American War and Military Operations
Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Anne Leland
Information Research Specialist
Mari-Jana "M-J" Oboroceanu
Information Research Specialist
February 26, 2010November 15, 2012
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RL32492
CRS Report for Congress
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Summary
This report is written in response to numerous requests for war casualty statistics and lists of war
dead. It providesprovides information for war casualty statistics. It includes tables, compiled by from
sources at the Department of Defense (DOD), indicating the
number of casualties among
American military personnel serving in principal wars and combat
actions.
Wars covered include the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Civil War,
the Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam Conflict,
and the Persian Gulf War. Military operations covered include the Iranian Hostage Rescue
Mission, Lebanon Peacekeeping, Urgent Fury in Grenada, Just Cause in Panama, Desert Shield
and Desert Storm, Restore Hope in Somalia, Uphold Democracy in Haiti, and the ongoing
Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and, Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and Operation New Dawn
(OND).
For the more recent conflicts, starting with the Korean War, more detailed information on types of
casualties, and, when available, demographics have been included. This report also cites sources
of published lists of military personnel killed in principal wars and combat actions.
This report will be updated as events warrant.
Congressional Research Service
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................1
Resources ..... 1
Casualty Statistics ............................................................................................................................ 1
Resources ..................................................................................................................................... 20.. 25
Sources of Statistics ................................................................................................................. 25 20
Sources of Published Lists of Names of War Dead ............................................................... 20.. 25
Wars Prior to World War I ....................................................................................................... 26
Additional Websites ............................................................................................................ 26..... 33
CRS Reports ....................................................................................................................... 26
Tables
Table 1. ..... 34
Tables
Table 1. Casualty Statistics for Selected Military Actions ............................................................... 2
Table 2. Principal Wars in Which the United States Participated: U.S. Military Personnel
Serving and Casualties ..............................................................................................................2.... 3
Table 23. Worldwide U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths—Selected Military Operations .................5 6
Table 34. Active Duty Military Deaths—Race/Ethnicity Summary ................................................6.. 7
Table 45. U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths, 1980 Through 20082010, Part I, Total Military
Personnel ...................................................................................................................................... 87
Table 56. U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths, 1980 Through 20082010, Part II, Cause of Death .............8 9
Table 67. Comparison of Death, Wounded and Amputation Statistics in American
Conflicts ..................................................................................................................................9.... 10
Table 78. Korean War: Casualty Summary ...................................................................................... 11 10
Table 89. Vietnam Conflict: Casualty Summary ............................................................................. 12 11
Table 910. Persian Gulf War: Casualty Summary Desert Shield/Desert Storm ........................................................................... 1213
Table 10. Global War on Terrorism: 11. Operation Enduring Freedom Casualty Summary by Casualty Category
Within Service ....................... 14
Table 12. Operation Enduring Freedom, Military Deaths ............................................................. 15
Table 13. Operation Enduring Freedom, Military Wounded in Action....................................... 13... 16
Table 1114. Operation Enduring Freedom, Demographics of Military Deaths....Iraqi Freedom, Casualty Summary by Casualty Category ............................ 1417
Table 1215. Operation EnduringIraqi Freedom,: Military Wounded in Action Deaths........................................... 15
Table 13. Operation Iraqi Freedom, by Casualty Category Within Service, March 19,
2003, Through February 6, 2010 .......................... 18
Table 16. Operation Iraqi Freedom: Wounded In Action ............................................................... 19
Table 17. Operation New Dawn, Casualty Summary by Casualty Category................................. 1620
Table 1418. Operation Iraqi FreedomNew Dawn: Military Deaths, March 19, 2003, Through February
6, 2010 ............................................................................. 21
Table 19. Operation New Dawn: Military Wounded in Action...................................................... 1722
Table 15. Operation Iraqi Freedom: Military Deaths, Since May 1, 2003 20. Deaths by Operation, Race, and Hispanic Indicator ........................................... 18
Table 16. Operation Iraqi Freedom: Wounded In Action, Since May 1, 2003........... 23
Table 21. U.S. Coast Guard Service Casualties ............................................................................. 1924
Congressional Research Service
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Contacts
Author Contact Information ........................................................................................................... 2734
Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... 34 27
Congressional Research Service
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Introduction
This report is written in response to numerous requests for war casualty statistics and lists of war
dead. It provides tables, compiled by sources at the Department of Defense (DOD), indicating the
provides war casualty statistics. It includes tables compiled from Department of
Defense (DOD) sources, listing the number of fatalities and numbers of wounded among
American military personnel serving in
principal wars and combat actions from the Revolutionary War to the current Operation Iraqi
Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF; operations in Afghanistan and related
conflicts)
War to current conflicts.
A review of the composite data reveals the following.:
•
During the period between the Revolutionary War and the present, it was the
Civil War that produced the most American fatalities, when Union statistics and
Confederate estimates are taken into account.
•
World War II was the first war in which there were more battle deaths than deaths
from other causes, such as accidents, disease, and infections.
•
With a total of 383 in-theater deaths, 147 of which were battle deaths, the Persian
Gulf War was the least costly in terms of fatalities (see Table 1).
•
The ongoing Operation Iraqi Freedom to date has produced more than 10 times
the number of in-theater deaths than the Persian Gulf War (which lasted seven
months).
The casualty statistics for wars long ended are updated periodically, sometimes yearly. This
almost always reflects the identification of remains of persons previously listed as missing in
action and those persons’ reclassification as dead. Other reasons, much rarer, include the
discovery of errors in casualty records for individuals or categories of people.
Congressional Research Service
1
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 1. Principal Wars in Which the United States Participated: U.S. Military
Personnel Serving and Casualties
Casualties
War/ Conflict
Branch
Casualty statistics for wars long ended are updated periodically, sometimes yearly. This almost
always reflects the identification of remains of persons previously listed as missing in action and
those persons’ reclassification as dead. Other reasons, much less frequent, include the discovery
of errors in casualty records for individuals or categories of people.
Casualty Statistics
Casualty statistics for conflicts prior to the Persian Gulf War (Desert Shield/Desert Storm) are
updated periodically by the Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS), Defense Manpower Data
Center (DMDC). Casualty figures for Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Iraqi
Freedom (OIF), and Operation New Dawn (OND) are updated monthly, or in some cases, daily.
Links to the sources for casualty figures are found below each table in this report.
Table 1 lists battles, attacks, or operations for which the Congressional Research Service (CRS)
receives numerous requests.
Table 21 lists information published by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Historian’s Office. In
response to congressional requests, CRS includes Coast Guard casualty data as provided by
USCG in addition to the DOD data. The USCG, although an armed service, was an agency under
the jurisdiction of several federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of Transportation
(USDOT). The Coast Guard remained under USDOT until February 2003, when it was placed
within the Department of Homeland Security.
Congressional Research Service
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 1. Casualty Statistics for Selected Military Actions
Conflict
American Revolution
Attack/Battle
Date(s)
Killed/Wounded
Brandywine Creek
September 11, 1777
Americans Killed: 160
Yorktown
September 28-October 19,
1781
Americans Wounded: 600
Americans Killed: 23
Americans Wounded: 65
Civil War
Antietam
September 17, 1862
Union Killed: 2,108
Union Wounded: 9,549
Confederate Killed: 1,924
Confederate Wounded: 9,381
Gettysburg
July 1-3, 1863
Union Killed: 3,155
Union Wounded: 18,735
Confederate Killed: 3,903
Confederate Wounded: 18,735
World War I
Meuse-Argonne
September-November 1918
Americans Killed: 26,227
Americans Wounded: 95,778
World War II
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
Killed: 2,335
Wounded: 1,143
Corregidor
April 10-May 5, 1942
Killed or Wounded: 2,000
Taken Prisoner: 11,500
Midway
June 4-5, 1942
Killed: 307
Anzio
January 22-May 23, 1944
Killed: 2,960
Wounded: 11,166
Monte Cassino
February 12- June 4, 1944
Killed: 3,145
Wounded: 13,704
Missing: 1,082
D-Day
June 6, 1944
Killed: 1,465
Wounded: 3,184
Iwo Jima
February 19-March 16, 1945
Killed: 7,726
Wounded: 20,378
Okinawa
April 1-June 22,1945
Killed: 12,281
Wounded: 32,602
Korean Conflict
Inchon-Seoul
September 15-27, 1950
Killed: 556
Wounded: 2724
Vietnam
Tet Offensive
January 29-30, 1968
Killed: 416
Wounded: 2,757
Source: Michael Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference, vol.2, McFarland and Co. Inc.,
Philadelphia, 1991.
Congressional Research Service
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 2. Principal Wars in Which the United States Participated: U.S. Military
Personnel Serving and Casualties
(1775-1991)
Casualties
War/ Conflict
Branch of
Service
Number
Serving
Total
Deaths
Battle
Deaths
Other
Deaths
Wounds Not
Mortala
Revolutionary Warb
Total
—
4,435
4,435
—
6,188
1775-1783
Army
—
4,044
4,044
—
6,004
Navy
—
342
342
—
114
Marines
—
49
49
—
70
Total
286,730
2,260
2,260
—
4,505
Army
—
1,950
1,950
—
4,000
Navy
—
265
265
—
439
Marines
—
45
45
—
66
War of
1812c
1812-1815
Mexican Warc
Total
78,718
13,283
1,733
11,550
4,152
1846-1848
Army
—
13,271
1,721
11,550
4,102
Navy
—
1
1
—
3
Marines
—
11
11
—
47
Civil
Warc
(Union Forces
Only)d
1861-1865
Total
2,213,363
364,511
140,414
224,097
281,881
Army
2,128,948
359,528
138,154
221,374
280,040
NavyeNavy
84,415
4,523
2,112
2,411
1,710
—e
460
148
312
131
Civil
Warc
(Union Forces
Only)d
1861-1865
Marines
Spanish-American War
Total
306,760
2,446
385
2,061
1,662
1898-1901
Armyf
280,564
2,430
369
2,061
1,594
Navy
22,875
10
10
—
47
3,321
6
6
—
21
Marines
World War I
Total
4,734,991
116,516
53,402
63,114
204,002
1917-1918
Armyg
4,057,101
106,378
50,510
55,868
193,663
599,051
7,287
431
6,856
819
78,839
2,851
2,461
390
9,520
Navy
Marines
World War II
Total
16,112,566
405,399
291,557
113,842
670,846
1941-1946h
Armyi
11,260,000
318,274
234,874
83,400
565,861
Navyj
4,183,466
62,614
36,950
25,664
37,778
669,100
24,511
19,733
4,778
67,207
Marines
Congressional Research Service
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Casualties
War/ Conflict
Branch
Branch of
Service
Number
Serving
Total
Deaths
Battle
Deaths
Other
Deaths
Wounds Not
Mortala
Korean Wark
Total
5,720,000
36,574
33,739
2,835
103,284
1950-1953
Army
2,834,000
29,856
27,731
2,125
77,596
Navy
1,177,000
657
503
154
1,576
424,000
4,509
4,267
242
23,744
Air Force
1,285,000
1,552
1,238
314
368
Total
8,744,000
58,220
47,434
10,786
Hosp. Care
Req’d: 153,303
No Hospital
Care: 150,341
Army
4,368,000
38,224
30,963
7,261
Hosp. Care
Req’d: 96,802
No Hospital
Care: 104,723
Navy
1,842,000
2,566
1,631
935
Hosp. Care
Req’d: 4,178
No Hospital
Care: 5,898
794,000
14,844
13,095
1,749
Hosp. Care
Req’d: 51,392
No Hospital
Care: 37,202
1,740,000
2,586
1,745
841
Hosp. Care
Req’d: 931
No Hospital
Care: 2,518
Marines
Air Force
Vietnam
Conflictl
1964-1973
Marines
Air ForceArmy
4,368,000
38,224
30,963
7,261
Navy
1,842,000
2,566
1,631
935
794,000
14,844
13,095
1,749
Air Force
1,740,000
2,586
1,745
841
Persian Gulf Warm
Total
2,225,000
383
147148
235
467
1990-1991
Army
782,000
224
98
126
354
Navy
669,000
55
556
6
50
12
Marines
213,000
68
24
44
92
Air Force
561,000
35
20
15
9
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division, http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/
personnel/CASUALTY/WCPRINCIPAL.pdfWar/ Conflict
Marines
Vietnam Conflictl
1964-1973
Marines
Wounds Not
Mortala
Hosp. Care
Req’d: 153,303
No Hospital
Care: 150,341
Hosp. Care
Req’d: 96,802
No Hospital
Care: 104,723
Hosp. Care
Req’d: 4,178
No Hospital
Care: 5,898
Hosp. Care
Req’d: 51,392
No Hospital
Care: 37,202
Hosp. Care
Req’d: 931
No Hospital
Care: 2,518
Source: Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS), https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/
report_principal_wars.xhtml.
Notes: Data prior to World War I are based on incomplete records in many cases. Casualty data are confined
to dead and wounded and, therefore, exclude personnel captured or missing in action who were subsequently
returned to military control.
a.
Marine Corps data for World War II, the Spanish-American War, and prior wars represent the
number of
individuals wounded, whereas all other data in this column represent the total number
(incidence) of
wounds.
b.
NotNumber serving, not known, but estimates range from 184,000 to 250,000.
c.
As reported by the Commissioner of Pensions in the annual report for FY1903.
d.
Authoritative statistics for the Confederate forces are not available. Estimates of the number who
served served
range from 600,000 to 1,500,000. The final report of the Provost Marshal General, 1863-1866,
Congressional Research Service
3
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
indicated indicated
133,821Confederate deaths (74,524 battle and 59,297 other) based upon incomplete returns.
In addition, an
estimated 26,000 to 31,000 Confederate personnel died in Union prisons.
Congressional Research Service
4
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
e.
The Marine Corps number serving is included in the Navy total.
f.
Number serving covers the period April 21 to August 13, 1898, while dead and wounded data are for
the the
period May 1 to August 31, 1898. Active hostilities ceased on August 13, 1898, but ratifications of
the the
Treaty of Peace were not exchanged between the United States and Spain until April 11, 1899.
g.
Includes air service. Battle deaths and wounds not mortal include casualties suffered by American
forces in
northern Russia to August 25, 1919, and in Siberia to April 1, 1920. Other deaths cover the
period April 1,
1917, to December 31, 1918.
h.
Data are for the period December 1, 1941, through December 31, 1946, when hostilities were
officially officially
terminated by presidential proclamationPresidential Proclamation, but a few battle deaths or wounds not mortal were
incurred after
the Japanese acceptance of the Allied peace terms on August 14, 1945. Number serving
from December 1,
1941, through August 31, 1945, were: Total 14,903,213; Army 10,420,000; Navy
3,883,520; and Marine
Corps 599,693.
i.
Includes Army air forces, also known as the Army Air Corps.
j.
Battle deaths and wounds not mortal include casualties incurred in October 1941 due to hostile
action.
k.
Worldwide military deaths during the Korean War totaled 54,246. In-theater casualty records are
updated updated
annually.
l.
Number serving covers the period August 5, 1964, (“Vietnam era” begins) through January 27, 1973
(date
of cease-fire). Deaths include the period November 1, 1955, (commencement date for the
Military Military
Assistance Advisory Group) through May 15, 1975 (date last American servicemember left
Southeast Asia, i.e. Vietnamservice members left Southeast
Asia). Wounds not mortal exclude 150,332 persons not requiring hospital care.
Casualty records are
updated annually, including current deaths that are directly attributed to combat
in the Vietnam Conflict.
Additional detail now on table showsshows the number of WIA servicemembers not
service members not requiring hospital care.
m.
For this conflict, Coast Guard numbers are included with Navy. Casualty records are updated annually.
Congressional Research Service
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 23. Worldwide U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths—Selected Military Operations
(1980-1996)
Military Operation/Incident
Casualty
Type
Army
Navy
Air Force
Marine Corps
Total
Iranian Hostage Rescue Mission
April 25, 1980
Non-Hostilea
0
0
5
3
8
Lebanon Peacekeeping
August 25, 1982 - February 26, 1984
Hostileb
3
19
0
234
256
Non-Hostile
5
2
0
2
9
Total
8
21
0
236
265
Hostile
11
4
0
3
18
Non-Hostile
1
0
0
0
1
Total
12
4
0
3
19
Hostile
18
4
0
1
23
—Desert Shield
Non-Hostile
21
36
9
18
84
—Desert Storm
Hostile
98
6
20
24
148
Non-Hostile
105
14
6
26
151
Subtotal
203
20
26
50
299
Desert Shield/Storm
Total
224
56
35
68
383
Restore Hope/Unosom, Somalia,
1992-1994
Hostile
27
0
0
2
29
Non-Hostile
4
0
8
2
14
Total
31
0
8
4
43
Non-Hostile
3
0
0
1
4
Urgent Fury, Grenada, 1983
Non-Hostile
Just Cause, Panama, 1989
Persian Gulf War, 1990-1991
Non-Hostile
Total
Uphold Democracy, Haiti, 1994-1996
Non-Hostile
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division, http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/
personnel/CASUALTY/table13.htmSource: DCAS, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_operations.xhtml.
a.
According to the Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, as amended
through 31
August 2005, a “non-hostile casualty” is a casualty that is not directly attributable to hostile
action or
terrorist activity, such as casualties due to the elements, self-inflicted wounds, or combat
fatigue, available at
http://handlewww.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA43918doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf.
b.
The above-named reference defines a “hostile casualty” as a victim of a terrorist activity or a casualty
as the
result of combat or attack by any force against U.S. forces.
Congressional Research Service
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 34. Active Duty Military Deaths—Race/Ethnicity Summary
(as of July 25, 2009)
Korean
War
Race/ Ethnicity
Number of Deaths
Vietnam
Conflict
Korean War
F
M
F
M
F
M
Vietnam
Conflict
F
M
Persian Gulf
War
F
Since 1980
(all)
F
M
F
M
American Indian or Alaska Native
104
226
3
27
308
Asian
241
139
1
32
624
3,075
7,243
63
664
7,533
1
67
1,108
Black or African American
3
Hispanic or Latino
306
Hispanic or Latino-One or More
Races
576
350
14
37
498
More Than One Race or Unknown
2,853
204
3
57
851
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
148
229
2
7
177
White
2
29,269
8
49,826
12
280
1,604
32,549
Total
2
36,572
8
58,217
15
368367
2,495
43,648
PercentagesaPercentagea
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
American Indian or Alaska Native
0.3
0.4
0.8
1.1
.7
Asian
0.7
0.2
0.3
1.3
1.4
Black or African American
8.4
12.4
17.2
26.6
17.3
Hispanic or Latino
0.8
0.3
2.7
2.5
Hispanic or Latino—One or More
Races
1.6
0.6
3.8
1.5
1.1
More Than One Race or Unknown
7.8
0.4
0.8
2.3
1.9
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.4
20.0
White
100.0
80.0
100White
80.0
85.6
80.0
76.3
64.3
74.6
Totalb
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division20.0
Source: DMDC, http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/
personnel/CASUALTY/RACE-OMB-WC.pdf, accessed October
22, 2012; per contact with DMDC official, database may no longer be accessible.
Note: Prior to the Korean War, race often went untracked. In the few cases in which race was tracked or
recorded, soldiers were given the a choice between some variation of “White” or “Black;” categories such as
“Hispanic or Latino,” “Asian,” or “Native American” were not used; “F” indicates female and “M” indicates male.
a.
Percentages of total female or male deaths, divided by ethnicity. For instance, in the Persian Gulf War,
20%
of female deaths were Black or African American and 80% of female deaths were White.
b.
Totals may not equal 100.0 due to rounding.; include Worldwide and Global War on Terror deaths
Congressional Research Service
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 45. U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths, 1980 Through 20082010, Part I,
Total Military Personnel
(as of April 22, 2009November 2011)
Calendar
Year
Active
Duty
Full-Time (est.)
Guard-Reserve
Selected
Reserve FTEa
Total
Military FTE
Total
Deaths
1980
2,050,758
22,000
86,872
2,159,630
2,392
1981
2,093,032
22,000
91,719
2,206,751
2,380
1982
2,112,609
41,000
97,458
2,251,067
2,319
1983
2,123,909
49,000
100,455
2,273,364
2,465
1984
2,138,339
55,000
104,583
2,297,922
1,999
1985
2,150,379
64,000
108,806
2,323,185
2,252
1986
2,177,845
69,000
113,010
2,359,855
1,984
1987
2,166,611
71,000
115,086
2,352,697
1,983
1988
2,121,659
72,000
115,836
2,309,495
1,819
1989
2,112,128
74,200
117,056
2,303,384
1,636
1990
2,046,806
74,250
137,268
2,258,324
1,507
1991
1,943,937
70,250
184,002
2,198,189
1,787
1992
1,773,996
67,850
111,491
1,953,337
1,293
1993
1,675,269
68,500
105,768
1,849,537
1,213
1994
1,581,649
65,000
99,833
1,746,482
1,075
1995
1,502,343
65,000
94,585
1,661,928
1,040
1996
1,456,266
65,000
92,409
1,613,675
974
1997
1,418,773
65,000
94,609
1,578,382
817
1998
1,381,034
65,000
92,536
1,538,570
827
1999
1,367,838
65,000
93,104
1,525,942
796
2000
1,372,352
65,000
93,078
1,530,430
758832
2001
1,384,812
65,000
102,284
1,552,096
891943
2002
1,411,200
66,000
149,942
1,627,142
9991,051
2003
1,423,348
66,000
243,284
1,732,632
1,410399
2004
1,411,287
66,000
234,629
1,711,916
1,873847
2005
1,378,014
66,000
220,000
1,664,014
1,941929
2006
1,371,533
72,000
168,000
1,611,533
1,882
2007
1,368,226
72,000
168,000
1,608,226
1,953
2008
1,402,227
73,000
207,917
1,683,144
1,441
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division, http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/
personnel/CASUALTY/death_Rates.pdf440
2009
1,421,668
75,000
144,083
1,640,751
1,515
2010
1,430,985
76,000
178,193
1,685,178
1,485
Source: DCAS, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_by_year_manner.xhtml.
Note: Official Department of Defense end-strengths as of December 31 for military pay accounts. Excludes full
time Guard and Reserve.
a.
Full time equivalent (FTE) is based on official Department of Defense fiscal year end selected reserve
strength (10% of the figure is used to estimate days on active duty).
Congressional Research Service
78
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 56. U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths, 1980 Through 20082010, Part II,
Cause of Death
(as of April 22, 2009November 2011)
Calendar
Year
Total
Deaths
Accident
1980
2,392
1981
Hostile
Action
Self
Inflicted
Terrorist
Attack
Undetermined
419
231
1
11
145
457
241
108
446
254
2
16
18
115
419
218
263
19
1
84
374
225
6
16
111
363
275
5
22
2
103
384
269
37
104
383
260
2
25
90
321
285
17
26
58
294
224
74
277
232
112
308
256
676
109
252
238
1
17
1,213
632
86
221
236
29
9
1994
1,075
544
83
206
232
1995
1,040
538
67
174
250
7
4
1996
974
527
52
173
188
19
14
1997
817
433
42
170
159
1998
827
445
26
174
165
1999
796
439
38
154
150
2000
758
397
34
139
151
17
20
2001
891
434
3
49
187
141
55
22
2002
999
543
18
54
195
163
26
2003
1,410
576
344
43
234
1
187
25
2004
1,873
605
739
45
272
3
201
8
2005
1,941
649
739
52
289
5
181
26
2006
1,882
562
769
47
256
9
212
27
2007
1,953
561
847
47
235
29
211
23
2008
1,441
470
352
43
235
83
235
23
Homicide
Illness
1,556
174
2,380
1,524
1982
2,319
1,493
1983
2,465
1,413
1984
1,999
1,293
1985
2,252
1,476
1986
1,984
1,199
1987
1,983
1,172
1988
1,819
1,080
1989
1,636
1,000
1990
1,507
880
1991
1,787
931
1992
1,293
1993
23
147
1
Pending
13
27
37
1
43
33
10
13
3
14
15
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division, http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/
personnel/CASUALTY/death_Rates.pdf.
Note: Distorted versions of Tables 4 and 5 have been circulating through the Internet. As the tables here and
on the Department of Defense website show, total military deaths and hostile deaths increased from 2001 to
2005, and then decreased in 2006.
Congressional Research Service
8
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 6. Comparison of Death, Wounded and Amputation Statistics
in American Conflicts
Deathsa
Woundeda
Amputationsbc
Ratio
Deaths/
Wounded
Ratio
Amputations/
Wounded
Ratio
Amputations/
Deaths
4,301
31,430
1,112
1:7.3
1:28.3
1:3.9
Operation
Enduring
Freedom
714
3,162
112
1:4.4
1:28.2
1:6.4
Persian Gulf War
383
467
N/A
1:1.2
N/A
N/A
Vietnam
58,220
153,303
5,283
1:2.6
1:29.0
1:11.0
Korea
36,574
103,284
1,477
1:2.8
1:69.9
1:24.8
World War II
405,399
670,846
7,489
1:1.65
1:89.5
1:54.1
World War I
116,516
204,022
2,610
1:1.8
1:78.2
1:44.6
Operation Iraqi
Freedom
Sources: For deaths and wounded, Department of Defense Military Casualties website, at
http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm; amputation information and PowerPoint
presentation provided by Dr. Michael Carino of the Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Army.
a.
Current as of July 4, 2009, includes deaths due to Hostile and Non-Hostile causes.
b.
Current as of July 13, 2009; includes Major Limb Amputation and Amputation of Toes, Thumbs,
Fingers, Partial Hand, and Partial Foot.
c.
Individual soldiers may have multiple amputations.
Congressional Research Service
9
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 7. Korean War: Casualty Summary
(as of May 16, 2008Hostile
Action
Homicide
Illness
Pending
Self
Inflicted
Terrorist
Attack
Undetermined
1980
2,392
1,556
0
174
419
0
231
1
11
1981
2,380
1,524
0
145
457
0
241
0
13
1982
2,319
1,493
0
108
446
0
254
2
16
1983
2,465
1,413
18
115
419
0
218
263
19
1984
1,999
1,293
1
84
374
0
225
6
16
1985
2,252
1,476
0
111
363
0
275
5
22
1986
1,984
1,199
2
103
384
0
269
0
27
1987
1,983
1,172
37
104
383
0
260
2
25
1988
1,819
1,080
0
90
321
0
285
17
26
1989
1,636
1,000
23
58
294
0
224
0
37
1990
1,507
880
0
74
277
0
232
1
43
1991
1,787
931
147
112
308
0
256
0
33
1992
1,293
676
0
109
252
0
238
1
17
1993
1,213
632
0
86
221
0
236
29
9
1994
1,075
544
0
83
206
0
232
0
10
1995
1,040
538
0
67
174
0
250
7
4
1996
974
527
1
52
173
0
188
19
14
1997
817
433
0
42
170
0
159
0
13
1998
827
445
0
26
174
0
165
3
14
1999
796
439
0
38
154
0
150
0
15
2000
832
429
0
37
180
0
153
17
16
2001
943
461
12
49
197
0
153
46
25
2002
1,051
565
17
54
213
0
174
0
28
2003
1,399
597
312
46
231
1
190
0
22
2004
1,847
605
735
46
256
0
197
0
8
2005
1,929
646
739
54
280
1
182
0
27
2006
1,882
561
769
47
257
8
213
0
27
2007
1,953
561
847
52
237
22
211
0
23
2008
1,440
506
352
47
244
6
259
1
25
2009
1,515
467
346
77
277
19
302
0
27
2010
1,485
424
456
39
238
22
289
0
17
Source: DCAS, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_by_year_manner.xhtml.
Congressional Research Service
9
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 7. Comparison of Death, Wounded and Amputation Statistics
in American Conflicts
Conflict
Deathsa
Woundedb
Amputations
6,589
49,885
6,144c
383
467
21d
Vietname
58,820
153,303
5,283e
Korea
36,574
103,284
1,477e
World War II
291,557
670,846
10,912f
World War I
53,402
204,002
692f
Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation New
Dawn, Operation Enduring Freedom
Persian Gulf War: Desert Storm, Desert
Shield (in-theater)
Sources: Table compiled by CRS from various sources as listed in the table notes below.
Note: In some cases, service members sustained multiple amputations.
a.
DCAS, Summary Data through Persian Gulf War, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/
report_principal_wars.xhtml
b.
See Tables 12, 13, 15, 18, and 19.
c.
Monthly Surveillance Medical Report (MSMR). “Amputations of Upper and Lower Extremities, Active and
Reserve Components, U.S. Armed Forces, 2000-2011,” July 2012, 19 (7), 2-6.
d.
Military Medicine. October 1994, 159 (10), 635-9.
e.
Amputation information provided by Dr. Michael Carino of the Office of the Surgeon General, U.S.
Army.
f.
United States Army Office of the Surgeon General. Medical Statistics in World War II, 16.
Congressional Research Service
10
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 8. Korean War: Casualty Summary
(as of October 23, 2012)
Casualty Type
Total
Army
Air Force
Marines
Navy
Killed in Action
23,613
19,715
209
3,320
369
Died of Wounds
2,460
1,887
14
532
27
Missing in Action—Declared Dead
4,817
3,337
991
386
103
Captured—Declared Dead
2,849
2,792
24
29
4
33,739
27,731
1,238
4,267
503
8
4
4
0
0
Other Deaths
2,827
2,121
310
242
154
Total Non-Hostile Deaths
2,835
2,125
314
242
154
Total In-Theater Deathsa
36,574
29,856
1,552
4,509
657
Total Non-Theater Deaths
17,672
7,277
5,532
1,019
3,844
Total Deaths
54,246
37,133
7,084
5,528
4,501
1,521
1,072
49
252
148
22
22
0
0
0
Missing in Action - —Declared Dead—No Remains
4,549
3,276
807
372
94
Captured-—Declared Dead—No Remains
1,891
1,850
13
25
3
8
4
4
0
0
84
5
37
6
36
8,075
6,229
910
655
281
Total Hostile Deaths
Missing—Presumed Dead
Killed in Action—No Remains
Died of Wounds—No Remains
Non-Hostile Missing—Presumed Dead—No
Remains
Non-Hostile Other Deaths—No Remains
Total—No Remains
Wounded—Not Mortal
103,284
77,596
368
23,744
1,576
Number Serving Worldwideb
5,720,000
2,834,000
1,285,000
424,000
1,177,000
Number Serving In-Theaterb
1,789,000
1,153,000
241,000
130,000
265,000
Total Hostile Deaths
Missing—Presumed Dead
Killed in Action—No Remains
Died of Wounds—No Remains
Non-Hostile Missing- Presumed Dead—No Remains
Non-Hostile Other Deaths—No Remains
Total—No Remains
Wounded—Not Mortal
Source: Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports,
http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/korea.pdfNumber Serving
Source: DCAS, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_korea_sum.xhtml.
a.
Inclusive dates are June 25, 1950, to July 27, 1953. Casualty dates after the end date represent service
members who were wounded during the period and subsequently died as a result of those wounds
and and
those service members who were involved in an incident during the period and were later
declared dead.
b.
Estimated figures.
Congressional Research Service
1011
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 8.9. Vietnam Conflict: Casualty Summary
(as of May 16, 2008October 23, 2012)
Casualty Type
Total
Army
Air Force
Marines
NavyNavya
Killed in Action
40,934
27,047
1,080
11,501
1,306
Died of Wounds
5,299
3,610
51
1,486
152
Missing in Action—Declared Dead
1,085
261
589
98
137
116
45
25
10
36
47,434
30,963
1,745
13,095
1,631
123
118
0
3
2
10,663
7,143
841
1,746
933
Total Non-Hostile Deaths
10,786
7,261
841
1,749
935
Total In-Theater Deaths
58,220820
38,224
2,586
14,844
2,566
Killed in Action—No Remains
575
173
206
102
94
Missing in Action-Declared Dead—No Remains
691
201
339
74
77
Captured-Declared Dead—No Remains
52
32
7
3
10
Non-Hostile Missing-—Presumed Dead—No
Remains
91
86
0
3
2
332
69
30
37
196
1,741
561
582
219
379
153,303
96,802
931
51,392
4,178
Number Serving Worldwideb
8,744,000
4,368,000
1,740,000
794,000
1,842,000
Number Serving Southeast AsiabAsia
3,403,000
2,276,000
385,000
513,000
229,000
Number Serving South VietnambVietnam
2,594,000
1,736,000
293,000
391,000
174,000
Captured—Declared Dead
Total Hostile Deaths
Missing—Presumed Dead
Other Deaths
Non-Hostile Other Deaths—No Remains
Total—No Remains
Wounded—Not Mortal
Source: Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports,
http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/vietnam.pdf.
a.
Number Serving
Worldwideb
Source: DCAS, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_vietnam_sum.xhtml.
Notes: Inclusive dates are November 1, 1955, to May 15, 1975. Casualty dates after the end date represent
service members who were wounded during the period and subsequently died as a result of those
wounds and
those service members who wherewere involved in an incident during the period and were
later declared dead.
a.
Includes Coast Guard.
b.
Estimated figures.
Congressional Research Service
1112
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 910. Persian Gulf War: Casualty Summary
(Desert Shield/Desert Storm
(as of January 29, 2010; as of October 23, 2012)
Casualty Type
Total
Army
Air Force
Marines
Navya
Killed in Action
144
96
20
22
6
Died of Wounds
4
2
148
98
20
2
0
Missing in Action—Declared Dead
Captured—Declared Dead
Total Hostile Deaths
20
24
6
2
8
2
0
0
0
0
0
Captured—Declared Dead
0
0
0
0
0
148
98
20
24
6
Missing—Presumed Dead
12
0
2
8
2
Other Deaths
223
126
13
36
48
Total Non-Hostile Deaths
235
126
15
44
50
Total In-Theater DeathsbDeaths
383
224
35
68
56
Total Non-Theater Deaths
1,565
608
299
171
487
Total Deaths
1,948
832
334
239
543
Killed in Action—No Remains
2
0
0
0
2
Missing in Action—No Remains
Captured-Declared Dead—No Remains
0
0
0
0
0
Captured-Declared Dead—No Remains
0
0
0
0
0
Non-Hostile Missing- Presumed Dead—No Remains
12
0
2
8
2
2
8
4
Non-Hostile Other Deaths—No Remains
Total—No Remains
14
0
2
8
4
Wounded— – Not Mortal
467
354
9
92
12
2,225,000
782,000
561,000
213,000
669,000
Serving In-Theater— – Active Duty
584,342
271,654
70,741
90,866
151,081
Serving In-Theater— – Recalled
110,208
78,512
11,666
12,660
7,370
Total Hostile Deaths
Serving Worldwideb
Serving Worldwidec
Source: http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/GWSUM.pdf.
a.
Includes Coast Guard.
b.
DCAS, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_gulf_sum.xhtml.
Notes: Inclusive dates are August 7, 1990, to September 14, 1991. Any casualty date in the detailed records
counted after the end date
represents a service member who was wounded during the period and subsequently
died as a result of those
wounds or a service member who was in a missing status during a part of the
war period and later declared dead.
c
dead.
a.
Includes Coast Guard.
b.
Estimated figures.
Tables 1011 through 12 provide statistics on casualties during Operation Enduring Freedom, which
13 provide casualty statistics for OEF, which began on October 7, 2001, and is ongoing. Table 10 provides statistics on total casualties by type.
Table 11 provides statistics on the demographics of military deaths. Table 12 provides statistics
on the demographics of service members who have been wounded in action. These statistics may
be revised as circumstances are investigated and records are processed through the U.S. military
system. Daily casualty summaries are available at DOD’s website at http://www.defenselink.mil/
news/casualty.pdf.
Congressional Research Service
12
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 10. Global War on Terrorism: Operation Enduring Freedom by Casualty
Category Within Service
(from October 7, 2001 through February 6, 2010)
Casualty Type
Total
Army
Navya
Marines
Air Force
Killed in Action
564
442
31
72
19
Died of Woundsb
138
94
3
37
4
Total Hostile Deaths
702
536
34
109
23
Accident
177
122
9
28
18
Illness
28
16
7
3
2
Homicide
10
9
Self-Inflicted
35
27
3
3
2
Undetermined
8
5
1
1
1
Pendingc
13
9
Total Non-Hostile Deaths
271
188
20
40
23
Total Deaths
973
724
54
149
46
Total Wounded In Action
4,949
3,810
90
911
138
Wounded—No Medical Air Transport
Required
3,303
2,341
44
571
77
Wounded—Medical Air Transport Required
1,916
1.469
46
340
61
Total—Non-Hostile Related Medical Air
Transportsd
9,038
6,700
456
624
1,258
Non-Hostile Injuries—Medical Air Transport
Required
2,276
1,626
131
231
288
Diseases/Other Medical—Medical Air
Transport Required
6,762
5,074
325
393
970
10,954
8,169
502
964
1,319
Died While Missing In Action
Died While Captured
Total Medical Air Transported
(Hostile and Non-Hostile)
1
4
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Data Analysis and Programs Division, http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/
personnel/CASUALTY/wotsum.pdf.
a.
Navy totals include Coast Guard.
b.
Includes died of wounds where wounding occurred in theater and death occurred elsewhere.
c.
Pending means final category to be determined at a later date.
d.
Reported by Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center.
Congressional Research Service
13
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 11. Operation Enduring Freedom, Demographics of Military Deaths
(from October 7, 2001, through February 6, 2010)
Casualty Type
Totals
Army
Navy
Marines
Air Force
Hostile
702
536
34
109
23
Non-hostile
271
188
20
40
23
Total
973
724
54
149
46
Male
953
713
51
148
41
Female
20
11
3
1
5
Total
973
724
54
149
46
Officer
136
98
9
19
10
E5-E9
407
317
25
40
25
E1-E4
430
309
20
90
11
Total
973
724
54
149
46
Age <22
203
138
9
52
4
22-24
208
152
9
38
9
25-30
277
211
15
39
12
31-35
127
94
11
13
9
>35
158
129
10
7
12
Total
973
724
54
149
46
Active
803
568
51
141
43
Reserve
45
33
3
8
1
National Guard
125
123
Total
973
724
54
149
46
American Indian or Alaska Native
14
7
4
2
1
Asian
12
8
4
Black or African American
81
69
4
8
Hispanic or Latino
75
49
4
17
5
Multiple races, pending, or unknown
8
5
1
1
1
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
12
10
1
White
771
576
36
121
38
Total
973
724
54
149
46
2
1
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division, http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/
personnel/CASUALTY/oefdeaths.pdf.
Note: Casualty areas include in/around Afghanistan, Republic of the Philippines, Southwest Asia, and other
locations.
Congressional Research Service
14
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 12. Operation Enduring Freedom, Military Wounded in Action
(from October 7, 2001, through February 6, 2010)
Casualty Type
Totals
Army
Navya
Marines
Air Force
Hostile
4,949
3,810
90
911
138
Total
4,949
3,810
90
911
138
Male
4,899
3,770
88
908
133
Female
50
40
2
3
5
Total
4,949
3,810
90
911
138
Officer
381
312
7
41
21
E5-E9
1,849
1,468
38
249
94
E1-E4
2,719
2,030
45
621
23
Total
4,949
3,810
90
911
138
Age <22
1,017
825
12
173
7
22-24
1,186
1,025
20
125
16
25-30
1,261
1,073
30
108
50
31-35
489
415
14
30
30
>35
470
420
6
10
34
Not Available
526
52
8
465
1
Total
4,949
3,810
90
911
138
Active
4,186
3,073
89
898
126
Reserve
110
94
1
13
2
National Guard
653
643
4,949
3,810
90
911
138
American Indian or Alaska Native
61
42
5
13
1
Asian
83
70
4
7
2
Black or African American
270
227
4
33
6
Hispanic or Latino
224
166
10
41
7
Multiple races, pending, or unknown
350
97
10
238
5
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
19
12
3
3
1
White
3,942
3,196
54
576
116
Total
4,949
3,810
90
911
138
Non-hostile
Total
10
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division, http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/
personnel/CASUALTY/oefwia.pdf.
Note: Casualty areas include in/around Afghanistan, Republic of the Philippines, Southwest Asia, and other
locations.
a.
Navy totals include one Coast Guard death.
Congressional Research Service
15
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Tables 13 through 16 provide statistics on casualties during Operation Iraqi Freedom, which
began on March 19, 2003, and is ongoing. Table 13 provides statistics on total casualties by type.
Table 14 and Table 15 provide statistics on the demographics of military deaths, divided between
the period of major combat operations (March 19, 2003, through April 30, 2003) and the ongoing
presence of U.S. forces in Iraq after the end of major combat operations (May 1, 2003, through
present). Table 16 provides statistics on the demographics of service members who have been
wounded in action. These statistics may be revised as circumstances are investigated and records
are processed through the U.S. military system. Daily casualty summaries are available at DOD’s
website at http://www.defenselink.mil/news/casualty.pdf.
Table 13. Operation Iraqi Freedom, by Casualty Category Within Service,
March 19, 2003,Through February 6, 2010
Casualty Type
Total
Army
Navya
Marines
Air Force
Killed in Action
2,664
1,908
63
664
29
793
604
2
187
Died While Missing In Action
7
7
Died While Captured
5
5
3,469
2,524
65
851
29
Accident
543
392
18
120
13
Illness
88
69
8
6
5
Homicide
34
22
4
6
2
Self-Inflicted
202
167
4
29
2
Undetermined
12
10
2
Pendingc
17
6
1
10
896
666
37
171
22
Total Deaths
4,365
3,190
102
1,022
51
Total Wounded in Action (WIA)
31,651
21,970
633
8,623
425
Wounded—No Medical Air Transport Required
22,754
15,305
472
6,649
328
Wounded—Medical Air Transport Required
8,897
6,665
161
1,974
97
Total—Non-Hostile-Related Medical Air
Transports
38,327
31,692
1,408
3,309
1,918
Non-Hostile Injuries—Medical Air Transport
Required
9,921
7,770
380
1,306
465
Disease/Other Medical—Medical Air Transport
Required
28,406
23,922
1,028
2,003
1,453
Total—Medical Air Transports (Hostile and
Non-Hostile)
47,224
38,357
1,569
5,283
2,015
Died of
Woundsb
Total Hostile Deaths
Total Non-Hostile Deaths
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division, http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/
personnel/CASUALTY/oif-total.pdf.
a.
Navy totals include Coast Guard.
Congressional Research Service
16
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
b.
Includes those who died of wounds where wounding occurred in theater and death occurred
elsewhere.
c.
Pending means final category to be determined at a later date.
Table 14. Operation Iraqi Freedom: Military Deaths,
March 19, 2003,Through February 6, 2010
Casualty Type
Totals
Army
Navya
Marines
Air Force
Hostile
3,469
2,524
65
851
29
896
666
37
171
22
Total
4,365
3,190
102
1,022
51
Male
4,261
3,107
92
1,014
48
Female
104
83
10
8
3
Total
4,365
3,190
102
1,022
51
Officer
421
323
11
75
12
E5-E9
1,427
1,180
48
173
26
E1-E4
2,517
1,687
43
774
13
Total
4,365
3,190
102
1,022
51
Age <22
1,276
782
15
473
6
22-24
1,062
779
17
257
9
25-30
1,110
860
31
203
16
31-35
423
350
16
49
8
>35
494
419
23
40
12
Total
4,365
3,190
102
1,022
51
Active
3,556
2,548
79
883
46
Reserve
319
154
23
139
3
National Guard
490
488
4,365
3,190
102
1,022
American Indian or Alaska Native
42
27
1
14
Asian
81
53
5
23
Black or African American
420
358
11
44
7
Hispanic or Latino
463
301
12
146
4
Multiple races, pending, or unknown
48
39
1
6
2
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
50
41
1
8
White
3,261
2,371
71
781
38
Total
4,365
3,190
102
1,022
51
Non-Hostile
Total
2
51
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division, http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/
personnel/CASUALTY/oif-deaths-total.pdf.
Note: Data subject to change.
a.
Navy totals include one Coast Guard death.
Congressional Research Service
17
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 15. Operation Iraqi Freedom: Military Deaths, Since May 1, 2003
Casualty Type
Totals
Army
Navya
Marines
Air Force
3,304
2,427
60
792
25
802
594
34
154
20
Total
4,106
3,021
94
946
45
Male
4,005
2,941
84
938
42
Female
101
80
10
8
3
Total
4,106
3,021
94
946
45
Officer
378
300
6
64
8
E5-E9
1,353
1,129
46
153
25
E1-E4
2,375
1,592
42
729
12
Total
4,106
3,021
94
946
45
Age <22
1,206
740
15
445
6
22-24
1,001
736
16
242
7
25-30
1,048
822
28
184
14
31-35
396
329
16
43
8
>35
455
394
19
32
10
Total
4,106
3,021
94
946
45
Active
3,339
2,411
74
813
41
Reserve
299
143
20
133
3
National Guard
468
467
4,106
3,021
94
946
American Indian or Alaska Native
39
24
1
14
Asian
79
52
5
22
Black or African American
384
332
10
35
7
Hispanic or Latino
427
281
11
131
4
Multiple Races, pending or unknown
44
36
1
5
2
Native Hawaiian or Pacific islander
47
39
1
7
White
3,086
2,257
65
732
32
Total
4,106
3,021
94
946
45
Hostile
Non-Hostile
Total
1
45
Source: http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/OIF-Deaths-After.pdf.
Note: After the end of major combat operations; data subject to change—as of August 1, 2009.
a.
Navy totals include one Coast Guard death.
Congressional Research Service
18
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 16. Operation Iraqi Freedom: Wounded In Action, Since May 1, 2003
Casualty Type
Totals
Army
Navy
Marines
Air Force
Hostile
31,103
21,697
621
8,363
422
Total
31,103
21,697
621
8,363
422
Male
30,495
21,164
616
8,322
393
Female
608
533
5
41
29
Total
31,103
21,697
621
8,363
422
Officer
1,821
1,356
34
394
37
E5-E9
10,105
8,124
237
1,519
225
E1-E4
19,177
12,217
350
6,450
160
Total
31,103
21,697
621
8,363
422
Age <22
8,672
5,158
128
3,325
61
22-24
7,784
5,631
148
1,912
93
25-30
7,316
5,765
130
1,294
127
31-35
2,983
2,510
72
351
50
>35
2,785
2,384
90
221
90
Not Available
1,563
249
53
1,260
1
Total
31,103
21,697
621
8,363
422
Active
24,569
16,363
520
7,338
348
Reserve
2,413
1,271
101
1,025
16
National Guard
4,121
4,063
31,103
21,697
621
8,363
422
American Indian or Alaska Native
332
214
24
92
2
Asian
505
360
19
123
3
Black or African American
2,596
2,245
39
286
26
Hispanic or Latino
1,931
1,466
20
415
30
Multiple races, pending, or unknown
1,622
670
66
863
23
185
146
5
30
4
White
23,932
16,596
448
6,554
334
Total
31,103
21,697
621
8,363
422
Non-Hostile
Total
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
58
Source: http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif-wounded-after.pdf.
Congressional Research Service
19
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Resources
Sources of Statistics
The Department of Defense Directorate of Information, Operations, and Reports (DIOR) provides
detailed historical tables as well as annual statistics on active duty military deaths at
http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm.
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) has published statistics derived from
its Southeast Asia Combat Area Casualties Current File. This includes tables on Vietnam casualty
data by branch of service, race, religion, state, and other categories at http://www.archives.gov/
research/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics.html.
Sources of Published Lists of Names of War Dead
The Congressional Research Service also receives requests for lists of the names of war dead,
often for use on memorials, tributes, or for other ceremonial purposes. This report cites the
following sources of published lists of U.S. military personnel killed in major wars and other
combat actions.
World War II
Army casualty lists for World War II are published in World War II Honor List of the Dead and
Missing (U.S. War Department, 1946). The lists are also available online at
http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/ww2/army-casualties/index.html.
Navy casualty lists are published in State Summary of War Casualties (U.S. Navy Department,
1946). The National Archives also publishes casualty lists online at http://www.archives.gov/
research/arc/ww2/navy-casualties/index.html.
Korean War and Vietnam War
The National Archives has made state-level casualty lists from the Korean War and the Vietnam
War available at http://www.archives.gov/research/korean-war/casualty-lists/.
Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)
The DIOR website lists the names of individuals killed in OEF at http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/
personnel/CASUALTY/oef_list_of_names.pdf.
Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)
The DIOR website lists the names of individuals killed in OIF at http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/
personnel/CASUALTY/oif_list_of_names.pdf.
Congressional Research Service
20
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Wars Prior to World War II
Lists of casualties that are not available from a central source may be obtained on a state level
from each state’s Adjutant General’s office. 1 The Adjutant General of each state is the military
commander of the state’s national guard. The following is a list of these offices.
Alabama
Major General A C. Blalock, P.O. Box 3711, Montgomery, AL 36109, (334) 271-7200
Alaska
Brigadier General Thomas H. Katkus, (Acting, as of August 28, 2009), P.O. Box 5800, Fort
Richardson, AK 99505-5800, (907) 428-6007
Arizona
Major General Hugo Salazar, Emergency and Military Affairs Department, 5636 East McDowell
Road, Phoenix, AZ 85008-3495, (602) 267-2710
Arkansas
Major General William D. Wofford, Camp J.T. Robinson, North Little Rock, AR 72199-9600,
(501) 212-5001
California
Major General William H. Wade, II, P.O. 269101, Sacramento, CA 95826, (916) 854-3500
Colorado
Major General H. Michael Edwards, 6848 South Revere Parkway, Centennial, CO 80112-6709,
(720) 250-1500
Connecticut
Major General Thaddeus J. Martin, William J. O’Neill Armory, 360 Broad Street, Hartford, CT
06105-3706, (860) 524-4953
Delaware
Major General Francis D. Vavala, USA, National Guard, First Regiment Road, Wilmington, DE
19808-2191, (302) 326-7001
1
Sources: via CRS contact, the Adjutants General Association of the United States at http://www.agaus.org/
Documents/TAGSContact29April09.pdf, and the Leadership Library at http://www.leadershipdirectories.com/, by
subscription only.
Congressional Research Service
21
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
District of Columbia
Major General Errol R. Schwartz, DC National Guard, 2001 East Capitol Street, SE, Washington,
DC 20003, (202) 685-9798
Florida
Major General Douglas Burnett, St. Francis Barracks, P.O. Box 1008, Saint Augustine, FL 320851008, (904) 823-0100
Georgia
Major General William T. “Terry” Nesbitt, Georgia Department of Defense, P.O. Box 1970,
Marietta, GA 30061, (678) 569-6001
Guam
Major General Don Goldhorn, 430 Army Drive, Building 300,, Barrigada, GU 96913-4421, (671)
735-0400
Hawaii
Major General Robert G. F. Lee, 3949 Diamond Head Road, Honolulu, HI 96816-4495, (808)
733-4246
Idaho
Major General Lawrence Lafrenz, Gowen Field, 4040 West Guard Street, Boise, ID 83705-5004,
(208) 422-5242
Illinois
Major General William L. Enyart, Military Affairs Department, 1301 N. MacArthur Boulevard,
Springfield, IL 62702-2399, (217) 761-3500
Indiana
Major General R. Martin Umbarger, Joint Forces Headquarters-Indiana, 2002 South Holt Road,
Indianapolis, IN 46241-4839, (317) 247-3559
Iowa
Brigadier General Timothy E. Orr, 7105 NW 70th Avenue, Johnston, IA 50131-1824, (515) 2524211
Kansas
Major General Tod Bunting, 2800 SW Topeka Boulevard, Topeka, KS 66611-1287, (785) 2741001
Congressional Research Service
22
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Kentucky
Brigadier General Edward W. Tonini, Boone National Guard Center, 100 Minuteman Parkway,
Frankfort, KY 40601, (502) 607-1558
Louisiana
Major General Bennett C. Landreneau, Camp Beauregard, Building 304 F Street, Pineville, LA
71360, (318) 641-3858
Maine
Major General John W. “Bill” Libby, Camp Keyes, Augusta, ME 04333-0033, (207) 626-4271
Maryland
Adjutant General James A. Adkins, 5th Regiment Armory, 29th Division Street, Baltimore, MD
21201-2288, (410) 576-6097
Massachusetts
Major General Joseph C. Carter, Headquarters, Massachusetts National Guard, 50 Maple Street,
Milford, MA 01757, (508) 233-6552
Michigan
Major General Thomas Cutler, 2500 S. Washington Avenue, Lansing, MI 48906, (517) 481-8083
Minnesota
Major General Larry W. Shellito, 20 West 12th Street, St. Paul, MN 55155-2004, (651) 268-8924
Mississippi
Major General William “Bill” Freeman, Jr., P.O. Box 5027, Jackson, MS 39296-5027, (601) 3136232
Missouri
Brigadier General Stephen L. Danner, 2302 Militia Drive, Jefferson City, MO 65101-1203, (573)
638-9710
Montana
Brigadier General John E. Walsh, 1956 Mt. Majo Street, P.O. Box 4789, Fort Harrison, MT
59636-4789, (406) 324-3010
Nebraska
Brigadier General Judd H. Lyons, 1300 Military Road, Lincoln, NE 68508-1090, (402) 309-7210
Congressional Research Service
23
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Nevada
Brig Gen William R. Burks, Nevada National Guard JFHQ, 2460 Fairview Drive, Carson City,
NV 89701-5502, (775) 887-7302
New Hampshire
Major General William N. Reddel III, 1 Minuteman Way, Concord, NH 03301-5652, (603) 2251200
New Jersey
Major General Glenn K. Rieth, New Jersey Department of Military and Veterans Affairs, 101
Eggert Crossing Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648-2805, (609) 530-6956
New Mexico
Major General Kenny C. Montoya, 47 Bataan Boulevard, Santa Fe, NM 87508, (505) 474-1210
New York
Major General Joseph J. Taluto, 330 Old Niskayuna Road, Latham, NY 12110-2224, (518) 7864502
North Carolina
Major General William E. Ingram, Jr., 4105 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, NC 27607-6410, (919)
664-6101
North Dakota
Major General David A. Sprynczynatyk, P.O. Box 5511, Bismarck, ND 58506-5511, (701) 3332000
Ohio
Major General Gregory L. Wayt, 2825 West Dublin Granville Road, Columbus, OH 43235-2789,
(614) 336-7070
Oklahoma
Major General Myles L. Deering, 3501 Military Circle, Oklahoma City, OK 73111-4398, (405)
228-5201
Oregon
Major General Raymond Fred Rees, P.O. Box 14350, Salem, OR 97309-5047, (503) 584-3991
Congressional Research Service
24
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Pennsylvania
Major General Jessica L. Wright, Building S-O-47, Fisher Avenue, Fort Indiantown Gap,
Annville, PA 17003-5002, (717) 861-8500
Puerto Rico
Major General Antonio J. Vicens-Gonzalez, P.O. Box 9023786, San Juan, PR 00904-3786, (787)
289-1631
Rhode Island
Major General Robert Thomas Bray, Headquarters, Rhode Island National Guard, Command
Readiness Center, 645 New London Avenue, Cranston, RI 02920-3097, (401) 275-4102
South Carolina
Major General (Ret.) Stanhope S. Spears, One National Guard Road, Columbia, SC 29201-4766,
(803) 806-4217
South Dakota
Major General Steven R. Doohen, 2823 West Main, Rapid City, SD 57702-8170, (605) 737-6702
Tennessee
Major General Gus L. Hargett, Jr., Houston Barracks, 3041 Sidco Drive, Nashville, TN 372041502, (615) 313-3001
Texas
Major General Jose S. Mayorga, P.O. Box 5218, Austin, TX 78763-5218, (512) 782-5006
U.S. Virgin Islands
Major General Renaldo Rivera, 4031 La Grande Princesse, Lot #1B, Christiansted, St. Croix, VI
00820-4353, (340) 773-7710
Utah
Major General Brian L. Tarbet, 12953 S. Minuteman Drive, Draper, UT 84020-1776, (801) 4324402
Vermont
Major General Michael D. Dubie, 789 Vermont National Guard Road, Colchester, VT 054463099, (802) 338-3124
Virginia
Congressional Research Service
25
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Major General Robert B. Newman, Jr.,1100 Bank Street, 3rd Floor, Richmond VA 23219, (804)
371-2526
Washington
Major General Timothy J. Lowenberg, Camp Murray, Building 1, Tacoma, WA 98430-5000,
(253) 512-8201
West Virginia
Major General Allen E. Tackett, 1703 Coonskin Drive, Charleston, WV 25311-1085, (304) 5616316
Wisconsin
Brigadier General Donald Dunbar, P.O. Box 8111, Madison, WI 53704, (608) 242-3001
Wyoming
Major General Edward L. Wright, 5500 Bishop Boulevard, Cheyenne, WY 82009-3320, (307)
772-5234
Additional Websites
Defenselink, the official website for the Department of Defense, issues news releases every
weekday that identify military personnel killed, available at http://www.defenselink.mil/news/.
U.S. Department of Defense at http://www.defense.gov
CRS Reports
CRS Report RS21578, Iraq: U.S. Casualties, by Susan G. Chesser.
CRS Report RS22537, Iraqi Civilian Casualties Estimates, by Hannah Fischer.
CRS Report R40824, Iraq Casualties: U.S. Military Forces and Iraqi Civilians, Police, and
Security Forces, by Hannah Fischer.
CRS Report RS22532, Iraqi Police and Security Forces Casualties Estimates, by Hannah Fischer.
CRS Report RS22452, United States Military Casualty Statistics: Operation Iraqi Freedom and
Operation Enduring Freedom, by Hannah Fischer.
Congressional Research Service
26
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Author Contact Information
Anne Leland
Information Research Specialist
aleland@crs.loc.gov, 7-4704
Mari-Jana "M-J" Oboroceanu
Information Research Specialist
moboroceanu@crs.loc.gov, 7-6329
Acknowledgments
Barbara Salazar Torreon, information research specialist, and Ann Eschete, reference assistant, contributed
to this report.
Congressional Research Service
27
is ongoing. Data for OEF are updated on a daily basis. Daily casualty summaries are available at
DOD’s website at http://www.defense.gov/news/casualty.pdf. Table 20 provides ethnicity
statistics for OEF, OIF, and OND. An Office of Management and Budget mandate, Directive No.
15, requires all federal record keeping and data presentation to use five race categories (White,
Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander) and two
ethnicity categories (Hispanic, non-Hispanic). Additional information on race and ethnicity may
be found at http://factfinder2.census.gov/help/en/glossary/r/race.htm and
http://factfinder2.census.gov/help/en/glossary/e/ethnic_groups.htm.
Congressional Research Service
13
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 11. Operation Enduring Freedom Casualty Summary by Casualty Category
(as of October 22, 2012)
Casualty Type
Total
Army
Navy
Marines
Air Force
Killed in Action
1,275
921
75
233
46
413
276
4
129
4
2
0
0
0
2
1,690
1,197
79
362
52
Accident
268
172
22
48
26
Illness/Injury
50
32
10
5
3
Homicide
10
8
0
2
0
Self-Inflicted
92
68
5
14
5
Undetermined
12
8
2
1
1
Pendingb
9
3
2
4
0
441
291
41
74
35
Total Deaths
2,131
1,488
120
436
87
Total Wounded In Action
17,834
12,447
346
4,641
400
Died of Woundsa
Died of Terrorist Activities
Total Hostile Deaths
Total Non-Hostile Deaths
Source: DCAS, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_oef_type.xhtml.
a.
Includes died of wounds where wounding occurred in theater and death occurred elsewhere.
b.
Pending means final category to be determined at a later date.
Congressional Research Service
14
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 12. Operation Enduring Freedom, Military Deaths
(as of October 22, 2012)
Casualty Type
Hostile
Pending
Non-hostile
Total
Totals
Army
Navy
Marines
Air Force
1,690
1,197
79
362
52
4
3
0
1
0
437
288
41
73
35
2,131
1,488
120
436
87
42
29
4
2
7
Gender
Female
Male
2,089
1,459
116
434
80
Total
2,131
1,488
120
436
87
E1-E4
1,045
708
34
280
23
E5-E9
831
600
72
122
37
Officer/Enlisted
Officer
255
180
14
34
27
Total
2,131
1,488
120
436
87
Age <22
478
310
15
148
5
22-24
494
328
16
133
17
25-30
645
467
38
117
23
31-35
236
166
29
21
20
Age
>35
Total
278
217
22
17
22
2,131
1,488
120
436
87
1,837
1,226
115
414
82
92
62
5
22
3
Component
Active
Reserve
National Guard
Total
202
200
0
0
2
2,131
1,488
120
436
87
Race
American Indian/Alaska Native
27
14
7
5
1
Asian
58
44
6
8
0
Black or African American
167
125
12
25
5
6
4
0
2
0
1,818
1,268
88
391
71
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
White
Multiple races
26
16
6
1
3
Unknown
29
17
1
4
7
2,131
1,488
120
436
87
Total
Source: DCAS, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_oef_deaths.xhtml.
Note: Ethnicity, previously included with race data, may be found in Table 20.
Congressional Research Service
15
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 13. Operation Enduring Freedom, Military Wounded in Action
(as of October 22, 2012)
Casualty Type
Totals
Army
Navy
Marines
Air Force
Hostile
17,834
12,447
346
4,641
400
Total
17,834
12,447
346
4,641
400
312
259
4
26
23
17,471
12,160
327
4,608
376
51
28
15
7
1
17,834
12,447
346
4,641
400
10,791
7,082
198
3,396
115
Gender
Female
Male
Not Specified
Total
Officer/Enlisted
E1-E4
E5-E9
5,897
4,455
130
1,067
245
Officer
1,146
910
18
178
40
Total
17,834
12,447
346
4,641
400
4,510
2,754
58
1,675
23
Age
Age <22
22-24
5,124
3,417
95
1,534
78
25-30
5,135
3,780
103
1,093
159
31-35
1,599
1,268
39
226
66
>35
1,355
1,142
36
105
72
111
86
15
8
2
17,834
12,447
346
4,641
400
15,500
10,451
327
4,376
346
758
456
19
265
18
National Guard
1,576
1,540
0
0
36
Total
17,834
12,447
346
4,641
400
American Indian or Alaska Native
169
102
20
43
4
Asian
344
266
17
56
5
1,191
962
28
174
27
Unknown
Total
Component
Active
Reserve
Race
Black or African American
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
White
Multiple Races
71
24
7
37
3
14,498
10,754
209
3,191
344
174
117
16
37
4
Unknown
1,387
222
49
1,103
13
Total
17,834
12,447
346
4,641
400
Source: DCAS, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_oef_wounded.xhtml. Ethnicity, previously
included with race data, may be found in Table 20.
Note: Casualty areas include in/around Afghanistan, Republic of the Philippines, Southwest Asia, and other
locations.
Congressional Research Service
16
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Tables 14 through 17 provide casualty statistics for OIF, which began on March 19, 2003. Major
combat operations ended on August 31, 2010. These statistics are revised on a monthly basis as
records are processed through the U.S. military system. Table 20 provides ethnicity statistics for
OEF, OIF, and OND.
Table 14. Operation Iraqi Freedom, Casualty Summary by Casualty Category
(as of 0ctober 22, 2012)
Casualty Type
Total
Army
Navya
Marines
Air Force
Killed in Action
2,673
1,918
62
664
29
798
610
1
187
0
Died While Missing In Action
3
3
0
0
0
Died While Captured
4
4
0
0
0
Died While Detained
1
0
1
0
0
3,479
2,535
64
851
29
Accident
566
413
19
121
13
Illness
92
72
9
6
5
Homicide
36
23
4
7
2
Self-Inflicted
223
180
4
37
2
Undetermined
11
9
2
0
0
Pendingc
2
1
1
0
0
930
698
39
171
22
Total Deaths
4,409
3,233
103
1,022
51
Total Wounded in Action (WIA)
31,925
22,218
636
8,625
447
Died of Woundsb
Total Hostile Deaths
Total Non-Hostile Deaths
Source: DCAS, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_oif_type.xhtml.
Notes: Any casualty counted after the end date represents a service member who was wounded during the
period and subsequently died as a result of those wounds or a service member who was in a missing status
during a part of the war period and later declared dead.
a.
Navy totals include Coast Guard.
b.
Includes those who died of wounds where wounding occurred in theater and death occurred elsewhere.
c.
Pending means final category to be determined at a later date.
Congressional Research Service
17
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 15. Operation Iraqi Freedom: Military Deaths
(as of October 22, 2012)
Casualty Type
Totals
Army
Navya
Marines
Air Force
Hostile
3,479
2,535
64
851
29
Pending
1
1
0
0
0
929
697
39
171
22
4,409
3,233
103
1,022
51
110
89
10
8
3
Male
4,299
3,144
93
1,014
48
Total
4,409
3,233
103
1,022
51
E1-E4
2,540
1,710
43
774
13
E5-E9
1,442
1,194
49
173
26
Officer
427
329
11
75
12
Total
4,409
3,233
103
1,022
51
Age <22
1,283
789
15
473
6
22-24
1,073
790
17
257
9
25-30
1,125
875
31
203
16
31-35
426
353
16
49
8
>35
502
426
24
40
12
4,409
3,233
103
1,022
51
3,498
2,492
79
883
44
Reserve
414
246
24
139
5
National Guard
497
495
0
0
2
4,409
3,233
103
1,022
51
American Indian or Alaska Native
43
27
1
15
0
Asian
77
63
5
9
0
Black or African American
439
372
12
48
7
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
17
10
1
6
0
3,638
2,626
82
891
39
Multiple races, pending, or unknown
62
46
0
16
0
Unknown
133
89
2
37
5
4,409
3,233
103
1,022
51
Non-Hostile
Total
Gender
Female
Officer/Enlisted
Age
Total
Component
Active
Total
Race/Ethnicity
White
Total
Source: DCAS, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_oif_all.xhtml.
Notes Ethnicity, previously included with race data, may be found in Table 20.
a. Navy totals include one Coast Guard death.
Congressional Research Service
18
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 16. Operation Iraqi Freedom: Wounded In Action
(as of October 22, 2012)
Casualty Type
Totals
Army
Navy
Marines
Air Force
Hostile
31,925
22,217
636
8,625
447
Total
31,925
22,217
636
8,625
447
623
546
5
41
31
31,151
21,640
522
8,573
416
151
31
109
11
31,925
22,217
636
8,625
447
E1-E4
19,673
12,502
359
6,639
173
E5-E9
10,374
8,323
241
1,575
235
Officer
1,878
1,392
36
411
39
Total
31,925
22,217
636
8,625
447
Age <22
8,888
5,260
131
3,432
65
22-24
7,990
5,760
152
1,974
104
25-30
7,536
5,923
138
1,345
130
31-35
3,056
2,556
75
372
53
>35
2,861
2,443
90
234
94
Unknown
1,594
275
50
1,268
1
Total
31,925
22,217
636
8,625
447
Active
24,911
16,437
533
7,572
369
Reserve
2,839
1,663
103
1,053
20
National Guard
4,175
4,117
0
0
58
Total
31,925
22,217
636
8,625
447
American Indian or Alaska Native
344
220
25
95
4
Asian
527
413
19
90
5
2,727
2,348
44
306
29
57
32
2
21
2
25,878
18,037
474
7,000
367
322
242
16
57
7
Unknown
2,070
925
56
1,056
33
Total
31,925
22,217
636
8,625
447
Gender
Female
Male
Not Specified
Total
0
Officer/Enlisted
Age
Component
Race
Black or African American
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
White
Multiple races
Source: DCAS, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_oif_woundall.xhtml.
Note: Ethnicity, previously included in this table, may be found in Table 20.
Congressional Research Service
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Combat operations in Iraq ended August 31, 2010. Use of the term, Operation New Dawn, began
on September 1, 2010, with the transition from combat to stability operations. Table 20 provides
ethnicity statistics for OEF, OIF, and OND.
Table 17. Operation New Dawn, Casualty Summary by Casualty Category
(as of October 22, 2012)
Casualty Category
Total
Army
Navya
Marines
Air Force
Killed in Action
22
22
0
0
0
Died of Woundsb
16
16
0
0
0
Total Hostile Deaths
38
38
0
0
0
Accident
5
3
0
0
2
Illness/Injury
7
5
1
0
1
Homicide
3
3
0
0
0
Self-Inflicted
12
10
1
0
1
Undetermined
1
1
0
0
0
Total Non-Hostile Deaths
28
22
2
0
4
Total Deaths
66
60
2
0
4
Total—Wounded In Action (WIA)
295
293
0
0
2
Source: DCAS, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_ond_type.xhtml.
a.
Navy totals include Coast Guard.
b.
Includes died of wounds where wounding occurred in theater and death occurred elsewhere. Any casualty
counted after the end date represents a service member who was wounded during the period and
subsequently died as a result of those wounds, or a service member who was in a missing status during a
part of the war period and later declared dead.
Congressional Research Service
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 18. Operation New Dawn: Military Deaths
(as of October 22, 2012)
Casualty Type
Hostile
Totals
38
Army
38
Navya
0
Marines
0
Air Force
0
Non-Hostile
28
22
2
0
4
Total
66
60
2
0
4
Female
0
0
0
0
0
Male
66
60
2
0
4
Total
66
60
2
0
4
E1-E4
38
33
1
0
4
E5-E9
20
20
0
0
0
Gender
Officer/Enlisted
Officer
8
7
1
0
0
Total
66
60
2
0
4
Age <22
11
10
0
0
1
22-24
15
14
0
0
1
25-30
25
22
1
0
2
31-35
5
5
0
0
0
Age
>35
10
9
1
0
0
Total
66
60
2
0
4
Active
54
49
1
0
4
Reserve
6
5
1
0
0
Component
National Guard
6
6
0
0
0
Total
66
60
2
0
4
Asian
1
1
0
0
0
Black or African American
5
5
0
0
0
Race/Ethnicity
Native Hawaiian or Pacific
1
1
0
0
0
White
58
52
2
0
4
Multiple races
1
1
0
0
0
Total
66
60
2
0
4
Source: DCAS, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_ond_deaths.xhtml
Notes: Ethnicity, previously included in this table, may be found in Table 20.
a.
Navy totals include Coast Guard.
Congressional Research Service
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 19. Operation New Dawn: Military Wounded in Action
(as of October 22, 2012)
Casualty Type
Totals
Army
Navy
Marines
Air Force
Hostile
295
293
0
0
2
Total
295
293
0
0
2
Female
12
11
0
0
1
Male
282
281
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
295
293
0
0
2
E1-E4
177
177
0
0
0
E5-E9
99
97
0
0
2
Officer
19
19
0
0
0
Total
295
293
0
0
2
62
62
0
0
0
Gender
Not specified
Total
Officer/Enlisted
Age
<22
22-24
67
67
0
0
0
25-30
103
102
0
0
1
31-35
28
28
0
0
0
>35
34
33
0
0
1
Unknown
1
1
0
0
0
295
293
0
0
2
218
217
0
0
1
Total
Component
Active
Reserve
16
16
0
0
0
National Guard
61
60
0
0
1
295
293
0
0
2
Asian
7
7
0
0
0
Black or African American
39
39
0
0
0
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
1
1
0
0
0
Total
Race
White
241
239
0
0
2
Multiple races
4
4
0
0
0
Unknown
3
3
0
0
0
295
293
0
0
2
Total
Source: DCAS, https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_ond_wound.xhtml.
Note: Ethnicity, previously included in this table, may be found in Table 20.
Congressional Research Service
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Table 20. Deaths by Operation, Race, and Hispanic Indicator
(as of September 4, 2012)
Race
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Total
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Total
American Indian/Native American
2
24
26
Asian
1
55
56
Black or African American
5
158
163
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander
0
6
6
148
1,650
1,798
Multiple Races
3
23
26
Unknown
19
9
28
178
1,925
2,103
American Indian/Native American
1
42
43
Asian
0
77
77
Black or African American
10
429
439
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander
0
17
17
342
3,296
3,638
4
58
62
Unknown
109
24
133
Total
466
3,943
4,409
American Indian/Native American
0
0
0
Asian
0
1
1
Black or African American
0
5
5
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander
0
1
1
White
9
49
58
Multiple Races
1
0
1
Unknown
0
0
0
10
56
66
Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)
Race
White
Total
Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)
White
Multiple Races
Operation New Dawn (OND)
Total
Source: Defense Casualty Analysis System, received by request September 4, 2012.
Congressional Research Service
23
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
CRS has received numerous requests for the number of Coast Guard casualties separate from
those reported by DCAS. Although the U.S. Coast Guard is an armed service, it was part of the
Department of Transportation until 2003 when it was incorporated into the U.S. Department of
Homeland Security. Coast Guard casualty figures presented below are provided by the Office of
the Coast Guard Historian.
Table 21. U.S. Coast Guard Service Casualties
War
Number Served
Deaths in Action
Wounded
Total Casualties
War of 1812
100 (?)
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Mexican War
71 officers
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Civil War
219 officers
1
Unknown
Unknown
Spanish-American
War
660
1
0
1
World War I
8,835
111a
Unknown
Unknown
World War II
241,093
574b
Unknown
1,917
Korean War
8,500c
0
0
0
Vietnam War
8,000
7
60
67
Mayaguez Incident
8d
0
0
0
Grenada: Operation
Urgent Fury
162
0
0
0
Panama: Operation
Just Cause
9e
0
0
0
Operation Desert
Shield/Storm
400
0
0
0
Kosovo
100
0
0
0
Operation Iraqi
Freedom
1,250f
1
1
2
Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, United States Coast Guard. Coast Guard History, Frequently
Asked Questions, at http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/wars.asp.
a.
Includes 81 Coast Guard deaths from other causes, i.e., crashes, accidents, disease or drowning.
b.
There were an additional 1,343 Coast Guard deaths from other causes, such as crashes, accidents,
disease or drowning.
c.
Equals the approximate number of Coast Guardsmen who were eligible for the Korean Service Medal.
d.
Crewmen on board HC-130B CG 1339 and one Coast Guard office participating in the U.S. Coast
Guard-U.S. Navy Exchange Programs on board USS Harold E. Holt (FF-1074).
e.
There were six personnel from Group Miami Law Enforcement Detachment (LEDET) who were
stationed aboard the USS Vreeland FF-1068, which was conducting operations when the ship was
diverted for Operation Just Cause. Three other ships were assigned permanently to Panama and were
also involved in the conflict. No casualties were incurred.
f.
As of June 2004.
Congressional Research Service
24
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Resources
Sources of Statistics
The Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC) provides detailed historical tables as well as
annual statistics on active duty military deaths at http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/
main.xhtml.
The Office of the Historian, U.S. Coast Guard, provides a historical table listing the number of
U.S. Coast Guardsmen who served and the number of casualties incurred in conflicts from the
War of 1812 to Operation Iraqi Freedom to June, 2004 at http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/
wars.asp.
Sources of Published Lists of Names of War Dead
The Congressional Research Service receives requests for lists of war dead. Names of the fallen
are often engraved on memorials, mentioned in tributes, or used for other ceremonial purposes.
The names of U.S. military personnel killed in major wars and other combat actions are provided
at the following sources in addition to DCAS:
World War I
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) has a list of World War I Records
listed at http://www.archives.gov/research/military/ww1/. Among the files listed are selected
World War I records online, World War I dead buried in American Battle Monument Commission
Cemeteries, missing-in-action, or buried or lost at sea.
World War II
NARA has also developed a finding aid for their holdings relating to World War II. The finding
aid may be accessed at http://www.archives.gov/research/military/ww2/finding-aids.html#service.
Korean War
NARA has made state-level casualty lists from the Korean War available at
http://www.archives.gov/research/military/korean-war/casualty-lists/state-level-alpha.html.
Vietnam War
NARA has published statistics derived from its Southeast Asia Combat Area Casualties Current
File. This includes tables on Vietnam casualty data by branch of service, race, religion, state, and
other categories at http://www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualtystatistics.html.
Congressional Research Service
25
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm/Desert Shield)
NARA has made state-level casualty lists from the Persian Gulf War available at
http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=4773&mtch=385&q=
persian+gulf+war&cat=GP21&dt=2514&tf=F&bc=sl.
Global War on Terror
Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)
DCAS lists the names of individuals killed in OEF at https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/
report_oef_namesalp.xhtml. The National Archives also publishes names of OEF casualties at
http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?s=4772&dt=2514&tf=F&bc=
%2Csl%2Cfd&q=Operation+Enduring+Freedom&btnSearch=Search&as_alq=&as_anq=&
as_epq=&as_woq=.
Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)
DCAS lists the names of individuals killed in OIF at https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/
report_oif_namesalp.xhtml. The National Archives also publishes names of OIF casualties at
http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?s=4772&dt=2514&tf=F&bc=
%2Csl%2Cfd&q=Operation+Iraqi+Freedom&btnSearch=Search&as_alq=&as_anq=&as_epq=&
as_woq=.
Operation New Dawn (OND)
DCAS lists the names of individuals killed in OND between September 1, 2010 and the present
day at https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_ond_namesalp.xhtml.
Defense Prisoner of War and Missing Personnel Office (DPMO)
DPMO’s mission is to “Keep the Promise,” to locate the remains and repatriate or determine the
whereabouts of missing Americans. Currently, 83,000 are missing from World War II, the
Korean War, the Cold War, Vietnam, and the Gulf War. The names of the recently accounted-for
are listed at http://www.dtic.mil/dpmo/accounted_for/.
Wars Prior to World War I
Lists of casualties that are not available from a central source may in some cases be available at
the state level from each state’s or commonwealth’s adjutant general’s office or from military
history detachments, military museums, or state libraries. Each adjutant general is the military
commander of the state’s National Guard. The following is a list of offices of adjutants general
along with contact information for history detachments, museums, or state libraries that may have
records of casualties or service. The Adjutants General Association of the United States can be
accessed at http://www.ngaus.org/content.asp?bid=142.
Alabama
Major General Perry G. Smith, P.O. Box 3711, Montgomery, AL 36109, 334-271-7200
Congressional Research Service
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Alaska
Major General Thomas H. Katkus, P.O. Box 5800, Fort Richardson, AK 99505-5800, (907) 4286007
Alaska Army National Guard Historical Holdings, PO Box 5800, Fort Richardson, AK 995055800
Arizona
Major General Hugo Salazar, Emergency and Military Affairs Department, 5636 East McDowell
Road, Phoenix, AZ 85008-3495, (602) 267-2710
Arizona Military Museum, Papago Park Military Reservation, 5636 E. McDowell Rd.,
Phoenix, AZ 85008-3495, (602) 267-2676
Arkansas
Major General William D. Wofford, Camp J.T. Robinson, North Little Rock, AR 72199-9600,
(501) 212-5001
Historical records: (501) 212-5215
Arkansas National Guard Museum, Camp Robinson, North Little Rock, AR 72199-9600
California
Major General David S. Baldwin, 9800 Goethe Road, Sacramento, CA 95826, (916) 854-3500
California State Military Museum, 1119th 2nd St., Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 854-1900
Colorado
Major General H. Michael Edwards, 6848 South Revere Parkway, Centennial, CO 80112-6709,
(720) 250-1500
Connecticut
Major General Thaddeus J. Martin, National Guard Armory, 360 Broad Street, Hartford, CT
06105-3706, (860) 524-4953
Military historical records: Donna Motuzick; (860) 548-3239
Request National Guard Military Records at http://www.ct.gov/mil/cwp/view.asp?a=
1342&q=429406
State Library of Connecticut: Research Guide to Manuscript Military Resources at the
Connecticut State Library at http://www.cslib.org/miltrec.htm
Delaware
Major General Francis D. Vavala, USA, National Guard, First Regiment Road, Wilmington, DE
19808-2191, (302) 326-7001
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
District of Columbia
Major General Errol R. Schwartz, District of Columbia National Guard, 2001 East Capitol Street,
SE, Washington, DC 20003, (202) 685-9798
Florida
Major General Emmett Titshaw, Jr., P.O. Box 1008, Saint Augustine, FL 32085-1008, (904) 8230100
Camp Blanding Museum, 5629 SR 16 W, Bldg. 3040, Starke, FL 32091
Georgia
Major General James B. Butterworth, Georgia Department of Defense, P.O. Box 1970, Marietta,
GA 30061, (678) 569-6001
Georgia National Guard Museum,1000 Halsey Ave., Bldg. #2, Clay National Guard Center,
Marietta, GA 30060
Guam
Major General (Ret.) Benny M. Paulino, 430 Army Drive, Building 300, Room 113, Barrigada,
GU 96913-4421, (671) 735-0400
Hawaii
Major General Darryll D. M. Wong, 3949 Diamond Head Road, Honolulu, HI 96816-4495
(808) 733-4246
Idaho
Major General Gary Sayler, Gowen Field, 4040 West Guard Street, Boise, ID 83705-5004
(208) 422-5242
Idaho Military History Museum, 4040 West Guard St., Boise, ID 83705
(208)-272-4841
Illinois
Major General Dennis L. Celletti (Acting), Military Affairs Department, 1301 N. MacArthur
Boulevard, Springfield, IL 62702-2399, (217) 761-3500
Illinois State Military Museum, Department of Military Affairs, 1301 MacArthur Blvd.,
Springfield, IL 62702-2399, (217) 761-3910
Indiana
Major General R. Martin Umbarger, Joint Forces Headquarters-Indiana, 2002 South Holt Road,
Indianapolis, IN 46241-4839, (317) 247-3559
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Camp Atterbury Veterans’ Memorial Museum, PO Box 5000, Building 427, Edinburgh, IN 46124
(812) 526-1499
Iowa
Brigadier General Timothy E. Orr, 700 NW Beaver Drive, Johnston, IA 50131-1824, (515) 2524211
Iowa Gold Star Museum, 7105 NW 70th Ave., Johnston, IA50131-1824, (515) 252-4531
http://www.iowanationalguard.com/Museum/Museum.htm
Kansas
Major General Lee Tafanelli, 2800 SW Topeka Boulevard, Topeka, KS 66611-1287, (785) 2741001
Museum of the Kansas National Guard, 6700 SW Topeka Blvd., Bldg. 301,Topeka, KS 666190285, (785) 862-1020
Kentucky
Major General Edward W. Tonini, Boone National Guard Center, 100 Minuteman Parkway,
Frankfort, KY 40601, (502) 607-1558
Kentucky Military History Museum, 100 West Broadway, Frankfort, KY 40601, (502) 564-1792
Louisiana
Brigadier General Glenn H. Curtis, Camp Beauregard, Building 304 F Street, Pineville, LA
71360, (318) 641-3858
Jackson Barracks Military Museum, 6400 St. Claude Ave., Jackson Barracks, New Orleans, LA
70146
Maine
Brigadier General James B. Campbell, Camp Keyes, Augusta, ME 04333-0033, (207) 626-4271
Maine Military Historical Society, 194 Winthrop St., Augusta, ME 04330, (207) 626-4468
Maryland
Brigadier General James A. Adkins, 5th Regiment Armory, 29th Division Street, Baltimore, MD
21201-2288, 410-576-6097
Massachusetts
Major General L. Scott Rice, Headquarters, Massachusetts National Guard, 50 Maple Street,
Milford, MA 01757, (508) 233-6552
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Massachusetts National Guard Museum and Archives, 44 Salisbury Street, Worcester, MA 016093157, (508) 797-0334
Michigan
Major General Gregory J. Vadnais, 2500 South Washington DR, Lansing, MI 48913-5101, (517)
483-5507
Minnesota
Major General Richard Nash, 20 West 12th Street, St. Paul, MN 55155-2004, (651) 268-8924
Mississippi
Major General Augustus Collins, Jr., P.O. Box 5027, Jackson, MS 39296-5027, (601) 313-6232
Mississippi Armed Forces Museum, Bldg. 850, Camp Shelby, MS 39407, (601) 558-2757
Missouri
Major General Stephen L. Danner, 2302 Militia Drive, Jefferson City, MO 65101-1203, (573)
638-9710
Missouri National Guard Museum, 2302 Militia Dr., Jefferson City, MO 65101, (573) 638-9603
Montana
Brigadier General Matthew T. Quinn, 1956 Mt. Majo Street, P.O. Box 4789, Fort Harrison, MT
59636-4789, (406) 324-3010
Montana Military Museum, PO Box 125, Fort Harrison, MT 59636-0125, (406) 324-3550
Nebraska
Major General General Judd H. Lyons, 1300 Military Road, Lincoln, NE 68508-1090, (402) 3097210
Nevada
Brigadier General William R. Burks, Nevada National Guard JFHQ, 2460 Fairview Drive, Carson
City, NV 89701-5502, (775) 887-7302
New Hampshire
Major General William N. Reddel III, 1 Minuteman Way, Concord, NH 03301-5652, (603) 2251200
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
New Jersey
Brigadier General Michael L. Cunniff, New Jersey Department of Military and Veterans Affairs,
101 Eggert Crossing Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648-2805, (609) 530-6956
National Guard Militia Museum of New Jersey, PO Box 277, Sea Girt, NJ 08750, (732) 974-5966
New Mexico
Brigadier General Jay Bledsoe, 47 Bataan Boulevard, Santa Fe, NM 87508, (505) 474-1210
New York
Major General Patrick A. Murphy, 330 Old Niskayuna Road, Latham, NY 12110-2224, (518)
786-4502
New York State Military Museum and Research Center, 61 Lake Ave., Saratoga Springs, NY
12866, (518) 581-5100
North Carolina
Major General Gregory Lusk, 4105 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, NC 27607-6410, (919) 6646101
North Dakota
Major General David A. Sprynczynatyk, P.O. Box 5511, Bismarck, ND 58506-5511, (701) 3332000
Ohio
Major General Deborah Ashenhurst, 2825 West Dublin Granville Road, Columbus, OH 432352789, (614) 336-7070
Oklahoma
Major General Myles L. Deering, 3501 Military Circle, Oklahoma City, OK 73111-4398, (405)
228-5201
45th Infantry Division Museum, 2145 NE 36th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73111, (405) 424-5313
Oregon
Major General Raymond Fred Rees, PO Box 14350, Salem, OR 97309-5047, (503) 584-3991
Oregon Military Museum, 15300 SE Industrial Way, Clackamas, OR 97015, (503) 557-5359
Pennsylvania
Major General Wesley Craig (Ret.), Building S-O-47, Fisher Avenue, Fort Indiantown Gap,
Annville, PA 17003-5002, (717) 861-8500
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Pennsylvania National Guard Museum, Fort Indiantown Gap, Department of Military and
Veterans Affairs, Bldg. T-8-57, Annville, PA 17003-5002, (717) 861-2402
Puerto Rico
Major General Antonio J. Vicens-Gonzalez, P.O. Box 9023786, San Juan, PR 00904-3786, (787)
289-1631
Rhode Island
Major General Kevin R. McBride, Headquarters, Rhode Island National Guard, Command
Readiness Center, 645 New London Avenue, Cranston, RI 02920-3097, (401) 275-4102
South Carolina
Major General Bob Livingston, One National Guard Road, Columbia, SC 29201-4766, (803)
806-4217
South Carolina Military Museum, 1 National Guard Rd., Columbia, SC 29201-4752,
(803) 806-4440
South Dakota
Major General Timothy A. Reisch, 2823 West Main, Rapid City, SD 57702-8170, (605) 737-6702
Tennessee
Major General Terry M. (“Max”) Haston, Houston Barracks, 3041 Sidco Drive, Nashville, TN
37204-1502, (615) 313-3001
Texas
Major General John F. Nichols, P.O. Box 5218, Austin, TX 78763-5218, (512) 782-5006
Texas Military Forces Museum, Camp Mabry, 2200 West 35th St., Austin, TX 78703
(512) 782-5659
U.S. Virgin Islands
Major General Renaldo Rivera, 4031 La Grande Princesse, Lot #1B, Christiansted, St. Croix, VI
00820-4353, (340) 773-7710
Utah
Major General Brian L. Tarbet, 12953 S. Minuteman Drive, Draper, UT 84020-1776, (801) 4324402
Vermont
Major General Michael D. Dubie, 789 Vermont National Guard Road, Colchester, VT 054463099, (802) 338-3124
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Vermont Militia Museum, Inc., 789 Vermont National Guard Rd., Colchester, VT 05446-3099
(802) 338-3360
Virginia
Major General Daniel E. Long, Jr., Department of Military Affairs, 5901 Beulah Road, Sandston,
VA 23150, (804) 236-7880
Virginia Army National Guard Historical Collection, Fort Pickett, Bldg. 1315, Blackstone, VA
23824, (434) 298-5321
Washington
Major General Timothy J. Lowenberg, Camp Murray, Building 1, Tacoma, WA 98430-5000,
(253) 512-8201
Washington National Guard Museum, Bldg. 2, The Arsenal, Camp Murray, WA 98430
(253) 512-7834
West Virginia
Major General James Hoyer, 1703 Coonskin Drive, Charleston, WV 25311-1085, (304) 561-6316
Wisconsin
Brigadier General Donald Dunbar, P.O. Box 8111, Madison, WI 53704, (608) 242-3001
Wisconsin Veterans Museum, 30 W. Mifflin Street, Madison, WI 53703, (608) 267-1790
Wyoming
Colonel Luke Reiner, 5500 Bishop Boulevard, Cheyenne, WY 82009-3320, (307) 772-5234
Wyoming Veterans’ Memorial Museum, 3740 Jourgensen Ave., Casper, WY 82604, (307) 4721857; Military Records Office, (307) 772-5239
Wyoming National Guard Museum, 624 East Pershing Blvd., Cheyenne, WY 82001,
(307) 632-7566
Additional Websites
DOD issues a daily news release of casualty numbers at
http://www.defense.gov/news/casualty.pdf.
DOD also issues daily news includes military personnel fatalities by name at
http://www.defense.gov/releases/. The news releases archive, which has a link at the bottom of
the page, is available from October, 1994.
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American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
CRS Reports
CRS Report R41084, Afghanistan Casualties: Military Forces and Civilians, by Susan G.
Chesser.
CRS Report R40824, Iraq Casualties: U.S. Military Forces and Iraqi Civilians, Police, and
Security Forces, by Hannah Fischer.
CRS Report RS21396, Iraq: Map Sources, by Hannah Fischer.
CRS Report RS22452, U.S. Military Casualty Statistics: Operation New Dawn, Operation Iraqi
Freedom, and Operation Enduring Freedom, by Hannah Fischer.
CRS Report R42738, Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2012, by
Richard F. Grimmett.
CRS Report RS21405, U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Current Conflicts, by Barbara Salazar
Torreon.
Author Contact Information
Anne Leland
Information Research Specialist
aleland@crs.loc.gov, 7-4704
Acknowledgments
Barbara Salazar Torreon, information research specialist, and Ann Eschete, reference assistant, contributed
to this report.
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