibility for use in verifying the identity of individual applicants and their household members.”" As of FY2011, 40 states required LIHEAP applicants to provide SSNs, compared to 28 in FY2010.82 • 86 HHS released an Action Transmittal asking states to supplement the information they provide to HHS for FY2011 to show that they are working to prevent improper payments, fraud, waste, or abuse.8387 The LIHEAP statute directs the HHS Secretary to establish regulations to prevent waste, fraud, and abuse.8488 The regulations in turn require grantees to establish systems and procedures to prevent these activities among clients, vendors, and administering agencies.85 89 However, the same section of the statute also states that “"[t]he Secretary may not prescribe the manner in which the States will comply with the provisions of this subsection.”86"⁹⁰ So while each year states must submit a plan to HHS in which they make “assurances” make "assurances" that they will comply with statutory requirements, there is no specific way that they must go about this. HHS suggested that states report on compliance monitoring, fraud reporting mechanisms, verifying applicant identities, cross-checking SSNs, and verifying applicant income, among others.87 • 91 HHS also assembled a Program Integrity Working Group to recommend ways in which the agency could address some of the issues raised. The working group released a report in April 2012.8892 Among its recommendations were that (1) grantees require applicants to provide SSNs, but should provide for exceptions 80 42 U.S.C. §405(c)(2)(C)(i). See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, LIHEAP Information Memorandum 10-06, States are Strongly Encouraged to Exercise their Discretion to Require Social Security Numbers in Determining Eligibility for LIHEAP, May 5, 2010, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/liheap/guidance/information_memoranda/im10-06.html. 82 Lauren Christopher, “LIHEAP Program Integrity Activities at the State Level,” presentation at the National Energy and Utility Affordability Conference, New Orleans, LA, June 11, 2012, http://www.energyandutilityconference.org/ Assets/2012%20Conference/2012%20Presentations/2C_Lauren%20Christopher.pdf. 83 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, LIHEAP Action Transmittal 2010-6: Plan Supplement Required for Fiscal Year (FY) 2011: LIHEAP Program Integrity Plan – Application for LIHEAP Funding, June 8, 2010, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/liheap/guidance/ action_transmittals/at10-06_1.html. 84 42 U.S.C. §8624(b). 85 45 C.F.R. §96.84(c). 86 42 U.S.C. §8624(b). 87 The template is available at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/liheap/guidance/action_transmittals/at1006_a.html. 88 LIHEAP Clearinghouse, National Center for Appropriate Technology, LIHEAP Program Integrity Working Group Final Report, April 13, 2012, http://www.liheap.ncat.org/admin.htm#lhpi. 81 c11173008 Congressional Research Service 19 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . grantees require applicants to provide SSNs, but should provide for exceptions due to the emergency nature of LIHEAP, (2) HHS collaborate with other agencies, such as the Social Security Administration, to help with verification of identity and income, (3) HHS conduct a cost-benefit analysis of third party verification, and (4) grantees enter into vendor agreements that include provisions to prevent vendor fraud. Performance Measures At the direction of OMB, beginning in 2008, HHS staff, together with LIHEAP state directors, have worked to arrive at a set of performance measures that would guide data collection and serve as a way of examining outcomes resulting from LIHEAP assistance.8993 The performance measures are also intended to respond to some of the issues raised in the GAO report described in the previous section. On June 6, 2013, HHS published a proposed information collection (and request for comment) in the Federal Register, with three primary performance measures proposed.9094 Each performance measure would require collection of several types of data. • The Average Reduction in Energy Burden for Households Receiving Fuel Assistance: Within this measure, data collected and reported would include the average annual income of LIHEAP recipient households, average LIHEAP benefits, the number of LIHEAP recipient households that use each primary heating source, annual heating fuel consumption by LIHEAP recipient households, and electricity consumption for cooling. • The Percent of Unduplicated Households Where LIHEAP Prevented a Potential Home Energy Crisis: Among the data collected for this performance measure would be the number of households receiving utility past due or disconnect notices, the number receiving a notice from a bulk fuel vendor of an unpaid balance, the number of households who deplete deliverable fuel sources, and the number of households where LIHEAP benefits resulted in repair or replacement of heating or cooling equipment. • The Percent of Unduplicated Households Where LIHEAP Benefits Restored Home Energy: This measure would involve identifying households where LIHEAP resulted in utility reconnection, purchase of bulk fuel, or repair or replacement of heating or cooling equipment. While LIHEAP state grantees would be the entities required to collect and report the data to HHS, information on fuel and electricity consumption would require input from fuel vendors and utility companies. 89 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Action Transmittal 20104, Implementing LIHEAP Outcome Performance Measures, March 17, 2010, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/ resource/implementing-liheap-outcome-performance-measures. 90 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, “Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request,” 78 Federal Register 34105-34106, June 6, 2013. c11173008 Congressional Research Service 20 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . Appendix A. Legislative History of Energy Assistance companies. Legislative History of Energy Assistance LIHEAP was not the first federal energy assistance program created to help low-income households with their energy bills. Congressional appropriations for home energy assistance initially came about in the 1970s at the time of the OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) Oil Embargo of 1973-1974. In the fall of that year, a number of countries in the Middle East stopped exporting oil to the United States, a stoppage that continued until March of 1974.9195 Prices of heating oil rose, while supplies were restricted. What followed were several years in which Congress directed funds to assistance focused on lowering energy bills through weatherization and education. Later in the 1970s, assistance evolved to include crisis assistance for households facing shutoff or other emergencies, followed by a system of direct payments to subsidize the energy bills of low-income households. When LIHEAP was enacted, direct assistance for energy bills was the focus of the program, but all of these forms of assistance―weatherization, education, and crisis assistance―were made part of the program and continue to be eligible uses of funds. This appendix discusses the evolution of energy assistance in the 1970s and early 1980s, culminating in the creation of LIHEAP in 1982. Energy Assistance Programs Prior to LIHEAP The first federal funds for energy assistance were the outgrowth of a program that was created in Maine just after the start of the oil embargo by OPEC countries. In 1973, the Maine Office of Economic Opportunity applied to the federal Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO, the federal agency in charge of administering War on Poverty programs in the 1960s and 1970s) to fund a project they had conceived of called “"Project Fuel.”" Energy costs, particularly the costs of heating oil and wood, were growing in Maine, and the state determined that it would assist low-income and elderly households in meeting their energy needs.9296 OEO approved funding for the state at the end of 1973. Project FUEL used funding primarily to help “winterize”"winterize" homes, but also to provide crisis counseling, and purchase fuel for use in emergency situations such as equipment breakdown or when dealers ran out of fuel.93 97 Project Fuel prompted what would become the first federal program to assist low-income households during the energy crisis, the Emergency Energy Conservation Program (EECP, P.L. 93-644) enacted as part of the Headstart, Economic Opportunity, and Community Partnership Act at the beginning of 1975.94 The law authorized the Community Services Administration (CSA, 91 Carol A. Kunze, A Chronology of International Economic Events: Oil Prices, the System of International Exchange Rates, Conference Between Developing and Industrialized Countries, International Economic Summits and Related Events 1971-976, Archived Congressional Research Service Report, February 11, 1977. 92 See, for example, U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, Federal Food Programs—1974, Part 6 Fuel Crisis Impact on Low Income and Elderly, 93rd Cong., 2nd sess., January 22 and 23, 1974, p. 706. 93 Ibid., pp. 741-742. 94 The bill originally proposing the new program was S. 3051, the Emergency Energy Conservation Economic Opportunity Amendments. An identical program was included in the final version of P.L. 93-644. When S. 3051 was introduced, its sponsor, Senator Javits, described the Maine program, as well as efforts in Vermont, and said “Through this bill, the sponsors seek to prompt a duplication nationally of such efforts at the earliest moment.” See Senator Jacob Javits, Introduction of S. 3051, Congressional Record, vol. 120, part 3 (February 25, 1974), p. 4030. c11173008 Congressional Research Service 21 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . 98 The law authorized the Community Services Administration (CSA, which replaced the OEO as part of the same bill) to use funds primarily for weatherization and conservation purposes, but also gave the authority to use funds for fuel voucher or stamp programs. Community Action Agencies, Community Development Corporations, state Offices of Economic Opportunity, and other public or private nonprofit organizations were eligible to apply to administer the funds.9599 Congress first appropriated funds for the EECP in FY1975, $16.5 million, as part of a supplemental appropriations act (P.L. 94-32).¹⁰⁰).96 Congress continued to appropriate funds for the Emergency Energy Conservation Program (to be used primarily for weatherization purposes) through FY1978.97 101 The EECP came to an end with the advent of the Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP), created in 1976 as part of P.L. 94-385 and administered by the Federal Energy Administration (the predecessor to the Department of Energy). WAP was meant to be a supplement to the EECP, not to replace it.98102 However, the programs were similar. Community Action Agencies administered WAP funds and weatherized homes of low-income households. By FY1979, the Administration proposed that weatherization funds be made available only through the DOE program. In that year and thereafter, Congress stopped funding the CSA weatherization program and only appropriated funds to the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program. At the same time that weatherization assistance was phased out of the CSA, the agency began to administer direct assistance to low-income households to help pay their energy bills. In FY1977, as part of a supplemental appropriations act (P.L. 95-26), Congress appropriated $200 million to be used through the CSA for a Special Crisis Intervention Program. P.L. 95-26, which was debated and enacted in the spring of 1977, came just after an unusually cold winter in which both fuel usage and prices had been high, resulting in large numbers of consumers facing utility disconnection.99103 Unlike previous funding for the EECP, which went primarily to fund weatherization, the FY1977 supplemental funding was to be used by the states for direct payments to utilities and fuel suppliers. The program allowed for up to $250 payments to utilities on behalf of customers whose power had been shut off or threatened with shut off, and up to $50 directly to households that could prove “"dire financial need” as the result of having paid large fuel 95 U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Community Services Administration, “Character and Scope of Specific Community Action Programs: Emergency Energy Conservation Program,” 40 Federal Register 31603, July 28, 1975. 96 The conference report, H.Rept. 94-239, provided that $7.5 million more than was available in the House-passed version of the bill ($9 million) be appropriated. Funds were added to the House-passed version (H.R. 5899) on the floor; see “Second Supplemental Appropriations Bill, 1975,” House debate, Congressional Record, vol. 121, part 8 (April 15, 1975), pp. 10263-10266. 97 In FY1978, funds were appropriated as part of the Continuing Appropriations Act (P.L. 95-205). Funding levels were specified in the FY1978 Departments of Labor and Health, Education, and Welfare funding bill (H.R. 7555); see the conference report (H.Rept. 95-538). 98 See the House and Senate Committee reports to accompany H.R. 8650 (H.Rept. 94-377 and S.Rept. 94-623), one of the bills from which provisions for the Weatherization Assistance Program were drawn. See U.S. Congress, Energy Conservation and Production, conference report to accompany H.R. 12169, 94th Cong., 2nd sess., August 4, 1976, H.Rept. 94-1392, pp. 88-91. 99 See, for example, statement of Senator Edmund Muskie, Senate debate of the Supplemental Appropriations Act of 1977, Congressional Record, vol. 123, part 8 (April 1, 1977), p. 10114. While many states imposed moratoriums on utility disconnections during the winter months, when spring arrived, large numbers of households faced shutoff. The Senate Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations surveyed state utility commissions and utility to companies to determine the extent of disconnections. The results of the study were published in the Congressional Record, vol. 123, part 8 (April 1, 1977), pp. 10119-10122. c11173008 Congressional Research Service 22 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . bills.100" as the result of having paid large fuel bills.¹⁰⁴ Congress again appropriated funds to help households facing energy crises in FY1978 and FY1979 (see Table A-1). ). In FY1980, Congress expanded energy assistance by appropriating significantly more funding than had been made available in the past, a total of $1.6 billion provided through two different agencies. The impetus behind the rather dramatic increase in funding was, as in the early 1970s, the increase in energy prices, particularly heating oil. In 1979, the decontrol of domestic oil prices, together with an increase in OPEC oil prices, led to increases in the price of heating oil and kerosene. An article in the Congressional Quarterly describing the environment surrounding the passage of energy assistance legislation noted the “"spectacular rise in the price of home heating oil”" as “"the biggest factor in the problems that led Congress to take action.”101"¹⁰⁵ In the summer and fall of 1979, the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources alone held 12 hearings on energy assistance legislation.102 106 Enactment of LIEAP, the Predecessor Program to LIHEAP Energy needs of low-income households continued to occupy the President and Congress after the appropriation of energy assistance funding for FY1980. One of the proposals to fund energy assistance for FY1980, S. 1724, the Home Energy Assistance Act (as reported by the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources), proposed a new energy assistance program to be authorized from FY1981 through FY1984.103107 The program was enacted in April 1980 as the Low Income Energy Assistance Program (LIEAP) as part of the Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act ( (P.L. 96-223).¹⁰⁸).104 LIEAP was to be funded by windfall profits taxes imposed as part of P.L. 96-223 and deposited in a Treasury account, but the law did not provide for the account to be established, so the program was funded by an appropriation.105109 LIEAP was authorized at $3 billion for FY1981; Congress appropriated $1.85 billion for the program in that year (P.L. 96-369). ). Like LIHEAP, the program that was to follow, LIEAP was a block grant program to states. Funds were primarily distributed to the states by formula, with a small amount ($100 million) reserved for crisis assistance. States could use funds to help low-income households pay home energy costs. While the term “"home energy”" included cooling assistance, states could only provide cooling assistance in cases of medical need. Eligible households were considered those at or below the Bureau of Labor Statistics lower living standard, an income level that exceeded the poverty level in most instances.106110 Recipients of certain means-tested benefits—Aid to Families with Dependent Children (now TANF), Food Stamps (now SNAP), SSI benefits, and certain 100 Community Services Administration, “Special Crisis Intervention Program: Information, Application Procedures, and Post Grant Requirements for the Special Crisis Intervention Program,” 42 Federal Register 33240, June 29, 1977. 101 “Home Heating Assistance.” In CQ Almanac 1979, 35th ed., 535-536. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1980, http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/cqal79-1185945. 102 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, Home Energy Assistance Act, 96th Cong., 1st sess., October 25, 1979, S.Rept. 96-378, p. 5. 103 “Windfall Profits Tax.” In CQ Almanac 1979, 35th ed., 609-632. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1980. http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/cqal79-1184031. 104 The program in S. 1724 was incorporated into H.R. 3919, the Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act, replacing an energy assistance program that had been proposed by the Senate Finance Committee. 105 Joe Richardson, Energy Assistance for Low-Income Households: 1979 and 1980 Legislation, Congressional Research Service Issue Brief, June 15, 1981, p. 18. 106 CRS Memo, Poverty and Lower Living Standard Estimates, April 30, 1980. c11173008 Congressional Research Service 23 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . veterans’ with Dependent Children (now TANF), Food Stamps (now SNAP), SSI benefits, and certain veterans' benefits—were eligible for LIEAP benefits. Payments could be made to fuel suppliers or utilities, residents, or both, at the discretion of the state. States had some discretion in setting up their programs, with the ability to determine the state and local agencies that would administer the program, who would receive payments, the amount of benefits, certification for eligibility, how to provide benefits to renters, and establishment of funds to emergencies (up to 3% of total). Most at issue in enactment of LIEAP was how funds would be distributed to the states, specifically whether states would receive the same share of funds, or if colder weather states would have preference. The formula that Congress established for LIEAP was complex and incorporated data that included temperatures, energy expenditures, and the number of low-income households. For more information about the LIEAP formula and how it pertains to LIHEAP, see CRS Report RL33275, The LIHEAP Formula, by [author name scrubbed]. , by Libby Perl. Table A-1. Energy Assistance Funding Prior to LIHEAP (dollars in millions) Department of Energy Community Services Administrationa Fiscal Year Emergency Energy Conservation Program Special Crisis Intervention/ Emergency Energy Assistance Programb Energy Crisis Assistance/ Intervention Program Weatherization Assistance Programc Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Low Income Supplement al Energy Allowances Low Income Energy Assistance Program 1975 16.5d — — — — 1976 27.5e — — — — 1977 110.0f 200.0g — 27.5 — — 1978 65.0h 200.0i — 65.0 — — 1979 — 200.0j — 199.0 — — 1980 — — 400.0k 199.0 1,200.0l — 1981 — — —m 175.0 — 1,850.0m Source: The table notes provide additional information about the funding for each program. c11173008 a. CSA funds were appropriated under the authority of Section 222(a)(5) and (12) of the Community Services Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-644). (In 1975, the relevant section was moved from (a)(12) to (a)(5).) b. In FY1977, Congress called the program the Special Crisis Intervention Program, but in FY1978 and FY1979 referred to it as the Emergency Energy Assistance Program. c. Appropriations figures for the Weatherization Assistance Program were taken from Evelyn Tager, Federal

(dollars in millions)

  Community Services Administration^a

Department of Energy

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare

Fiscal Year

Emergency Energy Conservation Program

Special Crisis Intervention/Emergency Energy Assistance Program^b Energy Crisis Assistance/Intervention Program Weatherization Assistance Program^c

Low Income Supplemental Energy Allowances

Low Income Energy Assistance Program

1975

16.5^d

—

—

 

—

—

1976

27.5^e

—

—

 

—

—

1977

110.0^f 200.0^g

—

27.5

—

—

1978

65.0^h 200.0ⁱ

—

65.0

—

—

1979

—

200.0^j

—

199.0

—

—

1980

—

—

400.0^k

199.0

1,200.0^l

—

1981

—

—

—^m

175.0

—

1,850.0^m

Source: The table notes provide additional information about the funding for each program.

a. CSA funds were appropriated under the authority of Section 222(a)(5) and (12) of the Community Services Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-644). (In 1975, the relevant section was moved from (a)(12) to (a)(5).) b. In FY1977, Congress called the program the Special Crisis Intervention Program, but in FY1978 and FY1979 referred to it as the Emergency Energy Assistance Program. c. Appropriations figures for the Weatherization Assistance Program were taken from Evelyn Tager, Federal Weatherization for Low-Income Households, CRS Report, May 12, 1983. d. d. Funds were appropriated in FY1975 as part of the Second Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 94-32). The conference report (H.Rept. 94-239) provided that $7.5 million more than was available in the House-passed version of the bill ($9 million) be appropriated. Funds were added to the House-passed version (H.R. 5899) on the floor. See “"Second Supplemental Appropriations Bill, 1975,”" House debate, Congressional Record, vol. 121, part 8 (April 15, 1975), pp. 10263-10266. e. e. Funds were appropriated in FY1976 as part of the Departments of Labor and Health, Education, and Welfare Appropriations Act (P.L. 94-206). The conference report (H.Rept. 94-689) specified that the level for EECP be $11 million more than the $16.5 million that was provided for in the House-passed version of the appropriations bill (H.R. 8069). f. ). Congressional Research Service 24 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . f. Congress appropriated $27.5 million for EECP as part of the FY1977 Departments of Labor and Health, Education, and Welfare Appropriations Act (P.L. 94-439). The CSA breakdown in funding is found in “ "Conference Report on H.R. 14232, Departments of Labor, Health, Education, and Welfare, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 1977,”" House debate, Congressional Record, vol. 122, part 21 (August 10, 1976), p. 26772. Later in the year, another $82.5 million was appropriated as part of the FY1977 Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 95-26). g. ). g. P.L. 95-26 provided $200 million for the Special Crisis Intervention Program. h. h. Funds were appropriated in FY1978 for the EECP as part of the FY1978 Continuing Appropriations Act (P.L. 95-205). i. ). i. Funds were appropriated as part of the FY1978 Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 95-240). While the funds were to be used in a similar manner to the FY1977 appropriation to the Special Crisis Intervention Program (to assist households facing emergency circumstances), distribution to the states was contingent on a showing of an energy-related emergency. In addition, the program was referred to as the Emergency Energy Assistance Program. j. j. Funds were appropriated as part of the FY1979 Continuing Appropriations Act (P.L. 95-482). k. ). k. The Energy Crisis Assistance Program (ECAP) represented an “"expanded version”" of the Special Crisis Intervention Program (see Joe Richardson, [author name scrubbed], Low-Income Energy Cost Assistance: FY1980, CRS Report, December 20, 1979). Of the amount appropriated, $250 million was part of the FY1980 Continuing Resolution (P.L. 9612396-123), which referred to the amount in the Departments of Labor and Health, Education, and Welfare appropriations bill (H.R. 4389, H.Rept. 96-400) and the remaining $150 million was appropriated as part of P.L. 96-126, the Department of the Interior Appropriations Act. l. l. Of the $1.2 billion appropriated to HEW for the Low Income Supplemental Energy Allowances, $400 million was set aside specifically for households receiving Supplemental Security Income. Funds were appropriated as part of P.L. 96-126. m. . m. Of the amount appropriated for LIEAP, Congress specified that $87.5 million be allocated to the CSA Crisis Intervention Program. See the conference report to accompany H.J.Res. 610 (H.Rept. 96-1443). Enactment of LIHEAP In 1981, Congress enacted a new program, the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), which replaced LIEAP. LIHEAP was similar to its predecessor program in that it was set up as a block grant to states, tribes, and territories to help low-income households meet their energy needs. LIHEAP maintained the same formula distribution as was set up under LIEAP. Unlike LIEAP, grantees were able to use funds for cooling expenses without a showing of medical necessity, as well as for weatherization. Grantees were given the option of setting eligibility at the higher of 150% of poverty or 60% of state median income (rather than the BLS lower living standard), and the program maintained eligibility for recipients of AFDC (now TANF), Food Stamps (now SNAP), SSI benefits, and certain veterans’' benefits. The program was authorized at $1.875 billion from FY1982 through FY1984 and was funded at that level in its first year of operation. For historic LIHEAP funding levels, see Table B-3. . LIHEAP differed from LIEAP in that states were given more flexibility and had fewer administrative requirements in implementation.107 For example, under the new LIHEAP program, 107 The Senate Committee report, in describing the new program, stated that “the Committee does not want to burden States with unnecessary paperwork” and that “the general effect will be to return basic control and responsibility to the State level.” See U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Budget, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, report to accompany S. 1377, 97th Cong., 1st sess., June 17, 1981, S.Rept. 97-139, pp. 908-911. S. 1377 was substituted for the House version (H.R. 3982) prior to enactment of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act. The framework for LIHEAP came from S. 1377. See Ken Cahill, Low-Income Energy Assistance Reauthorization: Proposals and Issues, Congressional Research Service Issue Brief, October 28, 1981, p. 6. c11173008 Congressional Research Service 25 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . 111 For example, under the new LIHEAP program, states were only required to report about households assisted annually, compared to quarterly under LIEAP, and HHS did not require uniform data collection or record keeping standards. Under LIEAP, states had to submit detailed changes in plans each time they wanted to modify benefit levels or the way in which funds were used.108112 In applying for LIHEAP funds, the statute only required grantees to make assurances about the services they would provide, and HHS did not have the authority to dictate how states would accomplish program goals or to approve or disapprove state plans.109 108 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, Subcommittee on Aging, Family, and Human Services, Examination on the Ability of Existing Energy Assistance Programs to Provide Help for the Needs of LowIncome Individuals, Testimony of David Swoap, Under Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, 97th Cong., 1st sess., March 24, 1981, pp. 16-27. 109 Some of the differences between LIEAP and LIHEAP regulations are discussed in U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program: Report to Congress for Fiscal Year 1982, November 1, 1983, pp. 1-5. c11173008 Congressional Research Service 26 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . Appendix B. Tables Showing LIHEAP Funding Levels disapprove state plans.¹¹³ Tables Showing LIHEAP Funding Levels In this appendix are two tables that show how LIHEAP funds have been distributed to the states, tribes, and territories during recent fiscal years, and an additional table showing historical funding levels from the time the program was created to the present. Table B-1 shows the amount of LIHEAP regular funds distributed to states, tribes, and territories as part of the FY2015 pursuant to the FY2016 Continuing Resolution (CR, P.L. 113-164), announced by HHS on October 15, 2014, and the remainder, distributed after passage of the FY2015 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act (P.L. 113-235). As of the date of this report, approximately 1% of the $3.39 billion appropriation had not been distributed114-53), announced by HHS on October 23, 2015. Net allocations to the states distributed pursuant to the CR are in column (a) (i.e., the column does not include funding for tribes) and tribal allocations are in column (b). Columns (c) and (d) show state and tribal funding distributed after passage of P.L. 113-235. Allocations for the territories are in the last rows of the table, after the states. Column (ec) shows total FY2015FY2016 funding for all grantees as of the date of this report. . Table B-2 shows the total amount of LIHEAP regular and emergency contingency funds distributed to each state from FY2007 through FY2014FY2015; the totals include funds distributed to tribes within the states. Table B-3 provides historic funding levels for LIHEAP from the time the program was initially funded, in FY1982, through proposed funding in FY2016. The table shows authorization levels for LIHEAP regular funds, Administration budget requests for both regular and emergency contingency funds, the total amount of regular and emergency contingency funds appropriated in each fiscal year, and the total amount of emergency contingency funds distributed. Table B-1. FY2015FY2016 Regular Fund AllotmentsAllocations to States, Tribes, and Territories Dollars in Millions Regular Fund Allotment Available Funds Announced October 15, 2015 Amounts Distributed to Tribes: $33 million (b) Net Funding Distributed to States and Territories: $296 million (c) Amounts Distributed to Tribes: $3.6 million (d) Total Funding Distributed to States, Tribes, and Territories: $3.356 billion (e) 39.709 0.238 4.047 0.024 44.018 Alaska 9.389 6.514 0.754 0.801 17.458 Arizona 18.440 0.879 1.879 0.090 21.288 Arkansas 24.131 California 156.282 Colorado 44.078 4.280 48.358 Connecticut 77.288 7.737 85.025 Delaware 11.306 1.141 12.447 States and Territories Alabama c11173008 Available Funds Announced January 21, 2015 Net Funding Distributed to States and Territories: $3.02 billion (a) Congressional Research Service 2.415 0.617 15.531 26.546 0.061 172.492 27 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . Regular Fund Allotment Available Funds Announced October 15, 2015 States and Territories District of Columbia Amounts Distributed to Tribes: $33 million (b) 9.441 Net Funding Distributed to States and Territories: $296 million (c) Amounts Distributed to Tribes: $3.6 million (d) 0.923 0.010 10.364 63.198 Georgia 49.976 5.093 55.068 Hawaii 5.033 0.513 5.546 Idaho 17.296 Illinois 150.935 Indiana 68.333 Iowa 48.433 Kansas 27.650 Kentucky 40.473 3.965 44.437 Louisiana 34.593 3.482 38.075 Maine 34.037 Maryland 62.046 0.882 6.440 Total Funding Distributed to States, Tribes, and Territories: $3.356 billion (e) Florida 1.691 0.001 0.086 14.559 0.006 6.591 1.291 2.699 3.283 19.955 165.495 0.001 4.672 0.036 69.649 74.931 53.105 0.039 0.125 6.236 30.424 38.736 68.282 Massachusetts 131.792 0.106 12.995 0.010 144.902 Michigan 145.147 0.762 14.028 0.079 160.016 Minnesota 103.239 Mississippi 24.283 Missouri 66.506 Montana 17.594 3.727 1.720 0.364 23.405 Nebraska 26.686 0.016 2.608 0.002 29.312 Nevada 9.959 0.050 2.406 113.198 0.005 6.492 26.743 72.998 9.073 0.925 9.998 23.213 2.271 25.484 New Jersey 114.115 11.167 125.281 New Mexico 15.252 0.833 1.501 0.082 17.668 343.721 0.187 33.320 0.018 377.245 North Carolina 76.559 1.386 7.733 0.140 85.818 North Dakota 17.603 5.559 1.721 0.543 25.425 New Hampshire New York Ohio c11173008 Net Funding Distributed to States and Territories: $3.02 billion (a) Available Funds Announced January 21, 2015 133.525 12.880 146.405 Oklahoma 28.899 3.843 2.812 0.497 36.052 Oregon 31.814 0.584 3.064 0.061 35.523 Congressional Research Service 28 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . Regular Fund Allotment Available Funds Announced October 15, 2015 States and Territories Net Funding Distributed to States and Territories: $3.02 billion (a) Amounts Distributed to Tribes: $33 million (b) Available Funds Announced January 21, 2015 Net Funding Distributed to States and Territories: $296 million (c) Amounts Distributed to Tribes: $3.6 million (d) Pennsylvania 186.048 Rhode Island 24.616 South Carolina 31.726 South Dakota 15.803 Tennessee 49.711 4.964 54.676 Texas 105.157 10.716 115.873 Utah 21.354 Vermont 17.253 1.686 18.939 Virginia 73.383 7.357 80.740 Washington 51.369 West Virginia 26.238 2.564 28.802 Wisconsin 92.930 8.964 101.894 Wyoming 8.385 0.285 0.820 0.028 9.518 3,005.059 33.086 294.930 3.570 3,336.646 Subtotal to States and Tribes 18.051 Total Funding Distributed to States, Tribes, and Territories: $3.356 billion (e) 0.042 2.457 204.099 0.004 3.233 3.008 0.302 1.922 1.545 2.087 4.955 27.120 34.959 0.294 0.030 0.185 20.650 23.773 58.431 American Samoa 0.253 0.025 0.277 Guam 0.554 0.054 0.608 Northern Mariana Islands 0.192 0.019 0.211 Puerto Rico 13.745 1.350 15.095 Virgin Islands 0.524 0.051 0.575 15.267 1.500 16.767 Subtotal to Territories Total 3,020.326 33.086 296.430 3.570 3,353.413 Source: Funding levels are from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Administration for Children and Families. c11173008 Congressional Research Service 29 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . Table B-2. LIHEAP Funding by State: FY2007 to FY2014 (dollars in millions) State (includes tribal allotments) FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 Alabama 22.205 19.221 64.274 69.016 61.570 47.408 48.269 48.885 Alaska 12.454 16.856 30.928 28.182 24.727 18.002 17.171 18.841 Arizona 8.551 9.296 31.084 37.422 33.844 23.852 23.343 23.641 Arkansas 15.749 14.667 39.711 40.000 36.401 28.537 26.746 27.505 California 94.855 103.117 248.487 234.215 211.554 154.574 145.410 153.592 Colorado 33.073 41.326 71.352 70.675 65.035 47.308 44.270 46.378 Connecticut 48.102 65.618 125.887 107.845 102.919 79.532 76.014 77.413 Delaware 5.727 6.929 18.748 16.847 15.854 11.957 12.573 13.016 District of Columbia 6.700 7.284 16.249 16.067 14.641 10.687 9.976 10.474 Florida 27.977 30.414 101.701 129.014 110.783 78.040 76.376 77.351 Georgia 28.564 24.047 80.410 102.091 87.862 61.702 60.387 61.158 Hawaii 2.228 2.403 5.182 6.589 6.235 6.107 5.416 6.159 Idaho 12.901 13.916 30.012 30.158 28.199 20.576 19.207 20.166 Illinois 119.418 149.216 265.679 265.542 248.941 185.684 160.191 167.458 Indiana 54.069 67.561 116.487 117.575 107.584 80.006 72.374 75.820 Iowa 38.319 47.881 76.929 74.524 71.589 54.813 51.292 53.735 Kansas 19.746 22.137 49.541 46.262 43.924 32.160 31.397 31.019 Kentucky 32.010 30.588 75.055 67.832 61.111 46.423 43.483 48.288 Louisiana 22.499 19.651 61.502 59.054 54.895 43.422 40.864 42.062 Maine 33.719 46.536 79.187 60.428 56.541 39.982 37.414 39.195 Maryland 33.036 35.913 109.164 90.005 88.926 69.790 70.390 68.513 Massachusett s 93.795 126.492 213.500 196.602 183.854 132.731 132.256 113.377 141.667 249.416 276.447 238.425 173.450 165.582 165.444 Minnesota 81.681 102.063 163.982 160.089 152.559 116.839 109.335 114.541 Mississippi 17.871 16.479 42.622 46.650 40.635 31.591 29.313 30.120 Missouri 52.645 59.603 114.902 107.145 100.193 68.231 66.553 70.882 Montana 15.132 18.907 35.202 34.530 33.072 24.135 22.529 23.654 Nebraska 18.950 23.679 44.086 42.893 41.447 30.226 28.214 29.623 4.016 4.366 14.599 18.218 15.868 11.203 10.964 11.104 New Hampshire 18.769 25.635 47.737 37.423 36.050 26.055 24.321 New Jersey 80.120 108.707 185.773 199.455 188.792 136.746 124.480 Michigan Nevada c11173008 Total Funds Distributeda (regular and emergency contingency) Congressional Research Service 140.014 25.536 124.570 30 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . State (includes tribal allotments) Total Funds Distributeda (regular and emergency contingency) FY2008 FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 10.705 11.638 27.451 24.739 23.543 17.074 15.938 16.734 261.604 359.628 538.243 537.348 521.925 375.710 350.169 366.843 North Carolina 45.974 42.383 132.528 127.139 116.205 83.011 87.702 North Dakota 16.438 20.539 38.240 36.668 35.936 26.218 24.473 105.643 132.004 245.750 253.035 234.875 165.463 144.794 154.314 Oklahoma 19.282 17.668 52.878 53.190 49.378 36.094 35.955 37.147 Oregon 25.633 27.650 51.460 52.029 47.861 36.666 34.311 35.945 Pennsylvania 140.520 191.759 308.394 315.357 294.486 209.548 190.810 203.071 Rhode Island 15.471 20.875 38.653 34.444 31.274 23.241 23.976 23.813 South Carolina 17.636 15.266 51.047 56.232 48.649 36.270 38.335 South Dakota 13.350 16.681 31.058 29.989 29.259 21.293 19.877 Tennessee 33.568 30.985 80.512 84.899 74.390 55.405 56.856 58.040 Texas 46.545 50.599 169.196 212.807 184.201 129.832 127.064 128.686 Utah 15.369 19.204 35.755 35.003 33.537 24.513 22.882 24.025 Vermont 14.162 19.370 36.156 27.941 26.959 19.529 18.230 19.140 Virginia 40.241 43.746 127.668 109.927 107.215 80.436 78.971 81.877 Washington 42.163 45.481 84.645 83.989 78.688 60.310 56.437 59.124 West Virginia 18.621 20.157 45.019 43.363 40.786 29.700 27.723 Wisconsin 73.525 91.872 147.608 145.214 137.390 105.172 98.417 103.103 Wyoming 6.153 7.689 14.315 14.124 13.444 9.815 9.162 9.619 Subtotal to States and Tribes 2,131 2,587 5,066 5,066 4,694 3,437 3,248 3,370 Territoriesb 2.788 3.014 6.734 6.816 6.322 4.661 4.405 16.937 Leveraging/ REACHc 27.225 —d 27.000 27.000 0 26.949 0 0 Training/ tech. asst.e 0.297 0.292 0.300 0.300 0.300 2.994 2.838 2.958 Total 2,161 2,591 5,100 5,100 4,701 3,472 3,255 3,390 New Mexico New York Ohio FY2007 88.271 25.695 38.825 20.869 29.108 Source: Compiled by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) using U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) data. a. c11173008 The totals shown in these columns include regular fund allocations to states and tribes, and any contingency funds awarded to states and tribes in that year. Congressional Research Service 31 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . c11173008 b. The statute provides that HHS must set aside not less than one-tenth of 1% and not more than one-half of 1% for use in the territories (American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). c. The statute provides a separate funding authorization for competitive grants under the leveraging incentive program (designed to encourage states to increase non-federal support for energy assistance). It also provides that up to 25% of any leveraging funds made available may be reserved for competitive REACH grants (for state efforts to increase efficient use of energy among low-income households and to reduce their vulnerability to homelessness and other problems due to high energy costs). Congress has in recent years stipulated that a certain portion of the LIHEAP regular funds be set aside for leveraging grants and, of this amount, HHS has reserved 25% for REACH grants. d.  

Regular Fund Allocations

   

Available Funds Announced October 23, 2015

 

States and Territories

Net Funding to States and Territories: $2.985 billion(a) Amounts to Tribes:$33 million(b) Total Funding Distributed to States, Tribes, and Territories:$3.018 billion(c)

Alabama

38.786

0.232

39.019

Alaska

9.179

6.536

15.715

Arizona

18.012

0.858

18.870

Arkansas

24.986

 

24.986

California

158.223

0.625

158.848

Colorado

43.892

 

43.892

Connecticut

72.346

 

72.346

Delaware

11.280

 

11.280

District of Columbia

9.330

 

9.330

Florida

61.730

0.010

61.739

Georgia

48.814

 

48.814

Hawaii

4.916

 

4.916

Idaho

17.091

0.872

17.963

Illinois

148.883

 

148.883

Indiana

67.404

0.006

67.410

Iowa

47.774

 

47.774

Kansas

28.576

0.041

28.617

Kentucky

41.862

 

41.862

Louisiana

37.895

 

37.895

Maine

33.574

1.274

34.848

Maryland

64.819

 

64.819

Massachusetts

133.235

0.107

133.342

Michigan

140.599

0.753

141.352

Minnesota

101.836

 

101.836

Mississippi

25.996

0.053

26.050

Missouri

65.662

 

65.662

Montana

17.386

3.683

21.069

Nebraska

26.370

0.016

26.386

Nevada

8.863

 

8.863

New Hampshire

23.655

 

23.655

New Jersey

113.875

 

113.875

New Mexico

15.950

0.871

16.822

New York

325.976

0.177

326.153

North Carolina

76.401

1.383

77.784

North Dakota

17.394

5.493

22.887

Ohio

131.709

 

131.709

Oklahoma

29.060

3.996

33.056

Oregon

31.377

0.581

31.958

Pennsylvania

182.170

 

182.170

Rhode Island

23.271

0.040

23.311

South Carolina

30.989

 

30.989

South Dakota

15.616

2.972

18.589

Tennessee

50.309

 

50.309

Texas

102.714

 

102.714

Utah

21.101

0.299

21.400

Vermont

17.049

 

17.049

Virginia

75.278

 

75.278

Washington

50.670

1.896

52.566

West Virginia

25.927

 

25.927

Wisconsin

91.667

 

91.667

Wyoming

8.286

0.282

8.568

Subtotal to States and Tribes

2,969.765

33.055

3,002.820

American Samoa

0.250

 

0.250

Guam

0.547

 

0.547

Northern Mariana Islands

0.190

 

0.190

Puerto Rico

13.585

 

13.585

Virgin Islands

0.518

 

0.518

Subtotal to Territories

15.090

 

15.090

Total

2,984.855

33.055

3,017.909

Source: Funding levels are from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Administration for Children and Families.

Table B-2. LIHEAP Funding by State: FY2007 to FY2015

(dollars in millions)

  Total Funds Distributed^a(regular and emergency contingency, where appropriated) State (includes tribal allotments)

FY2007

FY2008

FY2009

FY2010

FY2011

FY2012

FY2013

FY2014

FY2015

Alabama

22.205

19.221

64.274

69.016

61.570

47.408

48.269

48.885

44.387

Alaska

12.454

16.856

30.928

28.182

24.727

18.002

17.171

18.841

17.482

Arizona

8.551

9.296

31.084

37.422

33.844

23.852

23.343

23.641

21.581

Arkansas

15.749

14.667

39.711

40.000

36.401

28.537

26.746

27.505

26.777

California

94.855

103.117

248.487

234.215

211.554

154.574

145.410

153.592

174.086

Colorado

33.073

41.326

71.352

70.675

65.035

47.308

44.270

46.378

48.889

Connecticut

48.102

65.618

125.887

107.845

102.919

79.532

76.014

77.413

85.764

Delaware

5.727

6.929

18.748

16.847

15.854

11.957

12.573

13.016

12.547

District of Columbia

6.700

7.284

16.249

16.067

14.641

10.687

9.976

10.474

10.379

Florida

27.977

30.414

101.701

129.014

110.783

78.040

76.376

77.351

70.611

Georgia

28.564

24.047

80.410

102.091

87.862

61.702

60.387

61.158

55.829

Hawaii

2.228

2.403

5.182

6.589

6.235

6.107

5.416

6.159

5.622

Idaho

12.901

13.916

30.012

30.158

28.199

20.576

19.207

20.166

19.982

Illinois

119.418

149.216

265.679

265.542

248.941

185.684

160.191

167.458

167.396

Indiana

54.069

67.561

116.487

117.575

107.584

80.006

72.374

75.820

75.792

Iowa

38.319

47.881

76.929

74.524

71.589

54.813

51.292

53.735

53.715

Kansas

19.746

22.137

49.541

46.262

43.924

32.160

31.397

31.019

30.717

Kentucky

32.010

30.588

75.055

67.832

61.111

46.423

43.483

48.288

44.896

Louisiana

22.499

19.651

61.502

59.054

54.895

43.422

40.864

42.062

38.390

Maine

33.719

46.536

79.187

60.428

56.541

39.982

37.414

39.195

39.181

Maryland

33.036

35.913

109.164

90.005

88.926

69.790

70.390

68.513

68.854

Massachusetts

93.795

126.492

213.500

196.602

183.854

132.731

132.256

140.014

146.328

Michigan

113.377

141.667

249.416

276.447

238.425

173.450

165.582

165.444

161.827

Minnesota

81.681

102.063

163.982

160.089

152.559

116.839

109.335

114.541

114.498

Mississippi

17.871

16.479

42.622

46.650

40.635

31.591

29.313

30.120

26.996

Missouri

52.645

59.603

114.902

107.145

100.193

68.231

66.553

70.882

73.772

Montana

15.132

18.907

35.202

34.530

33.072

24.135

22.529

23.654

23.438

Nebraska

18.950

23.679

44.086

42.893

41.447

30.226

28.214

29.623

29.353

Nevada

4.016

4.366

14.599

18.218

15.868

11.203

10.964

11.104

10.136

New Hampshire

18.769

25.635

47.737

37.423

36.050

26.055

24.321

25.536

25.750

New Jersey

80.120

108.707

185.773

199.455

188.792

136.746

124.480

124.570

126.586

New Mexico

10.705

11.638

27.451

24.739

23.543

17.074

15.938

16.734

17.844

New York

261.604

359.628

538.243

537.348

521.925

375.710

350.169

366.843

381.440

North Carolina

45.974

42.383

132.528

127.139

116.205

83.011

87.702

88.271

86.504

North Dakota

16.438

20.539

38.240

36.668

35.936

26.218

24.473

25.695

25.460

Ohio

105.643

132.004

245.750

253.035

234.875

165.463

144.794

154.314

148.087

Oklahoma

19.282

17.668

52.878

53.190

49.378

36.094

35.955

37.147

36.338

Oregon

25.633

27.650

51.460

52.029

47.861

36.666

34.311

35.945

35.931

Pennsylvania

140.520

191.759

308.394

315.357

294.486

209.548

190.810

203.071

206.356

Rhode Island

15.471

20.875

38.653

34.444

31.274

23.241

23.976

23.813

27.361

South Carolina

17.636

15.266

51.047

56.232

48.649

36.270

38.335

38.825

35.442

South Dakota

13.350

16.681

31.058

29.989

29.259

21.293

19.877

20.869

20.678

Tennessee

33.568

30.985

80.512

84.899

74.390

55.405

56.856

58.040

55.161

Texas

46.545

50.599

169.196

212.807

184.201

129.832

127.064

128.686

117.473

Utah

15.369

19.204

35.755

35.003

33.537

24.513

22.882

24.025

23.806

Vermont

14.162

19.370

36.156

27.941

26.959

19.529

18.230

19.140

18.965

Virginia

40.241

43.746

127.668

109.927

107.215

80.436

78.971

81.877

81.432

Washington

42.163

45.481

84.645

83.989

78.688

60.310

56.437

59.124

59.102

West Virginia

18.621

20.157

45.019

43.363

40.786

29.700

27.723

29.108

28.842

Wisconsin

73.525

91.872

147.608

145.214

137.390

105.172

98.417

103.103

103.065

Wyoming

6.153

7.689

14.315

14.124

13.444

9.815

9.162

9.619

9.531

Subtotal to States and Tribes

2,131

2,587

5,066

5,066

4,694

3,437

3,248

3,370

3,370

Territories^b

2.788

3.014

6.734

6.816

6.322

4.661

4.405

16.937

16.937

Leveraging/REACHc

27.225

—^d

27.000

27.000

0

26.949

0

0

0

Training/tech. asst.^e

0.297

0.292

0.300

0.300

0.300

2.994

2.838

2.958

2.988

Total

2,161

2,591

5,100

5,100

4,701

3,472

3,255

3,390

3,390

Source: Compiled by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) using U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) data.

a. The totals shown in these columns include regular fund allocations to states and tribes, and any contingency funds awarded to states and tribes in that year. b. The statute provides that HHS must set aside not less than one-tenth of 1% and not more than one-half of 1% for use in the territories (American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). c. The statute provides a separate funding authorization for competitive grants under the leveraging incentive program (designed to encourage states to increase non-federal support for energy assistance). It also provides that up to 25% of any leveraging funds made available may be reserved for competitive REACH grants (for state efforts to increase efficient use of energy among low-income households and to reduce their vulnerability to homelessness and other problems due to high energy costs). Congress may stipulate in appropriations acts that a certain portion of the LIHEAP regular funds can be set aside for leveraging and REACH grants. d. The FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 110-161) did not specify funds for leveraging incentive and REACH grants. e. e. The statute provides that HHS may reserve up to $300,000 for making grants or entering into contracts with states, public agencies, or private nonprofits that provide training and technical assistance related to achieving the purposes of the LIHEAP program. Congressional Research Service 32 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . Since FY2012, Congress has increased the amount available in annual appropriations acts. Table B-3. LIHEAP Funding: FY1982 to FY2016 (dollars in thousands) Regular Funds Authorized President’s Request Appropriated President’s Request Appropriated Distributed Total Distributed 1982 1,875,000 1,400,000 1,875,000 — — — 1,875,000 1983 1,875,000 1,300,000 1,975,000 — — — 1,975,000 1984 1,875,000 1,300,000 2,075,000 — — — 2,075,000 1985 2,140,000 1,875,000 2,100,000 — — — 2,100,000 1986 2,275,000 2,097,765 2,100,000 — — — 2,100,000 1987 2,050,000 2,097,642 1,825,000 — — — 1,825,000 1988 2,132,000 1,237,000 1,531,840 — — — 1,531,840 1989 2,218,000 1,187,000 1,383,200 — — — 1,383,200 1990 2,307,000 1,100,000 1,443,000 — — — 1,443,000 1991 2,150,000 1,050,000 1,415,055 NAb 195,180 195,180 1,610,235 1992 2,230,000 925,000 1,500,000 100,000 300,000 0 1,500,000 1993 ssanc 1,065,000 1,346,030 0 595,200 0 1,346,030 1994 ssanc 1,507,408 1,437,402 0 600,000 300,000 1,737,402 1995 2,000,000 1,475,000 1,319,202 d 600,000 100,000 1,419,202 1996 2,000,000 1,319,204 900,000 e 180,000 180,000 1,080,000 1997 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 300,000 420,000 215,000 1,215,000 1998 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 300,000 300,000 160,000 1,160,000 1999 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,100,000 300,000 300,000 175,299 1,275,299 2000 ssanc 1,100,000 1,100,000 300,000 900,000 744,350f 1,844350f 2001 ssanc 1,100,000 1,400,000 300,000 600,000g 455,650h 1,855,650 2002 2,000,000 1,400,000 1,700,000 300,000 300,000 100,000i 1,800,000 2003 2,000,000 1,400,000 1,788,300j 300,000 0 200,000k 1,988,300 2004 2,000,000 1,700,000 1,789,380 300,000 99,410 99,410 1,888,790 2005 5,100,000 1,900,500l,m 1,884,799 200,000 297,600 277,250 2,162,050 2006 5,100,000 1,800,000l 2,480,000 200,000 681,000 679,960 3,160,000 2007 5,100,000 1,782,000 1,980,000 0 181,000 181,000 2,161,000 2008 —n 1,500,000 1,980,000 282,000 590,328 610,678o 2,590,678 2009 —n 1,700,000 4,509,672 300,000 590,328 590,328 5,100,000 2010 —n 2,410,000p 4,509,672 790,000 590,328 590,678 5,100,350 2011q —n 2,510,000r 4,500,653 790,000 200,000 200,000 4,700,653 2012 —n 1,980,000 3,471,672s 590,000 0 0 3,471,672 2013 —n 2,820,000 3,290,083t 200,000 0 0 3,255,436u Fiscal Year c11173008 Emergency Contingency Fundsa Congressional Research Service 33 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . Regular Funds Emergency Contingency Fundsa Authorized President’s Request Appropriated President’s Request Appropriated Distributed Total Distributed 2014 —n 2,820,000v 3,424,549 150,000 0 0 3,390,304u 2015 —n 2,550,000v 3,390,304 200,000 0 0 3,356,401w 2016 —n 3,190,000x — 0 — — — Fiscal Year Source: Prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) on the basis of HHS data. c11173008 a. In 1994, Congress enacted a permanent $600 million annual authorization for contingency funding. As shown, however, before this authorization contingency funds were sometimes made available. b. Congress first allocated emergency contingency funds in January of 1991 due to the price of home heating oil (P.L. 101-517). Funds were not requested in the President’s budget until FY1992. c. Such sums as necessary. d. The President’s FY1995 request would have made the unallocated contingency funds that were appropriated in FY1994 (P.L. 103-112) available until expended. e. The President’s FY1996 request would have made the unallocated contingency funds that were appropriated in FY1995 (P.L. 103-333) available until expended. f. The Administration released $400 million of the FY2000 contingency funds in late September 2000, making them effectively available to states in FY2001. g.

(dollars in thousands)

 

Regular Funds

Emergency Contingency Funds^a  

Fiscal Year

Authorized

President's Request

Appropriated

President's Request

Appropriated

Distributed

Total Distributed

1982

1,875,000

1,400,000

1,875,000

—

—

—

1,875,000

1983

1,875,000

1,300,000

1,975,000

—

—

—

1,975,000

1984

1,875,000

1,300,000

2,075,000

—

—

—

2,075,000

1985

2,140,000

1,875,000

2,100,000

—

—

—

2,100,000

1986

2,275,000

2,097,765

2,100,000

—

—

—

2,100,000

1987

2,050,000

2,097,642

1,825,000

—

—

—

1,825,000

1988

2,132,000

1,237,000

1,531,840

—

—

—

1,531,840

1989

2,218,000

1,187,000

1,383,200

—

—

—

1,383,200

1990

2,307,000

1,100,000

1,443,000

—

—

—

1,443,000

1991

2,150,000

1,050,000

1,415,055

NA^b

195,180

195,180

1,610,235

1992

2,230,000

925,000

1,500,000

100,000

300,000

0

1,500,000

1993

ssan^c

1,065,000

1,346,030

0

595,200

0

1,346,030

1994

ssan^c

1,507,408

1,437,402

0

600,000

300,000

1,737,402

1995

2,000,000

1,475,000

1,319,202

^d

600,000

100,000

1,419,202

1996

2,000,000

1,319,204

900,000

^e

180,000

180,000

1,080,000

1997

2,000,000

1,000,000

1,000,000

300,000

420,000

215,000

1,215,000

1998

2,000,000

1,000,000

1,000,000

300,000

300,000

160,000

1,160,000

1999

2,000,000

1,000,000

1,100,000

300,000

300,000

175,299

1,275,299

2000

ssan^c

1,100,000

1,100,000

300,000

900,000

744,350^f 1,844350^f

2001

ssan^c

1,100,000

1,400,000

300,000

600,000^g 455,650^h

1,855,650

2002

2,000,000

1,400,000

1,700,000

300,000

300,000

100,000ⁱ

1,800,000

2003

2,000,000

1,400,000

1,788,300^j

300,000

0

200,000^k

1,988,300

2004

2,000,000

1,700,000

1,789,380

300,000

99,410

99,410

1,888,790

2005

5,100,000

1,900,500^l,m

1,884,799

200,000

297,600

277,250

2,162,050

2006

5,100,000

1,800,000l

2,480,000

200,000

681,000

679,960

3,160,000

2007

5,100,000

1,782,000

1,980,000

0

181,000

181,000

2,161,000

2008

—ⁿ

1,500,000

1,980,000

282,000

590,328

610,678^o 2,590,678

2009

—ⁿ

1,700,000

4,509,672

300,000

590,328

590,328

5,100,000

2010

—ⁿ 2,410,000^p

4,509,672

790,000

590,328

590,678

5,100,350

2011^q —ⁿ 2,510,000^r

4,500,653

790,000

200,000

200,000

4,700,653

2012

—ⁿ

1,980,000

3,471,672^s

590,000

0

0

3,471,672

2013

—ⁿ

2,820,000

3,290,083^t

200,000

0

0

3,255,436^u

2014

—ⁿ 2,820,000^v

3,424,549

150,000

0

0

3,390,304^u

2015

—ⁿ 2,550,000^v

3,390,304

200,000

0

0

3,390,304

2016

—ⁿ 3,190,000^w

—

0

—

—

—

Source: Prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) on the basis of HHS data.

a. In 1994, Congress enacted a permanent $600 million annual authorization for contingency funding. As shown, however, before this authorization contingency funds were sometimes made available. b. Congress first allocated emergency contingency funds in January of 1991 due to the price of home heating oil (P.L. 101-517). Funds were not requested in the President's budget until FY1992. c. Such sums as necessary. d. The President's FY1995 request would have made the unallocated contingency funds that were appropriated in FY1994 (P.L. 103-112) available until expended. e. The President's FY1996 request would have made the unallocated contingency funds that were appropriated in FY1995 (P.L. 103-333) available until expended. f. The Administration released $400 million of the FY2000 contingency funds in late September 2000, making them effectively available to states in FY2001. g. The initial contingency fund appropriation for FY2001 was $300 million (P.L. 106-554). The Administration released the entire amount by December 30, 2000. On July 24, 2001, the 2001 Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 107-20) provided an additional $300 million in contingency funds. h. h. The distributed contingency funds in FY2001 included the $300 million appropriated in P.L. 106-554 and the amount remaining from FY2000 (approximately $156 million). The $300 million that was appropriated as part of P.L. 107-20 was made available until expended; a portion was distributed in FY2003 and the remainder was converted to regular funds that same year. i. i. The FY2002 contingency funds were distributed out of the total FY2002 contingency appropriation (P.L. 107116107-116). With the end of FY2002, the remainder of the contingency funds expired ($200 million). j. j. The FY2003 appropriations act (P.L. 108-7) included $1.688 billion in new regular funds and converted into regular funds $100 million of remaining contingency funds originally appropriated in FY2001 (P.L. 107-20). k. ). k. FY2003 contingency funds were distributed out of contingency dollars appropriated as part of the FY2001 supplemental (P.L. 107-20). l. ). l. Of the amounts requested by the President in FY2005 and FY2006, $500,000 was to be set aside for a national evaluation. m. m. In FY2005, the President’'s initial budget request for LIHEAP regular funds was $1,800,000,500. However, on November 14, 2004, the President submitted a budget amendment to Congress, requesting $1,900,000,500 for LIHEAP regular funds. n. n. LIHEAP was not authorized from FY2008 through FY2014, and has not been reauthorized for the current fiscal year (FY2015) or the upcoming fiscal year (FY2016). o. o. Of the emergency contingency funds distributed in FY2008, $20 million came from funds appropriated in the FY2005 Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act (P.L. 108-447). ). Contingency funds in P.L. 108-447 were made available until expended. p. p. In FY2010, the President proposed that a mechanism be created whereby additional LIHEAP funds would be released when energy price increases reached certain levels; the proposal was not adopted by Congress. The Administration estimated that this “trigger”"trigger" would have resulted in mandatory budget authority of $450 million. This estimate is not included in the table. q. q. P.L. 112-10 imposed an across-the-board rescission of 0.2% on discretionary accounts. As a result, the regular fund allocation was reduced from approximately $4.51 billion to $4.50 billion. Congressional Research Service 34 LIHEAP: Program and Funding . r. r. In FY2011, the President again proposed a trigger to release additional LIHEAP funds. In addition to proposing that funds be released when energy prices increase, the FY2011 proposal would have released funds when participation in SNAP (formerly known as Food Stamps) increased above a certain level. The Administration estimated that this trigger would have resulted in mandatory budget authority of $2 billion. This estimate is not included in the table. s. s. P.L. 112-74 imposed an across-the-board rescission of 0.189% on discretionary accounts, bringing the total available for LIHEAP down from $3.478 billion to $3.472 billion. See Division F, Title V, Section 527. t. t. The FY2013 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act (P.L. 113-6) funded LIHEAP and most other federal programs at FY2012 levels. However, imposition of reductions through sequestration, including an across-the-board reduction of 0.2% applied due to failure to stay within the caps set by the Budget Control Act, reduced funding for LIHEAP from $3.472 billion to $3.290 billion. u. u. The appropriations acts give HHS the authority to transfer funds within the agency. In FY2013 and FY2014, HHS transferred approximately $35 million from LIHEAP, reducing the total available for distribution. v. v. The President’'s FY2014 and FY2015 budgets also proposed $50 million for a new competitive grant that would be used to help low-income households reduce their energy burdens. The $50 million is not included in the request in the table. w. As of the date of this report, 1% of funds had not been distributed. x. w. The President’'s FY2016 budget proposed an additional $200 million for a new competitive grant, called the Utility Innovation Fund, to help reduce energy burdens of low-income households. In addition, as in FY2010 and FY2011, the budget proposed that emergency contingency funds be funded through mandatory appropriations based on increased energy prices, extreme cold, or participation in SNAP. Neither of these proposals is included in the table. Author Contact Information Libby Perl Specialist in Housing Policy eperl@crs.loc.gov, 7-7806 Acknowledgments

Author Contact Information

[author name scrubbed], Specialist in Housing Policy ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])

Acknowledgments

This report benefitted from the research assistance of Jean-Luc Tilly, an intern with the Congressional Research Service, who delved into the legislative history of energy assistance programs in the 1970s and 1980s. c11173008 Congressional Research Service 35 1980s.

Footnotes

1.	See §2604(a)-(d) of the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Act (Title XXVI of P.L. 97-35), as amended. The section is codified at 42 U.S.C. §8623(a)-(d).
2.	42 U.S.C. §8624.
3.	42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(1).
4.	"Home energy" is defined at 42 U.S.C. §8622 as "a source of heating or cooling in residential dwellings."
5.	42 U.S.C. §8623(c).
6.	42 U.S.C. §8622(3).
7.	For the state definitions of "crisis" see the compilation at the LIHEAP Clearinghouse, http://liheap.ncat.org/tables/FY2014/Crisis.pdf. The LIHEAP Clearinghouse, via a contract with HHS, collects information about how states operate their energy assistance programs.
8.	The limitation on use of weatherization funds is at 42 U.S.C. §8624(k).
9.	42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(16).
10.	42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(9).
11.	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services FY2016 Congressional Budget Justifications for the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program, https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/olab/2016_acf_cj.PDF.
12.	Based on state-reported total LIHEAP obligations for FY2010 of $5.3 billion. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program Report to Congress for Fiscal Year 2010, p. 19, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ocs/fy10_liheap_rtc_final.pdf (hereinafter, FY2010 LIHEAP Report to Congress).
13.	Three states provided crisis assistance in the form of expedited heating benefits. These were Kansas, Maryland, and Massachusetts. Ibid., Table I-8, pp. 20-22.
14.	FY2010 LIHEAP Report to Congress, p. 19 and p. ii of the Executive Summary.
15.	Ibid., p. 19.
16.	42 U.S.C. §8622(5).
17.	42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(13).
18.	42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(2)(B). Each year HHS publishes updated poverty levels and state median income thresholds and the LIHEAP Clearinghouse publishes them on their website, http://liheap.ncat.org/delivery/income_elibility.htm.
19.	42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(2)(A). Eligible veterans' benefits are compensation to parents for the service-connected death of a child, to veterans with non-service connected disabilities, to the surviving spouse of a veteran, and to children of a deceased veteran. In each case, benefits are need-based and are reduced based on the beneficiary's income.
20.	42 U.S.C. §8624(f).
21.	For income guidelines, see http://liheap.ncat.org/tables/FY2014/POP14.htm. For a list of states that use receipt of other benefits to establish eligibility, see http://liheap.ncat.org/tables/FY2013/autoeligtable.htm. For states that use asset tests, see http://liheap.ncat.org/tables/FY2014/assets.htm.
22.	42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(3).
23.	42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(5).
24.	U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, Human Services Reauthorization Act of 1994, report to accompany S. 2000, 103rd Cong., 2nd sess., April 19, 1994, S.Rept. 103-251, p. 55.
25.	42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(8).
26.	See §927 of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-550) as amended by P.L. 103-185, a bill to provide increased flexibility to States in carrying out the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program.
27.	See http://www.liheap.ncat.org/tables/FY2012/subsidize.htm.
28.	42 U.S.C. §8624(c).
29.	42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(12).
30.	42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(4).
31.	Ibid. For more information about the Weatherization Assistance Program, see CRS Report R42147, DOE Weatherization Program: A Review of Funding, Performance, and Cost-Effectiveness Studies, by [author name scrubbed].
32.	42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(10).
33.	42 U.S.C. §8624(b)(6).0,
34.	See the LIHEAP Clearinghouse website, http://liheap.ncat.org/admin/admintro.htm.
35.	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook for Fiscal Year 2011, June 2014, p. 29, https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ocs/fy2011_hen_final.pdf (hereinafter FY2011 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook). This estimate attempts to remove duplication among households that received both heating and winter crisis assistance.
36.	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook for Fiscal Year 2009, September 2011, p. 30 (hereinafter, FY2009 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook).
37.	For more information about heat-and-eat, see CRS Report R42591, The 2014 Farm Bill: Changing the Treatment of LIHEAP Receipt in the Calculation of SNAP Benefits, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed].
38.	FY2010 LIHEAP Report to Congress, pp. 37-39.
39.	Note that due to a provision in the FY2009 appropriations act (P.L. 110-329) that allowed states to increase household eligibility to 75% of state median income in that year, only 16% of those eligible under the appropriations law were served in FY2009. FY2009 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook, p. 30.
40.	FY2011 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook, p. 29.
41.	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook for Fiscal Year 2010, January 2013, p. 31, https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ocs/fy2010_hen.pdf and the FY2011 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook, p. 30.
42.	See the FY2009 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook, p. 31, and the FY2006 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook, p. 30.
43.	FY2010 LIHEAP Report to Congress, p. 57.
44.	Ibid., p. 46.
45.	Ibid., pp. 41-43.
46.	FY2009 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook, p. 33.
47.	Ibid.
48.	FY2011 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook, p. 32.
49.	FY2009 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook, p. 33.
50.	FY2011 LIHEAP Home Energy Notebook, p. 32.
51.	42 U.S.C. §8621.
52.	42 U.S.C. §8623(d).
53.	Based on tribes receiving LIHEAP funding in FY2015.
54.	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "Block Grant Programs: Final Rules," 47 Federal Register 29485, July 6, 1982.
55.	Ibid.
56.	42 U.S.C. §8621(e). Initially, the terms "natural disaster" and "emergency" were not defined in the statute, and, several years later, in 1998, as part of P.L. 105-285, Congress amended the statute to include definitions.
57.	42 U.S.C. §8622(1).
58.	42 U.S.C. §8622(7).
59.	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Community Services, LIHEAP Disaster Relief, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/resource/liheap-disaster-relief, accessed November 15, 2012.
60.	During the FY1991 appropriations process, the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee noted that "[e]xtraordinary circumstances in world oil markets pose a serious risk that low-income households will face skyrocketing home energy prices in the 1990-1991 heating season." U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Dire Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Assistance, Food Stamps, Unemployment Compensation Administration, and Other Urgent Needs, and Transfers, and Reducing Funds Budgeted for Military Spending Act, report to accompany H.R. 4404, 101st Cong., 2nd sess., March 27, 1990, H.Rept. 101-434, pp. 17-18.
61.	Funds were to be made available if the average price of heating oil for a given month exceeded the four-year average for the same month by 20% or more. Funds were distributed to all states but Hawaii in January 1991 based on December 1990 heating oil prices. Pursuant to the law, states received funds based on the percentage of low-income households using heating oil, liquified petroleum gas, and kerosene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program: Report to Congress for Fiscal Year 1991, October 1992, pp. 59-60.
62.	For more information, see CRS Report R41901, Statutory Budget Controls in Effect Between 1985 and 2002, by [author name scrubbed].
63.	See §251(b)(2)(D) of P.L. 101-508, later extended as part of P.L. 103-66.
64.	The language reads "Funds appropriated pursuant to this subsection are hereby designated to be emergency requirements pursuant to section 251(b)(2)(D) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, except that such funds shall be made available only after the submission to Congress of a formal budget request by the President (for all or a part of the appropriation pursuant to this subsection) that includes a designation of the amount requested as an emergency requirement as defined in such Act." See 42 U.S.C. §8621(e).
65.	After expiration of the BEA, there were three years in which the appropriations language designated emergency contingency funds as "emergency" for purposes of the budget resolutions (these were FY2005, FY2008, and FY2009). Budget resolutions establish allocations for appropriators. For more information, see CRS Report R40472, The Budget Resolution and Spending Legislation, by [author name scrubbed].
66.	42 U.S.C. §8621(d).
67.	For example, §155 of the FY1983 Further Continuing Appropriations Act (P.L. 97-377) specified that the Department of Energy distribute $200 million to the states to be used for five energy efficiency programs, including LIHEAP. Funds were also made available via court orders and settlements. See, for example, Chuck Hill, Heather Gonzalez, and Roger Colton, "Oil Overcharge and Percentage-of-Income Payment Plan Developments," Clearinghouse Review, vol. 22, no. 2 (June 1988), pp. 146-148.
68.	FY2008 LIHEAP Report to Congress, pp. 2-3.
69.	42 U.S.C. §1397a(d).
70.	42 U.S.C. §604(a)(1).
71.	See S.Rept. 102-104, p. 180, to accompany H.R. 2707, an appropriations bill that was vetoed, though the same LIHEAP funding went into final bill.
72.	"[T]he funding cycle for LIHEAP under current law is a major obstacle to effective state planning and management of an efficient and timely winter heating or crisis program. LIHEAP funds are designed to be expended in the season when home energy costs are incurred and in time to avoid household energy emergencies. However, in recent years, the Department had most often been without a final appropriations figure by the October 1 program start date. States must begin their planning for the program well before the level of funding is established. As a result of funding uncertainties, benefits cannot be set, and especially when major cuts are proposed, eligibility levels cannot be determined." U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, Human Services Reauthorization Act, report to accompany H.R. 4151, 101st Cong., 2nd sess., August 3, 1990, S.Rept. 101-421, p. 75.
73.	Instead the report stated that the "conferees fully intend" to provide FY2002 funding totaling $1.7 billion. Making Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for FY2001, conference report to accompany H.R. 4577, 106th Cong., 2nd sess., December 15, 2000, H.Rept. 106-1033, pp. 153-154.
74.	See, for example, a discussion on the Senate floor about the Senate Committee on Labor, HHS, and Education Appropriations failing to include advance funding for FY2002: "As you know, this is a very difficult year for appropriators. The budget caps are very tight, and this bill contains many valuable programs." Senator Spector, "The Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2001," Senate debate, Congressional Record, vol. 146, part 9 (June 30, 2000), p. 13326.
75.	42 U.S.C. §8626b(b).
76.	42 U.S.C. §8624(k).
77.	These were P.L. 113-164 through December 11, 2014, P.L. 113-202 through December 15, 2014, and P.L. 113-203 through December 17, 2014.
78.	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, LIHEAP Dear Colleague Notice Final Budget FY 2014, March 26, 2014, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/resource/liheap-dear-colleague-notice-final-budget-for-fy-2014.
79.	See §206 of the Department of Health and Human Services General Provisions in P.L. 113-76.
80.	Senate Appropriations Committee, FY15 LHHS Subcommittee Markup Bill Summary, June 10, 2014, http://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/fy15-lhhs-subcommittee-markup-bill-summary.
81.	For more information about funding pursuant to CRs, see CRS Report RL34700, Interim Continuing Resolutions (CRs): Potential Impacts on Agency Operations, by [author name scrubbed].
82.	See, for example, §109 of P.L. 114-53.
83.	See U.S. Government Accountability Office, Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program: Greater Fraud Prevention Controls Are Needed, GAO-10-621, June 2010, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d10621.pdf.
84.	42 U.S.C. §405(c)(2)(C)(i).
85.	See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, LIHEAP Information Memorandum 10-06, States are Strongly Encouraged to Exercise their Discretion to Require Social Security Numbers in Determining Eligibility for LIHEAP, May 5, 2010, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/liheap/guidance/information_memoranda/im10-06.html.
86.	Lauren Christopher, "LIHEAP Program Integrity Activities at the State Level," presentation at the National Energy and Utility Affordability Conference, New Orleans, LA, June 11, 2012, http://www.energyandutilityconference.org/Assets/2012%20Conference/2012%20Presentations/2C_Lauren%20Christopher.pdf.
87.	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, LIHEAP Action Transmittal 2010-6: Plan Supplement Required for Fiscal Year (FY) 2011: LIHEAP Program Integrity Plan – Application for LIHEAP Funding, June 8, 2010, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/liheap/guidance/action_transmittals/at10-06_1.html.
88.	42 U.S.C. §8624(b).
89.	45 C.F.R. §96.84(c).
90.	42 U.S.C. §8624(b).
91.	The template is available at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/liheap/guidance/action_transmittals/at10-06_a.html.
92.	LIHEAP Clearinghouse, National Center for Appropriate Technology, LIHEAP Program Integrity Working Group Final Report, April 13, 2012, http://www.liheap.ncat.org/admin.htm#lhpi.
93.	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Action Transmittal 2010-4, Implementing LIHEAP Outcome Performance Measures, March 17, 2010, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/resource/implementing-liheap-outcome-performance-measures.
94.	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, "Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request," 78 Federal Register 34105-34106, June 6, 2013.
95.	Carol A. Kunze, A Chronology of International Economic Events: Oil Prices, the System of International Exchange Rates, Conference Between Developing and Industrialized Countries, International Economic Summits and Related Events 1971-976, Archived Congressional Research Service Report, February 11, 1977.
96.	See, for example, U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, Federal Food Programs—1974, Part 6 Fuel Crisis Impact on Low Income and Elderly, 93rd Cong., 2nd sess., January 22 and 23, 1974, p. 706.
97.	Ibid., pp. 741-742.
98.	The bill originally proposing the new program was S. 3051, the Emergency Energy Conservation Economic Opportunity Amendments. An identical program was included in the final version of P.L. 93-644. When S. 3051 was introduced, its sponsor, Senator Javits, described the Maine program, as well as efforts in Vermont, and said "Through this bill, the sponsors seek to prompt a duplication nationally of such efforts at the earliest moment." See Senator Jacob Javits, Introduction of S. 3051, Congressional Record, vol. 120, part 3 (February 25, 1974), p. 4030.
99.	U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Community Services Administration, "Character and Scope of Specific Community Action Programs: Emergency Energy Conservation Program," 40 Federal Register 31603, July 28, 1975.
100.	The conference report, H.Rept. 94-239, provided that $7.5 million more than was available in the House-passed version of the bill ($9 million) be appropriated. Funds were added to the House-passed version (H.R. 5899) on the floor; see "Second Supplemental Appropriations Bill, 1975," House debate, Congressional Record, vol. 121, part 8 (April 15, 1975), pp. 10263-10266.
101.	In FY1978, funds were appropriated as part of the Continuing Appropriations Act (P.L. 95-205). Funding levels were specified in the FY1978 Departments of Labor and Health, Education, and Welfare funding bill (H.R. 7555); see the conference report (H.Rept. 95-538).
102.	See the House and Senate committee reports to accompany H.R. 8650 (H.Rept. 94-377 and S.Rept. 94-623), one of the bills from which provisions for the Weatherization Assistance Program were drawn. See U.S. Congress, Energy Conservation and Production, conference report to accompany H.R. 12169, 94th Cong., 2nd sess., August 4, 1976, H.Rept. 94-1392, pp. 88-91.
103.	See, for example, statement of Senator Edmund Muskie, Senate debate of the Supplemental Appropriations Act of 1977, Congressional Record, vol. 123, part 8 (April 1, 1977), p. 10114. While many states imposed moratoriums on utility disconnections during the winter months, when spring arrived, large numbers of households faced shutoff. The Senate Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations surveyed state utility commissions and utility to companies to determine the extent of disconnections. The results of the study were published in the Congressional Record, vol. 123, part 8 (April 1, 1977), pp. 10119-10122.
104.	Community Services Administration, "Special Crisis Intervention Program: Information, Application Procedures, and Post Grant Requirements for the Special Crisis Intervention Program," 42 Federal Register 33240, June 29, 1977.
105.	"Home Heating Assistance." In CQ Almanac 1979, 35th ed., 535-536. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1980, http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/cqal79-1185945.
106.	U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, Home Energy Assistance Act, 96th Cong., 1st sess., October 25, 1979, S.Rept. 96-378, p. 5.
107.	"Windfall Profits Tax." In CQ Almanac 1979, 35th ed., 609-632. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1980. http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/cqal79-1184031.
108.	The program in S. 1724 was incorporated into H.R. 3919, the Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act, replacing an energy assistance program that had been proposed by the Senate Finance Committee.
109.	[author name scrubbed], Energy Assistance for Low-Income Households: 1979 and 1980 Legislation, Congressional Research Service Issue Brief, June 15, 1981, p. 18.
110.	CRS Memo, Poverty and Lower Living Standard Estimates, April 30, 1980.
111.	The Senate committee report, in describing the new program, stated that "the Committee does not want to burden States with unnecessary paperwork" and that "the general effect will be to return basic control and responsibility to the State level." See U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Budget, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, report to accompany S. 1377, 97th Cong., 1st sess., June 17, 1981, S.Rept. 97-139, pp. 908-911. S. 1377 was substituted for the House version (H.R. 3982) prior to enactment of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act. The framework for LIHEAP came from S. 1377. See Ken Cahill, Low-Income Energy Assistance Reauthorization: Proposals and Issues, Congressional Research Service Issue Brief, October 28, 1981, p. 6.
112.	U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources, Subcommittee on Aging, Family, and Human Services, Examination on the Ability of Existing Energy Assistance Programs to Provide Help for the Needs of Low-Income Individuals, Testimony of David Swoap, Under Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, 97th Cong., 1st sess., March 24, 1981, pp. 16-27.
113.	Some of the differences between LIEAP and LIHEAP regulations are discussed in U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program: Report to Congress for Fiscal Year 1982, November 1, 1983, pp. 1-5.