Contents

• Introduction
• Background
• What is a Nunn-McCurdy Breach?
• Nunn-McCurdy Thresholds
• How Many Nunn-McCurdy Breaches Have There Been?
• How Does the Nunn-McCurdy Act Operate?
Nunn-McCurdy Timelines
• Consequences of a Critical Nunn-McCurdy Breach
• How the Nunn-McCurdy Act Has Evolved
• Effectiveness of the Nunn-McCurdy Act
• Nunn-McCurdy as a Reporting Mechanism
• Nunn-McCurdy as a Mechanism for Controlling Cost Growth
• Applying Nunn-McCurdy to Other Agencies
• Issues for Congress
• Nunn-McCurdy as a Reporting and Management Tool
• Designating Individual Ships in CarriersCarrier Programs as Major Subprograms for Purposes of Nunn-McCurdy Reporting
• Shortening the Nunn-McCurdy Timeline
• Applying Nunn-McCurdy-Type Reporting Requirements to O&S Costs

Summary

The Nunn-McCurdy Act (10 U.S.C. §2433) requires the Department of Defense (DOD) to report to Congress whenever a Major Defense Acquisition Program (MDAP) experiences cost overruns that exceed certain thresholds. A program whose cost growth exceeds the statutory thresholds is said to have a Nunn-McCurdy breach.

There are two types of breaches: significant breaches and critical breaches. A "significant"significant breach is when the Program Acquisition Unit Cost (the total cost of development, procurement, and construction divided by the number of units procured) or the Procurement Unit Cost (the total procurement cost divided by the number of units to be procured) increases 15% or more over the current baseline estimate or 30% or more over the original baseline estimate. A "critical"critical breach occurs when the program acquisition or the procurement unit cost increases 25% or more over the current baseline estimate or 50% or more over the original baseline estimate.

The Nunn-McCurdy Act has been statutorily amended a number of times over the yearsamended nine times. One of the most significant changes to the reporting requirements occurred in the FY2006 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 109-163), when Congress added the original baseline estimate as a threshold against which to measure cost growth. The new standard prevents DOD from avoiding a Nunn-McCurdy breach by simply re-baselining a program. Since 2007, subsequent to the original baseline threshold being introduced, there have been 12 significant and 22 criticalsimply re-baselining a program to avoid a breach. Since 2007, there have been 37 Nunn-McCurdy breaches.

Another significant change occurred in the FY2009 Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act (P.L. 111-23), when Congress enacted a requirement thatwhich required programs with critical breaches shouldto be presumed terminated unless the Secretary of Defense certifies the program. For programs that are certified, DOD generally must (1) revoke the prior milestone approval, (2) restructure the program, and (3) provide Congress a written explanation of the root cause of the cost growth. These changes were fueled in part over congressional concern that programs with chronic cost growth and schedule delays were not being terminated and Congress was not being provided specific information explainingon what caused the cost growth.

Some analysts believe that the Nunn-McCurdy Act has been effective as a reporting mechanism for informing Congress of cost overruns in major acquisition programs. As a result of the Nunn-McCurdy processAct, Congress has increased its visibility into the cost performance of the acquisition stage of Major Defense Acquisition ProgramsMDAPs. However, some analysts suggest that Nunn-McCurdy is not a sufficiently comprehensive reporting mechanism because program managers can take steps to avoid reporting a breach;a breach and because Nunn-McCurdy does not apply to all elements of a weapon system's life-cycle costs, such as its operations, support, or disposal costs.

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(such as operations and support costs); and the timelines for reporting are such that by the time Congress is notified of a breach, there is little opportunity for Congress to take action. Introduction

For 30 years, the Nunn-McCurdy Act (10 U.S.C. §2433) has served as one of the principal mechanisms for notifying Congress of cost overruns in Major Defense Acquisition Programs (MDAPs).¹ Nunn-McCurdyThe act establishes different thresholds to determine if an MDAP or designated major subprogram of an MDAP experiences a cost overrun.² (For purposes of this report, the term "program" will referprogram refers to MDAPs as well as designated major subprograms.) TheseNunn-McCurdy thresholds are based on a comparison between a program's actual costs and the current baseline estimate or the original baseline estimate (defined below). A program that has cost growth that exceeds any of these thresholds is said to have a Nunn-McCurdy breach and the Department of Defense (DOD) must notify Congress of the breach.

Background

In the early days of the Reagan Administration, a number of high-profile weapon systems, including the Black Hawk helicopter and the Patriot missile system, experienced substantial cost overruns. Responding to public concern over escalating cost growth, Senator Sam Nunn and Representative David McCurdy spearheaded the passage of the Nunn-McCurdy Act, which was intended to create a reporting requirement for programs experiencing cost overruns.³ It was believed that publicly exposing cost overruns would force the Department of Defense (DOD)DOD to rein in cost growth. According to Representative McCurdy,

The assumption behind the Nunn-McCurdy provision of the fiscal 1983 defense authorization bill was that the prospect of an adverse reaction from the Office of Management and Budget, Congress, or the public would force senior Pentagon officials to address the question of whether the program in question—at their newly reported, higher costs—were worth continuing.⁴

Nunn-McCurdy was not originally intended to create a mechanism for managing programs or allocating funds. The rationale for an after-the-fact report was a matter of some debate. During floor debate on the original amendment in 1981, Senator John Tower, then chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, said that the reporting requirements were like "closing the gate after the horse has galloped off into the boondocks."⁵

What is a Nunn-McCurdy Breach?

Nunn-McCurdy Thresholds

There are two categories of breaches: significant breaches and critical breaches. As shown in Table 1, a "significant" Nunn-McCurdy breach occurs when the Program Acquisition Unit Cost (PAUC—defined as the total cost of development, procurement, and construction divided by the number of units) or the Procurement Unit Cost (PUC—defined as the total procurement cost divided by the number of units to be procured)or the Procurement Unit Cost increases 15% or more over the current baseline estimate or 30% or more over the original baseline estimate.⁶ A "critical" breach occurs when the PAUC or PUCProgram Acquisition Unit Cost (PAUC) or Procurement Unit Cost (PUC) increases 25% or more over the current baseline estimate or 50% or more over the original baseline estimate.⁶

What Is a Program Acquisition Unit Cost and Procurement Unit Cost?

A Program Acquisition Unit Cost is defined as the total cost of development, procurement, and construction divided by the number of units. A Procurement Unit Cost is defined as the total procurement cost divided by the number of units to be procured. DOD sometimes uses the term Average Procurement Unit Cost (APUC) instead of Program Unit Cost, which is the term used in the statute.

The PAUC is an effort to track cost growth at a program level whereas the PUC is an effort to track cost growth at the per-unit level.

What Is a Current Baseline Estimate and an Original Baseline Estimate?

According to Title X10 of the U.S. Code, DOD is required to establish a baseline description of all Major Defense Acquisition ProgramsMDAPs when the program is officially started. This baseline description includes information on the program's planned cost, schedule, and performance.⁷ The cost information is referred to as the "baseline estimate." The baseline description (including the cost estimate) is contained in the Acquisition Program Baseline (APB).⁸

APBs are required to initiate a program, and can only be revised

• 1. at the milestone reviews or when full rate production begins,⁹
• 2. if there is a major program restructuring that is fully funded,
• 3. as a result of a program breach, or
• 4. if the program has changed so significantly that the current baseline is impractical to achieve.¹⁰

Under current DOD policy, current APBs cannot be revised to avoid a Nunn-McCurdy breach.¹¹

An original baseline estimate is the cost estimate included in the original (first) APB that is prepared prior to the program entering "engineering and manufacturing development" (also known as "Milestone B"), or at program initiation¹², whichever occurs later.¹²13 An original baseline estimate can only be revised if the program has a critical Nunn-McCurdy breach (see Table 1).¹³.¹⁴

A current baseline estimate is the baseline estimate that is included in the most recently revised APB. If the original baseline estimate has notnever been revised, the original baseline estimate is also the current baseline estimate.

How Many Nunn-McCurdy Breaches Have There Been?

The existing lists of programs that have had Nunn-McCurdy breaches are outdated or based on flawed methodology.¹⁴ CRS met with DOD to review and reconcile the conflicting available data on breaches. Based on this review, DOD officials believe that Table 2 reflects the most accurate list of the number of programs that have had Nunn-McCurdy breaches since 2007. (For a detailed list of breaches by program name and a discussion of the methodology used in this report, see Appendix A.)

Nunn-McCurdy Timelines

Program managers are required to submit quarterly unit cost reports to the service's acquisition executive within 30 days of the end of the quarter.¹⁵ If a program manager has reasonable cause to believe that a program has a significant Nunn-McCurdy breach, he must immediately submit a unit cost report.¹⁶ This report is generally the first official indication that a program may have a Nunn-McCurdy breach.¹⁷

When a service acquisition executive receives a unit cost report, he must determine whether a Nunn-McCurdy breach has occurred. If there is no breach, no notification to Congress is required. If the service acquisition executive determines that there is in fact a Nunn-McCurdy breach, the service is required to notify Congress, in writing, of the breach.

If the service acquisition executive's determination is based on a quarterly unit cost report, the notification to Congress must be submitted within 45 days of the end of the quarter (see Figure 1).¹⁸ If the determination in based on a unit cost report submitted in the middle of a quarter, then the written notification to Congress must be submitted within 45 days of when the program manager submitted the unit cost report to the service acquisition executive (see Figure 2).

Why Have There Been Fewer Breaches in Recent Years? The number of Nunn-McCurdy breaches have decreased in recent years, dropping from an average of six breaches annually from 2007-2010, to just two breaches from 2011-2015 (see Figure 1). There is much debate as to why this is happening. It may be the result of a unique confluence of a factors, which may include¹⁸

• constrained budgets,
• improved cost estimating (influenced by the Weapon System Acquisition Reform Act of 2009),
• fewer new starts,
• the cancellation or curtailment in recent years of troubled programs,
• the impact of a generation of acquisition professionals who rose through the system under the Defense Acquisition Workforce Improvement Act, and
• the continuity and consistency of actions taken by the office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics (AT&L).

This trend is consistent with recent DOD data that seems to indicate that MDAPs are experiencing less cost growth.¹⁹ As one analyst argued, a combination of recent statutory, regulatory, and cultural changes "have had profoundly positive influences on acquisition program results."²⁰ Regarding culture, some analysts have argued that the frequent leadership turnover at AT&L allowed military services to wait out new initiatives until a new AT&L leadership was put in place.²¹ Under Secretary Frank Kendall and his team are the longest serving AT&L leadership since the position was created. And his predecessor, Ashton Carter, is the current Secretary of Defense.²² This continuity of leadership and consistency of policies could be having an effect on the culture of the acquisition workforce.

It remains to be seen if this trend of less cost growth will continue if the Budget Control Act expires,²³ a new administration takes over, and new acquisition programs get underway, including the next-generation bomber and the Ohio‐class submarine replacement program.

How Does the Nunn-McCurdy Act Operate? Nunn-McCurdy Timelines

Program managers are required to submit quarterly unit cost reports to the service's acquisition executive within 30 days of the end of the quarter.²⁴ If a program manager has reasonable cause to believe that a program has a significant Nunn-McCurdy breach, they must immediately submit a unit cost report.²⁵ This report is generally the first official indication that a program may have a Nunn-McCurdy breach.²⁶

When a service acquisition executive receives a unit cost report, they must determine whether a Nunn-McCurdy breach has occurred. If the service acquisition executive determines that there was a breach:

and the determination is based on a quarterly unit cost report, the notification to Congress must be submitted within 45 days of the end of the quarter (see Figure 2).²⁷ and the determination is based on a unit cost report submitted in the middle of a quarter, then the written notification to Congress must be submitted within 45 days of when the program manager submitted the unit cost report to the service acquisition executive (see Figure 3).

Figure 2. Nunn-McCurdy Reporting Timeline Based on End-of-Quarter Report

Source: CRS analysis of 10 U.S.C. §2433.

Notes:

Assumes that a Nunn-McCurdy breach does not occur within the first 30 days of the quarter, when the prior quarter's unit cost report has not yet been filed.

A Selected Acquisition Report (SAR) provides Congress with information on acquisition programs. SARs must be submitted within 45 days from the end of a quarter except for the first fiscal quarter, when the SAR must be submitted within 45 days from the time when the President submits the budget to Congress (10 U.S.C. §2432(f)). The President's budget is generally submitted the first week of February. For purposes of this figure, it is assumed that the President's budget is submitted 30 days after the end of the quarter.

Figure 1. Nunn-McCurdy Timeline Based on End-of-Quarter Report
Source: CRS analysis of 10 U.S.C. §2433. Notes: (1) Assumes that a Nunn-McCurdy breach does not occur within the first 30 days of the quarter, when the prior quarter's unit cost report has not yet been filed. (2) A SARIn June 2015, DOD released a formal list of all Nunn-McCurdy breaches since 1997 (see Appendix A). According to DOD, from 2007-2015 there have been 37 total Nunn-McCurdy breaches: 13 significant breaches and 24 critical breaches (see Figure 1). Figure 1. Nunn-McCurdy Breaches Since Calendar Year 2007 Source: CRS analysis of DOD data. Notes: For a discussion on the methodology used to determine breaches, see Appendix A. At What Point in the Acquisition Process do Breaches Occur?15 Generally, there are three phases in the acquisition process: 1. Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction (Milestone A to Milestone B), 2. Engineering & Manufacturing Development (EMD-Milestone B to Milestone C), and 3. Production & Deployment (Post-Milestone C).16 Historically, most cost growth occurs during the Engineering & Manufacturing Development Phase.17 However, as reflected in Table 2, more than half of the Nunn-McCurdy breaches occurred in the production phase (post-Milestone C). This can be due in part to a decision during production to cut the number of units procured or to the nature of the Nunn-McCurdy thresholds. Although most of a program's cost growth may occur in the EMD phase, the threshold for total cost growth may not be surpassed until the program is in production. Table 2. When Nunn-McCurdy Breaches Occur (Calendar Years 2007-2015)	Engineering & Manufacturing Development	Production
2007	3	2
2008	2	2
2009	6	2
2010	3	5
2011	2	2
2012	-	1
2013	1	3
2014	-	2
2015	-	1
Total	17	20

Figure 23. Nunn-McCurdy Timeline Based on Mid-Quarter Report

Source: CRS analysis of 10 U.S.C. §2433. Notes: (1) Assumes that a Nunn-McCurdy breach does not occur within the first 30 days of the quarter, when the prior quarter's unit cost report has not yet been filed. (2) A SAR must be submitted within 45 days from the end of a quarter except for the first fiscal quarter, when the SAR must be submitted within 45 days from the time when the President submits the budget to Congress (10 U.S.C. §2432(f)). The President's budget is generally submitted the first week of February. For purposes of this figure, it is assumed that the President's budget is submitted 30 days after the end of the quarter.

The notification to Congress must include 17 different data elements, including

• 1. an explanation of the reasons for the cost increase,
• 2. the completion status of the program and designated major subprograms,
• 3. changes in the projected cost of the program,
• 4. names of the military and civilian personnel responsible for program management and cost control,
• 5. any changes in performance or schedule that contributed to cost growth,
• 6. action taken and proposed to be taken to control cost growth,
• 7. changes in the performance or schedule milestones and how such changes have affected the cost of the program, and
• 8. prior cost estimating information.

²⁸In addition to the notification, DOD must also submit to Congress a Selected Acquisition Report (SAR) for the fiscal quarter in which the breach occurred or in the quarter in which it was determined that a breach occurred.¹⁹29 For a significant breach, no further action is required. However, if a program experiences a critical breach, DOD is required to take a number of additional steps.

Consequences of a Critical Nunn-McCurdy Breach

In the event of a critical breach, the Secretary of Defense is required to conduct a root-cause analysis to determine what factors caused the cost growth that led to a critical breach, and, in consultation with the Director of Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation, assess

• 1. the estimated cost of the program if no changes are made to the current requirements,
• 2. the estimated cost of the program if requirements are modified,
• 3. the estimated cost of reasonable alternatives to the program, and
• 4. the extent to which funding from other programs will need to be cut to cover the cost growth of this program.²⁰30

After the reassessment, the program must be terminated unless the Secretary of Defense certifies in writing no later than 60 days after a SAR is provided to Congress that the program will not be terminated because it meets certain requirements.²¹31 A certification, which uses the exact wording as found in 10 U.S.C. Section 2433a(b), essentially certifies that

• 1. the program is essential to national security,
• 2. the new cost estimates have been determined by the Director of Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation to be reasonable,
• 3. the program is a higher priority than programs whose funding will be reduced to cover the increased cost of this program, and
• 4. the management structure is sufficient to control additional cost growth.²²

32A certification must be accompanied by a copy of the root-cause analysis report.²³ In addition to submitting a certification and the root-cause analysis to Congress, a33 A program that is not terminated must

• 1. be restructured in a manner that addresses the root cause of the cost growth,
• 2. have its prior milestone approval rescinded, and
• 3. receive a new milestone approval before taking any contract action—including signing new contracts or exercising options—without approval from the Milestone Decision Authority.

DOD must also (1) notify Congress of all funding changes made to other programs to cover the cost growth of the program in question and (2) hold regular reviews of the program.²⁴

Administrative34 Quantity-Related Breach Exception to Rescinding Prior Milestone Approval

ProgramsA Program can have a Nunn-McCurdy breach for reasons that are not related to program management. For example, DOD originally planned on buyingto buy 24,000 Small Diameter Bomb Increment I units but cut the order almost in half to 12,600. According to DOD officials, the reduction was based on "updated inventory assessment and usage projection for this weapon." The actual per unit cost of buying each small diameter bomb decreased from $24,000 to $23,000. However, in calculating program acquisition unit costs, Nunn-McCurdy includes fixed development, production, and military construction costs that have already been committed to the program. Cutting the number of units means that these sunk costs are amortized, or spread out, over fewer units, which in this case meant that theincreased program acquisition unit cost increased by 17%, triggering a significant breach.²⁵35

In the National Defense Authorization Act of 2012, Congress waivedprovided an exception to the requirement to rescind the milestone approval for programs whose cost growth is due primarily to a strategic decision to change the quantitynumber of items purchased.²⁶36 Under the amended statute, a program experiencing a critical Nunn-McCurdy breach does not have to have its prior milestone approval rescinded if

• 1. but for the change in the number of units being acquired, the program acquisition unit cost or procurement unit cost would not have increased by more than 5% of the current baseline estimate or 10% of the original baseline estimate and
• 2. the change in quantity was not made as a result of increasing costs, a delay in the schedule, or problems with meeting the requirements.

For DOD to invoke this exception, the Secretary of Defense must provide Congress (within 60 days of the SAR being submitted to Congress, the Secretary of Defense must submit to Congress to Congress) a written determination, along with an explanation of the basis for the determination, that

• 1. based on the root-cause analysis, but for the change in the number of units being acquired, the program acquisition unit cost or procurement unit cost would not have increased by more than 5% of the current baseline estimate or 10% of the original baseline estimate and
• 2. the change in quantity was not made as a result of increasing costs, a delay in the schedule, or problems with meeting the requirements.

Timeline for Critical Nunn-McCurdy Breach

As reflected in Figure 34, from the time a program manager reasonably believes that a critical Nunn-McCurdy breach occurs to the time the Secretary of Defense certifies the program to Congress could be as long as 255 days (and as long as 285 days if the SAR is filed 45 days after the President's budget).²⁷

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Figure 34. Timeline for Critical Nunn-McCurdy Breach Based on Unit Cost Report Submitted at the end of a quarter

Source: CRS analysis of 10 U.S.C. §2433. Notes: (1) Assumes that a Nunn-McCurdy breach does not occur within the first 30 days of the quarter, when the prior quarter's unit cost report has not yet been filed. (2) A SAR must be submitted within 45 days from the end of a quarter except for the first fiscal quarter, when the SAR must be submitted within 45 days from the time when the President submits the budget to Congress (10 U.S.C. §2432(f)). The President's budget is generally submitted the first week of February. For purposes of this figure, it is assumed that the President's budget is submitted 30 days after the end of the quarter.

How the Nunn-McCurdy Act Has Evolved

The Nunn-McCurdy Act has been statutorily amended a number ofamended nine times over the years (see Figure 45). One of the most significant changes to the reporting requirements occurred in the FY2006 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 109-163), when an additional threshold was added against whichadded the requirement to measure cost growth— against an original baseline. The new standard, which prevents DOD from avoiding a Nunn-McCurdy breach by simply re-baselining a program, has increased the number of programs breaching Nunn-McCurdy.²⁸38 According to DOD, 11 programs that did not have a Nunn-McCurdy breach prior to the new FY2006 requirements were re-categorized as having significant breaches as a result of the legislation's new original baseline.²⁹ Congress also this legislative change.³⁹ Congress believed that the FY2006 changes to Nunn-McCurdy would help "encourage the Department of Defense both to establish more realistic and achievable cost and performance estimates at the outset of MDAPs and to more aggressively manage MDAPs to avoid undesirable cost growth on these programs."³⁰40

Another significant change occurred in the FY2009 Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform (P.L. 111-23), when Congress enactedincluded a requirement that programs with critical breaches be presumed terminated unless the Secretary of Defense certifies the program. For programs that are certified, DOD must (1) revoke the prior milestone approval, (2) restructure the program, and (3) provide Congress a written explanation of the root-cause of the cost growth. These changes were fueled in part over congressional concerns that programs with chronic cost growth and schedule delays were not being terminated and Congress was not being provided specific information on what was causing the cost growth.

The most recent significant change occurred in the FY2012 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 112-81), when Congress waived the requirement to rescind the milestone approval for programs whose critical cost growth is due primarily to a strategic decision to change the quantity of items purchased.³¹41 There have been no substantive changes to the Nunn-McCurdy Act since the FY2012 NDAA. (For an expanded discussion on the legislative evolution of Nunn-McCurdy, see Appendix B.)

Figure 45. Evolution of the Nunn-McCurdy Act 1982-Present

Source: CRS analysis of legislative history, based on year of enactment. See Appendix B for full citations. Notes: 1 Baseline SAR—First SAR containing program information or comprehensive annual SAR for prior fiscal year. 2 PUC—total procurement funds appropriated in a fiscal year minus advanced procurement appropriated for future years, plus advanced procurement appropriated in prior years for use in the current fiscal year divided by number of units procured with such funds in the same fiscal year; PAUC—total cost of development, procurement, and construction divided by the number of units. 3 Major Contract—each prime contract and the six largest associate contracts measured by dollar value. 4 PUC (1984 definition)—total funds programmed to be available for obligation for procurement for a fiscal year, minus funds programmed to be available in current fiscal year for obligation for advanced procurement in future years, plus advanced procurement appropriated in prior years for use in the current fiscal year, divided by number of units procured with such funds in the same fiscal year. 5 P.L. 99-500 and P.L. 99-591 §101(c). 6 If DOD subsequently submits the SAR report, prohibition ends 30 days after continuous session of Congress. 7 Baseline Estimate—DOD required to develop a baseline description for MDAPs that includes a cost estimate. The description must be prepared before major milestones. 8 PUC (1994 definition)—total funds programmed to be available for obligation for procurement for the program divided by number of units procured.

The timeline for when DOD must notify Congress of a breach and certify a program has changed since the Nunn-McCurdy Act was first enacted in 1983The reporting timelines for Nunn-McCurdy have been amended numerous times since the act was first enacted. In 1983, no more than 97 days could elapse from the end of the quarter in which a critical breach occurred to when the Secretary of Defense certified the program to Congress. Today, it could take as long as 195 days (6.5 months), or 225 days in a quarter when the SAR is filed following the submission of the President's budget (see Figure 56).

Figure 56. Evolution of Nunn-McCurdy Reporting Timelines Comparison of FY1983 requirements vs. current requirements

Source: CRS analysis of 10 USC §2433. Notes: (1) Assumes that a Nunn-McCurdy breach does not occur within the first 30 days of the quarter, when the prior quarter's unit cost report has not yet been filed. (2) A SAR must be submitted within 45 days from the end of a quarter except for the first fiscal quarter, when the SAR must be submitted within 45 days from the time when the President submits the budget to Congress (10 U.S.C. §2432(f)). The President's budget is generally submitted the first week of February. For purposes of this figure, it is assumed that the President's budget is submitted 30 days after the end of the quarter.

Effectiveness of the Nunn-McCurdy Act

The Nunn-McCurdy Act does not appear to have reigned in cost growth in MDAPs.³² As a 2007 report by RAND observed, "Development cost growth in the past three decades has remained high, with no significant improvement... Thus, despite the many acquisition reform and other DoD management initiatives over the years, the development cost growth of military systems has not been reduced."³³ In March, 2014, GAO reported that only 55% of programs in the 2013 portfolio had less than 10% cost growth over the past 5 years and only 44% had less than 15% growth since first full estimates.³⁴

was originally intended to serve as a reporting mechanism. In recent years, Congress has also tried to use the act as a mechanism for managing cost growth.

Nunn-McCurdy as a Reporting Mechanism

Some analysts believe that Nunn-McCurdy has been effective as a reporting mechanism for informing Congress of cost overruns in Major Defense Acquisition ProgramsMDAPs. As discussed above, Congress is (1)1. notified when the cost of a program increases beyond established thresholds and (2) 2. provided with additional information on such programs (i.e., Selected Acquisition Reports or root-cause analysis reports).⁴² ).³⁵ As a result of the Nunn-McCurdy process, Congress has substantial visibility into the cost performance of the acquisition stage of MDAPs that experience certain levels of cost growth. To the extent that Nunn-McCurdy increases visibility into—and an understanding of what causes—cost growth, the act can help efforts to improve weapon system acquisitions.

SomeHowever, some analysts suggest that Nunn-McCurdy is not a sufficiently comprehensive reporting mechanism because program managers can sometimes take steps to avoid a Nunn-McCurdy breach when Congress might want to be notifiedinforming Congress of cost growth. For example, according to a media report, the Marine Corps AH-1Z attack helicopter program reduced the number of helicopters it planned to buy in order to lower the overall program cost and avoid a breach.³⁶43 The program manager reportedly stated that the program reduced its planned purchase from 105 to 58 helicopters "to avoid a critical Nunn-McCurdy breach."³⁷44 Reducing the planned purchase to avoid reporting cost growth to Congress could deprive Congress of information that it needs to make budgetary decisions. Some analysts point out that while Nunn-McCurdy might be effective in notifying Congress of incurred cost growth, it does not provide Congress insight into why the cost growth occurred. To help address this issue, Congress amended the Nunn-McCurdy Act in 2009 to require DOD to provide a root-cause analysis report to Congress whenever a program with a critical breach is certified.

Nunn-McCurdy Does Not Require Reporting on Operations and Support (O&S) Costs

Some analysts suggest that Nunn-McCurdy is not a sufficiently comprehensive reporting mechanism because it does not apply to all elements of a weapon system's life-cycle costs, such as operations, support, or disposal.³⁸45 Analysts have estimated that operations and support (O&S)O&S costs account for two-thirds or more of a system's total life-cycle cost.³⁹ Unbudgeted cost growth in O&S costs can reduce the funds available to acquire new or upgrade existing weapon systems.

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Many of the decisions that determine O&S costs are made early in the acquisition process, prior to significant O&S costs being incurred. Because O&S costs are not incurred until much later in the life cycle, these costs may not always receive the same attention as acquisition costs at Milestone B (the engineering and manufacturing development and demonstration phase) and Milestone C (the production and deployment phase)and Milestone C. Decisions made at these key decision points could result in lower acquisition costs at the expense of higher long term O&S costs—and ultimately higher overall life-cycle costs.

Without good data on O&S costs, DOD and Congress may not have important information upon which to make budget decisions. While gathering O&S data may not help manage costs for deployedfielded systems, the data can be used to gauge the reliability of DOD O&S cost estimates for future programs. Such data can also give Congress insight into the impact of trade-offs that are being made during the acquisition process that affect both short-term and long-term cost.

Nunn-McCurdy as a Mechanism for Controlling Cost Growth

Most analysts argue that the Nunn-McCurdy Act has not succeeded in controlling cost growth in MDAPs. Some of these analysts have called for strengtheningSome analysts and government officials have sought to use Nunn-McCurdy as a vehicle to manage MDAPs, with one analyst reportedly arguing for a "Nunn-McCurdy on steroids that really punishes programs that have failed."⁴⁰

47 Others have argued that while Nunn-McCurdy is a good reporting mechanism, it is not set up to be an effective program management tool. Then Under Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter reportedly stated that DOD needs a mechanism that is similar to Nunn-McCurdy but that comes into effect before a program has already experienced significant cost growth, a mechanism "that gives the managerial tip-off earlier than Nunn-McCurdy."⁴¹ Setting up such mechanisms, some say, might get to the root causes of cost growth and improve program management more effectively than Nunn-McCurdy.

While recent data appear to indicate that cost growth in MDAPs have decreased in recent years; few analysts attribute the trend to the Nunn-McCurdy Act itself.⁴⁸

While Congress has been active in pursuing acquisition reform in recent years, there has been little effort to try to use the Nunn-McCurdy Act as a mechanism to manage cost growth in MDAPs.

Have Critical Nunn-McCurdy Breaches Led to Program Cancellations?

Generally, a Nunn-McCurdy breach does not result in a program being cancelled. However, there have been some exceptions. In December 2001, the Navy Area Defense (NAD) program was cancelled.⁴²49 According to DOD, "the cancellation came, in part, as a result of a Nunn-McCurdy Selected Acquisition Report breach of the existing program."⁴³50 This was the first acquisition program that analysts and officials recalled having been cancelled as a result of a Nunn-McCurdy breach.⁴⁴51

In July 2008, Congress was notified that the Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter (ARH) program had suffered a critical Nunn-McCurdy breach. Shortly thereafter, John Young, then Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, in consultation with senior Army officials, cancelled the ARH program. Secretary of the Army Pete Geren justified the cancellation, stating that "The cost and schedule that were the focus of the decision to award the contract to Bell Helicopter are no longer valid. We have a duty to the Army and the taxpayer to move ahead with an alternative course of action to meet this critical capability for our soldiers at the best price and as soon as possible."⁴⁵

52

In the Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act of 2009, Congress amended the Nunn-McCurdy Act, stating that there is a "presumption of termination" for programs that experience a critical breach.⁴⁶53 According to the statute, "the Secretary shall terminate the program unless the Secretary" submits a certification to Congress. Since then, two programs (VH-71 and JTRS GMRJoint Tactical Radio System-Ground Mobile Radios) were terminated following a Nunn-McCurdy critical breach.

Case Study: Unrealistic Cost Estimates as a Root Cause of Cost Growth that Leads to Nunn-McCurdy Breaches

While there are a number of factors that lead to cost growth in MDAPs, for some 30 years, various DOD officials, analysts, and industry officials have argued that a primary cause of cost growth is unrealistically low cost estimates at the inception of programs.⁴⁷54 Unrealistically optimistic cost estimates can make future cost growth almost inevitable, setting the stage for future Nunn-McCurdy breaches.⁴⁸55 In 2006, Gary Payton, Air Force Deputy Under Secretary for Space Programs, made a direct link between unrealistically optimistic estimates and Nunn-McCurdy breaches. In a presentation entitled Nunn-McCurdys Aren't Fun, he argued that "Unbridled optimism regarding cost, schedule, performance, and risks is a recipe for failure."⁴⁹56 As set forth in the presentation,

Understated costs leads to lower budget → leads to industry bidding price less than budget → leads to lower award price → leads to government repeatedly changing scope, schedule, budget profile → leads to five to ten years later recognition "real" cost multiple of bid → leads to Nunn-McCurdy Breach.

Given the connection between unrealistic cost estimates and Nunn-McCurdy breaches, one question that can be asked is whether Nunn-McCurdy, or some other mechanism, can be used as a mechanism for forcing more realistic cost estimatesmore realistic cost estimates could be a factor in having fewer programs breach the Nunn-McCurdy thresholds.

Applying Nunn-McCurdy to Other Agencies

Because of the perceived effectiveness of Nunn-McCurdy, there have been proposals to apply the Nunn-McCurdy approach to earlier phases in the acquisition process or to other types of acquisitions or other agencies.⁵⁷.⁵⁰ While mostsome of these efforts have failed,⁵¹58 the Intelligence Authorization Act for FY2010 (P.L. 111-259) includes provisions that are substantially similar to the Nunn-McCurdy Act. Sections 323 (Reports on the Acquisition of Major Systems) and 324 (Critical Cost Growth in Major Systems) outline the reporting requirements for major intelligence programs whose total acquisition cost have cost growth ofcosts have grown 15% or 25% above the baseline estimate. According to a Senate report, "Section 324 is intended to mirror the Nunn-McCurdy provision in Title 10 of the United States Code that applies to major defense acquisition programs."⁵²

59

More recently, in October 2015, the House passed the Department of Homeland Security Headquarters Reform and Improvement Act of 2015 (H.R. 3572) which, among other reforms, would implement a Nunn-McCurdy-type approach for DHS acquisitions. Included in the bill are notifications to Congress for major DHS acquisition programs that exceed 15% and 20% cost growth or 180 days and 365 days schedule slip.⁶⁰

Issues for Congress

Nunn-McCurdy as a Reporting and Management Tool

One issue for Congress is to determine whether Nunn-McCurdy should be used as

• 1. only a reporting mechanism to measure the extent to which DOD is effectively managing its weapon system acquisitionsprovide information on cost growth to Congress or
• 2. both a reporting and management tool.

Congress appears to viewhave used Nunn-McCurdy as both a reporting and a management tool. To enhance the effectiveness of the act as a reporting tool, Congress has amended it over the last 25 years to increase visibility into MDAP cost growth and improve the reliability of the data reported. For example, as discussed above, in the FY2006 National Defense Authorization Act, Congress added an additional threshold against which to measure cost growth to improve visibility into the cost growth experienced by a program from its inception.

At the same time, Congress has taken actions which imply that Nunn-McCurdy is also a management tool. For example, in the Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act of 2009, Congress mandated that a program that has a critical breach must be restructured to address the root causes of cost growth and have its most recent milestone approval revoked.

Clarifying what role Nunn-McCurdy should play in helping Congress exercise its oversight role could help Congress determine how best to amend the act in the future.

Designating Individual Ships in CarriersCarrier Programs as Major Subprograms for Purposes of Nunn-McCurdy Reporting

The first two ships in the Ford-class nuclear-powered aircraft carrier program, the Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) and John F. Kennedy (CVN-79), have estimated procurement cost growth of 22.9% and 25.124.0%, respectively (since the submission of the FY2008 budget).⁵³61 Because each ship is just part of a larger threemulti-ship acquisition program, the full program has not breached the Nunn-McCurdy thresholds. Given that aircraft carriers are estimated to cost on average in excess of $11.5 billion,⁵⁴62 Congress may consider designating individual carrier procurement efforts as major subprograms for purposes of Nunn-McCurdy reporting requirements.

In the FY2012 NDAA,⁵⁵63 Congress took a similar type of approach with the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle, when it required the Secretary of Defense to either

• redesignate the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle program as a major defense acquisition program not in the sustainment phase under section 2430 of title 10, United States Code; or
• provide Congress with the information that would have been statutorily required if EELV were designated as a major defense acquisition program not in the sustainment phase, as it relates to
• cost, schedule, and performance;
• Select Acquisition Reports, including updated program life-cycle cost estimates; and
• unit cost reports.

Shortening the Nunn-McCurdy Timeline

Some analysts have argued that under the current statute, too much time elapses from when a critical breach is first identified to when DODthe Secretary of Defense certifies the program to Congress. According to these analysts, the Nunn-McCurdy timelines often span two budget cycles, and in some cases can exceed 300 days from when a program manager accurately suspects that a critical Nunn-McCurdy breach has taken place Figure 6. One option for Congress could be to consider shortening some of the Nunn-McCurdy timeframes. Condensing the timeframes could give Congress more of ana greater opportunity to consider budgeting options for troubled programs.

Some analysts have gone further, arguing that the time it takes to report a breach to Congress could be shortened by notifying Congress when a Unit Cost Report or when a Contract Performance Report (which is used in Earned Value Management) indicates that a program has breached a Nunn-McCurdy threshold.⁵⁶64

However, according to DOD, "The timing of breach determinations is one of the most difficult parts of Nunn-McCurdy." Within the department, there is a great deal of discussion and deliberation at all levels prior to the formal breach determination and notification to Congress. Initial breach indications from the contractor or program manager could be premature. For example, even if the program manager has reasonable cause to believe there is a Nunn-McCurdy breach, senior leadership could initiate cost reductions or descope the program.⁵⁷65 Using the Unit Cost Reports or Contractor Performance Reports to determine a Nunn-McCurdy breach could deprive DOD of the opportunity to manage programs and take steps to rein in cost growth.

Applying Nunn-McCurdy-Type Reporting Requirements to O&S Costs

Given the costs associated with operations and support, Congress may consider applying Nunn-McCurdy-type reporting requirements to O&S costs. Applying a reporting requirement to O&S costs might help Congress set its budgetary priorities, as well as gather and track cost data for future analysis. Another option for Congress could be to require the Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation office to include in its annual report to Congress a comparison of original O&S cost estimates to current actual costs (adjusted for inflation) for ongoing programs. The extent to which these options may be viable depends on the reliability of the data available.

Appendix A. Data on Nunn-McCurdy Breaches

Selected Acquisition Reports are not reliable sources for analyzing Nunn-McCurdy breaches. In some instances, SAR data is subsequently amended. For example, Chemical Demilitarization-Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (Chem Demil-ACWA) was reported to Congress in the September 2010 SAR as a significant breach, prompting then USD (AT&L) Ashton Carter to direct CAPE to examine the program. CAPE determined that the program had a critical breach, not a significant breach, as reported to Congress. Information on the critical breach was subsequently included in the December 2010 SAR. The significant breach notification is not included in Table A-1 because for purposes of this analysis, CRS deems the December SAR as a correction of the record, akin to an errata sheet, and not a result of a second breach.

In other instances, SAR data does not accurately reflect the timing of Nunn-McCurdy breaches. For example, DOD did not submit a SAR in December 2008. As a result, the VH-71 breach that would have been reported in a December 2008 SAR was reported in the March 2009 SAR. For purposes of this analysis, CRS is categorizing VH-71 based on when the breach occurred (2008) and not on when the SAR was sent to Congress.

Sources and Methodologies

Selected Acquisition Reports are not reliable sources for analyzing Nunn-McCurdy breaches. In some instances, SAR data is subsequently amended. For example, Chemical Demilitarization-Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (Chem Demil-ACWA) was reported to Congress in the September 2010 SAR as a significant breach, prompting then USD (AT&L) Ashton Carter to direct CAPE to examine the program. CAPE determined that the program had a critical breach, not a significant breach, as reported to Congress. Information on the critical breach was subsequently included in the December 2010 SAR. The significant breach notification is not included in Table A-1 because for purposes of this analysis, CRS deems the December SAR as a correction of the record, akin to an errata sheet, and not a result of a second breach.

In other instances, SAR data does not accurately reflect the timing of Nunn-McCurdy breaches. For example, DOD did not submit a SAR in December 2008. As a result, the VH-71 breach that would have been reported in a December 2008 SAR was reported in the March 2009 SAR. For purposes of this analysis, CRS is categorizing VH-71 based on when the breach occurred (2008) and not on when the SAR was sent to Congress.

In its 2013 Annual Report: Performance of the Defense Acquisition System, DOD published data on the number of programs that had Nunn-McCurdy breaches. However, this data was derived from the SARs and therefore does not contain the most comprehensive and up-to-date information.

In 2011, the Government Accountability Office published the report Trends in Nunn-McCurdy Cost Breaches for Major Defense Acquisition Programs,⁵⁸66 which contained data on the number of programs that had Nunn-McCurdy breaches. The data contained in the GAO report was the most comprehensive at the time. Subsequent to GAO's audit work, program data was restated. As a result, the GAO list does not include updated or restated data.

Appendix B. Legislative History

On September 8, 1982, President Ronald Reagan signed into law the Department of Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1983 (P.L. 97-252), which included what has come to be known as the Nunn-McCurdy Act.⁵⁹67 This Appendix traces the most significant changes to the Nunn-McCurdy Act and the legislative intent behind these changes.

Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1982 (P.L. 97-86)

Antecedents of the Nunn-McCurdy Act

On May 14, 1981, Senator Sam Nunn offered a floor amendment to the Department of Defense Authorization Act of 1982 requiring DOD to notify Congress if the cost growth of an MDAP (referred to in the amendment as a major defense system) exceeded certain thresholds.⁶⁰68 The purpose of the measure was to "help control the increasing costs of major defense systems."⁶¹69 In arguing for the amendment, Senator Nunn raised a number of issues, including the need to ensure that DOD's "spending priorities are being established within the context of a coherent national strategy." He argued that "the unit costs of major defense weapon systems are increasing at rates far beyond the rate of inflation, adding billions to the budget just to buy the same quantities of weapons that were planned before."⁶²70 Senator Nunn believed that the amendment "holds the appropriate Pentagon officials and defense contractors publicly accountable and responsible for managing costs."⁶³71 But ultimately, the amendment was intended to inform Congress whether DOD's acquisition process is working effectively. In arguing in support of the amendment, Senator Nunn concluded

If the system works, if the cost estimates and the inflation estimates are anywhere near accurate, giving a 15% margin on R. & D., a 10% margin on inflation in the procurement accounts, then the reports will not be necessary. If the system does not work, then, of course, we should know and we should be alerted.

Despite initial opposition by Senator John Tower,⁶⁴72 then chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, the amendment passed by a vote of 94-0 and was included in the Department of Defense Authorization Act of 1982.⁶⁵73

As shown in Table B-1, the thresholds set forth in the 1982 act were similar to the significant and critical breach levels that exist in the Nunn-McCurdy Act today (the original statute did not use the terms significant or critical breach; these terms are used below for comparison with the current statute). According to the act, a significant breach occurred when the Program Acquisition Unit Cost (PAUC—total cost of development, procurement, and construction divided by the number of units) or the Procurement Unit Cost (PUC—total procurement funds appropriated in a fiscal year divided by the number of end units to be procured with such funds in the same fiscal year) for an MDAP increased by more than 15%. A "critical" breach occurs when the PAUC or PUC increased by more than 25%. Inflation costs were included in the cost growth analysis.

Under the act, a program manager was required to submit a quarterly unit cost report to the appropriate secretary within seven days of the end of the quarter. However if a program manager had "reasonable cause" to believe that a program had a breach, the program manager was required to immediately submit a report to the service secretary concerned. If the secretary concerned determined that a breach had occurred, he had to "promptly" notify Congress of the breach in writing and submit a written report to Congress within 30 days that included

• 1. an explanation of the reasons for the cost increase,
• 2. the names of the military and civilian personnel responsible for program management and cost control,
• 3. action taken and proposed to control future cost increases,
• 4. any changes in performance or schedule that contributed to cost growth,
• 5. the identities of the principal contractors, and
• 6. an index of all testimony and documents previously provided to Congress on the program's estimated costs.

If the secretary concerned determined that a critical breach had occurred, in addition to the above requirements, the secretary had to certify to Congress in writing within 60 days of the determination that

• 1. the program was essential to national security,
• 2. there was no viable cost effective alternative to the program,
• 3. the new cost estimate was reasonable, and
• 4. the management structure was sufficient to control additional cost growth.

If the secretary did not submit the 30- or 60 -day reports in a timely manner, then no additional funds were allowed to be obligated for the program. The statute only applied to programs with cost overruns that occurred in FY1982.

Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1983 (P.L. 97-86)

Passage of the Nunn-McCurdy Act

In 1981, Representative Dave McCurdy, then chairman of the House Armed Services Committee Special Panel on Defense Procurement Procedures, held a series of hearings examining weapon system cost growth.⁶⁶74 According to Representative McCurdy, the intent of the panel was "to identify and recommend a method which will allow the Congress to more effectively review and evaluate cost categories for major weapons systems."⁶⁷75

Subsequently, Senator Nunn and Representative McCurdy led an effort to permanently enact the reporting requirements established in the FY1982 Defense Authorization Act. In the Department of Defense Authorization Act of 1983 (96 Stat. 718), Congress passed a modified version of the FY1982 reporting requirements. On September 8, 1982, President Ronald Reagan signed into law the Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1983 (P.L. 97-252), which included what has come to be known as the Nunn-McCurdy Act.

Statutory Structure of the FY1983 Nunn-McCurdy Act

The Nunn-McCurdy Act made a number of modifications to the reporting requirements that were included in the FY1982 act.

Definition of Program Acquisition Unit Cost and Procurement Unit Cost

The Nunn-McCurdy Act changed the definition of PUC to mean (changes in italics) total procurement funds appropriated in a fiscal year minus advanced procurement funds appropriated that year for use in future fiscal years, plus advanced procurement funds appropriated in prior years for use in the current fiscal year divided by the number of end units to be procured with such funds in the same fiscal year.⁶⁸76 PAUC continued to be defined as the total cost of development, procurement, and construction divided by the number of units.

Thresholds

The Nunn-McCurdy Act established the baseline for measuring cost growth as the "baseline selected acquisition report," defined as the Selected Acquisition Report in which information on the program is first included or the comprehensive annual Selected Acquisition Report for the prior fiscal year, whichever is later.⁶⁹77

The thresholds remained unchanged from the original Nunn Amendment of the FY1982 authorization act (the terms "significant" and "critical" breach were not included in the statute but are used below for comparison with the current statute). Unlike the current Nunn-McCurdy statute, the original act included inflation in determining if a breach had occurred.⁷⁰

78

Reporting

Under the act, a program manager was required to submit a written quarterly unit cost reports to the appropriate secretary within seven days of the end of theeach quarter.⁷¹79 However if a program manager had "reasonable cause" to believe that a program had a breach, the program manager was required to immediately submit a report to the secretary concerned.⁷²80 The program manager was also required to submit a unit cost report if a cost or schedule variance of a major contract under the program resulted in more than 15% cost growth compared to the date the contract was signed.⁷³81 After a breach occurred, if the program subsequently experienced additional cost growth of more than 5% in PUC or APUC, or additional cost growth of a major contract of at least 5% (due to cost or schedule variance), then the program manager was required to submit an additional unit cost report.⁷⁴

82

The FY1983 NDAA changed some of the information required for the 30-day report to Congress, removing the requirement to provide an index of all testimony and documents previously provided to Congress on the program's estimated costs and adding a number of other requirements, including

• 1. cost and schedule variance information,
• 2. changes to the performance or schedule milestones of the program that have contributed to cost growth, and
• 3. prior cost estimating information.

Timelines

The service secretary was required to review the unit cost reports and determine whether there was a breach. If the secretary determined that a breach occurred, he was required to notify Congress of the breach in writing and submit a written report to Congress within 30 days of the unit cost report being submitted to him (the FY1982 act required the secretary to "promptly" notify Congress of the determination).⁷⁵83

If the secretary did not submit the 30- or 60-day report in a timely manner, then additional funds could not be obligated for the program. The funding prohibition could be waived by consent of the House and Senate Armed Services Committees.

FY1985 Department of Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 98-525)

Definition of Procurement Unit Cost and Major Contract

The FY1985 Department of Defense Authorization Act changed the meaning of procurement unit cost to mean total funds programmed to be available for obligation for procurement for a fiscal year, minus funds programmed to be available in the current fiscal year for obligation for advanced procurement in future years, plus advanced procurement appropriated in prior years for use in the current fiscal, divided by number of units procured with such funds in the same fiscal year.⁷⁶84

The authorization act also changed the definition of a major contract (changes in italics) to mean each prime contract and each of the six largest associate contracts (including for government-furnished equipment) that is in excess of $2,000,000.⁷⁷85 In 1986 the threshold was changed to $40 million.⁷⁸

86

Reporting Requirements

Prior to the FY1985 Authorization Act, SARs did not need to include a status report for an MDAP for the second, third, and fourth fiscal quarters if such a report was included in a previous SAR for that fiscal year and there were no changes in program cost, performance, or schedule. The FY1985 act changed the standard, stating that a SAR did not need to include a status report if there was less than a 5% change in the total program cost and less than a three-month delay in the milestone schedule as shown in a previous SAR for the same fiscal year.⁷⁹

87

The act also added that reporting requirements under Nunn-McCurdy do not apply to a program that has delivered 90% of the end units or expended 90% of planned expenditures.⁸⁰

88

The baseline against which to measure a breach was amended slightly (changes in italics) to be the baseline SAR submitted in the previous fiscal year, or if there was a breach in the previous fiscal year, the unit cost report that reported the breach.⁸¹89

Timeline Changes

The FY1985 act changed the timeline for requiring the submission of a SAR to Congress. Previously, SARs had to be submitted to Congress within 30 days of when the President submitted the budget to Congress and within 30 days after the end of the quarter for all other quarters. The FY1985act extended the SAR submission date to within 60 days after the President sends the budget to Congress and 45 after the end of all other quarters.⁸²90 The act also changed the deadline by which a program manager must submit a unit for the first quarter of a fiscal year from within seven days of the end of the quarter to within seven days of the submission of the President's budget.⁸³

91

FY1990 and 1991 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 101-189)

The FY1990 and 1991 NDAA added the role of the Service Acquisition Executive to the Nunn-McCurdy Act. Under Title X, as amended, the program manager submits unit cost reports to the Service Acquisition Executive, who then determines whether a Nunn-McCurdy breach has taken place. A determination of a breach by the service acquisition executive is sent to the secretary concerned for a further determination.⁸⁴

92

Reporting Requirements

The FY1990 and 1991 act amended Section 2432 of Title X to state that a SAR did not need to include a status report if there was less than a 15% increase in program acquisition unit cost and current acquisition unit cost as shown in a previous SAR for the same fiscal year.⁸⁵93 Previously, a SAR had to include a status report if there was a 5% change in the total program cost.

The baseline against which to measure a breach was amended slightly (changes in italics) to be the baseline SAR submitted in the previous fiscal year, or if there was a breach in the previous fiscal year, the SAR submitted to Congress in connection with the breach.⁸⁶94

The other significant change to Nunn-McCurdy in the act is the consequence of DOD failing to submit a SAR for a 15% breach or a certification for a 25% breach. Previously, if DOD failed to provide the required reports in a timely manner, no funds could be obligated for the program unless the House and Senate Armed Services Committees waived the funding prohibition. The act changed the penalty, stating that if the required reports are not filed in a timely manner, appropriated funds could not be obligated for construction, RDT&E, and procurement for a major contract under the program. However, once DOD submits the required reports, the prohibition ends at the end of 30 days of continuous session of Congress.⁸⁷95

Timeline Changes

The act changed the deadline by which a program manager must submit a unit cost report for the first quarter of a fiscal year from within seven days of the submission of the President's budget to within seven days of the end of the quarter.⁸⁸96 The act also changed the timeline for the secretary to submit notifications and certifications to Congress. Specifically, the Secretary must submit a notification of a breach to Congress within 30 days of the service acquisition executive submitting his determination report to the Secretary.⁸⁹97 For a 25% breach, DOD must submit the written certification to Congress within 30 days of the deadline for submitting the SAR.⁹⁰98

FY1993 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 102-484)

Threshold Changes

In the FY1993 NDAA, Congress slightly modified the Nunn-McCurdy thresholds from more than 15% and 25% to at least 15% and at least 25%.⁹¹99

Reporting Requirements

When a program breaches the Nunn-McCurdy thresholds, DOD is required to submit a SAR to Congress. The FY1993 NDAA provided some flexibility to this requirement (changes in italics), stating that a SAR shall be submitted to Congress for the quarter in which the determination is made that a breach occurred, or for the quarter which immediately precedes the quarter in which the determination is made.⁹²100 This added flexibility means that if a program has a breach in one quarter but the determination that a breach occurred does not happen until the next quarter, the Secretary can submit a SAR for either quarter.

Timeline Changes

The FY1993 NDAA changed the deadline for the program manager submitting a quarterly unit cost report to the service acquisition executive from seven business days to 30 calendar days after the end of the quarter.⁹³101 In addition, the act changed the timeline for notifying Congress of a breach if the breach was determined based on a quarterly unit cost report. Previously, the Secretary had to notify Congress of a breach within 30 days of the service acquisition executive reporting his determination to the secretary. Under the amended statute, the secretary must notify Congress within 45 days of the end of the quarter in which the breach took place.⁹⁴102

Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994 (P.L. 103-355)

Definition of Procurement Unit Cost and Baseline Estimate

The Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994 (FASA) changed the definition of Procurement Unit Cost to mean total funds programmed to be available for obligation for procurement for the program divided by number of units procured.⁹⁵103 FASA also changed the benchmark against which cost growth is to be measured. FASA required the Secretary of the department managing an MDAP to develop a baseline description for the program.⁹⁶104 The description must include a cost estimate. The baseline description must be prepared prior to each major milestone.⁹⁷

105

Threshold Changes

FASA changed the way cost growth is measured, stating that cost growth should be measured in constant base year dollars, thereby excluding inflation as a factor for calculating cost growth.⁹⁸

106

FY2006 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 109-163)

The FY2006 National Defense Authorization Act amended Nunn-McCurdy to include the original baseline estimate as a standard against which to measure cost growth.⁹⁹107 The FY2006 NDAA also introduced the terms significant and critical cost growth that are used in the current Nunn-McCurdy Act. The new standard was intended to prevent DOD from avoiding a Nunn-McCurdy breach by simply re-baselining a program. Congress believed that these changes to Nunn-McCurdy would help "encourage the Department of Defense both to establish more realistic and achievable cost and performance estimates at the outset of MDAPs and to more aggressively manage MDAPs to avoid undesirable cost growth on these programs."¹⁰⁰108

The introduction of the original baseline threshold increased the number of programs triggering a reporting requirement to Congress. For example, according to DOD, 11 programs that did not have a Nunn-McCurdy breach prior to the new FY2006 requirements were re-categorized as having significant breaches as a result of the FY2006 legislation. The first SAR submitted by DOD after enactment of the FY2006 NDAA contained 36 programs that were in breach of one of the Nunn-McCurdy thresholds.¹⁰¹

109

FY2007 John Warner National Defense Authorization Act
(P.L. 109-364)

The FY2007 NDAA added to the definition of the baseline estimate, stating that the original baseline estimate is the description established for the program prepared before it enters system development and demonstration (Milestone B) or at program initiation, whichever is later, without adjustment or revision.¹⁰²

110

FY2009 Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act
(P.L. 110-417)

The FY2007 NDAA applied Nunn-McCurdy to all major subprograms of MDAPs designated by the Secretary of Defense as major subprograms. To qualify as a major subprogram, an MDAP must have "two or more categories of end items which differ significantly from each other in form and function."¹⁰³111

Weapon System Acquisition Reform Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-23)

This act introduced a number of changes to the Nunn-McCurdy Act, primarily by adding Section 2433a to Title X.¹⁰⁴112 Pursuant to Section 2433a, whenever a program suffers a critical breach, an analysis must be conducted to determine the root cause of the critical cost growth, as well as an assessment projecting the cost for

• completing the program as is,
• completing the program with modifications to the requirements, and
• alternative systems or capabilities.

The assessment must also include the extent to which funding for other programs needs to be reduced to cover the increased cost of the breaching program.¹⁰⁵

113

According to Section 2433a, the program must be terminated unless the Secretary of Defense submits the required certifications and the root-cause analysis to Congress, including a new certification—that the program is a higher priority than those programs whose funding is reduced to cover the cost increases of the breaching program.¹⁰⁶114 If the program is not terminated, the program must

• 1. be restructured to address the root causes of cost growth,
• 2. have its most recent milestone approval revoked and have a new approval before entering into a new contract or exercising a contract option (the milestone decision authority can approve necessary contract actions),
• 3. include in the report all funding changes, including reductions in funding in other programs, to cover the cost growth.¹⁰⁷115

FY2012 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 112-81)

In this act, Congress waived the requirement to rescind the milestone approval for programs whose cost growth is due primarily to a strategic decision to change the quantity of items purchased.¹⁰⁸116 Under the amended statuestatute, a program experiencing a critical Nunn-McCurdy breach does not have to have its prior milestone approval rescinded if

• 1. but for the change in the number of units being acquired, the program acquisition unit cost or procurement unit cost would not have increased by more than 5% of the current baseline estimate or 10% of the original baseline estimate and
• 2. the change in quantity was not made as a result of increasing costs, a delay in the schedule, or problems with meeting the requirements.

For DOD to invoke this exception, within 60 days of the SAR being submitted to Congress, the Secretary of Defense must submit to Congress a written determination, along with an explanation of the basis for the determination, that

• 1. based on the root-cause analysis, but for the change in the number of units being acquired, the program acquisition unit cost or procurement unit cost would not have increased by more than 5% of the current baseline estimate or 10% of the original baseline estimate and
• 2. the change in quantity was not made as a result of increasing costs, a delay in the schedule, or problems with meeting the requirements.

Timeline Changes

Previously, SARs had to be submitted with 60 days of when the President submitted the budget to Congress. The FY2012 NDAA decreased the time DOD has to submit the SAR to 45 days after the submission of the President's budget.¹⁰⁹

Footnotes

13. 25. 29. 42. 61.

1.	A Major Defense Acquisition Program is defined as a program estimated to require research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) costs of more than $480 million or procurement costs of more than $2.79 billion (in FY2014 constant dollars). In 1982, when the Nunn-McCurdy Act was enacted, the procurement cost of a program had to beexceed $1 billion (in FY1980 constant dollars) to be considered an MDAP.
2.	If an MDAP has two or more major items that are significantly different from each other in form or function, DOD may designate the items as a "major subprogram" for purposes of acquisition reporting requirements. This authority was established in section 811 of The Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009 (P.L. 110-417).
3.	Dave McCurdy, "Reassert Cost Controls," DefenseNews, April 24, 2006, p. 21.
4.	Ibid.
5.	Congressional Record, May 14, 1981, p. S5012.
6.	Title X of the U.S. Code10 USC §2433 codifies the laws establishing and regulating the Department of Defense. Program acquisition unit cost and procurement unit cost are defined in 10 U.S.C. §2432(a). DOD often uses the term Average Procurement Unit Cost (APUC) instead of Program Unit Cost (PUC), which is the term used in the statute.
7.	10 U.S.C. §2435(a).
8.	The APB contains the key cost, schedule, and performance parameters (both objectives and thresholds). According to the Defense Acquisition Guidebook, (https://dag.dau.mil/), the program, as described by the APB, "should represent the program as it is expected to be developed, produced and/or deployed, sustained and funded." See Department of Defense, Defense Acquisition Guidebook, Chapter 10.9, accessed February 5, 2015.
9.	For a discussion on the defense acquisition system and milestones, see CRS Report RL34026, Defense Acquisitions: How DOD Acquires Weapon Systems and Recent Efforts to Reform the Process, by [author name scrubbed]Moshe Schwartz.
10.	In all four cases, the APB can only be revised with the approval of the Milestone Decision Authority. See Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (AT&L), Operation of the Defense Acquisition System, DOD Instruction 5000.02, Enclosure 1-Table 3, January 7, 2015. See also Department of Defense, Defense Acquisition Guidebook, Chapter 10.9.1.
11.	Kenneth J. Krieg, Memorandum: Acquisition Program Baselines (APBs) for Major Defense Acquisition Programs (MDAPs), Under Secretary of Defense, Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, p. 2, July 17, 2007.
12.	Not all programs enter the acquisitions system at Milestone B. A program that has already passed the engineering and manufacturing development phase, such as a commercially available product, can enter later, at Milestone C.	10 U.S.C. §2435(d). For programs with an acquisition unit cost or procurement unit cost that exceeded the original baseline estimate by more than 50% as of January 6, 2006, the original baseline estimate for the program for purposes of Nunn-McCurdy is defined as the current baseline estimate that existed as of January 6, 2006.
1314.	10 U.S.C. §2435(d).
1415.	See Appendix A for a discussion on the conflicting Nunn-McCurdy data.
15.	10 U.S.C. §2435(b).
16For more information on the acquisition process, see CRS Report RL34026, Defense Acquisitions: How DOD Acquires Weapon Systems and Recent Efforts to Reform the Process, by Moshe Schwartz.
16.	DOD Instruction 5000.02.
17.	Col Mark F. Cancian, USMCR (Ret.), "Cost Growth: Perception and Reality," Defense Acquisition Research Journal, vol. 17, no. 55 (July 2010), pp. 389-404.
18.	Tony Bertuca, "Capitol Hill ask GAO to examine Kendall's Better Buying Power assertions," Inside Defense, January 8, 2016.
19.	CRS Recorded Event WRE00133, Keynote: Current OSD Efforts to Improve Defense Acquisitions, by Moshe Schwartz (presentation of Under Secretary Kendall).
20.	Mark Husband, Dr. Eng., "Where Have All the Nunn-McCurdys Gone?," Defense AT&L, vol. 44, no. 6 (Nov.-Dec 2015), pp. 7-9.
21.	J. Ronald Fox, Defense Acquisition Reform 1960-2009: An Elusive Goal (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 2011), pp. 115, 132, 163, 201.
22.	Analysis conducted by CRS. See "Department of Defense Key Officials 1947-2004" at http://www.whs.mil/library/Key47-04/22.pdf and Department of Defense, Performance of the Defense Acquisition System, 2014 Annual Report, June 13, 2014, p. 13, http://www.acq.osd.mil/fo/docs/Performance-of-Defense-Acquisition-System-2014.pdf. Mr. Kendall's term started as Acting USD(AT&L) in 2011.
23.	For more information on the Budget Control Act, see CRS Report R42506, The Budget Control Act of 2011 as Amended: Budgetary Effects, by Grant A. Driessen and Marc Labonte and CRS Report R44039, Defense Spending and the Budget Control Act Limits, by Amy Belasco.
24.	10 U.S.C. §2435(b).
10 U.S.C. §2433(c). The unit cost report includes program acquisition unit cost, procurement unit cost (if appropriate), and cost or schedule variance. See 10 U.S.C. §2433(b).
1726.	Under certain circumstances, a program manager does not need to submit a mid-quarter unit cost report. For example, if a mid-quarter report had previously been filed indicating an equal or greater level of cost growth, then the program manager is not required to submit another mid-quarter report.
1827.	10 U.S.C. §2433(d).
1928.	10 U.S.C. §2433(g) lists all 17 different elements that must be included in a Nunn-McCurdy breach notification.	10 U.S.C. §2433. A Selected Acquisition Report includes the (1) quantity of items to be purchased, (2) program acquisition cost, (3) program acquisition unit cost, (4) current procurement cost, (5) current procurement unit cost, and (6) the reasons for changes in any of these costs. See 10 U.S.C. §2432(b),(e). Originally, DOD was required to submit a SAR for the quarter in which the determination was made that a breach occurred. In some circumstances, a breach will occur in one quarter but the formal determination that the breach occurred takes place in the following quarter. To address this issue, Congress gave DOD the flexibility to submit a SAR for the quarter immediately preceding the quarter in which the determination is made—which would be the quarter in which the breach actually occurred.
2030.	10 U.S.C. §2433a(a).
2131.	The requirement that a program be terminated if it is not certified was enacted on May 22, 2009 as part of the Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act of 2009. According to the amended act, if a program is terminated, the Secretary of Defense must submit a written report explaining (1) why the program was terminated, (2) the alternatives that were considered to fix the program, and (3) how DOD intends to meet the requirement that the program was intended to fill (10 U.S.C. §2433a(d)).
2232.	10 U.S.C. §2433a(b).
2333.	10 U.S.C. §2433a(b)(3).
2434.	10 U.S.C. §2433A(c).
2535.	In this case, AshtonSecretary Carter downgraded the program, thereby exempting it from Nunn-McCurdy. See Letter form Ashton Carter, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology & Logistics, to Joseph Biden, President of the Senate, March 11, 2010. See also, "Small Diameter Bomb Program Dodges 'Significant' Nunn-McCurdy Breach." Inside the Pentagon, March 25, 2010.
2636.	P.L. 112-81, §831.
2737.
2838.	For an analysis of how some DOD MDAPs were frequently rebaselined, thereby avoiding the Nunn-McCurdy requirements, see U.S. Government Accountability Office, Defense Acquisitions: Information for Congress on Performance on Major Programs Can Be More Complete, Timely, and Accessible, GAO-05-182, March 28, 2005.
2939.	Based on documentation provided by DOD. See also: Larry Axtell and Wendell Irby, "APB, SAR, and Nunn-McCurdy Status," Damir Conference, October 30, 2007, p. 29, http://www.acq.osd.mil/damir/ConferenceDocs/Axtell.ppt.
3040.	U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006, Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 1815, 109th Cong., 1st sess., Dec. 18, 2005, H.Rept. 109-360 (Washington: GPO, 2005), p. 755.
3141.	Section 831.	Section 831.
32.	According to a RAND study that looked at a 50 year time horizon, annual cost escalation rates for amphibious ships, surface combatants, attack submarines, and nuclear aircraft carriers have ranged from 7% to 11%, and the annual cost escalation rate for U.S. fighter aircraft was about 10%. See Mark V. Arena, Irv Blickstein, and Obaid Younossi, et al., Why Has the Cost of Navy Ships Risen? A Macroscopic Examination of the Trends in U.S. Naval Ship Costs Over the Past Several Decades, RAND Corporation, 2006, p. xiv. Another analysis found that "cost overruns are increasing by an average of 1.86 percentage points per year. If this trend is allowed to continue, the analysis suggests that in 10 years the average overrun will exceed 56%.... " See Deloitte Consulting LLP, Can We Afford Our Own Future? Why A&D Programs are Late and Over-budget—and What Can Be Done to Fix the Problem, 2008, p. 2.
33.	The report went on to note that "There is no doubt that the systems developed in each successive decade are more complex than those of the prior decade. The ever-increasing complexity of technology, software density, system integration complexity, and the like make the estimating a total system's development cost, at the inception of major development activities, an increasingly challenging endeavor." pp. xx-xxi.
34.	U.S. Government Accountability Office, Defense Acquisitions: Assessments of Selected Weapon Programs, GAO-14-340SP, March 31, 2014, p. 6.
35.	The annual SARs filed in December do not include a comprehensive list of all programs that experienced breaches in a given year; sometimes programs only report breaches in mid-year SARs.
3643.	Dan Taylor, "New-build AH-1Z Helos Cut in Half to Avoid Nunn-McCurdy Breach," Inside the Navy, October 27, 2008, Vol. 21, No. 43.
3744.	Ibid.
3845.	Operations and support costs are funded from Military Personnel, Operations and Maintenance, Procurement, and occasionally RDT&E appropriations.
3946.	Walt Cooper, O&S Trends and Current Issues, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Cost Analysis Improvement Group, Washington, D.C.DC, May 2007. See also, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, Report of the Defense Science Board on Developmental Test & Evaluation, Washington, D.C.DC, May 2008, p. 22.
4047.	Christopher J. Castelli, "DEFENSE: Acquisition Shop Prepares for Shift in Administrations," Inside Missile Defense, November 5, 2008, Vol. 14, No. 23.
4148.	Marina Malenic, "Pentagon Pledges Support for Bomber Industrial Base," Defense Daily, March 30, 2010, p. 1.
42According to a RAND study that looked at a 50-year time horizon, annual cost escalation rates for amphibious ships, surface combatants, attack submarines, and nuclear aircraft carriers have ranged from 7% to 11%, and the annual cost escalation rate for U.S. fighter aircraft was about 10%. See Mark V. Arena, Irv Blickstein, and Obaid Younossi, et al., Why Has the Cost of Navy Ships Risen? A Macroscopic Examination of the Trends in U.S. Naval Ship Costs Over the Past Several Decades, RAND Corporation, 2006, p. xiv. Another analysis found that "cost overruns are increasing by an average of 1.86 percentage points per year. If this trend is allowed to continue, the analysis suggests that in 10 years the average overrun will exceed 56%.... " See Deloitte Consulting LLP, Can We Afford Our Own Future? Why A&D Programs are Late and Over-budget—and What Can Be Done to Fix the Problem, 2008, p. 2. 49.	NAD was intended to track, detect, and engage tactical ballistic missiles in the terminal phase of flight using the AEGIS Weapon System platform.
4350.	"Navy Area Missile Defense Program Cancelled," Department of Defense News Release No. 637-01, December 14, 2001.
4451.	Archived version of CRS Report RL33745, Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress, by [author name scrubbed]Ronald O'Rourke.
4552.	Department of Defense, "DoD Announces Non-Certification Of Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter Program," press release, October 16, 2008, http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=12288.
4653.	P.L. 111-23, §206.
4754.	Poor cost estimating was a recurring theme during the McCurdy hearings. For example, then Director of the Program Analysis and Evaluation Office, Maj. Gen. Patrick M. Roddy stated that there are three fundamental cost growth drivers: inflation, poor cost estimating, and scheduling. GAO stated "Cost estimating is probably the key ingredient in reducing cost growth.... As far back as the early 1970's, GAO has reported that both planning and development cost estimates on Federal acquisitions in many cases are quite optimistic ... unrealistically low contractor and agency estimates on the front end aggravates cost growth. What is needed is more candor up front in presenting programs to the Congress and not promising more than can be realistically delivered." Former Deputy Secretary of Defense Frank C. Carlucci, in a written statement to Congress, stated that "early cost, schedule, and performance estimates are overly optimistic." See House Armed Services Hearings, 97th Cong., 1st Sess., Volume 11, 1981. Op. cit. p. 74, 1009, and 1085, respectively. Michael Gilmore, then of the Congressional Budget Office, stated when discussing overly optimistic cost estimates, that "no program manager in the world is going to be able to manage the program in such a way that the costs will not grow... it's not really so much cost growth as cost realism setting in." See U.S. Congress, House Committee on the Budget, Long-Term Sustainability of Current Defense Plans, 111th Cong., 1st sess., February 4, 2009.
4855.	Michael Gilmore, Long-Term Sustainability of Current Defense Plans.
4956.	See http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2006systems/Wednesday/payton.pdf, p. 10, December 23, 2008.
5057.	As discussed in the next section, AshtonSecretary Carter reportedly called for a mechanism similar to Nunn-McCurdy to be applied earlier in the acquisition lifecycle of an MDAP.
5158.	In 2008, the Information Technology Investment Oversight Enhancement and Waste Prevention Act of 2008 (S. 3384) sought to apply a Nunn-McCurdy-type approach to information technology acquisitions. The bill included notifications to Congress if an information technology program breached 20% or 40% cost thresholds. According to media reports, industry representatives supported this effort. See Staff article, "ITAA Lining Up Behind Nunn-McCurdy Notices Over IT," Aerospace Daily & Defense Report, September 22, 2008, Volume 227, Issue 58. In 2014, the DHS Acquisition Accountability and Efficiency Act, (H.R. 4228) sought to apply a Nunn-McCurdy-type approach to major acquisitions at the Department of Homeland Security. The bill included notifications to Congress if a major acquisition program exceeded planned cost by 15% or 20%, or exceeded planned schedule by 180 days or 12 months.
5259.	U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, To accompany S. 1494, 111th Cong., 1st sess., July 22, 2009, S.Rept. 111-55 (Washington: GPO, 2009), section 324.
5360.	Section 231.	CRS Report RS20643, Navy Ford (CVN-78) Class Aircraft Carrier Program: Background and Issues for Congress, by [author name scrubbed], p. 8Ronald O'Rourke.
5462.	Ibid.
5563.	Section 838.
5664.	A Contractor Performance Report (CPR) is intended to provide "timely, reliable summary-level data with which to assess current and projected contract performance." A CPR is a management tool whose value is in its "ability to reflect current contract status and reasonably project future program performance." See OUSD(AT&L)ARA/AM(SO), Date Item Description: Contract Performance Report (CPR), DI-MGMT-81466A, March 30, 2005, p. 1, http://www.acq.osd.mil/pm/currentpolicy/cpr_cfsr/CPR%20Final%203-30-05.pdf. Earned Value Management is a process in management and oversight of programs that ensures cost, schedule and work scope of a program are addressed, and combines both government management requirements and industry best practices. More can be found at the Defense Acquisition Guidebook, https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=488728 65
57.	Based on written answers provided to CRS by DOD on April 1, 2009.
5866.	U.S. Government Accountability Office, Trends in Nunn-McCurdy Cost Breaches for Major Defense Acquisition Programs, GAO-11-295R, March 9, 2011.
5967.	10 U.S.C. §2433.
6068.	Congressional Record May 14th, 1981 p. S5010.
6169.	Ibid.
6270.	Congressional Record May 14th, 1981 p. S5011.
6371.	Congressional Record May 14th, 1981 p. S5011Ibid.
6472.	Sen. Tower opposed the amendment, in part because he believed that "in some respects it [the threshold] is closing the gate after the horse has galloped off into the boondocks." However, he acknowledged "this amendment is going to be adopted, because it is like motherhood. You cannot vote against motherhood or apple pie or all these other fine things." See Congressional Record May 14th, 1981 p. S5012.
6573.	P.L. 97-86 § 917; 95 Stat. 1129.
6674.	U.S. Congress, House Armed Services Committee, Special Panel on Defense Procurement Procedures, House Armed Services Hearings, Vol. 11, 97th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: GPO, 1981), p. 1.
6775.	U.S. Congress, House Armed Services Committee, Special Panel on Defense Procurement Procedures, House Armed Services Hearings, Vol. 11, 97th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: GPO, 1981), p. 1.
6876.	P.L. 97-252 § 139a; 96 Stat. 740.
6977.	P.L. 97-252 § 139b(a)(2).
7078.	P.L. 97-252 § 139b(f); 96 Stat. 744.
7179.	P.L. 97-252 § 139b(b); 96 Stat. 742.
7280.	P.L. 97-252 § 139b(c)(1); 96 Stat. 742.
7381.	Defined as the prime contract or one of the six largest associate contracts (including for government furnished equipment), by dollar value. P.L. 97-252 § 139a(a)(4).
7482.	P.L. 97-252 § 139b(c)(2); 96 Stat. 742, 743.
7583.	P.L. 97-252 § 139b(d)(2); 96 Stat. 743.
7684.	P.L. 98-525 § 1242 (a)(1); 98 Stat. 2606, 2607.
7785.	P.L. 98-525 § 1242 (a)(2); 98 Stat. 2607.
7886.	P.L. 99-500 and P.L. 99-591 § 101(c).
7987.	P.L. 98-525 § 1242 (a)(3); 98 Stat. 2607.
8088.	P.L. 98-525 § 1242 (a)(5); 98 Stat. 2607.
8189.	P.L. 98-525 § 1242 (b)(1); 98 Stat. 2607.
8290.	P.L. 98-525 § 1242 (a)(4); 98 Stat. 2607.
8391.	P.L. 98-525 § 1242 (b)(2); 98 Stat. 2607
8492.	P.L. 101-189 § 811(a); 103 Stat. 1490.
8593.	P.L. 101-189 § 811(c); 103 Stat. 1493.
8694.	P.L. 101-189 § 811(a); 103 Stat. 1490.
8795.	P.L. 101-189 § 811(a); 103 Stat. 1492.
8896.	P.L. 101-189 § 811(a); 103 Stat. 1490.
8997.	P.L. 101-189 § 811(a)(4)(C); 103 Stat. 1491.
9098.	P.L. 101-189 § 811(a)(5)(A); 103 Stat. 1492.
9199.	P.L. 102-484 § 817(d)(3) and (4); 106 Stat. 2457. The threshold for requiring the program manager to submit an additional unit cost report to the SAE for a program that breached Nunn-McCurdy and has since experienced further cost growth was modified from more than 5% to at least 5% over the most recent cost report.
92100.	P.L. 102-484 § 817(d)(5)(A); 106 Stat. 2457.
93101.	P.L. 102-484 § 817(d)(2); 106 Stat. 2456.
94102.	P.L. 102-484 § 817(d)(3); 106 Stat. 2457.
95103.	P.L. 103-355 § 3002(a)(1); 108 Stat. 3328.
96104.	P.L. 103-355 § 3003(a); 108 Stat. 3329.
97105.	P.L. 103-355 § 3005(a); 108 Stat. 3330.
98106.	P.L. 103-355 § 3003(d); 108 Stat. 3329.
99107.	P.L. 109-163 § 802; 119 Stat. 3367.
100108.	U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006, Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 1815, 109th Cong., 1st sess., Dec. 18, 2005, H.Rept. 109-360 (Washington: GPO, 2005), p. 755.
101109.	U.S. Congress, House Committee on Armed Services, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007, report on H.R. 5122 , 109th Cong., 2nd sess., May 5, 2006, H.Rept. 109-452 (Washington: GPO, 2006), p. 352.
102110.	P.L. 109-364 § 806; 120 Stat. 2315.
103111.	P.L. 110-417; 122 Stat. 4520.
104112.	10 U.S.C. 2433a, which became part of Title X through the Weapons System Acquisition Reform Act of 2009.
105113.	10 U.S.C. 2433a(a).
106114.	10 U.S.C. 2433a(b).
107115.	10 U.S.C. 2433a(c).
108116.	Section 831.
109117.	Section 812.