Small Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends

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Small Business Administration (SBA)
Funding: Overview and Recent Trends
Robert Jay Dilger
Senior Specialist in American National Government
February 5December 24, 2015

Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R43846

 SBASmall Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends

Summary
This report examines the Small Business Administration’s (SBA’s) appropriations (new budget
authority, minus rescissions and sequestration) over time, focusing on developments and trends
since FY2000. It also provides total available funding (which includes carryover from the prior
fiscal year, carryover into the next fiscal year, account transfers, rescissions, and sequestration)
and, for entrepreneurial development noncredit programs, actual expenditures for comparative
purposes.
SBA appropriations, as a whole, have varied significantly from year to year since FY2000 and
across all three of the agency’s major spending categories: disaster assistance, business loan credit
subsidies, and “other programs,” a category that includes salaries and expenses, business loan
administration, the Office of Inspector General, the Office of Advocacy, and entrepreneurial
development programs. Overall, the SBA’s appropriations have ranged from a high of $2.233
billion in FY2006 to a low of $571.8 million in FY2007. Much of this volatility is due to
significant variation in appropriations for disaster assistance, which ranged from a high of $1.7
billion in FY2006 to a low of $0 in FY2009. This variation can be attributed primarily to
supplemental appropriations provided to address disaster needs arising from the impact of major
hurricanes, such as Hurricane Katrina and, more recently, Hurricane Sandy.
The SBA’s appropriations for business loan credit subsidies have also varied since FY2000,
ranging from a high of $319.7 million in FY2013 ($337.3 million before sequestration and
rescission) to a low of $1.3 million in FY2006 and FY2007. This variation is due to the impact of
changing economic conditions on the SBA’s guaranteed loan portfolios. During good economic
times, revenue from SBA fees and collateral liquidation is typically sufficient to cover the costs of
purchasing guaranteed loans that have defaulted. During and immediately following recessions,
however, that revenue is typically insufficient to cover the costs of purchasing guaranteed loans
that have defaulted.
The SBA’s appropriations for other programs, as a collective, have also varied since FY2000,
ranging from a high of $1.6253 billion in FY2010 to a low of $455.6 million in FY2007. This
variation is primarily due to congressional response to changing economic conditions. For
example, Congress approved significant, temporary increases in appropriations for the SBA’s
other programs spending category in FY2009 and FY2010. Aside from these temporary increases,
appropriations Overall, since FY2000, appropriations
for other programs have increased at a pace that roughly matchesexceeds inflation. This
 report provides 
appropriations for all 5five major components of the other programs spending
 category, including all 14 of 
the SBA’s permanent entrepreneurial development programs.
The SBA’s appropriations for FY1954 through FY1999 are provided in the Appendix.

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 SBASmall Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends

Contents
Introduction. ..................................................................................................................................... 1
SBA Funding Trends: FY2000-FY2016 .......................................................................................... 2
SBA Funding Within the Other Programs Category ........................................................................ 5
Salaries and Expenses. ............................................................................................................... 6
Business Loan Administration ................................................................................................... 9
Office of Inspector General ...................................................................................................... 11
Office of Advocacy. ................................................................................................................. 14
Entrepreneurial Development Noncredit Programs. ................................................................ 16
Small Business Development Centers. .............................................................................. 17
Microloan Technical Assistance Program ......................................................................... 1918
Women Business Centers .................................................................................................. 2120
SCORE .............................................................................................................................. 2322
Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs ................................................................ 25
Veterans Business Outreach Centers Program 24
Veterans Programs ............................................................................................................ 27
7(j) Technical Assistance Program .................................................................................... 2930
Native American Outreach Program ................................................................................. 3132
National Women’s Business Council ................................................................................ 3334
HUBZone Administration ................................................................................................. 3536
The Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters) .................................................... 37
Operation Boots to Business: From Service to Startup Initiative...................................... 38
Entrepreneurship Education Initiative ............................................................................... 39
Growth Accelerator Initiative ............................................................................................ 40

Tables
Table 1. Small Business Administration, FY2000-FY2016. ............................................................ 3
Table 2. Salaries and Expenses, FY2000-FY2016 ........................................................................... 7
Table 3. Business Loan Administration, FY2000-FY2016 ............................................................ 10
Table 4. Office of Inspector General, FY2000-FY2016 ................................................................ 1312
Table 5. Office of Advocacy, FY2000-FY2016 ............................................................................. 15
Table 6. Small Business Development Centers, FY2000-FY2016 ................................................ 1817
Table 7. Microloan Technical Assistance Program, FY2000-FY2016. .......................................... 2019
Table 8. Women Business Centers, FY2000-FY2016 ................................................................... 2221
Table 9. SCORE, FY2000-FY2016 ............................................................................................... 2423
Table 10. Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs (PRIME), FY2001-FY2016. ............... 26
Table 11. Veterans Business Outreach Centers (VBOC) Program, FY2000-FY2016FY2015 ................... 2829
Table 12. 7(j) Technical Assistance Program, FY2000-FY2016 ................................................... 3031
Table 13. Native American Outreach (NAO) Program, FY2003-FY2016 .................................... 3233
Table 14. National Business Women’s Council (NWBC), FY2000-FY2016 ................................ 34

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35
Table 15. Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBZone) Program, FY2000FY2016 ....................................................................................................................................... 3637
Table 16. Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters), FY2010-FY2016 ........................... 38
Table 17. Operation Boots to Business: From Service to Startup Initiative, FY2014FY2016 ....................................................................................................................................... 39
Table 18.  38
Table 17. Entrepreneurship Education Initiative, FY2014-FY2016 .............................................. 40
Table 1918. Growth Accelerator Initiative, FY2014-FY2016 ........................................................... 41
Table A-1. Small Business Administration Appropriations, FY1980-FY1999 .............................. 42
Table A-2. Small Business Administration Appropriations, FY1954-FY1979 .............................. 43

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Appendixes
Appendix. SBA Appropriations, FY1954-FY1999 ........................................................................ 42

Contacts
Author Contact Information. .......................................................................................................... 44

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 SBASmall Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends

Introduction
The Small Business Administration (SBA) currently administers several types of programs to
support small businesses, including loan guaranty and venture capital programs to enhance small
businesses’ access to capital; contracting programs to increase small businesses’ opportunities in
federal contracting; direct loan programs for businesses, homeowners, and renters to aid in their
recovery from natural disasters; and small business management and technical assistance training
programs to assist in business formation and expansion. Congressional interest in these programs
has increased in recent years, primarily because small businesses are viewed as a means to
stimulate economic activity, create jobs, and further the national economic recovery. Many
 and create jobs. Many Members of Congress also regularly receive 
constituent inquiries about the SBA’s programs.
This report examines appropriations for the SBA (new budget authority, minus rescissions and
sequestration) over time, focusing on developments and trends since FY2000. It also provides
total available funding (which includes carryover from the prior fiscal year, carryover into the
next fiscal year, account transfers, rescissions, and sequestration) and, for comparative purposes,
actual expenditures of the SBA’s entrepreneurial development noncredit programs.
SBA appropriations, as a whole, have varied significantly from year to year since FY2000 and
across all three major SBA spending categories: appropriations for disaster assistance, business
loan credit subsidies, and “other programs,” a spending category that includes appropriations for
salaries and expenses, business loan administration, the Office of Inspector General, the Office of
Advocacy, and entrepreneurial development noncredit programs.
The variation in appropriations for disaster assistance since FY2000 is largely due to
supplemental appropriations provided to address disaster needs arising from the impact of major
hurricanes.
Business loan credit subsidies represent the net present value of cash flows to and from the SBA
over the life of the agency’s loan portfolios.1 For guaranteed loans, the net present value of cash
flows is affected by several factors, but it is primarily the difference between the cost of
purchasing loans that have defaulted and the revenue generated from fees and collateral
liquidation. For direct (Microloan) lending, it is primarily the cost of offering below-market
interest rates to Microloan intermediaries.2
The variation in appropriations for SBA business loan credit subsidies since FY2000 is primarily
due to the impact of changing economic conditions on the SBA’s guaranteed loan portfolios.
1

The U.S. Small Business Administration’s (SBA’s) Office of Financial Analysis and Modeling is responsible for
ensuring that the computation of subsidy rates for the SBA’s credit programs are in compliance with the Federal Credit
Reform Act of 1990 (FCRA). As indicated on the office’s website,
The FCRA requires all credit agencies, including the SBA, to budget and account for the cost of
credit programs by determining the net present value of cash flows to and from the Government
over the life of the portfolio and expressing the net amount as a credit subsidy rate. The process to
develop a subsidy rate is lengthy and complex, requiring unique data collection techniques and
analysis efforts. SBA develops its subsidy rates by creating models that incorporate data on loan
maturity, borrowers’ interest rates, fees, grace periods, interest subsidies, delinquencies, purchases
or defaults, recoveries, prepayments, advances and borrower characteristics.
See SBA, Office of Financial Analysis and Modeling, “Summary of Responsibilities,” at http://www.sba.gov/offices/
headquarters/ocfo/resources/13299.
2
Fees and collateral collections have less impact on Microloan credit subsides than on guaranteed loan credit subsidies
because the SBA does not charge intermediaries fees and Microloan intermediaries are required to maintain a loss
reserve fund to help defray the SBA’s cost of purchasing Microloans that default.

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The variation in appropriations for SBA business loan credit subsidies since FY2000 is primarily
due to the impact of changing economic conditions on the SBA’s guaranteed loan portfolios.
During good economic times, revenue from SBA fees and collateral liquidation is typically
sufficient to cover the SBA’s cost of purchasing guaranteed loans that have defaulted. During and
immediately following economic slowdowns, however, revenue from SBA fees and collateral
liquidation is typically insufficient to cover the SBA’s cost of purchasing guaranteed loans that
have defaulted. The shortfall occurs because the SBA’s cost of purchasing guaranteed loans tends
to increase when the economy slows (primarily because guaranteed loans are more likely to
default during and immediately following recessions) and revenue from loan liquidation tends to
be constrained during slow economic times (primarily because commercial real estate values
typically fall during and immediately following recessions). As a result, additional appropriations
are needed to cover these expenses, which are guaranteed by the “full faith and credit of the
United States.”
Since FY2000, the variation in appropriations for the other programs spending category is
attributable primarily to congressional response to changing economic conditions. As the report
will discuss, appropriations for this spending category have generally increased at a pace that
exceeds inflation.3 In addition, Congress approved significant, temporary increases in
appropriations for SBA programs in the other programs spending category in FY2009 and
FY2010. It approved these temporary increases primarily as a means to enhance small businesses’
access to capital, which had become constrained during and immediately following the Great
Recession (December 2007 to June 2009).4
The SBA’s appropriations for FY1954 through FY1999 are provided in the Appendix.

SBA Funding Trends: FY2000-FY2016
As shown in Table 1, the SBA’s appropriations have varied significantly since FY2000, ranging
from a high of $2.233 billion in FY2006 to a low of $571.8 million in FY2007.5 Much of this
volatility is due to significant variation in appropriations for disaster assistance, which ranged
from a high of $1.7 billion in FY2006 to a low of $0 in FY2009. This variation is attributable
primarily to supplemental appropriations provided to address disaster needs arising from the
impact of major hurricanes, such as Hurricane Katrina and, more recently, Hurricane Sandy.

3

The SBA’s FY2015 appropriation of $653.2 million for other programs is $482.124
In addition, as shown in Table 1, appropriations for business loan credit subsidies have varied
significantly since FY2000, ranging from a high of $319.7 million in FY2013 ($337.3 million
before sequestration and rescission) to a low of $1.3 million in FY2006 and FY2007. As
mentioned previously, the variation in appropriations for business loan credit subsidies results
primarily from the impact of changing economic conditions on the SBA’s loan portfolios. During
good economic times, revenue from SBA fees and collateral liquidation is typically sufficient to
3

The SBA’s FY2016 appropriation of $680.8 million for other programs is $485.650 million in constant FY2000
dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than the SBA’s FY2000 appropriation of $459.5 million for other
programs. Congressional Research Service (CRS) calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and
Budget (OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2015FY2016: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic
Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2018,” p. 217, at http2020,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/
files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/hist.pdfomb/budget/
Historicals.
4
Recessions are determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, which defines a recession as “a significant
decline in economic activity [that] spreads across the economy and can last from a few months to more than a year.”
See National Bureau of Economic Research, “Statement of the NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee on the
Determination of the Dates of Turning Points in the U.S. Economy,” at http://www.nber.org/cycles/
general_statement.html.
5
Program costs and expenditures typically differ from new budget authority provided by appropriations due to the
carryover of budget authority either from the previous fiscal year or into the next fiscal year or to program transfers.

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In addition, as shown in Table 1, appropriations for business loan credit subsidies have varied
significantly since FY2000, ranging from a high of $319.7 million in FY2013 ($337.3 million
before sequestration and rescission) to a low of $1.3 million in FY2006 and FY2007. As
mentioned previously, the variation in appropriations for business loan credit subsidies results
primarily from the impact of changing economic conditions on the SBA’s loan portfolios. During
good economic times, revenue from SBA fees and collateral liquidation is typically sufficient to
Small Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends

cover the costs of purchasing guaranteed loans that have defaulted. During and immediately
following recessions, revenue from SBA fees and collateral liquidation is typically not sufficient
to cover those costs.
Table 1. Small Business Administration, FY2000-FY2016
(appropriations and available funds, $ in millions)

Fiscal Year

Disaster
Assistance

Business
Loan
Credit
Subsidies

Other
Programs

Appropriation

Total
Available
Funds

2016 request

$186.9

$3.3

$669.9

$860.1680.8

$871.0

2015

$186.9

$47.5

$653.2

$887.6

$1,104.2

2014

$191.9

$111.6

$625.4

$928.9

$951.2

2013

$851.2

$319.7

$583.6

$1,754.5a

$1,375.0

2012

$117.3

$210.8

$590.7

$918.8

$1,039.3

2011

$45.4

$82.8

$601.5

$729.7b

$1,002.9

2010

$78.2

$83.0

$1,625.3c

$1,786.5

$966.7

$8.5e

$1,336.7f

$1,345.2

$980.8

2011

$45.4

2010

$78.2
$0.0d

2009

NA

2008

$1,052.8

$2.0

$579.9

$1,634.7

$928.2

2007

$114.9

$1.3

$455.6

$571.8g

$1,053.6

2006

$1,700.0

$1.3

$532.1

$2,233.4h

$2,308.0

2005

$1,040.8

$1.4

$498.0

$1,540.2i

$907.7$498.0

$1,540.2i

$907.7
$808.6

2009
2008

$0.0d
$1,052.8

2007
2006
2005

$114.9
$1,700.0
$1,040.8

$1.3
$1.3
$1.4

NA

2004

$198.9

$80.2

$507.1

$786.2j

$808.6

2003

$190.3

$88.5

$507.5

$786.3k

$893.6

2002

$284.7

$154.9

$478.4

$918.0l

$973.5

2001

$284.1

$165.0

$550.4

$999.5m

$947.6

2000

$317.3

$137.8

$459.5

$914.6n

$906.0$478.4

$918.0l

$973.5

$550.4

$999.5m

$947.6

$459.5

$914.6n

$906.0

2002
2001
2000

$284.7
$284.1
$317.3

$154.9
$165.0
$137.8

Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010], at
http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/budgetsplans/BUDGET_REQ_PERF_PLAN.html; SBA, ; SBA,
Congressional Budget
 Justification, [FY2011-FY2016], at http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; P.L. 106-113, 
the Consolidated
 Appropriations Act, 2000; P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001; P.L. 107-206107206, the 2002
 Supplemental Appropriations Act for Further Recovery From and Response to Terrorist Attacks 
on the United
 States; P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003; P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated

Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004; P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005; P.L. 109-108, 
the Science,
 State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006; P.L. 109-148, the 
Department of
 Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, 
and Pandemic
 Influenza Act, 2006; P.L. 110-5, the Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007; P.L. 110-161110161, the
 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008; P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 
2009; P.L.
 111-118, the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-144, the Temporary 
Extension Act of
 2010; P.L. 111-157, the Continuing Extension Act of 2010; P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs and Credit Act

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and Credit Act of 2010; P.L. 111-150, to permit the use of previously appropriated funds to extend the Small 
Business Loan
 Guarantee Program; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing 
Appropriations Act,
 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated 
Appropriations Act, 2012; P.L.
 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-2, the Disaster 
Relief Appropriations Act,
 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; 
P.L. 113-76, the
 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and P.L. 113-235, the Consolidated and Further Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2015.
a; and P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016.

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a.

b.

c.

d.
e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

j.

k.

l.

Implementation of P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and
Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, imposed a federal government-wide sequestration process
and a required 0.2% across-the-board rescission in FY2013. The SBA’s FY2013 appropriation was reduced
by $92.681 million under sequestration and $2.091 million by the rescission. Prior to these reductions, the
SBA’s FY2013 appropriation was $897.3 million for disaster assistance, $337.3 million for loan credit
subsidies, $615.7 million for other programs, and $1,850.3 million in total.

b.


The SBA’s FY2011 appropriation of $731.201 million ($45.5 million for SBA disaster assistance, $83.0
million for business loan subsidies, and $602.7 million for other SBA programs) was reduced to $729.738
million by a 0.2% across-the-board rescission imposed on most appropriations accounts by P.L. 112-10, the
Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011.

c.


The initial appropriation for other programs in FY2010 was $662.8 million. An additional $962.5 million was
provided: $775.0 million in temporary funding for 7(a) and 504/Certified Development Company (CDC)
loan guaranty program fee subsidies and loan modifications and $187.5 million for other SBA programs. P.L.
111-118, the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2010, provided $125 million; P.L. 111-144, the
Temporary Extension Act of 2010, provided $60 million; P.L. 111-157, the Continuing Extension Act of
2010, provided $80 million; and P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs and Credit Act of 2010, provided
$510 million to provide temporary fee subsidies for the SBA’s 7(a) and 504/CDC loan guaranty programs
and to temporarily increase the 7(a) program’s maximum loan guaranty percentage from up to 85% of loans
of $150,000 or less and up to 75% of loans exceeding $150,000 to 90% for all 7(a) loans. P.L. 111-240
extended the subsidies and 90% loan guaranty through December 31, 2010, and provided $187.5 million for
other SBA programs that remained available through FY2011. Also, P.L. 111-150, to permit the use of
previously appropriated funds to extend the Small Business Loan Guarantee Program, authorized the SBA
to use $40 million in previously appropriated funds for fee subsidies and the 7(a) loan modification.

d.


SBA disaster assistance funding in FY2009 was carried over from the previous fiscal year.

e.


The initial appropriation for business loan credit subsidies in FY2009 was $2.5 million for direct (Microloan)
lending. P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, provided another $6 million for
credit subsidies for the Microloan program to remain available through September 30, 2010.

f.


The initial appropriation for other programs in FY2009 was $612.7 million. P.L. 111-5, the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, provided $6 million for Microloan credit subsidies and $724
million for other SBA programs, including $375 million for loan fee subsidies and loan modifications for the
7(a) and 504/CDC programs and $255 million for a new, temporary small business stabilization program,
later named the America’s Recovery Capital (ARC) Loan program.

g.


Includes reductions by P.L. 109-108, the Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2006, and P.L. 110-5, the Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007, which
rescinded $13.5 million of unobligated balances from the SBA ($6.192 million from unobligated disaster
assistance administrative expenses, $5.031 million from unobligated balances in the (7a) general business
loan guaranty program, and $2.323 million from unobligated balances in the direct loans program).

h.


Includes reductions by P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations
to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006, which imposed a rescission
of 1.0% on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $6.992 million from the SBA ($0.017 million from
business loan subsidies, $5.160 million from salaries and expenses, $1.600 from business loan administration,
$0.178 million from the Office of Inspector General (OIG), and $0.037 million from the surety bond
program).

i.


Includes reductions by P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, which imposed a 0.8%
rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $8.277 million from the SBA ($1.395 million from
disaster assistance, $0.019 million from business loan subsidies, $4.951 million from salaries and expenses,
$1.692 from business loan administration, $0.181 million from the OIG, and $0.039 million from the surety
bond program).

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j.


Includes reductions by P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, which imposed a
rescission of 0.59% on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $8.042 million from the SBA ($1.700
million from disaster assistance, $0.853 million from business loan subsidies, $4.001 million from salaries and
expenses, $1.347 from business loan administration, and $0.141 million from the OIG).

k.


Includes reductions by P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, which imposed a
rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $5.144 million from the SBA ($1.244
million from disaster assistance, $0.579 million from business loan subsidies, $2.401 million from salaries and
expenses, $0.839 from business loan administration, and $0.081 million from the OIG).

l.


Includes reductions by P.L. 107-206, the 2002 Supplemental Appropriations Act for Further Recovery From
and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States, which imposed a rescission on federal agencies’


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m.

n.

administrative and travel accounts, resulting in a reduction of $0.485 million from the SBA ($0.164 million
from disaster assistance, $0.315 million from salaries and expenses, and $0.006 million from the OIG).

m.


Includes reductions by P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001, which imposed a
rescission of 0.22% on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $1.983 million from the SBA ($0.406
million from disaster assistance, $0.364 million from business loan subsidies, 0.903 million from salaries and
expenses, $0.284 million from business loan administration, and $0.026 million from the OIG).

n.


Includes reductions by P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000, which imposed a
rescission of 0.38% on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $3.280 million from the SBA ($3.185
million from salaries and expenses and $0.095 million from the OIG).

As shown in Table 1, appropriations for the all other programs as a groupcategory have also varied since
FY2000, ranging from a high of $1.6253 billion in FY2010 to a low of $455.6 million in FY2007.
Much of the variation in this spending category resulted from Congress approving significant,
temporary increases in appropriations for the SBA’s other programs in FY2009 ($724.0 million)
and FY2010 ($962.5 million). Congress approved these additional appropriations primarily as a
means to enhance small businesses’ access to capital, which had become constrained during and
immediately following the Great Recession.6 As mentioned previously, since FY2000
appropriations for the SBA’s other programs spending category, as a whole, have exceeded the
rate of inflation.
For comparative purposes, Table 1 also presents the SBA’s total available funds. As indicated in
the table, the SBA’s carryovers and account transfers tend to reduce variation in its budget from
one fiscal year to the next. Much of this “evening out” process is due to disaster assistance
appropriations, which are provided in one fiscal year and then typically spent over several fiscal
years.

SBA Funding Within the Other Programs Category
The following section examines appropriations and total available funding for FY2000-FY2015
for the five main components of the SBA’s other programs spending category: (1) salaries and
expenses, (2) business loan administration, (3) the Office of Inspector General (OIG), (4) the
Office of Advocacy (Advocacy), and (5) entrepreneurial development (ED) noncredit programs.

6

For further information and analysis concerning congressional action in recent Congresses to address small business
access to capital, see CRS Report R40985, Small Business: Access to Capital and Job Creation, by Robert Jay Dilger.

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Salaries and Expenses
The SBA’s salaries and expenses account currently provides funding for the following:
•




office operating budgets, which are used by program and administrative offices
for daily operations, such as travel, supplies, and contracted services;

•


agency-wide costs, such as rent and telecommunications, which are managed
centrally;

•


employee compensation and benefits, which are also managed centrally; and

•


reimbursable expenses for programs for which the SBA receives reimbursable
budget authority from other federal government agencies.

Several adjustments were made to the SBA’s reported appropriations for its salaries and expenses
account to enable meaningful comparisons over time. For example, prior to FY2014,
appropriations for the SBA’s ED programs, which include the SBA’s management and technical
assistance training programs, were included in the salaries and expenses account. Because ED
programs now have their own, separate appropriations account, their appropriations are no longer
included in the salaries and expenses account. Therefore, to allow for meaningful comparisons
with current appropriations, Table 2 lists the reported appropriations for ED programs prior to
FY2014 and deducts that amount from the reported appropriations for salaries and expenses.
In addition, the SBA included appropriations for congressional initiatives (earmarks) under the
salaries and expenses account, but Congress no longer appropriates funding for earmarks.
Therefore, to allow for meaningful comparisons with current appropriations and focus the
comparison on administrative expenses, appropriations for earmarks are deducted from the
reported appropriations for salaries and expenses.
Prior to FY2012, Advocacy was funded through the salaries and expenses’ executive direction
subaccount. Advocacy now has its own, separate appropriations account. To allow for meaningful
comparisons with current appropriations, Table 2 lists Advocacy’s funding provided through the
salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount prior to FY2012 and deducts that amount
from the reported appropriations for salaries and expenses.
As discussed in greater detail below (see “Office of Advocacy”), data concerning Advocacy’s
funding provided through the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount is not
available for FY2006-FY2010. However, in FY2003, FY2004, and FY2005, Advocacy’s funding
provided through the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount was 79% of its
reported total cost. The estimates provided in the table for FY2006-FY2010 were derived by
multiplying Advocacy’s total program cost reported for each of those fiscal years by 79%.

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Table 2. Salaries and Expenses, FY2000-FY2016
(appropriations and available funds, $ in millions)

Fiscal
Year

Initial
Appropriation

Minus
Entrepreneurial
Development
Programsa

2016
request

$281.938

$268.000

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

NA$268.000

2015

$257.000

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$257.000

$426.301

2014

$250.000

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$250.000

$430.881

2013

$417.348d

($172.348)

‒‒

($21.830)e

$223.170

$380.642

2012

$417.348

($172.348)

‒‒

‒‒

$245.000

$401.701

2011

$433.438

($185.350)2011
2010

$433.438
$492.438

($185.350)
($185.350)

Minus
Office of
Advocacyb

Other
Modifications

Final
Appropriation

Total
Available
Fundsc
NA

$245.000

$401.701

($9.120)

($0.867)f

$238.101

$427.162

2010

$492.438

($185.350)

($7.361 est.)

$31.500g

$331.227

$487.687

$329.794

$482.196

2009

$455.503

($162.288)

($8.421 est.)

$45.000h

$329.794

$482.196

2008

$423.574

($140.946)

($7.215 est.)

‒‒

$275.413

$426.116

2007

$327.592

($128.500)

($7.788 est.)

‒‒

$191.304

$339.168

2006

$404.029

($128.500)

Minus
Office of
Advocacyb

Other
Modifications

Final
Appropriation

Total
Available
Fundsc

$191.304

$339.168

($7.398 est.)

($5.160)i

$262.971

$412.705

$215.440

$361.321

2005

$362.335

($134.463)

($7.481)

($4.951)j

$215.440

$361.321

2004

$371.650

($139.650)

($7.394)

($4.001)k

$220.605

$362.823

2003

$369.457

($136.475)

($6.857)

($2.401)l

$223.724

$379.544

2002

$338.476

($145.894)

($5.019)

($0.315)m

$187.248

$339.278

2001

$410.635

($200.994)

($5.443)

($0.903)n

$203.295

$321.743

2000

$322.800

($167.505)

($5.620)

($3.185)o

$176.490

$326.361

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010], at http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/
budgetsplans/BUDGET_REQ_PERF_PLAN.html2003
2002
2001
2000

$369.457
$338.476
$410.635
$322.800

($136.475)
($145.894)
($200.994)
($167.505)

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, 
[FY2011-FY2016], at
 http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; SBA, Performance and Accountability Report, [FY2003-FY2005], at
http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/budgetsplans/BUD_PERF_ACCT_REPORT.html
[FY2003-FY2005]; P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated
 Appropriations Act, 2000; H.Rept. 106-479, Making 
Appropriations for the Government of the District of
 Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in 
Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal
 Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; 
H.Rept. 106-1005, Making Appropriations for the
 Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities 
Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues
 of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, 
and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107-278,
 Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, 
and State, The Judiciary, and Related
 Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other 
Purposes; P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated
 Appropriations Resolution, 2003; H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further 
Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year
 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401, Making 
Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development,
 Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies for 
the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For
 Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations 
for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related
 Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005, 
and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department
 of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to 
Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic
 Influenza Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making 
Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and
 Commerce, and Related Agencies for the 
Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S.
 Congress, House Committee on 
Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial
 Services and General 
Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1,
 2008 (Washington: 
GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus
 Appropriations Act, 2009 
(Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009),
 committee print, 111th 
Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; P.L. 111-5, the

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 American Recovery and 
Reinvestment Act of 2009; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010;
 P.L. 111-240, the Small 
Business Jobs Act of 2010; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of Transportation and Housing
 and Urban 

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Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
 Defense and Full-YearFullYear Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L.
 112-74, the 
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
 2013; P.L. 113-21132, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing  Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and P.L. 113-235,
the  the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015; and P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2016.
a. .
a.

From FY2000 to FY2005, Congress recommended appropriations for Advocacy’s research program in its
discussion of the SBA’s entrepreneurial development (ED) programs. These recommended appropriations
were deducted from the total for ED programs to avoid double counting. Advocacy’s funding totals include
its research program.

b.


b. Advocacy’s funding from the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount for FY2006-FY2010 is
not available. The figures reported here for FY2006-FY2010 were estimated by CRS using the three
previous fiscal year allocations (each were 79% of Advocacy’s reported total program cost).

c.


c. Appropriations prior to FY2014 for the SBA’s ED programs were deducted from total available funds for
comparative purposes. Appropriations prior to FY2012 for Advocacy were deducted from total available
funds for comparative purposes. Reported total available funds already accounted for rescissions.

d.


d. P.L. 113-2, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013, appropriated $20.0 million for salaries and
expenses to provide technical assistance related to disaster recovery. The $20.0 million is not included in
the table for comparative purposes.

e.


e. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, imposed a federal government-wide sequestration process and a 0.2%
across-the-board rescission, resulting in a reduction of $21.830 million for salaries and expenses.

f.


f.
In FY2011, P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011,
imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.867 million for salaries and
expenses.

g.


g. In FY2010, P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, appropriated $155.0 million for salaries and
expenses ($123.5 million of that amount was for ED programs and is not included in the table for
comparative purposes).

h.


h. In FY2009, P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, appropriated $69.0 million
for salaries and expenses ($24.0 million of that amount was for the Microloan Technical Assistance program
and is not included in the table for comparative purposes).

i.


i.
In FY2006, P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006, imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $5.16 million from salaries and expenses.

j.


j.
In FY2005, P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $4.951 million from salaries and expenses.

k.


k. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $4.001 million from salaries and expenses.

l.


l.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, imposed a 0.65% rescission on
federal agencies, resulting in a $2.401 million reduction from salaries and expenses.

m.


m. In FY2002, P.L. 107-206, the 2002 Supplemental Appropriations Act for Further Recovery From and
Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States, imposed a rescission on federal agency administrative
and travel accounts, resulting in a $0.315 million reduction from salaries and expenses.

n.


n. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001, imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal
agencies in FY2001, resulting in a $0.903 million reduction from salaries and expenses.

o.


o. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000, imposed a 0.38% rescission on federal
agencies in FY2000, resulting in a $3.185 million reduction from salaries and expenses.

As shown in Table 2, the SBA’s appropriations for salaries and expenses have varied from year to
year, with increases in some years and decreases in others. Overall, appropriations for the SBA’s

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salaries and expenses have increased from $176.490 million in FY2000 to $257268.000 million in
FY2015FY2016. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.7 The Obama Administration has
requested $281.938 million for the SBA’s salaries and expenses account in FY2016.
The SBA has statutory authorization to transfer appropriations from the business loan
administration account into the salaries and expenses account. As evidenced by the amounts listed
in the total available funds column in the table, the SBA exercised that authority in every fiscal
year from FY2000 to FY2014FY2015 (and is expected to do so again in FY2015FY2016), transferring the entire
appropriation for business loan administration into the salaries and expenses account in each of
those fiscal years.

Business Loan Administration
The SBA’s business loan administration account provides funding for administrative expenses to
carry out the SBA’s direct (Microloan) and guaranteed business loan programs (e.g., 7[a], 504/
Certified Development Company [CDC]).8 As shown in Table 3, appropriations for SBA business
loan administration have varied from year to year since FY2000, with increases in some years and
decreases in others. Overall, appropriations for SBA business loan administration have increased
from $129.000 million in FY2000 to $147152.726 million in FY2015FY2016. This increase has not kept
pace with inflation.9 The Obama Administration has requested $152.726 million for business loan
administration in FY2016.

7

The SBA’s FY2015

7

The SBA’s FY2016 appropriation of $257268.000 million for salaries and expenses is $189.690191.178 million in constant
FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than the SBA’s FY2000 appropriation of $176.490 million for
salaries and expenses. CRS calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States Government,
FY2015FY2016: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–
2018,” p. 217, at http2020,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/hist.pdfomb/budget/Historicals. Also, the salaries
 and expenses account includes 
appropriations for congressional initiatives (earmarks). Congress no longer provides
 appropriations for congressional 
initiatives. It could be argued that excluding appropriations for congressional
 initiatives could result in more 
meaningful comparisons with current appropriations. If those appropriations are
 excluded, the increase in 
appropriations for the salaries and expenses account further exceeds the rate of inflation.
 Appropriations for 
congressional initiatives were $30.0 million in FY2000; $40 million in FY2001; $30.0 million in
 FY2002; $58.45 
million in FY2003; $45.9 million in FY2004; $41.0 million in FY2005; $91.0 million in FY2006; $0.0
 in FY2007 (the 
SBA was funded by a continuing resolution in FY2007, meaning no new congressional initiatives were
 specified in the 
language accompanying the appropriations act); $69.451 million in FY2008; $65.654 million in
 FY2009; and $59.0 
million in FY2010 (available until September 30, 2011). P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense
 and Full-Year 
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011, section 1566, eliminated appropriations earmarked for
 congressional initiatives 
related to small business development and entrepreneurship in FY2011. The SBA spent
 $10.865 million on 
congressional initiatives in FY2011, presumably using appropriations made available in FY2010
 until September 30, 
2011.
8
For further information and analysis concerning the SBA’s Microloan, 7(a), and 504/CDC loan guaranty programs,
see CRS Report R41057, Small Business Administration Microloan Program, by Robert Jay Dilger; CRS Report
R41146, Small Business Administration 7(a) Loan Guaranty Program, by Robert Jay Dilger; and CRS Report R41184,
Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
9
The SBA’s FY2015FY2016 appropriation of $147152.726 million for business loan administration is $109.036108.947 million in
constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is lower than the SBA’s FY2000 appropriation of $129.000
million for business loan administration. CRS calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States
Government, FY2015FY2016: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical
Tables: 1940–2018,” p. 217, at http2020,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/hist.pdfomb/budget/Historicals.

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Table 3. Business Loan Administration, FY2000-FY2016
(appropriations and available funds, $ in millions)
Fiscal Year

Initial
Appropriation

Modifications

Final
Appropriation

Total Available
Funds

‒‒

NA

2016 request2016

$152.726

‒‒

$152.726

‒‒$0.0

2015

$147.726

‒‒

$147.726

$0.0

2014

$151.560

‒‒

$151.560

$0.0

2013

$147.958

($7.739)a

$140.219

$0.0

2012

$147.958

‒‒

$147.958

$0.0

2011

$153.000

($0.306)b

$152.694

$0.0

2010

$153.000

$6.500c

$159.500

$0.0

2009

$138.480

‒‒

$138.480

$0.0

2008

$135.414

‒‒

$135.414

$0.0

2007

$124.862

‒‒

$124.862

$0.0

2006

$125.307

($1.600)d

$123.707

$0.0

2005

$126.653

($1.692)e

$124.961

$0.0

2004

$128.000

($1.347)f

$126.653

$0.0

2003

$129.000

$(0.839)g

$128.161

$0.0

2002

$129.000

‒‒

$129.000

$0.0

2001

$129.000

($0.284)h

$128.716

$0.0

2000

$129.000

‒‒

$129.000

$0.0

Modifications

Final
Appropriation

Total Available
Funds

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010], at http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/
budgetsplans/BUDGET_REQ_PERF_PLAN.html; SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, 
[FY2011-FY2016], at
 http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for 
the Government of the
 District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against 
Revenues of Said District for
 the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; P.L. 106-554, 
the Consolidated
 Appropriations Act, 2001; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making Appropriations for the Government of 
the District of
 Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District 
for the Fiscal
 Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107-278, Making 
Appropriations for the
 Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary, and Related Agencies for 
the Fiscal Year Ending
 September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further Continuing 
Appropriations for
 the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations 
Act, 2004; H.Rept.
 108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug 
Administration, and
 Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; 
P.L. 108-447, the
 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005; H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations for Foreign 
Operations, Export
 Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005, and For 
Other Purposes; P.L.
 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address 
Hurricanes in the
 Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for 
Science, the
 Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending 
September 30,
 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, 
Consolidated Appropriations
 Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations 
Act, 2008), committee print,
 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. 
Congress, House Committee on
 Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D - Financial 
Services and General Government
 Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 
2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p.
 996; P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; P.L. 
111-117, the Consolidated
 Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010; H.Rept. 
111-366, Departments of
 Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies 
Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 11210112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 
2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget

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 Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing


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112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-2, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 
2013; P.L. 113-6, the
 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the 
Consolidated Appropriations
 Act, 2014; and P.L. 113-235, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015.
a.


Act, 2015; and P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, imposed a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $7.739 million reduction from business loan
administration.

b.


b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011,
imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.306 million from business loan
administration.

c.


c. In FY2010, P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, appropriated $6.5 million for business loan
administration (for costs associated with the Small Business Intermediary Lending Pilot Program).

d.


d. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006, imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $1.6 million from business loan administration.

e.


e. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $1.692 million from business loan administration.

f.


f.
In FY2004, P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $1.347 million from business loan administration.

g.


g. In FY2003, P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, imposed a 0.65% rescission on
federal agencies, resulting in a $0.839 million reduction from business loan administration.

h.


h. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001, imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal
agencies in FY2001, resulting in a $0.284 million reduction from business loan administration.

As evidenced by the $0.0 balance in the total funds available column for the business loan
administration account, the SBA has routinely transferred all business loan administration
appropriations to the salaries and expenses account. The combined appropriations for SBA
salaries and expenses and business loan administration increased from $305.490 million in
FY2000 to $404420.726 million in FY2015FY2016. This increase has not kept pace with inflation.10

Office of Inspector General
According to the SBA, the OIG’s mission is to “provide independent, objective oversight to
improve the integrity, accountability, and performance of the SBA and its programs for the benefit
of the American people.”11 The office was created within the SBA by the Inspector General Act of
1978 (P.L. 95-452, as amended). The inspector general, who is nominated by the President and
confirmed by the Senate, directs the office. The Inspector General Act provides the OIG with the
following responsibilities:



promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness in the management of SBA
programs and supporting operations;
conduct and supervise audits, investigations, and reviews relating to the SBA’s
programs and support operations;

10

The SBA’s FY2016

10

The SBA’s FY2015 combined appropriations of $404420.726 million for salaries and expenses and business loan
administration is $298.726300.126 million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is lower than the SBA’s
FY2000 combined appropriations for these accounts of $305.490 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from
OMB, “Budget of the United States Government, FY2015FY2016: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and
Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2018,” p. 217, at http2020,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/
budget/fy2015/assets/hist.pdfomb/budget/Historicals.
11
SBA, Office of Inspector General (OIG), “Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2012-2017,” p. 3, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/
default/files/oig/SBA-OIG%202012-2017%20Strategic%20Plan%20.pdf.

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•

promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness in the management of SBA
programs and supporting operations;

•

conduct and supervise audits, investigations, and reviews relating to the SBA’s
programs and support operations;

•Small Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends









detect and prevent fraud, waste, and abuse;

•


review existing and proposed legislation and regulations and make appropriate
recommendations;

•


maintain effective working relationships with other governmental agencies and
nongovernmental entities regarding the inspector general’s mandated duties;

•


keep the SBA administrator and Congress informed of serious problems and
recommend corrective actions and implementation measures;

•


comply with the comptroller general’s audit standards;

•


avoid duplication of Government Accountability Office activities; and

•


report violations of federal criminal law to the U.S. attorney general.12

As shown in Table 4, the OIG’s appropriations have increased from $11.405 million in FY2000
to $20.400900 million in FY2015FY2016. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.13 The Obama
Administration has requested $19.9 million (plus a transfer of $1.0 million from the disaster
assistance account) for the Office of Inspector General in FY2016.
The OIG typically receives a transfer of appropriations from the disaster assistance account for
auditing expenses. It was also provided additional appropriations in FY2006 and FY2013 for
expenses related to the review of SBA disaster loans following major hurricanes (primarily from
Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma in 2005 and Hurricane Sandy in 2012) and in FY2009 to
conduct reviews and audits of $730 million provided to the SBA by P.L. 111-5, the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.

12

Ibid., p. 3.
The OIG’s FY2015 appropriation of $20.400 million is $15.057 million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for
inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 appropriation of $11.405 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from
OMB, “Budget of the United States Government, FY2015: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and
Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2018,” p. 217, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/
budget/fy2015/assets/hist.pdf.
13

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Table 4. Office of Inspector General, FY2000-FY2016
(appropriations and available funds, $ in millions)

Fiscal Year

Initial
Appropriation


Transfer
from the
Disaster
Account

Other
Modifications

Final
Appropriation

Total
Available
Funds

2016 requestFiscal Year

Initial
Appropriation

2016

$19.900

$1.000

‒‒

‒‒$20.900

NA

2015

$19.400

$1.000

‒‒

$20.400

$21.400

2014

$19.000

$1.000

‒‒

$20.000

$17.713

2013

$16.267

$1.000

$5.000
($1.101)a

$21.166

$16.524

($1.101)a
2012

$16.267

$1.000

‒‒

$17.267

$17.874

$17.267

$18.189

2011

$16.300

$1.000

($0.033)b

2010

$16.300

$1.000

‒‒

$17.300

$18.579

2009

$16.750

$0.000

$10.000c

$26.750

$26.750

2008

$18.000

$1.000

‒‒

$19.000

$17.374

2007

$13.835

$1.985

‒‒

$15.820

$16.278

2006

$13.900

$1.500

$5.000

$20.222

$14.953

12

Ibid., p. 3.
The OIG’s FY2016 appropriation of $20.900 million is $14.909 million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for
inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 appropriation of $11.405 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from
OMB, “Budget of the United States Government, FY2016: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and
Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2020,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals.
13

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Fiscal Year

Initial
Appropriation

Transfer
from the
Disaster
Account

Other
Modifications

Final
Appropriation

Total
Available
Funds

($0.178)d
2005

$13.014

($0.178)d
2005
2004
2003

$13.014
$13.000
$12.422

$0.500

($0.181)e

$13.333

$13.488

2004

$13.000

$0.500

($0.141)f

$13.359

$13.359

2003

$12.422

$0.497

($0.081)g

$12.838

$12.635

$11.958

$12.428

2002

$11.464

$0.500

($0.006)h

$11.958

$12.428

2001

$11.953

$0.500

($0.026)i

$12.427

$12.368

2000

$11.000

$0.500

($0.095)j

$11.405

$11.338

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010], at http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/
budgetsplans/BUDGET_REQ_PERF_PLAN.html; SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, 
[FY2011-FY2016], at
 http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations 
Act, 2000; P.L. 106554106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001; P.L. 107-206, the 2002 Supplemental 
Appropriations Act for
 Further Recovery From and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States; P.L. 
108-7, the Consolidated
 Appropriations Resolution, 2003; P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 
2004; P.L. 108-447, the
 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, 
Emergency Supplemental
 Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza 
Act, 2006; P.L. 110-5, the
 Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007; P.L. 111-5, the American 
Recovery and Reinvestment Act
 of 2009; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, 
the Department of Defense and
 Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control 
Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the
 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing 
Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 1132113-2, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the 
Consolidated and Further Continuing
 Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations 
Act, 2014; and P.L. 113-235, the
 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015; and P.L. 114-113,
the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016.
a. .
a.

In FY2013, P.L. 113-2, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013, provided the OIG $5.0 million to
remain available until expended for expenses related to Hurricane Sandy. In addition, P.L. 112-25, the
Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act,
2013, imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a required 0.2% across-the-board
rescission, resulting in a $1.101 million reduction from the OIG.

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b.


b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011,
imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.033 million from the OIG.

c.


c. In FY2009, P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), provided the OIG
$10.0 million for oversight and audit of ARRA programs, grants, and projects to remain available through
September 30, 2013.

d.


d. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006, provided the OIG $5.0 million “for
necessary expenses related to the consequences of hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico in calendar year 2005.”
The act also imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.178 million from
the OIG.

e.


e. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.181 million from the OIG.

f.


f.
In FY2004, P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.141 million from the OIG.

g.


g. In FY2003, P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, imposed a rescission of 0.65% on
federal agencies, resulting in a $0.081 million reduction from the OIG.

h.


h. In FY2002, P.L. 107-206, the 2002 Supplemental Appropriations Act for Further Recovery From and
Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States, imposed a rescission on federal agency administrative
and travel accounts, resulting in a $0.006 million reduction from the OIG.

i.


i.
In FY2001, P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001, imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a $0.026 million reduction from the OIG.

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j.

In FY2000, P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000, required a 0.38% across-the-board
rescission for federal agencies in FY2000, resulting in a reduction of $0.095 million from the OIG.

Office of Advocacy14
The SBA indicates that its Office of Advocacy is “an independent voice for small business within
the federal government.”15 The chief counsel for Advocacy, who is nominated by the President
and confirmed by the Senate, directs the office. Advocacy’s mission is to “encourage policies that
support the development and growth of American small businesses” by
•





intervening early in federal agencies’ regulatory development processes on
proposals that affect small businesses and providing Regulatory Flexibility Act
compliance training to federal agency policy makers and regulatory development
officials;

•


producing research to inform policy makers and other stakeholders on the impact
of federal regulatory burdens on small businesses, document the vital role of
small businesses in the economy, and explore and explain the wide variety of
issues of concern to the small business community; and

•


fostering two-way communication between federal agencies and the small
business community.16

14

For further information and analysis concerning the Office of Advocacy, see CRS Report R43625, SBA Office of
Advocacy: Overview, History, and Current Issues, by Robert Jay Dilger.
15
SBA, “Office of Advocacy: About Us,” at http://www.sba.gov/category/advocacy-navigation-structure/about-us.
16
SBA, Office of Advocacy, FY2013 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 2, at http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-info/
46741.

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P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, enhanced Advocacy’s independence by
ending the practice of funding Advocacy through the SBA’s salaries and expenses’ executive
direction subaccount. Instead, P.L. 111-240 required the President to provide a separate statement
of the appropriations request for Advocacy, “which shall be designated in a separate account in
the General Fund of the Treasury.” The act also requires the SBA administrator to provide
Advocacy with “appropriate and adequate office space at central and field office locations,
together with such equipment, operating budget, and communications facilities and services as
may be necessary, and ... necessary maintenance services for such offices and the equipment and
facilities located in such offices.” In addition, Congress has provided Advocacy its own, separate
appropriations amount since FY2012.
As shown in Table 5, Advocacy’s funding has increased from $5.620 million in FY2000 to
$9.120 million in FY2015FY2016. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.17 The Obama
Administration has requested $9.120 million for the Office of Advocacy in FY2016.


14

For further information and analysis concerning the Office of Advocacy, see CRS Report R43625, SBA Office of
Advocacy: Overview, History, and Current Issues, by Robert Jay Dilger.
15
SBA, “Office of Advocacy: About Us,” at http://www.sba.gov/category/advocacy-navigation-structure/about-us.
16
SBA, Office of Advocacy, FY2013 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 2, at http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-info/
46741.
17
Advocacy’s FY2016 appropriation of $9.120 million is $6.506 million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for
inflation), which is higher than Advocacy’s FY2000 funding from the salaries and expenses’ executive direction
subaccount of $5.620 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States
Government, FY2016: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical
Tables: 1940–2020,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals.

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Table 5. Office of Advocacy, FY2000-FY2016
(appropriations and available funds, $ in millions)
Initial
Appropriation

Modifications

Fiscal Year

Final
Appropriation

Total Available
Funds

2016 request

$9.120

‒‒

‒‒$9.120

NA

2015

$9.120

‒‒

$9.120

$9.120

2014

$8.750

‒‒

$8.750

$8.628

2013

$9.120

($0.477)a

$8.643

$8.644

2012

$9.120

‒‒

$9.120

$8.440

2011

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$9.120

2010

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$7.361 est.b

2009

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$8.421 est.b

2008

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$7.215 est.b

2007

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$7.788 est.b

2006

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$7.398 est.b

2005

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$7.481

2004

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$7.394

2003

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$6.857

2002

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$5.019

2001

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$5.443

2000

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$5.620

Fiscal Year

17
Advocacy’s FY2015 appropriation of $9.120 million is $6.731 million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for
inflation), which is higher than Advocacy’s FY2000 funding from the salaries and expenses’ executive direction
subaccount of $5.620 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States
Government, FY2015: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical
Tables: 1940–2018,” p. 217, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/hist.pdf.

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Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010], at http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/
budgetsplans/BUDGET_REQ_PERF_PLAN.htmlSources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, 
[FY2011-FY2016], at
 http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; SBA, Office of Advocacy, Congressional Budget 
Justification, Fiscal
 Year 2013, p. 3, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/3508%20Compliant%20FY%202013%20Office%20of%20Advocacy%20CBJ(1).pdf; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L.
112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and P.L. 113-235, the Consolidated and Further Continuing
 Appropriations
Act, 2015; and P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2015.
a.

2016.
a. In FY3013, P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, imposed a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.477 million reduction for Advocacy.

b.


b. Estimate of the funding provided from the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount, assuming
that 79% of Advocacy’s reported total program cost was provided from the salaries and expenses’
executive direction subaccount, as it was in FY2003, FY2004, and FY2005.

As mentioned previously, prior to FY2012, the SBA’s budgetary documents reported Advocacy’s
total program cost, which includes funding provided through the salaries and expenses’ executive
direction subaccount, agency-wide overhead costs (rent, telecommunications, etc.), and other
support costs (e.g., management and administrative support, including human resources support).
From FY2000 to FY2005, the SBA’s budgetary documents provided relatively detailed
information concerning Advocacy’s budget, including the amount of funding Advocacy received
through the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount. Also, Advocacy’s FY2013
congressional budget justification document included the amount of funding Advocacy received
through the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount in FY2011. However, that data


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is not available for FY2006-FY2010, and it was therefore necessary to estimate Advocacy’s
funding from the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount for those years. The
estimates provided in the table were derived by multiplying Advocacy’s total program cost for
each of those fiscal years by 79%, which was the proportion of Advocacy’s total program costs
provided from the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount in FY2003, FY2004, and
FY2005.

Entrepreneurial Development Noncredit Programs18
The SBA currently administers 15’s entrepreneurial development (ED) noncredit programs, which
 provide a variety of
management and training services to small businesses. Congress provides appropriations for






eight management and technical assistance training programs: Small Business
Development Centers, the Microloan Technical Assistance Program, Women
Business Centers, SCORE, the Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs,
Veterans Programs (including the Boots to Business and Boots to Business
Reboot initiatives), the 7(j) Technical Assistance Program, and the Native
American Outreach Program;
two relatively long-standing non-training programs: the National Women’s
Business Council and HUBZone administration;
three initiatives: the Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters), the
Entrepreneurship Education Initiative, and Growth Accelerators; and
 services to small businesses: 8 management and technical assistance training
programs, 2 relatively long-standing non-training programs, 4 management and technical
assistance training initiatives, and the Step Trade and Export Promotion (STEP) Pilot Grant
 program.19

18
Initially, the SBA provided its own management and technical assistance training programs. Over
time, however, the administration has come to rely increasingly on third parties to provide that
training. The SBA reports that about 1.2 million aspiring entrepreneurs and small business owners
receive training from an SBA-supported resource partner each year.20
Congress specifies appropriations in appropriations acts for the Small Business Development
Center (SBDC) program and the Microloan Technical Assistance program. Congress provides an
overall appropriation for the SBA’s ED programs and recommends appropriations for the SBA’s
other ED programs, typically in the conference agreement or “Explanatory Statement”
accompanying the appropriations act. As a result, the following tables refer to appropriations for
the SBDC and Microloan Technical Assistance programs and recommended appropriations for
SBA’s other ED programs. Although recommended appropriation amounts are not legally
binding, the SBA has traditionally adhered to these funding levels.
18

For further information and analysis concerning the SBA’s entrepreneurial development noncredit programs, see
CRS Report R41352, Small Business Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs, by Robert Jay Dilger.
19
P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, authorized the Step Trade and Export Promotion (STEP) Pilot
Grant program for three years and appropriated $30 million for the program both in FY2011 and FY2012. The SBA
awarded STEP grants to states with the goal of assisting eligible small businesses with exporting in FY2011 and
FY2012. The STEP program’s authorization expired at the end of FY2013. P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2014, appropriated $8.0 million for another round of STEP grants in FY2014. The Consolidated
P.L. 113-235, the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, appropriated $17.4 million for another round of STEP 
grants in
FY2015. For additional information and analysis, see CRS Report R43155, Small Business Administration Trade and
Export Promotion Programs, by Sean Lowry.

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Initially, the SBA provided its own management and technical assistance training programs. Over
time, however, the administration has come to rely increasingly on third parties to provide that
training. The SBA reports that about 1.2 million aspiring entrepreneurs and small business owners
receive training from an SBA-supported resource partner each year.20
Congress specifies appropriations in appropriations acts for two SBA ED programs: the Small
Business Development Center (SBDC) program and the Microloan Technical Assistance
program. Congress recommends appropriations for the SBA’s other ED programs, typically in the
conference agreement or “Explanatory Statement” accompanying the appropriations act. As a
result, the following tables refer to appropriations for the SBDC and the Microloan Technical
Assistance programs and recommended appropriations for the SBA’s other ED programs.
Although recommended appropriation amounts are not legally binding, the SBA has traditionally
adhered to these funding levels. FY2015. P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016, provided $18.0 million for another round
of STEP grants in FY2016. For additional information and analysis, see CRS Report R43155, Small Business
Administration Trade and Export Promotion Programs, by Sean Lowry.
20
SBA, “FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance Report,” pp. 3, 6, 13, 29, 47, at
http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY15_CBJ_FY%202013_APR.pdf.

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Small Business Development Centers
SBDCs provide free or low-cost assistance to small businesses using programs customized to
local conditions. SBDCs support small business in marketing and business strategy, finance,
technology transfer, government contracting, management, manufacturing, engineering, sales,
accounting, exporting, and other topics. They are funded by grants from the SBA and matching
funds. There are 63 lead SBDC service centers, at least one in each state (with four in Texas and
six in California), the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American
Samoa. These lead SBDC service centers manage more than 900 SBDC outreach locations.
As shown in Table 6, appropriations for SBDCs have increased from $84.179 million in FY2000
to $115117.000 million in FY2015FY2016. This increase has roughly matchedbeen slightly less than the rate of inflation.21 In
addition, as shown in the table, SBDCs received an additional $50 million in temporary funding
in FY2010, which was spent over two fiscal years. The Obama Administration has requested
$115.0 million for the program in FY2016.22
The SBA reports actual expenditures for its ED programs in its annual budget justification
document. Actual expenditures for SBDCs are presented in the table’s last column for
comparative purposes.
In addition, in recent years, SBDCs and their advocates have indicated an interest in receiving
additional funding to implement several of the Obama Administration’s management and training
initiatives in lieu of (or in combination with) those initiatives receiving their own, separate
appropriations.

20
SBA, “FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance Report,” pp. 3, 6, 13, 29, 47, at
http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY15_CBJ_FY%202013_APR.pdf.
21
The Small Business Development Center (SBDC) program’s FY2015 appropriation of $115.000 million is $84.881
million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is slightly higher than its FY2000 appropriation of
$84.179 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States Government, FY2015:
Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2018,” p.
217, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/hist.pdf.

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Table 6. Small Business Development Centers, FY2000-FY2016
(appropriations and actual expenditures, $ in millions)
Fiscal Year

Initial
Appropriation

Modifications

2016 request

$115

$117.000

‒‒

‒‒$117.000

NA

2015

$115.000

‒‒

$115.000

NA

2014

$113.625

‒‒

$113.625

$110.510

2013

$112.500

$103.440

$104.854

2012

$112.500

‒‒

$112.500

$114.558

2011

$113.000

$146.574

$153.716

Fiscal Year

($9.060)a
‒‒
($0.226)

Final
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

$33.800b
($0.226)
$33.800b

$146.574

$153.716

2010

$113.000

$16.200c

$129.200

$128.824

2009

$110.000

‒‒

$110.000

$116.068

2008

$97.120

‒‒

$97.120

$97.321

2007

$89.000

‒‒

$89.000

$88.973

2006

$89.000

($0.890)d

$88.110

$88.424

2005

$89.000

($0.712)e

$88.288

$88.576

2004

$89.000

($0.525)f

$88.475

$89.161

2003

$89.000

($0.578)g

$88.422

$85.791

2002

$88.000

2001
2000($9.060)a

Final
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

21

The Small Business Development Center (SBDC) program’s FY2016 appropriation of $117.000 million is $83.462
million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is slightly less than its FY2000 appropriation of
$84.179 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States Government, FY2016:
Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2020,” at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals.
22
In recent years, SBDCs and their advocates have indicated an interest in receiving additional funding to implement
several of the Obama Administration’s management and training initiatives in lieu of (or in combination with) those
initiatives receiving their own, separate appropriations.

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Fiscal Year

Initial
Appropriation

2003

$89.000

2002

$88.000

2001
2000

Modifications
($0.578)g

Final
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

$88.422

$85.791

$88.000

$90.100

$88.000

($0.194)h

$87.806

$85.993

$84.500

($0.321)i

$84.179

$84.074

‒‒

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010], at http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/
budgetsplans/BUDGET_REQ_PERF_PLAN.html; SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, 
[FY2011-FY2016], at
 http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, 
Emergency Supplemental
 Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza 
Act, 2006; P.L. 112-10, the
 Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-2511225, the Budget Control Act
 of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the 
Continuing Appropriations
 Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing 
Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76,
 the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and P.L. 113-235, the 
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015; and P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2015.
a.

2016.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $9.060 million reduction from SBDCs.

b.


b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011,
imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.226 million from SBDCs.

c.


c. In FY2010, P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, provided the SBDC program $50 million to
remain available until September 30, 2012. The SBA provided $16.2 million of this amount to the SBDC
program in FY2010 and the remaining $33.8 million in FY2011.

d.


d. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006, imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.890 million from SBDCs.

e.


e. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.712 million from SBDCs.

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f.


f.
In FY2004, P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.525 million from SBDCs.

g.


g. In FY2003, P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, imposed a rescission of 0.65% on
federal agencies, resulting in a $0.578 million reduction from SBDCs.

h.


h. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001, imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a $0.194 million reduction from SBDCs.

i.


i.
In FY2000, P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000, required a 0.38% across-the-board
rescission for federal agencies in FY2000, resulting in a reduction of $0.321 million from SBDCs.

Microloan Technical Assistance Program
The SBA’s Microloan lending program is designed to address the perceived disadvantages faced
by women, low-income, veteran, and minority entrepreneurs and business owners in gaining
access to capital for starting or expanding their business (see P.L. 102-140, the Departments of
Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1992).
Under the Microloan program, the SBA provides direct loans to qualified nonprofit intermediary
Microloan lenders who, in turn, provide “microloans” of up to $50,000 to small business owners,
entrepreneurs, and nonprofit child care centers.
The SBA’s Microloan Technical Assistance program is part of the SBA’s Microloan program but
receives a separate appropriation. It provides grants to Microloan intermediaries to offer
management and technical training assistance to Microloan program borrowers and prospective
borrowers.22 The 180 intermediaries currently participating in the program are located in 48

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borrowers.23 There are currently 152 intermediaries participating in the program, serving 45
states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.2324
As shown in Table 7, the Microloan Technical Assistance program’s appropriations have varied
over the years, with increases in some years and decreases in others. Decreases occurred
primarily during the early 2000s. Overall, appropriations for the Microloan Technical Assistance
Program decreasedincreased from $23.112 million in FY2000 to $22.30025.000 million in FY2015. The Obama
Administration has requested $25.0 million for the program in FY2016.FY2016. This increase
has been less than the rate of inflation.25
Actual expenditures for the Microloan Technical Assistance program appear in the table’s last
column for comparative purposes.

22

For further analysis of the SBA’s Microloan program, see CRS Report R41057, Small Business Administration
Microloan Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
23
No Microloan intermediaries are located in Alaska or Utah. SBA, “Microloan Program: Partner Identification &
Management System Participating Microloan Intermediary Report,” September 24, 2013, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/
default/files/Intermediary-List.pdf. An intermediary may not operate in more than one state unless the SBA determines
that it would be in the best interests of the small business community for it to operate across state lines. For example,
the microloan intermediary located in Washington, Pennsylvania, is allowed to service 10 West Virginia counties due
to its proximity to these counties and the distance to the only other intermediary serving West Virginia, which is
located in Charleston, West Virginia. Also, a microloan intermediary located in Laguna Niguel, California, that focuses
on the capital needs of disabled veteran-owned businesses serves many jurisdictions throughout the nation that lack a
participating intermediary.

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Table 7. Microloan Technical Assistance Program, FY2000-FY2016
(appropriations and actual expenditures, $ in millions)
Fiscal Year

Initial
Appropriation

Modifications

Final
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

2016 request2016

$25.000

‒‒

‒‒$25.000

NA

2015

$22.300

‒‒

$22.300

NA

2014

$20.000

‒‒

$20.000

$19.267

2013

$20.000

($0.191)a

$19.809

$19.985

2012

$20.000

‒‒

$20.000

$19.446

2011

$22.000

($0.044)b

$21.956

$24.603

2010

$22.000

$24.000c

$46.000

$43.220

2009

$20.000

‒‒

$20.000

$19.813

2008

$15.000

‒‒

$15.000

$14.816

2007

$13.000

‒‒

$13.000

$12.800

2006

$13.000

($0.130)d

$12.870

$12.792

2005

$14.000

($0.112)e

$13.888

$13.813

2004

$15.000

($0.089)f

$14.911

$14.655

2003

$15.000

($0.098)g

$14.902

$14.899

2002

$17.500

‒‒

$17.500

$17.742

2001

$20.000

($0.044)h

$19.956

$18.385

$23.200

($0.088)i

$23.112

$19.243

2000

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010], at http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/
budgetsplans/BUDGET_REQ_PERF_PLAN.html; SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2011-FY2016], at
http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental
Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; P.L. 111-5, the
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 1136, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2014; and P.L. 113-235, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015.
a.

$15.000

($0.089)f

$14.911

$14.655

2003

$15.000

($0.098)g

$14.902

$14.899

2002

$17.500

‒‒

$17.500

$17.742

2005
2004

Modifications

Final
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

23

For further analysis of the SBA’s Microloan program, see CRS Report R41057, Small Business Administration
Microloan Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
24
SBA, Microloan Program: Partner Identification & Management System Participating Intermediary Microlenders
Report, January 13, 2015, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/articles/
Participating%20Intermediary%20Microlenders%20Report_1501.pdf. As of January 13, 2015, there were no
Microloan intermediaries serving Alaska, Idaho, Mississippi, Rhode Island, and Utah. An intermediary may not operate
in more than one state unless the SBA determines that it would be in the best interests of the small business community
for it to operate across state lines. For example, the Microloan intermediary located in Washington, Pennsylvania, is
allowed to service 10 West Virginia counties due to its proximity to these counties and the distance to the only other
intermediary serving West Virginia, which is located in Dunbar (near Charleston), West Virginia.
25
The Microloan Technical Assistance program’s FY2016 appropriation of $25.000 million is $17.834 million in
constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is less than its FY2000 appropriation of $32.112 million. CRS
calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States Government, FY2016: Historical Tables,
Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2020,” at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals.

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Fiscal Year

Initial
Appropriation

2001

$20.000

($0.044)h

$19.956

$18.385

2000

$23.200

($0.088)i

$23.112

$19.243

Modifications

Final
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA, Congressional Budget Justification,
[FY2011-FY2016], at http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense,
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza
Act, 2006; P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L.
112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; P.L. 113-235, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations
Act, 2015; and P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.191 million reduction from the Microloan
Technical Assistance program.

b.


b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011,
imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.044 million from the Microloan
Technical Assistance program.

c.


c. In FY2009, P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, provided the Microloan
Technical Assistance Program an additional $24 million to remain available until September 30, 2010. The
funds were awarded in FY2010.

d.


d. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006, imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.130 million from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.

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e.


e. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.112 million from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.

f.


f.
In FY2004, P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.089 million from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.

g.


g. In FY2003, P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, imposed a rescission of 0.65% on
federal agencies, resulting in a $0.098 million reduction from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.

h.


h. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001, imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a $0.044 million reduction from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.

i.


i.
In FY2000, P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000, required a 0.38% across-the-board
rescission for federal agencies in FY2000, resulting in a reduction of $0.088 million from the Microloan
Technical Assistance program.

Women Business Centers
Women Business Centers (WBCs) provide financial, management, and marketing assistance to
small businesses, including start-up businesses, owned and controlled by women. Since its
inception, the program has targeted the needs of socially and economically disadvantaged women
(see P.L. 100-533, the Women’s Business Ownership Act of 1988).2426 Currently, 106105 WBCs are
operating throughout most of the United States and the territories.25
As shown in Table 8, WBC’s recommended appropriations have increased from $8.966 million in
FY2000 to $15.000 million in FY2015. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.26 The
Obama Administration has requested $16.0 million for the program in FY2016.
Actual expenditures for the WBC program are presented in the table’s last column for
comparative purposes.

2427

26

U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Review of Women’s Business Center Program, 106th Cong.,
February 11, 1999, Serial No. 106-2 (Washington: GPO, 1999), p. 4.
2527

SBA, “Women’s Business Centers Directory,” at http://www.sba.gov/tools/local-assistance/wbc.

26

The WBC program’s FY2015 recommended appropriation of $15.000 million is $11.071 million in constant FY2000
dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 recommended appropriation of $8.966 million. CRS
calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States Government, FY2015: Historical Tables,
Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2018,” p. 217, at
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/hist.pdf.

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As shown in Table 8, WBC’s recommended appropriations have increased from $8.966 million in
FY2000 to $17.000 million in FY2016. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.28
Actual expenditures for the WBC program are presented in the table’s last column for
comparative purposes.
Table 8. Women Business Centers, FY2000-FY2016
(recommended appropriations and actual expenditures, $ in millions)

Fiscal Year

Initial
Recommended
Appropriation

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

2016 request

$162016

$17.000

‒‒

‒‒$17.000

NA

2015

$15.000

‒‒

$15.000

NA

2014

$14.000

‒‒

$14.000

$13.982

2013

$14.000

($1.112)a

$12.888

$12.887

2012

$14.000

‒‒

$14.000

$13.721

2011

$14.000

($0.028)b

$13.972

$13.866

2010

$14.000

‒‒

$14.000

$13.997

2009

$13.750

‒‒

$13.750

$13.750

2008

$13.000

‒‒

$13.000

$12.981

2007

$12.500

‒‒

$12.500

$12.340

$12.500

($0.125)c

$12.375

$12.197

2005

$12.500

($0.100)d

$12.400

$12.205

2004

$12.500

($0.074)e

$12.426

$12.245

2003

$12.500

($0.081)f

$12.419

$12.298

2002

$12.000

‒‒

$12.000

$12.000

2001

$12.000

($0.026)g

$11.974

$11.989

2000

$9.000

($0.034)h

$8.966

$8.926

2006
2005
2004

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010], at http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/
budgetsplans/BUDGET_REQ_PERF_PLAN.html; SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, 
[FY2011-FY2016], at
 http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for 
the Government of the
 District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against 
Revenues of Said District for
 the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-10051061005, Making Appropriations
 for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in 
Whole or in Part Against
 Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For 
Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107278107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, 
The Judiciary, and Related
 Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; 
H.Rept. 108-10, Making
 Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; 
H.Rept. 108-401, Making
 Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, 
and Related Agencies for
 the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, 
Making Appropriations
 for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005,
and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to
Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making
Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and Related Agencies for the
Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House Committee on
Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p.
908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess.,
January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of Transportation and Housing
and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L.
112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the

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Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr.
Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to
the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part 151 (December 11, 2014), p. H9740.
a.


28

The WBC program’s FY2016 recommended appropriation of $17.000 million is $12.127 million in constant FY2000
dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 recommended appropriation of $8.966 million. CRS
calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States Government, FY2016: Historical Tables,
Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2020,” at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals.

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Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;
H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and
Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington:
GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009
(Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th
Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 11210, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget
Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing
Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013;
P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted
by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December
11, 2014), p. H9740; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II
(December 17, 2015), p. H10139.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $1.112 million reduction from WBCs.

b.


b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011,
imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.028 million from WBCs.

c.


c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006, imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.125 million from WBCs.

d.


d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.100 million from WBCs.

e.


e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.074 million from WBCs.

f.


f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, imposed a rescission of 0.65% on
federal agencies, resulting in a $0.081 million reduction from WBCs.

g.


g. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001, imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a $0.026 million reduction from WBCs.

h.


h. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000, required a 0.38% across-the-board
rescission for federal agencies in FY2000, resulting in a reduction of $0.034 million from WBCs.

SCORE
The SBA provides financial assistance to SCORE (formerly the Service Corps of Retired
Executives) to provide in-person mentoring and online training to small business owners and
prospective owners.2729 SCORE’s 354320 chapters and more than 800 branch offices are located
throughout the United States and partner with more than 13,000 volunteer counselors, who are
working or retired business owners, executives, and corporate leaders, to provide management
and training assistance to small businesses “at no charge or at very low cost.”28
As shown in Table 9, SCORE’s recommended appropriations have increased from $3.487 million
in FY2000 to $8.000 in FY2015. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.29 The Obama
Administration has requested $8.0 million for the program in FY2016.
2711,000 volunteer counselors, who are

29

U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Small Business and House Select Committee on Small Business, 1966
Federal Handbook for Small Business: A Survey of Small Business Programs in the Federal Government Agencies,
committee print, 89th Cong., 3rd sess., January 31, 1966 (Washington: GPO, 1966), p. 5; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Rural Development, Entrepreneurship, and Trade, Subcommittee
Hearing on Legislative Initiatives to Modernize SBA’s Entrepreneurial Development Programs, 111th Cong., 1st sess.,
April 2, 2009 (Washington: GPO, 2009), p. 6; and SBA, “FY2013 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2011
Annual Performance Report,” p. 45, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/
FY%202013%20CBJ%20FY%202011%20APR.pdf.
28
SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives), “About SCORE,” Washington, DC, at http://www.score.org/aboutscore.
29
SCORE’s FY2015 recommended appropriation of $8.000 million is $5.905 million in constant FY2000 dollars
(adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 recommended appropriation of $3.487 million. CRS
calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States Government, FY2015: Historical Tables,
Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2018,” p. 217, at
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/hist.pdf.

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working or retired business owners, executives and corporate leaders, to provide management and
training assistance to small businesses “at no charge or at very low cost.”30
As shown in Table 9, SCORE’s recommended appropriations have increased from $3.487 million
in FY2000 to $10.500 in FY2016. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.31
Actual expenditures for SCORE are presented in the table’s last column for comparative
purposes.
Table 9. SCORE, FY2000-FY2016
(recommended appropriations and actual expenditures, $ in millions)

Fiscal Year

Initial
Recommended
Appropriation

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

2016 request

$8.000

$10.500

‒‒

$8.00010.500

NA

2015

$8.000

‒‒

$8.000

NA

2014

$7.000

‒‒

$7.000

$7.000

2013

$7.000

($0.556)a

$6.444

$6.440

2012

$7.000

‒‒

$7.000

$7.000

$6.986

$6.986

2011

$7.000

($0.014)b

$6.986

$6.986

2010

$7.000

‒‒

$7.000

$7.000

2009

$5.000

‒‒

$5.000

$5.000

2008

$4.950

‒‒

$4.950

$4.950

2007

$5.000

‒‒

$5.000

$4.936

2006

$5.000

($0.050)c

$4.950

$4.936

2005

$5.000

($0.040)d

$4.960

$4.933

$5.000

($0.030)e

$4.970

$4.958

2003

$5.000

($0.033)f

$4.967

$4.977

2002

$5.000

‒‒

$5.000

$5.010

2001

$3.750

($0.008)g

$3.742

$3.750

2000

$3.500

($0.013)h

$3.487

$3.471

20042006
2005
2004

‒‒

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010], at http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/
budgetsplans/BUDGET_REQ_PERF_PLAN.html; SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, 
[FY2011-FY2016], at
 http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for 
the Government of the
 District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against 
Revenues of Said District for
 the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-10051061005, Making Appropriations
 for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in 
Whole or in Part Against
 Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For 
Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107278107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary, and Related
Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10, Making
Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401, Making
Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies for
the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations
for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005,
and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to
Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making
Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and Related Agencies for the
Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House Committee on
Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p.
908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess.,
January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of Transportation and Housing

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and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L.
112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr.
Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to
the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part 151 (December 11, 2014), p. H9740.
a.


30

SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives), “About SCORE,” Washington, DC, at https://www.score.org/aboutscore.
31
SCORE’s FY2016 recommended appropriation of $10.500 million is $7.490 million in constant FY2000 dollars
(adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 recommended appropriation of $3.487 million. CRS
calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States Government, FY2016: Historical Tables,
Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2020,” at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals.

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The Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration,
and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792,
Making Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year
Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;
H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and
Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington:
GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009
(Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th
Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 11210, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget
Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing
Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013;
P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted
by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December
11, 2014), p. H9740; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II
(December 17, 2015), p. H10139.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.556 million reduction from SCORE.

b.


b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011,
imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.014 million from SCORE.

c.


c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006, imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.050 million from SCORE.

d.


d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.040 million from SCORE.

e.


e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.030 million from SCORE.

f.


f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, imposed a rescission of 0.65% on
federal agencies, resulting in a $0.033 million reduction from SCORE.

g.


g. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001, imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a $0.008 million reduction from SCORE.

h.


h. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000, required a 0.38% across-the-board
rescission for federal agencies in FY2000, resulting in a reduction of $0.013 million from SCORE.

Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs
The Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs (PRIME) provides SBA grants to nonprofit
microenterprise development organizations or programs that have “a demonstrated record of
delivering microenterprise services to disadvantaged entrepreneurs; an intermediary; a
microenterprise development organization or program that is accountable to a local community,
working in conjunction with a state or local government or Indian tribe; or an Indian tribe acting


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on its own, if the Indian tribe can certify that no private organization or program referred to in
this paragraph exists within its jurisdiction.”3032
As shown in Table 10, PRIME’s recommended appropriations have varied from year to year and,
in recent years, have decreased. Overall, PRIME’s recommended appropriations have decreased
from $14.964 million in FY2001 (the program’s first recommended appropriation) to $5.000
million in FY2015FY2016.
Actual expenditures for PRIME are presented in the table’s last column for comparative purposes.
The Obama Administration has argued that PRIME overlaps and duplicates the SBA’s Microloan
Technical Assistance program and recommended in its FY2012-FY2016 budget requests that
PRIME receive no appropriations. As shown in the table, in FY2013, the Obama Administration
eliminated PRIME’s appropriation as part of the SBA’s sequestration process.
30

32

P.L. 106-102, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Section 173. Establishment of Program and Section 175. Qualified
Organizations.

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Table 10. Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs (PRIME), FY2001-FY2016
(recommended appropriations and actual expenditures, $ in millions)

Fiscal Year

Initial
Recommended
Appropriation

2016 request

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$5.000

‒‒

$5.000

NA

2015

$5.000

‒‒

$5.000

NA

2014

$3.500

‒‒

$3.500

$3.500

2013

$3.500

($3.500)a

$0.000

$0.000

2012

$3.500

‒‒

$3.500

$3.343

2011

$8.000

($0.016)b

$7.984

$7.983

2010

$8.000

‒‒

$8.000

$8.000

2009

$5.000

‒‒

$5.000

$5.000

2008

$3.000

‒‒

$3.000

$2.715

2007

$2.000

‒‒

$2.000

$1.835

2006

$2.000

($0.020)c

$1.980

$1.920

2005

$5.000

($0.040)d

$4.960

$4.903

2004

$5.000

($0.030)e

$4.970

$4.947

2003

$5.000

($0.033)f

$4.964

$4.537

2002

$5.000

‒‒

$5.000

$4.500

2001

$15.000

($0.033)g

$14.964

$15.000

2006
2005
20042001

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010], at http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/
budgetsplans/BUDGET_REQ_PERF_PLAN.html; U.S. Small Business NA Administration, 
Congressional Budget
 Justification, [FY2011-FY2016], at http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; H.Rept. 106-479106479, Making
 Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in 
Whole or in
 Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other 
Purposes;
 H.Rept. 106-1005, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities

Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 
30, 2001,
 and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, 
Justice,
 and State, The Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other

Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other

Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug
Administration, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the
Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense,
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza
Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and
Commerce, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S.
Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial
Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1,
2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus
Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009),
committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366,
Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act,
2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25,
the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and Rep. Harold Rogers,

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“Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record,
vol. 160, part 151 (December 11, 2014), p. H9740.
a.

Rep. Harold Rogers,
“Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on

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Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record,
vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement
Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House
Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional
Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $3.500 million reduction from PRIME.

b.


b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011,
imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.016 million from PRIME.

c.


c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006, imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.020 million from PRIME.

d.


d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.040 million from PRIME.

e.


e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.030 million from PRIME.

f.


f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, imposed a rescission of 0.65% on
federal agencies, resulting in a $0.033 million reduction from PRIME.

g.


g. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001, imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a $0.033 million reduction from PRIME.

Veterans Business Outreach Centers ProgramPrograms
The SBA’s Office of Veterans Business Development (OVBD) administers several management
and training programs to assist veteran-owned businesses, including






the Entrepreneurship Bootcamp for Veterans with Disabilities Consortium of
Universities, which provides “experiential training in entrepreneurship and small
business management to post-9/11 veterans with disabilities” at eight
universities; 33
the Veteran Women Igniting the Spirit of Entrepreneurship (V-WISE) program,
which is administered through a cooperative agreement with Syracuse
University, offers women veterans a 15-day, online course focused on
entrepreneurship skills and the “language of business,” followed by a 3-day
conference (offered twice a year at varying locations) in which participants “are
exposed to successful entrepreneurs and CEOs of Fortune 500 companies and
leaders in government” and participate in courses on business planning,
marketing, accounting and finance, operations and production, human resources,
and work-life balance;34
the Operation Endure and Grow Program, which is administered through a
cooperative agreement with Syracuse University, offers an eight-week online
training program “focused on the fundamentals of launching and/or growing a

33

Syracuse University, “About the EBV,” Syracuse, NY, at http://whitman.syr.edu/ebv/about/; and SBA, “SBA
Expands Entrepreneurship Boot Camp for Vets: Announces Two New Programs for Women Vets, Guard, Reservists
and Families,” November 10, 2010, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/news_release_10-63.pdf.
34
Syracuse University, “Women Veterans Igniting the Spirit of Entrepreneurship (V-WISE),” Syracuse, NY, at
http://whitman.syr.edu/vwise/about.aspx; and SBA, “SBA Expands Entrepreneurship Boot Camp for Vets: Announces
Two New Programs for Women Vets, Guard, Reservists and Families,” November 10, 2010, at https://www.sba.gov/
sites/default/files/news_release_10-63.pdf.

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




small business” and is available to National Guard and reservists and their family
members;35
the Boots to Business program (started in 2012), which is “an elective track
within the Department of Defense’s revised Training Assistance Program called
Transition Goals, Plans, Success (Transition GPS) and has three parts: the
Entrepreneurship Track Overview ‒ a 10-minute introductory video shown
during the mandatory five-day Transition GPS course which introduces
entrepreneurship as a post-service career option; Introduction to
Entrepreneurship—a two-day classroom course on entrepreneurship and business
fundamentals offered as one of the three Transition GPS elective tracks; and
Foundations of Entrepreneurship—an eight-week, instructor-led online course
that offers in-depth instruction on the elements of a business plan and tips and
techniques for starting a business”; 36
the Boots to Business Reboot program (started in 2014), which assists veterans
who have already transitioned to civilian life;37 and
the Veterans Business Outreach Centers (VBOC) program, which provides
veterans and their spouses management and technical assistance training at 15
locations, including assistance with the Boots to Business program, the
development and maintenance of a 5-year business plan, and referrals to other
SBA resource partners when appropriate for additional training or mentoring
services.38

Prior to FY2016, Congress recommended appropriations for VBOCs and, in FY2014 and
FY2015, for the Boots to Business initiative ($7.0 million in FY2014 and $7.5 million in
FY2015). Funding for the OVBD’s other veterans assistance programs were provided through the
SBA’s salaries and expenses account.
In FY2016, Congress did not provide separate recommended appropriations for VBOCs and the
Boots to Business initiative. Instead, Congress provided a recommended appropriation of $12.3
million for the OVBD’s programs as a whole.39

35

Syracuse University, “About Operation Endure and Grow,” Syracuse, NY, at http://vets.syr.edu/education/enduregrow/.
36
SBA, “Operation Boots to Business: From Service to Startup,” at https://www.sba.gov/offices/headquarters/ovbd/
resources/160511; and SBA, “Operation Boots to Business: Fact Sheet,” at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/
B2B_Fact%20Sheet.pdf.
37
Ibid., pp. 90, 99.
38
SBA, “Veterans Business Outreach Centers,” at https://www.sba.gov/offices/headquarters/ovbd/resources/362341.
VBOC grants, starting at $180,000, “are made for up to a three-year period of performance, consisting of a base period
of 12 months from the date of award and up to two renewal option periods of 12 months each. Exercise of the option
periods will be solely at SBA’s discretion and is subject to continuing program authority, the availability of funds, and
the recipient’s continued satisfactory performance and compliance.” Also, “funding per VBOC will vary based on
proposed Boots to Business (B2B) program delivery and associated outreach.” See SBA, Office of Veterans Business
Development, “FY 2015 Program Announcement No. VBOC-2015-02,” pp. 6-7, at https://www.sba.gov/offices/
headquarters/ovbd/spotlight. In FY2013, the Veterans Business Outreach Centers Program conducted its ninth annual
“Customer Satisfaction Survey.” The FY2013 survey found that 91% of the clients using the centers were satisfied or
highly satisfied with the quality, relevance, and timeliness of the assistance provided. See SBA, “FY2015
Congressional Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance Report,” p. 81, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/
default/files/files/FY%202015%20CBJ%20FY%202013%20APR%20FINAL%20508(1).pdf.
39
Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House
Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029
(continued...)

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Recommended appropriations for VBOCs from FY2000-FY2015 are presented in Table 11 for
historical comparisons. As the data indicate, recommended appropriations for VBOCs increased
from $0.613 million in FY2000 to $3.000 million in FY2015. This increase exceeded the rate of
inflation.40
Actual expenditures for veterans programs are presented in the table’s last column for
comparative purposes.
Table 11. Veterans Business Outreach Centers (VBOC) Program, FY2000-FY2015
(recommended appropriations and actual expenditures, $ in millions)

Fiscal Year
2016

Initial
Recommended
Appropriation
NA

Modifications
‒‒

Final
Recommended
Appropriation
NA

Actual
Expenditures
NAVeterans Business Outreach Centers (VBOC) program provides “outreach,
assessment, long term counseling, training, coordinated service delivery referrals, mentoring and
network building, procurement assistance and E-based assistance to benefit Small Business
concerns and potential concerns owned and controlled by Veterans, Service Disabled Veterans
and Members of Reserve Components of the U.S. Military.”31 Currently, there are 15 VBOCs.
As shown in Table 11, recommended appropriations for the VBOC program have increased from
$0.613 million in FY2000 to $3.000 million in FY2015. This increase has exceeded the rate of
inflation.32
Actual expenditures for the VBOC program are presented in the table’s last column for
comparative purposes.

31

SBA, Office of Veterans Business Development, “Special Program Announcement: Veterans Business Outreach
Center Program,” April 2010, p. 1, at http://archive.sba.gov/idc/groups/public/documents/sba_program_office/
ovbd_vboc_prgm_announce2010.pdf.
32
The Veterans Business Outreach Centers Program’s FY2015 recommended appropriation of $3.000 million is $2.214
million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 recommended
appropriation of $0.613 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States
Government, FY2015: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical
Tables: 1940–2018,” p. 217, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/hist.pdf.

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Table 11. Veterans Business Outreach Centers (VBOC) Program, FY2000-FY2016
(recommended appropriations and actual expenditures, $ in millions)
Initial
Recommended
Appropriation

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

2016 request

$3.000

‒‒

‒‒

2015

$3.000

‒‒

$3.000

NA

2014

$2.500

‒‒

$2.500

$2.500

2013

$2.500

($0.003)a

$2.497

$2.497

2012

$2.500

‒‒

$2.500

$2.500

2011

$2.500

($0.005)b

$2.495

$2.495

2010

$2.500

‒‒

$2.500

$2.500

2009

$1.200

‒‒

$1.200

$1.200

2008

$0.743

‒‒

$0.743

$0.743

2007

$0.750

‒‒

$0.750

$0.741

$0.750

($0.008)c

$0.742

$0.738

$0.750

($0.006)d

$0.744

$0.731

$0.750

($0.004)e

$0.746

$0.737

2003

$0.750

($0.005)f

$0.745

$0.667

2002

$0.750

‒‒

$0.750

$0.617

2001

$0.000g

‒‒

$0.000a

NAa

2000

$0.615

($0.002)h

$0.613

$0.615

Fiscal Year

2006
2005
2004

Actual
Expenditures
NA

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010], at http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/
budgetsplans/BUDGET_REQ_PERF_PLAN.html; SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, 
[FY2011-FY2016], at
 http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for 
the Government of the
 District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against 
Revenues of Said District for
 the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-10051061005, Making Appropriations
 for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in 
Whole or in Part Against
 Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary, and Related
Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10, Making
Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401, Making
Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies for
the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations
for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005,
and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to
Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making
Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and Related Agencies for the
Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House Committee on
Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p.
908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess.,
January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of Transportation and Housing
and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L.
112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the

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Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr.
Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to
the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part 151 (December 11, 2014), p. H9740.
a.



(...continued)
Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139.
40
The Veterans Business Outreach Centers Program’s FY2015 recommended appropriation of $3.000 million is $2.214
million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 recommended
appropriation of $0.613 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States
Government, FY2015: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical
Tables: 1940–2018,” p. 217, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/hist.pdf.

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Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State,
The Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration,
and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792,
Making Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year
Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;
H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and
Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington:
GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009
(Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th
Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 11210, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget
Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing
Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013;
P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement
Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the
House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II
(December 11, 2014), p. H9740.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.003 million reduction from the VBOC program.

b.


b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011,
imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.005 million from the VBOC
program.

c.


c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006, imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.008 million from the VBOC program.

d.


d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.006 million from the VBOC program.

e.


e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.004 million from the VBOC program.

f.


f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, imposed a rescission of 0.65% on
federal agencies, resulting in a $0.005 million reduction from the VBOC program.

g.


g. In FY2001, Congress recommended an appropriation of $4.0 million to establish the National Veterans
Business Development Corporation. The SBA funded the four VBOCs operating in FY2001 from the
salaries and expenses account.

h.


h. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000, required a 0.38% across-the-board
rescission for federal agencies in FY2000, resulting in a reduction of $0.002 million from the VBOC
program.

7(j) Technical Assistance Program
The SBA’s 7(j) Technical Assistance Program provides “a wide variety of management and
technical assistance to eligible individuals or concerns to meet their specific needs, including: (a)
counseling and training in the areas of financing, management, accounting, bookkeeping,
marketing, and operation of small business concerns; and (b) the identification and development
of new business opportunities.”3341 Eligible individuals and businesses include “8(a) certified firms,


41

13 C.F.R. §124.702.

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small disadvantaged businesses, businesses operating in areas of high unemployment, or low
income or firms owned by low income individuals.”3442
As shown in Table 12, recommended appropriations for the 7(j) Technical Assistance Program
have varied since FY2000, with increases in some years and decreases in others. Overall, the
SBA’s 7(j) Technical Assistance Program’s recommended appropriations have decreased from
$3.584 million in FY2000 to $2.800 million in FY2015. The Obama Administration has
requested $2.8 million for the program in FY2016.
Actual expenditures for the 7(j) Technical Assistance Program are presented in the table’s last
column for comparative purposes.

33

13 C.F.R. §124.702.
SBA, “FY2012 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2010 Annual Performance Report,” p. 75, at
http://www.sba.gov/content/fy-2012-congressional-budget-justification-and-fy-2010-annual-performance-report.
34

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Table 12. 7(j) Technical Assistance Program, FY2000-FY2016
(recommended appropriations and actual expenditures, $ in millions)

Fiscal Year

Initial
Recommended
Appropriation

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

2016 request

$2.800

‒‒

‒‒$2.800

NA

2015

$2.800

‒‒

$2.800

NA

2014

$2.790

‒‒

$2.790

$2.723

2013

$3.100

($0.246)a

$2.854

$3.080

2012

$3.100

‒‒

$3.100

$4.768

2011

$3.400

($0.007)b

$3.393

$6.354

2010

$3.400

‒‒

$3.400

$3.275

2009

$2.380

‒‒

$2.380

$2.380

2008

$2.300

‒‒

$2.300

$2.300

2007

$1.500

‒‒

$1.500

$1.481

2006

$1.500

($0.015)c

$1.485

$1.481

2005

$1.500

($0.012)d

$1.488

$1.479

2004

$2.000

($0.012)e

$1.988

$1.963

2003

$1.500

($0.010)f

$1.490

$1.171

2002

$3.600

‒‒

$3.600

$3.189

2001

$3.600

($0.008)g

$3.592

$3.241

2000

$3.600

($0.014)h

$3.584

$3.950

2006
2005
20042000

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010], at http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/budgetsplans/
BUDGET_REQ_PERF_PLAN.html; SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, 
[FY2011-FY2016], at http://www.sba.gov/
about-sba-services/217; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for the 
Government of the District of Columbia and
 Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of 
Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending
 September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making 
Appropriations for the Government of the
 District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part 
Against Revenues of Said District for the
 Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 
107-278, Making Appropriations for the
 Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary, and Related 
Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending
 September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further 
Continuing Appropriations for the
 Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural


42

SBA, “FY2012 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2010 Annual Performance Report,” p. 75, at
http://www.sba.gov/content/fy-2012-congressional-budget-justification-and-fy-2010-annual-performance-report.

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Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies for the 
Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004,
 and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations for Foreign 
Operations, Export Financing, and
 Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other 
Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the
 Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes 
in the Gulf of Mexico, and
 Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the 
Departments of State, Justice,
 and Commerce, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, 
and For Other Purposes; U.S.
 Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 
(Division D - Financial Services
 and General Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 
2nd sess., January 1, 2008
 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, 
Omnibus Appropriations Act,
 2009 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), 
committee print, 111th
 Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, 
Departments of Transportation
 and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 
2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department
 of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the 
Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L.
 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing 
Appropriations Resolution, 2013;
 P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 
113-76, the Consolidated
 Appropriations Act, 2014; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,

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Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment
on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part 151 (December 11, 2014), p. H9740.
a.


Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the
Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; and
Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House
Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029
Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.246 million reduction from the 7(j) program.

b.


b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011,
imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.007 million from the 7(j)
program.

c.


c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006, imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.015 million from the 7(j) program.

d.


d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.012 million from the 7(j) program.

e.


e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.012 million from the 7(j) program.

f.


f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, imposed a rescission of 0.65% on
federal agencies, resulting in a $0.010 million reduction from the 7(j) program.

g.


g. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001, imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a $0.008 million reduction from the 7(j) program.

h.


h. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000, required a 0.38% across-the-board
rescission for federal agencies in FY2000, resulting in a reduction of $0.014 million from the 7(j) program.

Native American Outreach Program
The SBA’s Native American Outreach (NAO) program provides management and technical
educational assistance to American Indians, Alaska natives, native Hawaiians, and “the
indigenous people of Guam and American Samoa … to promote entity-owned and individual 8(a)
certification, government contracting, entrepreneurial education, and capital access.”3543 The
program’s management and technical assistance services are available to members of these
groups living in most areas of the nation.36
44

43

SBA, “FY2011 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2009 Annual Performance Report,” p. 65, at
http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/Congressional_Budget_Justification.pdf.
44
Ibid.

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As shown in Table 13, the NAO program’s recommended appropriations have varied somewhat
since FY2003 (the first year it received recommended appropriations), ranging from $1.0 million
to $2.0 million. The program’s recommended appropriations have not kept pace with inflation.37
The Obama Administration has requested $2.0 million for the program in FY2016.45
The NAO program’s actual expenditures are presented in the table’s last column for comparative
purposes.

35

SBA, “FY2011 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2009 Annual Performance Report,” p. 65, at
http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/Congressional_Budget_Justification.pdf.
36
Ibid.
37
The SBA’s FY2015 appropriation of $2.000 million for the Native American Outreach Program is $1.567 million in
constant FY2003 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is lower than its initial FY2003 recommended appropriation of
$1.987 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States Government, FY2015:
Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2018,” p.
217, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/hist.pdf.

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Table 13. Native American Outreach (NAO) Program, FY2003-FY2016
(recommended appropriations and actual expenditures, $ in millions)

Fiscal Year

Initial
Recommended
Appropriation

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

2016 request

$2.000

‒‒

‒‒$2.000

NA

2015

$2.000

‒‒

$2.000

NA

2014

$2.000

‒‒

$2.000

$1.859

2013

$1.250

($0.318)a

$0.932

$0.915

2012

$1.250

‒‒

$1.250

$1.245

2011

$1.250

($0.003)b

$1.247

$1.132

2010

$1.250

‒‒

$1.250

$1.243

2009

$1.033

‒‒

$1.033

$1.027

2008

$1.000

‒‒

$1.000

$0.933

2007

$1.000

‒‒

$1.000

$0.884

2006

$1.000

($0.010)c

$0.990

$0.978

2005

$1.000

($0.008)d

$1.092

$0.902

2004

$2.000

($0.012)e

$1.988

$1.964

2003

$2.000

($0.013)f

$1.987

$1.778

2006
2005
2004
2003

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010], at http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/
budgetsplans/BUDGET_REQ_PERF_PLAN.html; SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, 
[FY2011-FY2016], at
 http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for 
the Government of the
 District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against 
Revenues of Said District for
 the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-10051061005, Making Appropriations
 for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in 
Whole or in Part Against
 Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For 
Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107278107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, 
The Judiciary, and Related
 Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; 
H.Rept. 108-10, Making
 Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; 
H.Rept. 108-401, Making
 Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, 
and Related Agencies for
 the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, 
Making Appropriations
 for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year 
Ending September 30, 2005,
 and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency 
Supplemental Appropriations to
 Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; 
H.Rept. 109-272, Making
 Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and Related Agencies for the


45

The SBA’s FY2016 appropriation of $2.000 million for the Native American Outreach Program is $1.531 million in
constant FY2003 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is lower than its initial FY2003 recommended appropriation of
$1.987 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States Government, FY2016:
Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2020,” at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals.

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Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House 
Committee on
 Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government

Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: 
GPO, 2008), p.
 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 
(Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th 
Cong., 2nd sess.,
 January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of 
Transportation and Housing
 and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-1011210, the Department of
 Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget 
Control Act of 2011; P.L.
 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing 
Appropriations Resolution,
 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; 
P.L. 113-76, the
 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted 
by Mr.
 Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House 
Amendment to
 the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part 151no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740.

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a.


11, 2014), p. H9740; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II
(December 17, 2015), p. H10139.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.318 million reduction from the NAO program.

b.


b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011,
imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.003 million from the NAO
program.

c.


c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006, imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.010 million from the NAO program.

d.


d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.008 million from the NAO program.

e.


e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.012 million from the NAO program.

f.


f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, imposed a rescission of 0.65% on
federal agencies, resulting in a $0.013 million reduction from the NAO program.

National Women’s Business Council
The National Women’s Business Council (NWBC) is a bipartisan federal advisory council created
to serve as an independent source of advice and counsel to the President, Congress, and the SBA
on economic issues of importance to women business owners. The council’s mission “is to
promote bold initiatives, policies, and programs designed to support women’s business
enterprises at all stages of development in the public and private sector marketplaces—from startup to success to significance.”3846
As shown in Table 14, the recommended appropriation for the NWBC has increased from $0.598
million in FY2000 to $1.000500 million in FY2015FY2016. This increase has exceeded the rate of
inflation.39 The Obama Administration has requested $1.0 million for the program in FY2016.
The NWBC’s actual expenditures are presented in the table’s last column for comparative
purposes.

38
47

46

The National Women’s Business Council, “About the Council,” Washington, DC, at http://www.nwbc.gov/aboutus/
ABOUT_THE_COUNCIL.html.
3947
The SBA’s FY2015FY2016 appropriation of $1.000500 million for the National Women’s Business Council is $0.7381.070 million in
constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 recommended appropriation of
$0.598 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States Government, FY2015FY2016:
Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2018,” p.
217, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/hist.pdf.

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2020,” at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals.

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The NWBC’s actual expenditures are presented in the table’s last column for comparative
purposes.
Table 14. National Business Women’s Council (NWBC), FY2000-FY2016
(recommended appropriations and actual expenditures, $ in millions)


Fiscal Year

Initial
Recommended
Appropriation

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

FY2016 request

$1.000

$1.500

‒‒

‒‒$1.500

NA

FY2015

$1.000

‒‒

$1.000

NA

FY2014

$1.000

‒‒

$1.000

$0.980

FY2013

$0.998

($0.080)a

$0.918

$0.736

FY2012

$0.998

‒‒

$0.998

$0.875

FY2011

$1.000

($0.002)b

$0.998

$0.954

FY2010

$1.000

‒‒

$1.000

$0.920

FY2009

$0.775

‒‒

$0.775

$0.751

FY2008

$0.743

‒‒

$0.743

$0.714

FY2007

$0.750

‒‒

$0.750

$0.712

FY2006

$0.750

($0.008)c

$0.742

$0.675

FY2005

$0.750

($0.006)d

$0.744

$0.550

FY2004

$0.750

($0.004)e

$0.746

$0.731

FY2003

$0.750

($0.005)f

$0.745

$0.699

FY2002

$0.750

‒‒

$0.750

$0.729

FY2001

$0.750

($0.002)g

$0.748

$0.714

FY2000

$0.600

($0.002)h

$0.598

$0.600

Fiscal Year

FY2006
FY2005
FY2004FY2000

Actual
Expenditures

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010], at http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/
budgetsplans/BUDGET_REQ_PERF_PLAN.html; SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, 
[FY2011-FY2016], at
 http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for 
the Government of the
 District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against 
Revenues of Said District for
 the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-10051061005, Making Appropriations
 for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in 
Whole or in Part Against
 Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For 
Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107278107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, 
The Judiciary, and Related
 Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; 
H.Rept. 108-10, Making
 Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; 
H.Rept. 108-401, Making
 Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, 
and Related Agencies for
 the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, 
Making Appropriations
 for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year 
Ending September 30, 2005,
 and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency 
Supplemental Appropriations to
 Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; 
H.Rept. 109-272, Making
 Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and 
Related Agencies for the
 Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House 
Committee on
 Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government

Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: 
GPO, 2008), p.
 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 
(Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th 
Cong., 2nd sess.,
 January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of 
Transportation and Housing
 and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-1011210, the Department of
 Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget 

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Control Act of 2011; P.L.
 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing 
Appropriations Resolution,
 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the

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P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted 
by Mr.
 Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House 
Amendment to
 the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part 151no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740.
a.


11, 2014), p. H9740; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II
(December 17, 2015), p. H10139.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.080 million reduction from the NWBC.

b.


b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011,
imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.002 million from the NWBC.

c.


c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006, imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.008 million from the NWBC.

d.


d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.006 million from the NWBC.

e.


e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.004 million from the NWBC.

f.


f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, imposed a rescission of 0.65% on
federal agencies, resulting in a $0.005 million reduction from the NWBC.

g.


g. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001, imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a $0.002 million reduction from the NWBC.

h.


h. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000, required a 0.38% across-the-board
rescission for federal agencies in FY2000, resulting in a reduction of $0.002 million from the NWBC.

HUBZone Administration
The HUBZone program helps small businesses located in designated Historically Underutilized
Business Zones (HUBZones) to compete for federal contracts. Federal agencies may award
contracts directly to HUBZone-certified small businesses through a sole-source contract, limit
contact competitions to HUBZone-certified firms through a contract set-aside, or provide
HUBZone-certified firms a price evaluation preference in full and open competitions.4048
The HUBZone program was initially funded through the SBA’s salary and expenses account. As
shown in Table 15, Congress started recommending an appropriation for the program in FY2004.
This recommended appropriation remained relatively stable until FY2015, when it increased to
$3.000 million. With the recent increase, the HUBZone program’s recommended appropriations
have exceeded inflation.41 The Obama Administration has requested $3.0 million for the program
in FY2016.
49 The HUBZone program’s actual expenditures are presented in the 
table’s last column for
 comparative purposes.

40
48

For additional information and analysis concerning the HUBZone program, see CRS Report R41268, Small Business
Administration HUBZone Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
4149
The SBA’s FY2015FY2016 appropriation of $3.000 million for the HUBZone program is $2.410357 million in constant FY2004
dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2004 recommended appropriation of $1.988 million. CRS
calculation using inflation data from OMB, “Budget of the United States Government, FY2015FY2016: Historical Tables,
Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2018,” p. 217, at
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/hist.pdf.

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https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals.

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Table 15. Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBZone) Program,
FY2000-FY2016
(recommended appropriations and actual expenditures, $ in millions)

Fiscal Year

Initial
Recommended
Appropriation

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

FY2016 requestFY2016

$3.000

‒‒

‒‒$3.000

NA

FY2015

$3.000

‒‒

$3.000

NA

FY2014

$2.250

‒‒

$2.250

$2.248

FY2013

$2.500

($0.524)a

$1.976

$1.952

FY2012

$2.500

‒‒

$2.500

$2.155

FY2011

$2.200

($0.004)b

$2.196

$2.194

FY2010

$2.200

‒‒

$2.200

$2.189

FY2009

$2.150

‒‒

$2.150

$2.150

FY2008

$2.100

‒‒

$2.100

$1.924

FY2007

$2.000

‒‒

$2.000

$1.931

$2.000

($0.020)c

$1.980

$1.974

FY2005

$1.979

($0.016)d

$1.963

$1.892

FY2004

$2.000

($0.012)e

$1.988

$1.974

FY2003

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$1.807

FY2002

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$1.618

FY2001

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$1.791

FY2000

‒‒

‒‒

‒‒

$1.978

FY2006

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2002-FY2010], at http://archive.sba.gov/aboutsba/
budgetsplans/BUDGET_REQ_PERF_PLAN.html; SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, 
[FY2011-FY2016], at
 http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for 
the Government of the
 District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against 
Revenues of Said District for
 the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-10051061005, Making Appropriations
 for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in 
Whole or in Part Against
 Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For 
Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107278107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, 
The Judiciary, and Related
 Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; 
H.Rept. 108-10, Making
 Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; 
H.Rept. 108-401, Making
 Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, 
and Related Agencies for
 the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, 
Making Appropriations
 for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year 
Ending September 30, 2005,
 and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency 
Supplemental Appropriations to
 Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; 
H.Rept. 109-272, Making
 Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and 
Related Agencies for the
 Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House 
Committee on
 Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government

Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: 
GPO, 2008), p.
 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 
(Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th 
Cong., 2nd sess.,
 January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of 
Transportation and Housing
 and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-1011210, the Department of
 Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget 
Control Act of 2011; P.L.
 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing 
Appropriations Resolution,

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 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the


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P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted 
by Mr.
 Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House 
Amendment to
 the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part 151no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740.
a.


11, 2014), p. H9740; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II
(December 17, 2015), p. H10139.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.520 million reduction from the HUBZone
program.

b.


b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011,
imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.004 million from the HUBZone
program.

c.


c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006, imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.020 million from the HUBZone program.

d.


d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.016 million from the HUBZone program.

e.


e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal
agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.012 million from the HUBZone program.

The Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters)
The SBA reports that “regional innovative clusters are on-the-ground collaborations between
business, research, education, financing and government institutions that work to develop and
grow a particular industry or related set of industries in a particular geographic region.”4250 The
SBA has supported regional innovative clusters since FY2009, and the initiative has received
recommended appropriations from Congress since FY2010.
As shown in Table 16, funding for the Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters) program

initiative has been reduced since the program began in FY2010, from a recommended appropriation of
 $10.000 million in FY2010 to 
$6.000 million in FY2015. The Obama Administration has
requested $6.0 million for the initiative in FY2016.
The FY2016. The table’s last column indicates that the SBA’s actual expenditures 
for the initiative have often
been less than the amount appropriated.

42

SBA, “FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance Report,” p. 60, at
http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/1-FY%202014%20CBJ%20FY%202012%20APR.PDF.

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 been less than the amount appropriated.
Table 16. Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters), FY2010-FY2016
(recommended appropriations and actual expenditures, $ in millions)


Fiscal Year

Initial
Recommended
Appropriation

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

FY2016 request

$6.000

‒‒

‒‒$6.000

NA

FY2015

$6.000

‒‒

$6.000

NA

FY2014

$5.000

‒‒

$5.000

$4.995

FY2013

$5.000

($1.311)a

$3.689

$3.590

FY2012

$5.000

‒‒

$5.000

$3.325

FY2011

$10.000

($0.020)b

$9.980

$6.581

FY2010

$10.000

‒‒

$10.000

$9.989

Fiscal Year

Actual
ExpendituresActual
Expenditures

50

SBA, “FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance Report,” p. 60, at
http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/1-FY%202014%20CBJ%20FY%202012%20APR.PDF.

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Fiscal Year
FY2010

Initial
Recommended
Appropriation

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

‒‒

$10.000

$10.000

Actual
Expenditures
$9.989

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2011-FY2016], at http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/
217; H.Rept. 111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the
Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act
of 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations
Act, 2012 (Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012); P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; SBA, “General Statement
Regarding the Implications of Sequestration,” provided to the author by the SBA, Office of Congressional and
Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of
Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the
Senate Amendment on H.R. 3547, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part
No 9-Book II (January 15, 2014), p. H908; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and Rep.
Harold Rep. Harold
Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House
 Committee on 
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,”
 Congressional Record, 
vol. 160, part 151 (December 11, 2014), p. H9740.
a.

no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement
Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House
Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional
Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011, and P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $1.311 million reduction from the Entrepreneurial
Development Initiative (Clusters).

b.


b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011,
imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a reduction of $0.020 million from the
Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters).

Operation Boots to Business: From Service to Startup Initiative
The SBA launched the Operation Boots to Business: From Service to Startup initiative on a pilot
basis in FY2012. In partnership with the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans
Affairs, the SBA developed the program as part of the redesign of the military’s Transition
Assistance Program (TAP), which provides counseling and training to help prepare departing
service members for the transition to civilian life. TAP participants now have three optional
tracks: (1) education; (2) technical training; and (3) entrepreneurship. The SBA and its resource
partner network (Syracuse University, SBDCs, WBCs, SCORE, etc.) is responsible for the
entrepreneurship track.43
43

SBA, “About Operation Boots to Business: From Service to Startup,” at http://www.sba.gov/about-offices-content/1/
2985/resources/160501.

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As shown in Table 17, the Operation Boots to Business: From Service to Startup initiative
received its first recommended appropriation in FY2014 ($7.000 million) and $7.500 million in
FY2015. The Obama Administration has requested $7.5 million for the initiative in FY2016.
Table 17. Operation Boots to Business: From Service to Startup Initiative,
FY2014-FY2016
(recommended appropriations and actual expenditures, $ in millions)

Fiscal Year

Initial
Recommended
Appropriation

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

Actual
Expenditures

FY2016 request

$7.500

‒‒

‒‒

NA

FY2015

$7.500

‒‒

$7.500

NA

FY2014

$7.000

‒‒

$7.000

$6.663

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2011-FY2016], at http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/
217; H.Rept. 111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the
Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act
of 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations
Act, 2012 (Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012); P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; SBA, “General Statement
Regarding the Implications of Sequestration,” provided to the author by the SBA, Office of Congressional and
Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of
Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the
Senate Amendment on H.R. 3547, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part
No 9-Book II (January 15, 2014), p. H908; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and Rep.
Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House
Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,”
Congressional Record, vol. 160, part 151 (December 11, 2014), p. H9740.

Entrepreneurship Education Initiative
The SBA’s Entrepreneurship Education initiative offers high‐growth small businesses in
underserved communities “a seven‐month executive leader education series” consisting of “more
than 100 hours of specialized training, technical resources, a professional networking system, and
other resources to strengthen their business model and promote economic development within
urban communities.”4451 At the conclusion of the training, “participants produce a three‐year
strategic growth action plan with benchmarks and performance targets that help them access the
necessary support and resources to move forward for the next stage of business growth.”4552
As shown in Table 1817, the Entrepreneurship Education initiative received its first recommended
appropriation from Congress in FY2014 ($5.0000 million) and, $7.0000 million in FY2015. The
Obama Administration has requested $11.0 million for the initiative, and $10.0
million in FY2016.

4451

SBA, “FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance Report,” p.71, at
http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/1-FY%202014%20CBJ%20FY%202012%20APR.PDF
4552
Ibid.

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Table 1817. Entrepreneurship Education Initiative, FY2014-FY2016
(recommended appropriations and actual expenditures, $ in millions)


Fiscal Year

Initial
Recommended
Appropriation

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

$11FY2016

$10.000

‒‒

‒‒$10.000

NA

FY2015

$7.000

‒‒

$7.000

NA

FY2014

$5.000

‒‒

$5.000

$4.953

Fiscal Year
FY2016 request

Actual
Expenditures

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2011-FY2016], at http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/
217; H.Rept. 111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the
Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act
of 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations
Act, 2012 (Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012); P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; SBA, “General Statement
Regarding the Implications of Sequestration,” provided to the author by the SBA, Office of Congressional and
Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of
Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the
Senate Amendment on H.R. 3547, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part
No 9-Book II (January 15, 2014), p. H908; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and Rep.
Harold Rep. Harold
Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House
 Committee on 
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,”
 Congressional Record, 
vol. 160, part 151 (December 11, 2014), p. H9740no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement
Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House
Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional
Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139.

Growth Accelerator Initiative
The SBA describes growth accelerators as “organizations that help entrepreneurs start and scale
their businesses.”4653 Growth accelerators are typically run by experienced entrepreneurs and help
small businesses access seed capital and mentors. The SBA claims that growth accelerators “help
accelerate a startup company’s path towards success with targeted advice on revenue growth,
employee growth, sourcing outside funding and avoiding pitfalls.”4754
As shown in Table 1918, the Growth Accelerator initiative received its first recommended
appropriation from Congress in FY2014 ($2.5005 million) and, $4.0000 million in FY2015. Also,
the Obama Administration has requested $5.0 million for the initiative , and $1.0 million
in FY2016.

4653

Ibid., p. 59.
Ibid. See also Jonathan Porat, “Exploring the Policy Relevance of Startup Accelerators,” SBA, Office of Advocacy,
Issue Brief No. 4, November 17, 2014, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/
Issue%20Brief%204%20Accelerators%20FINAL.pdf.
4754

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Table 1918. Growth Accelerator Initiative, FY2014-FY2016
(recommended appropriations and actual expenditures, $ in millions)
Initial
Recommended
Appropriation

Modifications

Final
Recommended
Appropriation

FY2016 request

$5

$1.000

‒‒

‒‒$1.000

NA

FY2015

$4.000

‒‒

$4.000

NA

FY2014

$2.500

‒‒

$2.500

$2.500

Fiscal Year

Actual
Expenditures

Sources: SBA, Congressional Budget Justification, [FY2011-FY2016], at http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/
217; H.Rept. 111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the
Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act
of 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations
Act, 2012 (Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012); P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; SBA, “General Statement
Regarding the Implications of Sequestration,” provided to the author by the SBA, Office of Congressional and
Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of
Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the
Senate Amendment on H.R. 3547, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part
No 9-Book II (January 15, 2014), p. H908; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and Rep.
Harold Rep. Harold
Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House
 Committee on 
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,”
 Congressional Record, 
vol. 160, part 151 (December 11, 2014), p. H9740.

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 SBAno. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement
Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House
Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional
Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139.

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Appendix. SBA Appropriations, FY1954-FY1999
Table A-1. Small Business Administration Appropriations, FY1980-FY1999
($ in millions)

FY

Disaster
Assistance

Business Loan
Capital
Appropriation

FY1999

$293.3

$224.2

$302.5

$820.0

FY1998

$173.2

$181.2

$361.7

$716.1

FY1997

$326.9

$183.7

$341.8

$852.4

FY1996

$331.0

$160.7

$322.5

$814.2

FY1995

$130.2

$271.0

$390.8

$792.0

FY1994

$18.6

$223.4

$408.7

$650.7

FY1993

$401.7

$370.0

$436.4

$1,208.1

FY1992

$705.0

$348.3

$598.8

$1,652.1

FY1991

($129.3)

$157.0

$436.2

$463.9

FY1990

$342.3

$159.5

$426.5

$928.3

FY1989

$0.0

$168.6

$251.6

$420.2

FY1988

$0.0

$165.7

$262.6

$428.3

FY1987

$0.0

$378.2

$225.5

$603.7

FY1986

$0.0

$505.0

$209.4

$714.4

FY1985

$0.0

$511.6

$742.1

$1,253.7

FY1984

$0.0

$363.4

$234.5

$597.9

FY1983

$0.0

$742.7

$274.6

$1,017.3

FY1982

$0.0

$326.0

$243.9

$569.9

FY1981

$325.0

$609.0

$265.9

$1,199.9

FY1980

$1,237.0

$565.0

$194.1

$1,996.1

Other Programs

Total

Sources: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on the Departments of
Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies, “Departments of Commerce, Justice, and
State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations for [various years],” hearings [various years]; U.S.
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Budget of the United States Government, FY1986; Appendix: Small Business
Administration, pp. I-XI – IX9; and OMB, Budget of the United States Government, FY1987; Appendix: Small Business
Administration, pp. I-XI – IX10.
Notes: In FY1985, an additional $524.96 million was appropriated to the Federal Financing Bank. In FY1995,
there was a $6 million rescission, which was subtracted from the other programs column.

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Table A-2. Small Business Administration Appropriations, FY1954-FY1979
($ in millions)

FY

Disaster Assistance

Capital
Appropriation/ First
Revolving Fund

FY1979

$1,235.0

$520.5

$239.0

$1,994.5

FY1978

$2,640.8

$605.0

$230.0

$3,475.8

FY1977

$291.3

$601.6

$90.5

$983.4

FY1976

$100.0

$278.8

$29.4

$418.2

FY1975

$91.8

$307.5

$28.5

$445.8

FY1974

$1.6

$226.0

$23.0

$250.6

FY1973

$1,857.2

$397.0

$22.6

$2,276.8

FY1972

$172.4

$278.1

$22.8

$473.3

FY1971

$366.0

$267.4

$20.0

$653.4

FY1970

$180.0

$3.3

$17.5

$200.8

FY1969

$3.8

$6.0

$11.4

$21.2

FY1968

$2.0

$154.0

$9.9

$165.9

FY1967

$128.3

$722.6

$8.1

$859.0

FY1966

comingled

$310.0

$7.2

$317.2

FY1965

comingled

$145.0

$7.5

$152.5

FY1964

comingled

$90.0

$8.5

$98.5

FY1963

comingled

$300.0

$5.9

$305.9

FY1962

comingled

$220.0

$7.1

$227.1

FY1961

comingled

$50.0

$5.9

$55.9

FY1960

comingled

$150.0

$4.9

$154.9

FY1959

comingled

$200.0

$31.3

$231.3

Other Programs

Total

FY1958

$8.0

$112.0

$2.3

$122.3

FY1957

$12.0

$83.0

$1.9

$96.9

FY1956

$35.0

$10.0

$2.1

$47.1

FY1955

$10.0

$15.0

$2.4

$27.4

FY1954

$5.0

$50.0

$2.7

$57.5

Sources: OMB, Budget of the United States Government [various years]; and Appropriations Acts [various years]:
P.L. 83-207, P.L. 84-219, P.L. 84-533, P.L. 84-604, P.L. 85-19, P.L. 85-170, P.L. 85-457, P.L. 85-766, P.L. 86-88, P.L.
86-451, P.L. 87-125, P.L. 87-332, P.L.87-843, P.L. 88-245, and P.L. 89-164.
Notes: The SBA had a single revolving loan fund for both disaster and business loans until 1966 (P.L. 89-409).
For FY1954 through FY1958, budgetary documents indicated the amount provided to the revolving loan fund,
which was designated for disaster assistance, and the amount designated for business loans. For FY1959 through
FY1966, budgetary documents no long provided this level of specificity. In FY1959, $27.5 million was provided
for management and training grants, which were awarded through FY1960. The SBA reported that most of the
increase in funding for other programs in FY1970 was due to an increase in funding for the SBA’s minority
management and technical assistance grant program. Most of the increase in funding for other programs in


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FY1977 was due to the provision of $36 million for the surety bond guarantee program and $15 million for the
pollution control equipment guarantee revolving fund.

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Author Contact Information
Robert Jay Dilger
Senior Specialist in American National Government
rdilger@crs.loc.gov, 7-3110

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