Order Code RL31693
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected
Congressional Roll Call Votes Since 1982
Updated January 27April 28, 2006
Lisa Mages
Information Research Specialist
Knowledge Services Group
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress
U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional
Roll Call Votes Since 1982
Summary
This report lists relevant congressional roll call votes for several major instances
in summarizes selected congressional votes related to instances in
which U.S. Armed Forces have been sent abroad in potentially hostile situations.
These votes are representative of those that have a direct correlation to issues
affecting policy and reflect the type of congressional actions that observers maintain bear
directly on issues affecting policy and the funding of troops abroad, often in the
context of the War Powers
Resolution, continued presence or withdrawal, or of troops,
and the “use of force.” The cases of
Lebanon (1982-1983), Grenada (1983), Panama
(1989), the Persian Gulf War (199019911990-1991), Somalia (1992-1995), Haiti (1993-1996),
Bosnia (1992-1998), Kosovo
(1999), the terrorist attack against America (2001)
(including the use of U.S. Armed
Forces in Afghanistan), and the use of U.S. Armed
Forces against Iraq (2002-present)
are examined. ThoseThe roll call votes that are
available online (since 1990 in the House
and 1989 in the Senate) are linked. This
report will be updated as events or
legislation warrant.
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lebanon (1982-1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Report Content . . . . . . . . . 2
Grenada (1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Panama (19891
Lebanon (1982-1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Persian Gulf War (1990-19912
Grenada (1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Somalia (1992-1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Haiti (1993-1996Panama (1989) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Bosnia (1992-1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
102nd Congress (1991-1992. . 5
Persian Gulf War (1990-1991) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Senate Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
103rd Congress (1993-1994) . .. . . . 6
Somalia (1992-1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
House Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Senate Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
104th Congress (1995. . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Haiti (1993-1996) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
House Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Senate Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
th
105 Congress (1997. . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Bosnia (1992-1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
House Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Senate Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Kosovo (1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
House Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Senate Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. . . . . . . . . . 19
Kosovo (1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Terrorist Attack Against America (2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1939
Use of Force Against Iraq (2002-2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2040
War on Iraq (2003-present) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
108th Congress (2003-2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
House Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Senate Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
th
109 Congress (2005-2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
House Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Senate Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3146
Sources Consulted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3268
U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected
Congressional Roll Call Votes Since 1982
Introduction
The President and Congress have historically played divideddifferent roles when sending
sending U.S. troops into hostile situations. Although theThe President has the power under
Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution to senduse the armed forces to repel attacks,.
Congress under Article I, Section 8, has the power to declare war and raise and
support the armed forces. The War Powers Resolution (P.L. 93-148, November 7,
1973)Resolution1 was enacted to ensure that
the President and Congress share in decisions where
U.S. troops may become involved
in hostilities.
This sharing of power has often
resulted in controversy, particularly when troops
are sent into situations where there
has not been a formal declaration of war. In most
instances, Congress has used its
legislative prerogatives through funding mechanisms
or declarations of policy either
to affirm or to place limits on presidential action.
There have been three instances in which In
three instances, Congress has authorized the use of
military force in advance of
hostilities: the Persian Gulf War (1991), the terrorist
attack against America (2001), military operations in Afghanistan (2001),
and the “use of force against Iraq” resolution (2002).
In each case, however, the
President has maintained that while he may have sought
congressional consultation
and support, the President has the constitutional authority
as Commander-in- in Chief to
use force, including the armed forces of the United States,
to protect U.S. national
security interests.
Report Content
This report describes the congressional debate that often surrounds the issue of
employing the U.S. military abroad. Initially written in response to a congressional
request for a list of votes on this topic from 1982-1992, this report has been updated
as needed since that time. The votes included are those directly related to the use and
funding of U.S. troops abroad, often in the context of the War Powers Resolution, or
to their continued presence or withdrawal.
The laws, bills, and resolutions below are listed in the chronological order of the
votes that were held. Links to the actual roll call votes are provided, when available
(since 1990 in the House and 1989 in the Senate). These links include each
Member’s yea or nay vote.
1
P.L. 93-148, November 7, 1973. For more detailed contextual and legislative history
information, see CRS Report RL32267, The War Powers Resolution: After Thirty Years, by
Richard F. Grimmett.
CRS-2
This report considers selected roll call votes since 1982. These votes are
representative of those that have a direct correlation to issues affecting policy and
funding of troops abroad, often in the context of the War Powers Resolution,
continued presence or withdrawal, or “use of force.” This report may be useful for
those who want to get a feel for the tenor of debate between the executive and
legislative branches that often surrounds the issue of the U.S. military abroad. We
provide links to the actual roll call votes in the House since 1990 (101st Congress,
second session), as compiled by the Clerk of the House. Senate roll call votes are
provided since 1989 (101st Congress, first session), as compiled by Secretary of the
Senate. These links include each Member’s yea or nay vote.
In some cases, House or Senate votes are voice votes, and, thus, no roll call vote
exists. Moreover, the ultimate disposition of amendments listed in the report (i.e.,
whether such amendments were incorporated into any final law) may not be selfevident. In other instances, only one chamber of Congress may have voted on a
particular measure; for example, a House or Senate simple resolution is a
nonlegislative measure that expresses nonbinding opinions on policies or issues and
CRS-2
is effective only in the chamber in which it is proposed. It does not require
concurrence by the other chamber or approval by the President.
For more detailed contextual and legislative history information, see CRS
Report RL32267, The War Powers Resolution: After Thirty Years, by Richard F.
Grimmett.
The laws, bills, and resolutions below are listed in the chronological order of the
roll call votes that were held.
Until a new date intervenes, actions should be understood to have taken place
on the last date mentioned.
Lebanon (1982-1983)
On September 29, 1982, President Reagan deployed 1,200 marines to serve as
part of a multinational observer force to restore the sovereignty of the Lebanese
government. By March 30, 1984, the mission had ended.
P.L. 98-43/S. 639
Lebanon Emergency Assistance Act of 1983. Required the President to seek
statutory authority for any substantial expansion of Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
98th
S. 639
(P.L. 98-43)
Lebanon
Emergency
Assistance
Act of 1983
Required the President to
seek statutory authority for
any substantial expansion of
U.S. participation in the
multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon. May 20, 1983: Measure passed
Senate (voice vote). June 2, 1983: Measure passed House, 276-76 (roll call vote
#153).
H.J.Res. 364
force in Lebanon.
Measure passed
Senate
May 20, 1983
(voice vote)
98th
H.J.Res. 364
Multinational
Force in
Lebanon
Resolution
To provide statutory authority
under the War Powers
Resolution for continued
U.S.
participation in the
multinational peacekeeping
force in Lebanon for up to 18
months after enactment. September 28, 1983: Measure passed House, 270-161 (roll
call vote #356).
The
Measure passed
House
September 28,
1983
270-161
(vote #356)
98th
H.Amdt. 395
to H.J.Res.
364
Long substitute amendment
requires the President to
invoke the War
Powers Powers
Resolution by the end of
November, or at the end of
any month thereafter,
unless unless
President certifies to
Congress that a cease-fire was
in effect and being
observed observed
by all parties, and that
significant progress was being
made in negotiations
to to
broaden the base of Lebanese
government. Rejected in House, 158-272 (roll call
vote #360).
P.L. 98-119/S.J.Res. 159
Authorizes the President to maintain U.S. Armed Forces in Lebanon as part of
a multinational peacekeeping force for 18 months; determines that the requirements
of Section 4(a)(1) of the War Powers Resolution became operational on August 29,
1983. September 29, 1983: Measure passed House 253-156 (roll call vote #370).
September 29, 1983: Measure passed Senate, 54-46 (roll call vote #274).
Baker motion to kill the Byrd amendment stating that U.S. Marines in Lebanon
became engaged in hostilities on August 29, 1983, requiring the President to submit
CRS-3
report to Congress under Section 4(a)(1) of the War Powers Resolution concerning
hostilities, and extending for 60 days from enactment of the resolution the President’s
authority to keep U.S. forces in Lebanon. Agreed to in Senate, 55-45 (roll call vote
#269).
Baker motion to kill the Pell amendment to authorize the U.S. Marines to
remain in Lebanon for an additional six months instead of 18. Agreed to in Senate,
62-38 (roll call vote #270).
Baker motion to kill the Tsongas amendment stating that a purpose of the
deployment of U.S. Marines in Lebanon was to help the Lebanese government
“maintain a secure area from which to restore full control over its own territory.”
Agreed to in Senate, 56-42 (roll call vote #271).
Baker motion to kill the Levin amendment stating that “actual or imminent
hostilities involving U.S. armed forces” began on August 29, 1983. Agreed to in
Senate, 54-45 (roll call vote #272).
Baker motion to kill Eagleton amendment to allow the U.S. to take such
“defensive measures as may be appropriate” to protect the multinational
peacekeeping force in Lebanon rather than “protective” measures; would require the
President to report to Congress periodically on the results of efforts to secure removal
of all foreign forces from Lebanon. Agreed to in Senate, 66-34 (roll call vote #273).
H.R. 4185
Department of Defense Appropriations for FY1984. November 2, 1983:
Measure passed House, 328-97 (roll call vote #443).
The Long amendment prohibits funds for deployment of U.S. Armed Forces
participating in the multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon after March 1, 1984.
Rejected in House, 153-274 (roll call vote #441).
Rejected in
House
September 28,
1983
158-272
(vote #360)
Measure passed
House
June 2, 1983
276-76
(vote #153)
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Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
98th
S.J.Res. 159
(P.L. 98-119)
Multinational
Force in
Lebanon
Resolution
Authorizes the President to
maintain U.S. Armed Forces
in Lebanon as part of a
multinational peacekeeping
force for 18 months;
determines that the
requirements of Section
4(a)(1) of the War Powers
Resolution became
operational on August 29,
1983.
Measure passed
House
September 29,
1983 253-156
(vote #370)
Measure passed
Senate
September 29,
1983 54-46
(vote #274)
98th
S.Amdt. 2231
to S.J.Res.
159
Baker motion to kill the Byrd
amendment stating that U.S.
Marines in Lebanon became
engaged in hostilities on
August 29, 1983, requiring
the President to submit report
to Congress under Section
4(a)(1) of the War Powers
Resolution concerning
hostilities, and extending for
60 days from enactment of
the resolution the President’s
authority to keep U.S. forces
in Lebanon.
Agreed to in
Senate
September 29,
1983 55-45
(vote #269)
98th
S.Amdt. 2228
to S.J.Res.
159
Baker motion to kill the Pell
amendment to authorize the
U.S. Marines to remain in
Lebanon for an additional six
months instead of 18.
Agreed to in
Senate
September 29,
1983
62-38
(vote #270)
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Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
98th
S.Amdt. 2239
to S.J.Res.
159
Baker motion to kill the
Tsongas amendment stating
that a purpose of the
deployment of U.S. Marines
in Lebanon was to help the
Lebanese government
“maintain a secure area from
which to restore full control
over its own territory.”
Agreed to in
Senate
September 29,
1983
56-42
(vote #271)
98th
S.Amdt. 2240
to S.J.Res.
159
Baker motion to kill the Levin
amendment stating that
“actual or imminent
hostilities involving U.S.
armed forces” began on
August 29, 1983.
Agreed to in
Senate
September 29,
1983
54-45
(vote #272)
98th
S.Amdt. 2233
to S.J.Res.
159
Baker motion to kill Eagleton
amendment to allow the U.S.
to take such “defensive
measures as may be
appropriate” to protect the
multinational peacekeeping
force in Lebanon rather than
“protective” measures; would
require the President to report
to Congress periodically on
the results of efforts to secure
removal of all foreign forces
from Lebanon.
Agreed to in
Senate
September 29,
1983
66-34
(vote #273)
98th
H.Amdt. 494
to
H.R. 4185
Department
of Defense
Appropriation
s for FY1984
Long amendment to prohibit
funds for deployment of U.S.
Armed Forces participating in
the multinational
peacekeeping force in
Lebanon after March 1, 1984.
Rejected in
House
November 2,
1983
153-274
(vote #441)
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Grenada (1983)
On October 25, 1983, President Reagan sent U.S. Marines and Army troops to
Grenada in order to protect American lives and restore law and order at the request
of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States. All U.S. troops were removed from
Grenada by December 15, 1983.
H.J.Res. 308
Joint resolution increasing the statutory limit on the public debt. November 16,
1983: Measure passed Senate: 58-40 (roll call vote #370). October 28, 1983: Hart
amendment to invoke the War Powers Resolution with Congress
Bill and
Title
Description and Comments
Votes
98th
S.Amdt.
2462 to
H.J.Res.
308 (P.L.
98-161)
Joint
resolution
increasing
the
statutory
limit on the
public debt
Hart amendment to invoke the
War Powers Resolution with
respect to American military
involvement in Grenada. Agreed to in Senate, 64-20 (roll call vote #321).
CRS-4
H.J.Res. 402
Agreed to in
Senate
October 28, 1983
64-20
(vote #321)
98th
H.J.Res.
402
Declared that the requirements
of Section 4(a)(1) of the War
Powers Resolution
became became
operative on October 25, 1983,
when U.S. armed forces were
introduced into
Grenada. November 1, 1983: Measure passed House, 403-23 (roll call vote #437). Grenada.
Measure passed
House
November 1,
1983
403-23
(vote #437)
Panama (1989)
On December 20, 1989, President George H.W. Bush deployed 14,000 U.S.
military forces to Panama in order to protect American lives, restore Panamanian
democracy, and apprehend General Manuel Noriega. Congress did not immediately
react to the situation, as the 101st Congress, first session had ended on November 22,
1989; the second session of the 101st Congress did not begin until January 23, 1990.
The 14,000 U.S. troops were removed from Panama by February 13, 1990.
CRS-6
Congress
101st
Bill and Title
H.Con.Res. 262
Description and
Comments
H.Con.Res. 262
Expresses sadness over the
loss of U.S. soldiers’ lives
as a result of Operation
Just Cause and commends
the President for his efforts
to provide for the early return
return of the remaining
U.S. troops from Panama. February 7, 1990: Measure passed
House, 389-26 (roll call vote #12).
Votes
Measure passed
House
February 7, 1990
389-26
(vote #12)
Persian Gulf War (1990-1991)
On August 2, 1990, Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait, seized its oil fields, ousted the
Kuwaiti leadership, installed a new government in Kuwait City, and massed troops
on the Saudi Arabian border. On August 9, President Bush reported that he had
deployed U.S. troops to the region. Legislation in late 1990 (101st Congress, second
session) focused on imposing sanctions against Iraq, in seeking the withdrawal of
Iraqi forces from the area, and in supporting the President in carrying out the
provisions of the relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions. On January
12, 1991 (102nd Congress, first session), the Congress authorized the “use of force”
against Iraq in advance of the outbreak of hostilities with Iraq on January 16.
H.R. 5431
A bill to impose sanctions on Iraq. August 2, 1990: Measure passed House, 4160 (roll call vote #303).
S.Res. 318
Resolution to condemn Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. August 2, 1990: Measure
passed Senate, 97-0 (roll call vote #211).
H.J.Res. 658
Joint resolution to support actions the President has taken with respect to Iraqi
aggression against Kuwait and to demonstrate U.S. resolve. October 1, 1990:
Measure passed House, 380-29 (roll call vote #394).
CRS-5
S.Con.Res. 147
Concurrent resolution supporting the actions taken by the President with respect
to Iraqi aggression against Kuwait. October 2, 1990: Measure passed Senate, 96-3
(roll call vote #258).
P.L. 102-1/H.J.Res. 77
Joint resolution to authorize the use of United States armed forces pursuant to
United Nations Security Council Resolution 678. January 12, 1991: Measure passed
House, 250-183 (roll call vote #9).
H.Con.Res. 32
Concurrent resolution to express the sense of Congress that Congress must
approve any offensive military action against Iraq. January 12, 1991: Measure passed
House, 302-131 (roll call vote #7).
H.Con.Res. 33
Concurrent resolution expressing sense of Congress that the President should
continue to rely on international sanctions and that the President must obtain
congressional approval before undertaking any offensive action against Iraq. January
12, 1991: Measure rejected in House, 183-250 (roll call vote #8).
S.J.Res. 1
Joint resolution expressing sense of Congress that the President should continue
to rely on international sanctions and that the President must obtain congressional
approval before undertaking any offensive action against Iraq. January 12, 1991:
Measure rejected by Senate, 46-53 (roll call vote #1).
S.J.Res. 2
Joint resolution to authorize the use of U.S. Armed Forces pursuant to United
Nations Security Council Resolution 678. January 12, 1991: Measure passed Senate,
52-47 (roll call vote #2).Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
101st
S.Res. 318
Resolution to
condemn
Iraq’s
invasion of
Kuwait
Commends the President for his
initial actions with respect to
Iraq. Urges the President to
seek ... additional multilateral
actions involving air, sea, or
land forces as necessary to
maintain or restore international
peace or security.
Measure
passed Senate
August 2, 1990
97-0
(vote #211)
101st
H.J.Res. 658
United States
Policy on
Iraqi
Aggression
Resolution
Supports the deployment of
U.S. armed forces to the Persian
Gulf region and expresses
appreciation to such forces.
Measure
passed House
October 1,
1990
380-29
(vote #394)
101st
S.Con.Res.
147
Supports continued action by
the President to deter Iraqi
aggression and to protect
American lives and interests in
the region.
Measure
passed Senate
October 2,
1990
96-3
(vote #258)
CRS-7
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
102nd
H.J.Res. 77
(P.L. 102-1)
Authorization
for Use of
Military Force
Against Iraq
Resolution
Joint resolution to authorize the
use of United States armed
forces pursuant to United
Nations Security Council
Resolution 678.
Measure
passed House
January 12,
1991
250-183
(vote #9)
102nd
H.Con.Res.
32
Finds that the Constitution vests
all power to declare war in the
Congress.
Declares that any offensive
action against Iraq must be
explicitly approved in advance
by the Congress.
Measure
passed House
January 12,
1991
302-131
(vote #7)
102nd
H.Con.Res.
33
Authorizes the continued use of
American military force to
enforce the United Nations
economic embargo against Iraq,
to defend Saudi Arabia from
direct Iraqi attack, and to
protect American forces in the
region. Declares that (1) the
Constitution requires the
President to obtain
authorization from the Congress
before initiating new offensive
military action or waging war
against Iraq or Iraqi forces and
(2) the Congress does not rule
out the enactment at a later time
of a declaration of war or other
congressional authorization for
the use of force.
Measure
rejected in
House
January 12,
1991
183-250
(vote #8)
CRS-8
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
102nd
S.J.Res. 1
Authorizes the use of American
military force to enforce the
United Nations economic
embargo against Iraq, defend
Saudi Arabia from direct Iraqi
attack, and protect American
forces in the region. Declares
that (1) the Constitution vests
all power to declare war in the
Congress and (2) the Congress
will expeditiously consider any
presidential request for a
declaration of war or for
authority to use military force
against Iraq.
Measure
rejected by
Senate
January 12,
1991
46-53
(vote #1)
102nd
S.J.Res. 2
Authorization
for Use of
Military Force
Against Iraq
Resolution
Authorizes the President to use
U.S. armed forces against Iraq
pursuant to United Nations
Security Council Resolution
678.
Measure
passed Senate
January 12,
1991
52-4
(vote #2)
Somalia (1992-1995)
On December 10, 1992, President Bush reported that he had deployed U.S.
troops into Somalia on December 8, in response to United Nations Security Council
Resolution 794, which authorized the Secretary General to “use all necessary means
to establish as soon as possible a secure environment for humanitarian relief
operations in Somalia” and to provide military forces for accomplishing this. U.S.
troops were deployed to assist United Nations Forces in Somalia (UNOSOM)
throughout 1993 and 1994, ending on March 3, 1995.
S.J.Res. 45
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Congress
103rd
Bill and Title
S.J.Res. 45
Description and
Comments
Votes
Joint resolution authorizing
the use of United States
Armed Forces in Somalia
pursuant to United Nations
Security Council Resolution
794 providing for a secure
environment to deliver relief supplies into Somalia. February 4, 1993: Measure
passed Senate (voice vote). May 25, 1993: Measure passed House, 243-179 (roll call
vote #183). The
supplies into Somalia. The
House reported version
authorized U.S. troops under
the War Powers
Resolution,
but terminated such
authorization at the earlier of
(1) end of one year from
CRS-6
date of enactment of the act
unless extended by
Congress; or (2) expiration
of the
United Nations-led
force in Somalia.
Gilman substitute amendment to reduce from
Measure passed
Senate
February 4, 1993
(voice vote)
Measure passed
House
May 25, 1993
243-179
(vote #183)
103rd
H.Amdt. 66 to
S.J.Res. 45
Gilman substitute
amendment to reduce from
one year to six months
authorization for U.S.
participation and to delete
the section of the bill
complying with
the War
Powers Resolution. Rejected in House, 179-248 (roll call vote #179).
Rejected in
House
May 25, 1993
179-248
(vote #179)
103rd
H.Amdt. 67 to
S.J.Res. 45
Roth amendment to end the
U.S. troop authorization and
financial aid in Somalia
on on
June 30, 1993. Rejected in House, 127-299 (roll call vote #180).
Solomon amendment to commend U.S. Armed Forces for establishing a secure
environment for humanitarian relief in Somalia. Agreed to in House, 425-0 (roll call
vote #181).
Separate vote at request of Walker on amendment adopted by Solomon in
Committee of the Whole to commend U.S. forces for establishing a secure
environment for humanitarian relief in Somalia. Agreed to in House, 419-0 (roll call
vote #182).
H.Con.Res. 170
Concurrent resolution directing the President pursuant to Section 5(c) of the War
Powers Resolution to remove United States Armed Forces from Somalia by January
31, 1994. September 9, 1993: Measure passed House (voice vote).
Gilman amendment to change deadline for removal of U.S. troops in Somalia
from March 31, 1994, to January 31, 1994. Agreed to in House, 224-203 (roll call
vote #555).
Hamilton substitute amendment to change deadline for removal of U.S. troops
back to March 31, 1994, from January 31, 1994, substituted by Gilman. Agreed to in
House, 226-201 (roll call vote #556).
P.L. 103-160/H.R. 2401
National Defense Authorization Act for FY1994). September 29, 1993: Measure
passed House, 268-162 (roll call vote #474). Measure passed Senate (inserted text of
S. 1298 — voice vote).
Gephardt amendment requiring the President to report to Congress by October
15, 1993, on goals, objectives, and duration of U.S. Armed Forces in Somalia and
expressing sense of Congress that the President should seek congressional
authorization by November 15, 1993, for continued deployment in Somalia. Agreed
to in the House Committee of the Whole, 406-26 (roll call vote #463).
Separate vote at request of Walker on Gephardt amendment adopted in the
Committee of the Whole (described above). Agreed to in House, 405-23 (roll call
vote #472).
Spence motion to recommit bill to House Armed Services with instructions to
report back with amendment requiring the President to certify that it is vital and
necessary to protect U.S. national interests before placing U.S. troops under control
CRS-7
of a foreign national on behalf of the United Nations. Rejected in House, 192-238
(roll call vote #473).
Byrd amendment to the Byrd amendment expressing sense of Senate that the
President should outline goals, objectives, and duration of deployment of U.S. troops
in Somalia and report to Congress by October 15, 1993; President should ask for and
receive congressional authorization for continued deployment in Somalia by
November 15, 1993; U.S. participation would terminate if Congress failed to
authorize such continued involvement. Agreed to in Senate, 90-7 (roll call vote #252).
P.L. 103-139/H.R. 3116
Department of Defense Appropriations for FY1994. October 21, 1993: Measure
passed Senate (voice vote).
October 15, 1993: Thurmond motion to kill McCain amendment to prohibit
funding of U.S. military operations in Somalia except for withdrawal of all U.S.
troops. Agreed to in Senate, 61-38 (roll call vote #313).
Byrd amendment to prohibit funding of U.S. military operations in Somalia after
March 31, 1994, except for limited purposes if the President requests and Congress
authorizes an extension; requires U.S. forces to be under command of U.S.
commanders. Agreed to in Senate, 76-23 (roll call vote #314).
H.R. 3759
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for FY1994. February 3, 1994:
Measure passed House, 337-74 (roll call vote #13). February 10, 1994: Measure
passed Senate, 85-10 (roll call vote #45).
February 3, 1994: Frank amendment to delete $1.2 billion for peacekeeping and
humanitarian assistance in Somalia, Bosnia, Iraq, and Haiti. Rejected in House, 158260 (roll call vote #8).
February 10, 1994: Feingold (Senate) amendment to eliminate $1.2 billion for
peacekeeping operations in Somalia, Bosnia, Iraq, and Haiti. Rejected in Senate, 1976 (roll call vote #40).
P.L. 103-335/H.R. 4650
Department of Defense Appropriations for FY1995. August 11, 1994: Measure
passed Senate, 86-14 (roll call vote #282).
August 10, 1994: Kempthorne amendment prohibiting funds from supporting the
continued presence of U.S. troops in Somalia after September 30, 1994. Agreed to
in Senate, 54-44 (roll call vote #278).
Haiti (1993-1996)
On October 20, 1993, President Clinton reported that U.S. ships had begun
enforcing a United Nations embargo against Haiti. On September 19, 1994, President
Clinton had deployed 1,500 troops to Haiti to restore democracy; that level was
CRS-8
ultimately increased to over 20,000. By March 21, 1995, U.S. troops were reduced
to under 5,300 and incorporated into the United Nations Multinational Force in Haiti.
By September 21, 1995, they were reduced to under 2,500 personnel. U.S. troops
ended their deployment to Haiti by April 17, 1996.
P.L. 103-139/H.R. 3116
Department of Defense Appropriations for FY1994. October 21, 1993: Measure
passed Senate (voice vote).
Helms amendment to prohibit funding any U.S. military operations in Haiti
unless Congress explicitly authorizes such action or the President certifies to Congress
that U.S. citizens are in danger. Rejected in Senate, 19-81 (roll call vote #321).
Mitchell amendment expressing sense of Congress that Congress should
authorize all U.S. military operations in Haiti unless U.S. citizens are in imminent
need of protection and evacuation or that deployment is vital to national security
interests. Agreed to in Senate, 98-2 (roll call vote #322).
H.R. 3759
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for FY1994. February 3, 1994:
Measure passed House, 337-74 (roll call vote #13). February 10, 1994: Measure
passed Senate, 85-10 (roll call vote #45).
February 3, 1994: Frank amendment deleting $1.2 billion for peacekeeping and
humanitarian assistance in Haiti, Bosnia, Somalia, and Iraq. Rejected in House, 158260 (roll call vote #8).
February 10, 1994: Feingold amendment eliminating $1.2 billion for
peacekeeping operations in Haiti, Bosnia, Somalia, and Iraq. Rejected in Senate, 1976 (roll call vote #40).
H.R. 4301
National Defense Authorization Act for FY1995. June 9, 1994: Measure passed
House, 260-158 (roll call vote #226).
May 24, 1994: Goss amendment expressing sense of Congress that the United
States with the Organization of American States (OAS) and the United Nations should
establish a safe haven for Haitian refugees on Ile de la Gonava; establish legitimate
Haitian administration to govern; the President should not undertake any military
action against Haiti unless it presents a clear and present danger to the United States.
Agreed to in House, 223-201 (roll call vote #197).
June 9, 1994: Separate vote at request of Dellums on the amendment offered by
Goss, previously voted on at roll call vote #197 above. Rejected in House, 195-226
(roll call vote #224).
P.L. 103-306/H.R. 4426
Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations for
FY1995. July 15, 1994: Measure passed Senate, 84-9 (roll call vote #203).
CRS-9
June 29, 1994: Gregg amendment to prohibit military action in Haiti unless the
operations are authorized in advance by Congress or necessary to protect U.S. citizens
for national security interests. Rejected in Senate 34-65 (roll call vote #172).
Mitchell amendment expressing sense of Congress that Congress should
authorize all U.S. military operations in Haiti unless U.S. citizens are in immediate
need of protection or deployment is vital to U.S. national security. Agreed to in
Senate, 93-4 (roll call vote #173).
H.R. 4624
Department of Veterans Affairs Appropriations for FY1995. August 4, 1994:
Measure passed Senate, 86-9 (roll call vote #262).
August 3, 1994: Dole amendment expressing sense of Senate that United Nations
Security Council Resolution 940 did not constitute authorization for deployment of
U.S. forces in Haiti under the Constitution or the War Powers Resolution. Agreed to
in Senate, 100-0 (roll call vote #254).
H.R. 4606
Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education
Appropriations for FY1995. August 5, 1994: McCain motion to kill Specter
amendment barring the President from deploying U.S. troops to restore legitimately
elected Haitian government unless authorized by Congress, unless vital to national
security interests, or to protect lives of U.S. citizens. Agreed to in Senate, 63-31 (roll
call vote #263).
H.Con.Res. 290
Concurrent resolution commending the President and the special delegation to
Haiti; supporting U.S. Armed Forces in Haiti; supporting an orderly withdrawal of
U.S. forces as soon as possible. September 19, 1994: Measure passed House, 353-45
(roll call vote #424).
S.Res. 259
Resolution expressing sense of the Senate supporting U.S. forces in Haiti;
commending the special delegation led by former President Carter; supporting lifting
of economic sanctions on Haiti; supporting prompt and orderly withdrawal of all U.S.
forces. September 21, 1994: Measure passed Senate, 94-5 (roll call vote #301).
H.J.Res. 416
Joint resolution expressing sense of Congress that all U.S. troops should be
promptly and orderly withdrawn from Haiti as soon as possible; President should have
sought congressional approval before deployment of troops; requires the President to
submit statement of national security objectives of Operation Uphold Democracy
within seven days of enactment. October 7, 1994: Measure passed House, 236-182
(roll call vote #500).
October 6, 1994: Gilman amendment expressing sense of Congress that President
should not have ordered U.S. troops to occupy Haiti and should immediately begin the
“safe and orderly withdrawal” of all U.S. forces; provides for consideration of joint
resolution to be introduced January 3, 1995, which if enacted, would prohibit
CRS-10
continued use of U.S. troops in Haiti within 30 days. Rejected in House, 205-225 (roll
call vote #497).
Dellums amendment expressing sense of Congress that all U.S. troops should be
promptly and orderly withdrawn from Haiti; President should have sought
congressional approval before deploying troops; requires President to submit to
Congress within seven days of enactment a statement on national security objectives
of Operation Uphold Democracy and other reports on situation there. Agreed to in
House, 258-167 (roll call vote #498).
October 7, 1994: Toricelli amendment authorizing the presence of U.S. troops
in Haiti until March 1, 1995, unless President determines and certifies to Congress
that continued presence is essential to protect U.S. citizens or vital to national security
interests. Rejected in House, 27-398 (roll call vote #499).
P.L. 103-423/S.J.Res. 229
Joint resolution expressing sense of Congress for a prompt and orderly
withdrawal of all U.S. forces from Haiti as soon as possible; requires President to
submit reports to Congress on the scope and duration of U.S. mission in Haiti.
October 6, 1994: Measure passed Senate, 91-8 (roll call vote #323). October 7, 1994:
Measure passed House (voice vote).
Rejected in
House
May 25, 1993
127-299
(vote #180)
103rd
H.Amdt. 68 to
S.J.Res. 45
Solomon amendment to
commend U.S. Armed
Forces for establishing a
secure environment for
humanitarian relief in
Somalia.
Agreed to in
House
May 25, 1993
425-0
(vote #181)
CRS-10
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
103rd
H.Amdt. 68 to
S.J.Res. 45
Separate vote at request of
Walker on amendment
adopted by Solomon in
Committee of the Whole to
commend U.S. forces for
establishing a secure
environment for
humanitarian relief in
Somalia.
Agreed to in
House
May 25, 1993
419-0
(vote #182)
103rd
S.Amdt. 790 to
S.1298
National
Defense
Authorization
Act for Fiscal
Year 1994
Byrd amendment to the Byrd
amendment expressing sense
of Senate that the President
should outline goals,
objectives, and duration of
deployment of U.S. troops in
Somalia and report to
Congress by October 15,
1993; President should ask
for and receive
congressional authorization
for continued deployment in
Somalia by November 15,
1993; U.S. participation
would terminate if Congress
failed to authorize such
continued involvement.
Agreed to in
Senate
September 9,
1993
90-7
(vote #252)
103rd
H.R. 2401
(P.L. 103-160)
National
Defense
Authorization
Act for FY1994
Measure passed
House
September 29,
1993
268-162
(vote #474)
Measure passed
Senate
October 6, 1993
(voice vote)
CRS-11
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
103rd
H.Amdt. 319
to
H.R. 2401
Gephardt amendment
requiring the President to
report to Congress by
October 15, 1993, on goals,
objectives, and duration of
U.S. Armed Forces in
Somalia and expressing
sense of Congress that the
President should seek
congressional authorization
by November 15, 1993, for
continued deployment in
Somalia.
Agreed to in
House
September 28,
1993
406-26
(vote #463)
103rd
H.Amdt. 319
to
H.R. 2401
Separate vote at request of
Walker on Gephardt
amendment adopted in the
Committee of the Whole
(described above).
Agreed to in
House
September 29,
1993
405-23
(vote #472)
Spence motion to recommit
bill to House Armed
Services with instructions to
report back with amendment
requiring the President to
certify that it is vital and
necessary to protect U.S.
national interests before
placing U.S. troops under
control of a foreign national
on behalf of the United
Nations.
Rejected in
House
September 29,
1993
192-238
(vote #473)
103rd
103rd
103rd
Measure passed
Senate
October 21,
1993
(voice vote)
H.R. 3116
(P.L. 103-139)
Department of
Defense
Appropriations
for FY1994
Thurmond motion to kill
McCain amendment
(S.Amdt. 1043) to prohibit
funding of U.S. military
operations in Somalia except
for withdrawal of all U.S.
troops.
Agreed to in
Senate
October 15,
1993
61-38
(vote #313)
CRS-12
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
103rd
S.Amdt. 1042
to H.R.3116
Byrd amendment to prohibit
funding of U.S. military
operations in Somalia after
March 31, 1994, except for
limited purposes if the
President requests and
Congress authorizes an
extension; requires U.S.
forces to be under command
of U.S. commanders.
Agreed to in
Senate
October 15,
1993
76-23
(vote #314)
103rd
H.Con.Res.
170
Concurrent resolution
directing the President
pursuant to Section 5(c) of
the War Powers Resolution
to remove United States
Armed Forces from Somalia
by January 31, 1994.
Measure passed
House
November 9,
1993
(voice vote)
103rd
H.Amdt. 384
to
H.Con.Res.
170
Gilman amendment to
change deadline for removal
of U.S. troops in Somalia
from March 31, 1994, to
January 31, 1994.
Agreed to in
House
224-203
November 9,
1993
(vote #555)
103rd
H.Amdt. 385
to
H.Con.Res.
170
Hamilton substitute
amendment to change
deadline for removal of U.S.
troops back to March 31,
1994, from January 31,
1994; substituted by Gilman.
Agreed to in
House
226-201
November 9,
1993
(vote #556)
103rd
H.R. 3759
(P.L. 103-211)
Emergency
Supplemental
Appropriations
Act for FY1994
Measure passed
House
February 3, 1994
337-74
(vote #13)
Measure passed
Senate
February 10,
1994
85-10
(vote #45)
CRS-13
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
103rd
H.Amdt. 424
to H.R. 3759
Frank amendment to delete
$1.2 billion for
peacekeeping and
humanitarian assistance in
Somalia, Bosnia, Iraq, and
Haiti.
Rejected in
House
February 3, 1994
158-260
(vote #8)
103rd
S.Amdt. 1453
to H.R. 3759
Feingold amendment to
eliminate $1.2 billion for
peacekeeping operations in
Somalia, Bosnia, Iraq, and
Haiti.
Rejected in
Senate
February 10,
1994
19-76
(vote #40)
103rd
H.R. 4650
(P.L. 103-335)
Department of
Defense
Appropriations
for FY1995
103rd
S.Amdt. 2538
to H.R. 4650
Measure passed
Senate
August 11, 1994
86-14
(vote #282)
Kempthorne amendment
prohibiting funds from
supporting the continued
presence of U.S. troops in
Somalia after September 30,
1994.
Agreed to in
Senate
August 10, 1994
54-44
(vote #278)
Haiti (1993-1996)
On October 20, 1993, President Clinton reported that U.S. ships had begun
enforcing a United Nations embargo against Haiti. On September 19, 1994,
President Clinton had deployed 1,500 troops to Haiti to restore democracy; that level
was ultimately increased to over 20,000. By March 21, 1995, U.S. troops were
reduced to under 5,300 and incorporated into the United Nations Multinational Force
in Haiti. By September 21, 1995, they were reduced to under 2,500 personnel. U.S.
troops ended their deployment to Haiti by April 17, 1996.
CRS-14
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
103rd
H.R. 3116
(P.L. 103-139)
Department of
Defense
Appropriations
for FY1994
103rd
S.Amdt. 1072
to H.R. 3116
Helms amendment to
prohibit funding any U.S.
military operations in Haiti
unless Congress explicitly
authorizes such action or the
President certifies to
Congress that U.S. citizens
are in danger.
Rejected in
Senate
October 21, 1993
19-81
(vote #321)
103rd
S.Amdt. 1074
to H.R. 3116
Mitchell amendment
expressing sense of
Congress that Congress
should authorize all U.S.
military operations in Haiti
unless U.S. citizens are in
imminent need of protection
and evacuation or that
deployment is vital to
national security interests.
Agreed to in
Senate
October 21, 1993
98-2
(vote #322)
103rd
H.R. 3759
(P.L. 103-211)
Emergency
Supplemental
Appropriations
Act for
FY1994
103rd
H.Amdt. 424
to
H.R. 3759
Measure passed
Senate
October 21, 1993
(voice vote)
Measure passed
House
February 3, 1994
337-74
(vote #13)
Measure passed
Senate
February 10,
1994
85-10
(vote #45)
Frank amendment deleting
$1.2 billion for
peacekeeping and
humanitarian assistance in
Haiti, Bosnia, Somalia, and
Iraq.
Rejected in
House
February 3, 1994
158-260
(vote #8)
CRS-15
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
103rd
S.Amdt. 1453
to
H.R. 3759
103rd
H.R. 4301
National
Defense
Authorization
Act for
FY1995
103rd
H.Amdt. 575
to H.R. 4301
Substitute amendment to the
Goss amendment (see
below) sought to express the
sense of Congress that the
U.S. should not attack Haiti
except in a case of a clear
and present danger.
Rejected in
House
May 24, 1994
191-236
(vote #196)
103rd
H.Amdt. 574
to
H.R. 4301
Goss amendment expressing
sense of Congress that the
United States with the
Organization of American
States (OAS) and the United
Nations should establish a
safe haven for Haitian
refugees on Ile de la
Gonava; establish legitimate
Haitian administration to
govern; the President should
not undertake any military
action against Haiti unless it
presents a clear and present
danger to the United States.
Agreed to in
House
May 24, 1994
223-201
(vote #197)
103rd
H.Amdt. 574
to
H.R. 4301
Separate vote at request of
Dellums on the amendment
offered by Goss, previously
voted on at roll call vote
#197 above.
Rejected in
House
June 9, 1994
195-226
(vote #224)
Feingold amendment
eliminating $1.2 billion for
peacekeeping operations in
Haiti, Bosnia, Somalia, and
Iraq.
Rejected in
Senate
February 10,
1994
19-76
(vote #40)
Measure passed
House
June 9, 1994
260-158
(vote #226)
CRS-16
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
103rd
H.R. 4426
(P.L. 103-306)
Foreign
Operations,
Export
Financing, and
Related
Programs
Appropriations
for FY1995
103rd
S.Amdt. 2117
to H.R. 4426
Gregg amendment to
prohibit military action in
Haiti unless the operations
are authorized in advance by
Congress or necessary to
protect U.S. citizens for
national security interests.
Rejected in
Senate
June 29, 1994
34-65
(vote #172)
103rd
S.Amdt. 2118
to H.R. 4426
Mitchell amendment
expressing sense of
Congress that Congress
should authorize all U.S.
military operations in Haiti
unless U.S. citizens are in
immediate need of
protection or deployment is
vital to U.S. national
security.
Agreed to in
Senate
June 29, 1994
93-4
(vote #173)
103rd
H.R. 4624
(P.L. 103-327)
Department of
Veterans
Affairs
Appropriations
for FY1995
103rd
S.Amdt. 2445
to H.R. 4624
Measure passed
Senate
July 15, 1994
84-9
(vote #203)
Measure passed
Senate
August 4, 1994
86-9
(vote #262)
Dole amendment expressing
sense of Senate that United
Nations Security Council
Resolution 940 did not
constitute authorization for
deployment of U.S. forces
in Haiti under the
Constitution or the War
Powers Resolution.
Agreed to in
Senate
August 3, 1994
100-0
(vote #254)
CRS-17
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
103rd
H.R. 4606
{P.L. 103-333)
Departments of
Labor, Health
and Human
Services, and
Education
Appropriations
for FY1995
McCain motion to kill
Specter amendment
(S.Amdt. 2460) barring the
President from deploying
U.S. troops to restore
legitimately elected Haitian
government unless
authorized by Congress,
unless vital to national
security interests, or to
protect lives of U.S.
citizens.
Agreed to in
Senate
August 5, 1994
63-31
(vote #263)
103rd
H.Con.Res.
290
Concurrent resolution
commending the President
and the special delegation to
Haiti; supporting U.S.
Armed Forces in Haiti;
supporting an orderly
withdrawal of U.S. forces as
soon as possible.
Measure passed
House
September 19,
1994
353-45
(vote #424)
103rd
S.Res. 259
Resolution expressing sense
of the Senate supporting
U.S. forces in Haiti;
commending the special
delegation led by former
President Carter; supporting
lifting of economic
sanctions on Haiti;
supporting prompt and
orderly withdrawal of all
U.S. forces.
Measure passed
Senate
September 21,
1994
94-5
(vote #301)
103rd
S.J.Res. 229
(P.L. 103-423)
Joint resolution
regarding
United States
policy toward
Haiti
Joint resolution expressing
sense of Congress for a
prompt and orderly
withdrawal of all U.S.
forces from Haiti as soon as
possible; requires President
to submit reports to
Congress on the scope and
duration of U.S. mission in
Haiti.
Measure passed
Senate
October 6, 1994
91-8
(vote #323)
Measure passed
House
October 7, 1994
(voice vote)
CRS-18
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
103rd
H.J.Res. 416
Limited
Authorization
for the United
States-led
Force in Haiti
Resolution
Joint resolution expressing
sense of Congress that all
U.S. troops should be
promptly and orderly
withdrawn from Haiti as
soon as possible; President
should have sought
congressional approval
before deployment of
troops; requires the
President to submit
statement of national
security objectives of
Operation Uphold
Democracy within seven
days of enactment.
Measure passed
House
October 7, 1994
236-182
(vote #500)
103rd
H.Amdt. 922
to H.J.Res.
416
Gilman amendment
expressing sense of
Congress that President
should not have ordered
U.S. troops to occupy Haiti
and should immediately
begin the “safe and orderly
withdrawal” of all U.S.
forces; provides for
consideration of joint
resolution to be introduced
January 3, 1995, which if
enacted, would prohibit
continued use of U.S. troops
in Haiti within 30 days.
Rejected in
House
October 6, 1994
205-225
(vote #497)
CRS-19
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
103rd
H.Amdt. 923
to H.J.Res.
416
Dellums amendment
expressing sense of
Congress that all U.S.
troops should be promptly
and orderly withdrawn from
Haiti; President should have
sought congressional
approval before deploying
troops; requires President to
submit to Congress within
seven days of enactment a
statement on national
security objectives of
Operation Uphold
Democracy and other
reports on situation there.
Agreed to in
House
October 6, 1994
258-167
(vote #498)
103rd
H.Amdt. 924
to H.J.Res.
416
Toricelli amendment
authorizing the presence of
U.S. troops in Haiti until
March 1, 1995, unless
President determines and
certifies to Congress that
continued presence is
essential to protect U.S.
citizens or vital to national
security interests.
Rejected in
House
October 7, 1994
27-398
(vote #499)
Bosnia (1992-1998)
The civil war in the former Yugoslav Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina resulted
in U.S. military participation in various efforts over several years to halt the fighting.
The United States participated in both United Nations and NATO actions without
explicit congressional authorization. Beginning in 1992, the United Nations Security
Council adopted Resolution 770, which called on all nations to take “all measures
necessary” to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance to Sarajevo. On
August 11, 1992, the Senate passed S.Res. 330, which urged the President to work for
for such a resolution and pledged funds for participation, but also said that no U.S.
military personnel should be introduced into hostilities without clearly defined
objectives.
On the same day, the House passed H.Res. 554, which urged the Security
Council to authorize measures, including the use of force, to ensure humanitarian
relief. As the conflict in Bosnia continued and escalated over the next several years,
U.S. troops were sent to participate in NATO and United Nations peacekeeping
CRS-20
missions. Consequently, leaders in Congress began calling for greater congressional
involvement in decisions.
In 1994, for example, the Senate passed S. 2042, which called for the United
States to end unilaterally its arms embargo with Bosnia; the Senate also passed an
amendment to S. 2042 which stated that no ground combat troops should be deployed
to Bosnia unless previously authorized by Congress. The House did not act on the
measure. With the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement for Bosnia on December
14, 1995, NATO took over the ground operation from UNPROFOR (United Nations
Protection Force). Consequently, in late 1995, over 20,000 U.S. combat troops were
CRS-11
sent to Bosnia as part of the NATO-led peacekeeping force. In December 1995,
Congress considered and voted on a number of bills and resolutions, but the House
and Senate could not come to consensus on any single measure. In 1996, President
Clinton agreed to provide up to 8,500 ground troops to participate in the NATO-led
follow-on force in Bosnia termed the Stabilization Force (SFOR).
Subsequent efforts by both the House and Senate to require the President to either
either limit funding for the Bosnia operations or to bring the troops home did not
succeed.
On March 18, 1998, for example, the House defeated by a vote of 193-225
H.Con.Res. 227, which would have directed the President to remove U.S. Armed
Forces from the Republic of Bosnia- Herzegovina, pursuant to Section 5(c) of the War
War Powers Resolution.
On July 22, 2002, President Bush reported to Congress that U.S. Armed Forces
contributions to SFOR in Bosnia-Herzegovina were approximately 2,400 personnel.
102nd Congress (1991-1992)
Senate Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments.
S.Res. 330
An original resolution relating to authorization of multinational action in BosniaHerzegovina under Article 42 of the United Nations Charter. It expresses the sense
of the
Congress
Bill and Title
102nd
S.Res. 330
Description and
Comments
Expresses the sense of the
Senate that the President
should call upon the United
Nations to authorize all
means, including
multinational military
action, to ensure the flow of humanitarian
humanitarian relief in
Bosnia-Herzegovina and to
gain access for the U.N. and
International Red
Cross Cross
personnel to refugee and war camps. August 11, 1992: Measure passed Senate,
74-22 (roll call vote #186).
August 10, 1992: Warner amendment to express the Senate’s
war camps.
Votes
Measure passed
Senate
August 11, 1992
74-22
(vote #186)
CRS-21
Description and
Comments
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
102nd
S.Amdt. 2925
to S.Res. 330
Warner amendment to
express the Senate’s
support for the six
measures that President
Bush said on August 6 that
the Administration was
taking to
help resolve the
Balkan Crisis. Agreed to in Senate, 90-5 (roll call vote #184).
August 11, 1992: Stevens amendment to express the sense of the Senate that the
United States will provide necessary funds for U.S. participation in
Agreed to in
Senate
August 10, 1992
90-5
(vote #184)
102nd
S.Amdt. 2929
to S.Res. 330
Stevens amendment to
express the sense of the
Senate that the United
States will provide
necessary funds for U.S.
participation in
humanitarian and
multilateral military action
in Bosnia-Herzegovina as
mandated by the United
Nations.
Agree to in Senate, 82-13 (roll call vote #185).
103rd Congress (1993-1994)
House Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments.
H.R. 3116
Making appropriations for the Department of Defense
Agreed to in
Senate
August 11, 1992
82-13
(vote #185)
103rd
H.R. 3116
(P.L. 103-139)
Department of
Defense
Appropriations
Act, 1994
Making appropriations for
the Department of Defense
for the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1994. September 30, 1993: Measure passed House, 325-102 (roll call
vote #480). November 10, 1993: Senate agreed to conference report, 88-9 (roll call
vote #368).
CRS-12
October 20, 1993: Mitchell amendment to express the sense of Congress that
none of the funds in the bill should be used to deploy U.S. troops in BosniaHerzegovina unless authorized by Congress, except for humanitarian missions started
before October 20, 1993. Agree to in Senate, 99-1 (roll call vote #320).
Senate Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments.
S. 2042
A bill to remove the United States arms embargo of the government of BosniaHerzegovina. May 12, 1994: Measure passed Senate (voice vote).
Mitchell amendment to direct the President to seek the immediate agreement of
NATO allies to terminate the arms embargo against Bosnia-Herzegovina, direct the
President to seek a U.N. Security Council resolution to terminate the arms embargo
and ... authorize U.S. air power to implement NATO exclusion zones and to protect
U.N. forces, but prohibit the deployment of U.S. ground combat forces without
congressional authorization. Agreed to in Senate, 50-49 (roll call vote #110).
Dole amendment to require the President to terminate the U.S. arms embargo of
Bosnia-Herzegovina upon receipt of a request from that government for assistance in
its right of self-defense and to prohibit interference with the transfer of conventional
arms by the executive branch. The amendment also states that nothing in the
amendment shall be interpreted as an authorization for the deployment of U.S. forces.
Agreed to in Senate, 50-49 (roll call vote #111).
104th Congress (1995-1996)
House Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments.
H.Res. 247
Expresses the sense of the House of Representatives to the deployment of the
United States armed forces on the ground in the territory of the Republic of BosniaHerzegovina to enforce a peace agreement. October 30, 1995: Gilman motion to
suspend the rules and adopt the resolution ... that a successful outcome for the Bosnia
peace talks should not assume the deployment of U.S. troops, and that any deployment
should be authorized by Congress. Measure passed House, 315-103 (roll call vote
#745).
H.R. 2606
To prohibit the use of funds appropriated to the Department of Defense from
being used for the deployment on the ground of U.S. Armed Forces in the Republic
of Bosnia-Herzegovina as part of any peacekeeping operations, or as part of any
implementation force, unless funds for such deployment are specifically appropriated
by law. November 17, 1995: Measure passed House, 243-171 (roll call vote #814).
December 13, 1995: Measure rejected in Senate, 22-77 (roll call vote #601).
H.R. 2770
To prohibit federal funds from being used for the deployment on the ground of
U.S. Armed Forces in the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina as part of any
CRS-13
peacekeeping operations, or as part of any implementation force. December 13, 1995:
Measure rejected in House, 210-218 (roll call vote #856).
H.Res. 302
Relating to the deployment of the U.S. Armed Forces in and around the territory
of the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina to enforce the peace agreement between the
parties to the conflict. Declares that the House has serious concerns and opposes the
President’s policy to deploy U.S. ground troops to Bosnia ... and that the U.S.
government should be impartial and evenhanded with all parties in the Bosnian
conflict as necessary to ensure the safety of U.S. troops. December 13, 1995: Measure
passed House, 287-141 (roll call vote #857).
H.Res. 306
Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that while some Members
of Congress have questions and concerns about the deployment of U.S. Armed Forces
to Bosnia, the House unequivocally supports the men and women of the U.S. Armed
Forces who are serving there. December 14, 1995: Rejected in House, 190-237 (roll
call vote #858).
H.R. 2076
Making appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the
Judiciary, and related agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1996, and for
other purposes. July 26, 1995: Measure passed House, 272-151 (roll call vote #585).
September 29, 1995: Measure passed Senate (voice vote). December 6, 1995: House
agreed to conference report, 256-166 (roll call vote #841). December 7, 1995: Senate
agreed to conference report, 50-48 (roll call vote #591). December 19, 1995: Vetoed
by President. January 3, 1996, House failed to override veto, 240-159 (roll call vote
#4).
September 29, 1995: Gregg amendment to express the sense of the Senate that
U.S. troops should not be deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina unless Congress approves
the deployment or the temporary deployment as necessary to evacuate U.N.
peacekeeping forces from imminent danger, to undertake air rescue operations, or to
provide humanitarian supplies. Agreed to in Senate, 94-2 (roll call vote #479).
Senate Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments.
S.Con.Res. 35
A concurrent resolution expressing the opposition of the Congress to President
Clinton’s planned deployment of United States ground forces to Bosnia while also
expressing congressional support for the U.S. troops ordered by the President to help
implement the Bosnia peace agreement. December 13, 1995: Measure rejected in
Senate, 47-52 (roll call vote #602).
S.J.Res. 44
A joint resolution expressing support for U.S. troops in Bosnia, but expressing
reservations about the deployment of such troops. The measure would also limit the
deployment to “approximately” one year and require the President to limit the use of
U.S. troops in Bosnia to the enforcement of the military provisions of the peace
agreement and provide an exit strategy from Bosnia that would include an
CRS-14
international effort to achieve a military balance in Bosnia by arming the federation
of Bosnia. December 14, 1995: Measure agreed to in Senate, 69-30 (roll call vote
#603).
105th Congress (1997-1998)
House Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments.
H.R. 2226
Making appropriations for the Department of Defense for the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1998, and for other purposes. The bill/conference report would cut off
funding for U.S. troops in Bosnia after June 30, 1998, but would permit the President
to request further funding. July 29, 1997: Measure passed House, 322-105 (roll call
vote #338). Measure passed Senate (unanimous consent). September 25, 1997:
House agreed to conference report, 356-65 (roll call vote #442). Senate agreed to
conference report, 93-5 (roll call vote #258). October 8, 1997: Became Public Law
105-56. October 21, 1997: Line item veto by the President.
P.L. 105-85/H.R. 1119
An Act to authorize appropriations for FY1998 for military activities of the
Department of Defense ... and for other purposes. June 25, 1997: Measure passed
House, 304-120 (roll call vote #236). July 11, 1997: Measure passed Senate
(unanimous consent). October 28, 1997: House agreed to conference report, 286-123
(roll call vote #534). November 6, 1997: Senate agreed to conference report, 90-10
(roll call vote #296).
June 24, 1997: Hilleary substitute amendment to the Buyer amendment to
prohibit the obligation of funds for ground deployment of U.S. troops in Bosnia after
December 31, 1997, unless the President submits a report to Congress requesting an
extension of funding. The Hilleary amendment would require the extension to be
approved by a joint resolution of Congress and would permit deployment for an
additional 180 days or until June 30, 1998. Rejected in House, 196-231 (roll call vote
#233).
Buyer amendment to prohibit funding for U.S. ground troops in Bosnia after June
30, 1998. Agreed to in House, 278-148 (roll call vote #234).
H.Con.Res. 227
Directed the President, pursuant to Section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution,
to remove U.S. Armed Forces from the Republic of Bosnia- Herzegovina. March 18,
1998: Measure rejected in House, 193-225 (roll call vote #58).
H.R. 3616
To authorize appropriations for FY1999 for military activities of the Department
of Defense ... and for other purposes. May 21, 1998: Frank motion to recommit the
bill to the National Security Committee with instructions to report it back with an
amendment that no funds appropriated for the Department of Defense for FY1999
may be used for the deployment of U.S. Armed Forces in the Republic of BosniaHerzegovina after December 31, 1998, unless a law has been enacted that explicitly
CRS-15
authorizes the deployment of such armed forces. Rejected in House, 167-251 (roll call
vote #182).
Senate Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments.
S. 936
An original bill to authorize appropriations for FY1998 for military activities of
the Department of Defense ... and for other purposes. Expresses the sense of Congress
that U.S. troops should pull out of Bosnia by June 30, 1998. July 11, 1997: Measure
passed Senate, 94-4 (roll call vote #173).
Senate Treaty Document 105-36
Protocols to the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949 on Accession of Poland, Hungary,
and the Czech Republic. April 30, 1998: Resolution of advice and consent to
ratification agreed to in Senate, 80-19 (roll call vote #117).
Craig amendment to add language to the resolution of ratification that would
require Congress and the President to enact legislation specifically authorizing the
continued deployment of U.S. troops in Bosnia before the United States ratifies the
NATO expansion treaty. Rejected in Senate, 20-80 (roll call vote #110).
B. Smith amendment to add language to the resolution of ratification that would
require both houses of Congress to vote on legislation, prior to ratification of NATO
expansion, that would authorize continued U.S. troop deployments to Bosnia.
Rejected in Senate, 16-83 (roll call vote #116).
S. 2057
An original bill to authorize appropriations for FY1999 for military activities of
the Department of Defense ... and for other purposes. June 25, 1998: Measure passed
Senate, 88-4 (roll call vote #181).
June 24, 1998: Thurmond amendment to express the sense of Congress that U.S.
ground forces should not remain in Bosnia indefinitely, and that the President should
work with NATO to withdraw U.S. forces “within a reasonable period of time.”
Agreed to in Senate, 90-5 (roll call vote #170).
McCain motion to table (kill) the Smith amendment that would prohibit funding
for U.S. ground troop deployment in Bosnia if both houses of Congress do not vote
by March 31, 1999, on legislation that would authorize continued deployment in
Bosnia. Agreed to in Senate, 65-31 (roll call vote #171).
S. 2132
An original bill making appropriations for the Department of Defense for the
fiscal year ending September 30, 1999 ... and for other purposes. July 30, 1998:
Indefinitely postponed in the Senate by unanimous consent.
McCain motion to table (kill) the Hutchison amendment that would require the
President to reduce U.S. combat forces in Bosnia to 6,500 by February 2, 1999, and
by 5,000 by October 1, 1999. Agreed to in Senate, 68-31 (roll call vote #249).
CRS-16
Measure passed
House
September 30,
1993
325-102
(vote #480)
Senate agreed to
conference report
November 10,
1993
88-9
(vote #368)
103rd
S.Amdt. 1073
to H.R. 3116
Mitchell amendment to
express the sense of
Congress that none of the
funds in the bill should be
used to deploy U.S. troops
in Bosnia-Herzegovina
unless authorized by
Congress, except for
humanitarian missions
started before October 20,
1993.
Agreed to in
Senate
October 20, 1993
99-1
(vote #320)
CRS-22
Description and
Comments
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
103rd
S. 2042
A bill to remove the United
States arms embargo of the
government of
Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Measure passed
Senate
May 12, 1994
(voice vote)
103rd
S.Amdt. 1696
to S. 2042
Mitchell amendment to
direct the President to seek
the immediate agreement of
NATO allies to terminate
the arms embargo against
Bosnia-Herzegovina, direct
the President to seek a U.N.
Security Council resolution
to terminate the arms
embargo and ... authorize
U.S. air power to
implement NATO
exclusion zones and to
protect U.N. forces, but
prohibit the deployment of
U.S. ground combat forces
without congressional
authorization.
Agreed to in
Senate
May 10, 1994
50-49
(vote #110)
103rd
S.Amdt. 1695
to S. 2042
Dole amendment to require
the President to terminate
the U.S. arms embargo of
Bosnia-Herzegovina upon
receipt of a request from
that government for
assistance in its right of
self-defense and to prohibit
interference with the
transfer of conventional
arms by the executive
branch. The amendment
also states that nothing in
the amendment shall be
interpreted as an
authorization for the
deployment of U.S. forces.
Agreed to in
Senate
May 12, 1994
50-49
(vote #111)
CRS-23
Congress
Bill and Title
104th
H.R. 2076
Departments of
Commerce,
Justice, and
State, the
Judiciary, and
Related
Agencies
Appropriations
Act, 1996
Description and
Comments
Making appropriations for
the Departments of
Commerce, Justice, and
State, the Judiciary, and
related agencies for the
fiscal year ending
September 30, 1996, and
for other purposes.
Votes
Measure passed
House
July 26, 1995
272-151
(vote #585)
Measure passed
Senate
September 29,
1995
(voice vote)
House agreed to
conference report
December 6,
1995
256-166
(vote #841)
Senate agreed to
conference report
December 7,
1995
50-48
(vote #591)
Vetoed by
President
December 19,
1995
House failed to
override veto
January 3, 1996
240-159
(vote #4)
CRS-24
Description and
Comments
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
104th
S.Amdt. 2842
to H.R. 2076
Gregg amendment to
express the sense of the
Senate that U.S. troops
should not be deployed to
Bosnia-Herzegovina unless
Congress approves the
deployment or the
temporary deployment as
necessary to evacuate U.N.
peacekeeping forces from
imminent danger, to
undertake air rescue
operations, or to provide
humanitarian supplies.
Agreed to in
Senate
September 29,
1995
94-2
(vote #479)
104th
H.Res. 247
Expresses the sense of the
House of Representatives to
the deployment of the
United States armed forces
on the ground in the
territory of the Republic of
Bosnia- Herzegovina to
enforce a peace agreement.
Gilman motion to suspend
the rules and adopt the
resolution ... that a
successful outcome for the
Bosnia peace talks should
not assume the deployment
of U.S. troops, and that any
deployment should be
authorized by Congress.
Measure passed
House
October 30, 1995
315-103
(vote #745)
104th
H.R. 2606
To prohibit the use of funds
appropriated to the
Department of Defense
from being used for the
deployment on the ground
of U.S. Armed Forces in
the Republic of
Bosnia-Herzegovina as part
of any peacekeeping
operations, or as part of
any implementation force,
unless funds for such
deployment are specifically
appropriated by law.
Measure passed
House
November 17,
1995
243-171
(vote #814)
Measure rejected
in Senate
December 13,
1995
22-77
(vote #601)
CRS-25
Description and
Comments
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
104th
H.R. 2770
To prohibit federal funds
from being used for the
deployment on the ground
of U.S. Armed Forces in
the Republic of
Bosnia-Herzegovina as part
of any peacekeeping
operations, or as part of any
implementation force.
Measure rejected
in House
December 13,
1995
210-218
(vote #856)
104th
H.Res. 302
Relating to the deployment
of the U.S. Armed Forces
in and around the territory
of the Republic of
Bosnia-Herzegovina to
enforce the peace
agreement between the
parties to the conflict.
Declares that the House has
serious concerns and
opposes the President’s
policy to deploy U.S.
ground troops to Bosnia ...
and that the U.S.
government should be
impartial and evenhanded
with all parties in the
Bosnian conflict as
necessary to ensure the
safety of U.S. troops.
Measure passed
House
December 13,
1995
287-141
(vote #857)
104th
S.Con.Res 35
A concurrent resolution
expressing the opposition
of the Congress to President
Clinton’s planned
deployment of United
States ground forces to
Bosnia while also
expressing congressional
support for the U.S. troops
ordered by the President to
help implement the Bosnia
peace agreement.
Measure rejected
in Senate
December 13,
1995
47-52
(vote #602)
CRS-26
Description and
Comments
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
104th
H.Res. 306
Expressing the sense of the
House of Representatives
that while some Members
of Congress have questions
and concerns about the
deployment of U.S. Armed
Forces to Bosnia, the House
unequivocally supports the
men and women of the U.S.
Armed Forces who are
serving there.
Rejected in
House
December 14,
1995
190-237
(vote #858)
104th
S.J.Res. 44
A joint resolution
expressing support for U.S.
troops in Bosnia, but
expressing reservations
about the deployment of
such troops. The measure
would also limit the
deployment to
“approximately” one year
and require the President to
limit the use of U.S. troops
in Bosnia to the
enforcement of the military
provisions of the peace
agreement and provide an
exit strategy from Bosnia
that would include an
international effort to
achieve a military balance
in Bosnia by arming the
federation of Bosnia.
Measure agreed
to in Senate
December 14,
1995
69-30
(vote #603)
CRS-27
Congress
Bill and Title
105th
H.R. 1119
(P.L. 105-85)
National
Defense
Authorization
Act for Fiscal
Year 1998
Description and
Comments
An Act to authorize
appropriations for FY1998
for military activities of the
Department of Defense ...
and for other purposes.
Votes
Measure passed
House,
June 25, 1997
304-120
(vote #236)
Measure passed
Senate
July 11, 1997
(unanimous
consent)
House agreed to
conference report
October 28, 1997
286-123
(vote #534)
Senate agreed to
conference report
November 6,
1997
90-10
(vote #296)
105th
H.Amdt. 204
to H.R. 1119
Hilleary substitute
amendment to the Buyer
amendment to prohibit the
obligation of funds for
ground deployment of U.S.
troops in Bosnia after
December 31, 1997, unless
the President submits a
report to Congress
requesting an extension of
funding. The Hilleary
amendment would require
the extension to be
approved by a joint
resolution of Congress and
would permit deployment
for an additional 180 days
or until June 30, 1998.
Rejected in
House
June 24, 1997
196-231
(vote #233)
CRS-28
Description and
Comments
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
105th
H.Amdt. 203
to H.R. 1119
Buyer amendment to
prohibit funding for U.S.
ground troops in Bosnia
after June 30, 1998.
Agreed to in
House
June 24, 1997
278-148
(vote #234)
105th
S. 936
National
Defense
Authorization
Act for Fiscal
Year 1998
Expresses the sense of
Congress that U.S. troops
should pull out of Bosnia
by June 30, 1998.
Measure passed
Senate
July 11, 1997
94-4
(vote #173)
105th
H.R. 2266
(P.L. 105-56)
Department of
Defense
Appropriations
Act, 1998
Making appropriations for
the Department of Defense
for the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1998, and
for other purposes. The
bill/conference report
would cut off funding for
U.S. troops in Bosnia after
June 30, 1998, but would
permit the President to
request further funding.
Measure passed
House
July 29, 1997
322-105
(vote #338)
Measure passed
Senate
July 29, 1997
(unanimous
consent)
House agreed to
conference report
September 25,
1997
56-65
(vote #442)
Senate agreed to
conference report
September 25,
1997
93-5
(vote #258)
Became P.L. 10556
October 8, 1997
Line item veto by
the President
October 21, 1997
CRS-29
Description and
Comments
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
105th
H.Con.Res
227
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
U.S. Troop
Removal bill
Directed the President,
pursuant to Section 5(c) of
the War Powers Resolution,
to remove U.S. Armed
Forces from the Republic of
Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Measure rejected
in House
March 18, 1998
193-225
(vote #58)
105th
S.Amdt. 2316
to Treaty 10536
Protocols to
the NATO
Treaty of 1949
on Accession
of Poland,
Hungary, and
Czech
Republic
Craig amendment to add
language to the resolution
of ratification that would
require Congress and the
President to enact
legislation specifically
authorizing the continued
deployment of U.S. troops
in Bosnia before the United
States ratifies the NATO
expansion treaty.
Rejected in
Senate
April 30, 1998
20-80
(vote #110)
105th
S.Amdt. 2328
to Treaty 10536
Protocols to
the NATO
Treaty of 1949
on Accession
of Poland,
Hungary, and
Czech
Republic
B. Smith amendment to add
language to the resolution
of ratification that would
require both houses of
Congress to vote on
legislation, prior to
ratification of NATO
expansion, that would
authorize continued U.S.
troop deployments to
Bosnia.
Rejected in
Senate
April 30, 1998
16-83
(vote #116)
CRS-30
Description and
Comments
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
105th
H.R. 3616
(P.L. 105-261)
Strom
Thurmond
National
Defense
Authorization
Act for Fiscal
Year 1999
Frank motion to recommit
the bill to the National
Security Committee with
instructions to report it
back with an amendment
that no funds appropriated
for the Department of
Defense for FY1999 may
be used for the deployment
of U.S. Armed Forces in
the Republic of
Bosnia-Herzegovina after
December 31, 1998, unless
a law has been enacted that
explicitly authorizes the
deployment of such armed
forces.
Rejected in
House
May 21, 1998
167-251
(vote #182)
105th
S. 2057
National
Defense
Authorization
Act for Fiscal
Year 1999
An original bill to authorize
appropriations for FY1999
for military activities of the
Department of Defense ...
and for other purposes.
Measure passed
Senate
June 25, 1998
88-4
(vote #181)
105th
S.Amdt. 2975
to S. 2057
Thurmond amendment to
express the sense of
Congress that U.S. ground
forces should not remain in
Bosnia indefinitely, and
that the President should
work with NATO to
withdraw U.S. forces
“within a reasonable period
of time.”
Agreed to in
Senate
June 24, 1998
90-5
(vote #170)
105th
S.Amdt. 2977
to S. 2057
McCain motion to table
(kill) the Smith amendment
that would prohibit funding
for U.S. ground troop
deployment in Bosnia if
both houses of Congress do
not vote by March 31,
1999, on legislation that
would authorize continued
deployment in Bosnia.
Agreed to in
Senate
June 24, 1998
65-31
(vote #171)
CRS-31
Congress
Bill and Title
105th
S. 2132
Department of
Defense
Appropriations
Act, 1999
105th
Description and
Comments
Votes
An original bill making
appropriations for the
Department of Defense for
the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1999 ... and
for other purposes.
Indefinitely
postponed in the
Senate
July 30, 1998
(unanimous
consent)
McCain motion to table
(kill) the Hutchison
amendment (S.Amdt. 3413)
that would require the
President to reduce U.S.
combat forces in Bosnia to
6,500 by February 2, 1999,
and by 5,000 by October 1,
1999.
Agreed to in
Senate
July 30, 1998
68-31
(vote #249)
Kosovo (1999)
On March 24, 1999, President Clinton ordered U.S. military forces to begin air
strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in
cooperation with the NATO-led operation. The strike was ordered in response to
Yugoslavia’s campaign of violence against ethnic Albanians in the province of
Kosovo. On June 3, 1999, Yugoslavia agreed to a peace plan calling for withdrawal
of Yugoslav forces from Kosovo to include an international peacekeeping force. On
June 10, 1999, NATO air strikes were halted, and Yugoslav forces withdrew their
military forces from Kosovo by June 20, 1999.
Congress, while not authorizing directly, and in advance, this military action,
introduced and voted on several legislative measures related to deployment of U.S.
military forces for combat or peacekeeping in the Balkan region. The House adopted
H.Con.Res. 42 on March 11, 1999, which authorized the President to send troops as
peacekeepers; the Senate passed a non-binding resolution (S.Con.Res. 21) on March
23, 1999, that expressed the sense of Congress that the President was authorized to
conduct military air operations in cooperation with NATO allies against Yugoslavia.
However, the House later defeated the Senate resolution, on April 28, 1999. Other
House or Senate votes sent conflicting signals in addressing funding related to troop
deployments in the region, declaration of war issues, and executive and congressional
roles in sending U.S. military forces abroad.
For more detailed contextual and legislative history, see CRS Issue Brief
IB81050, War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance, by Richard F. Grimmett;
Grimmett, and CRS Report RL31053, Kosovo and U.S. Policy, by Steven Woehrel and Julie Kim;
CRS Issue Brief IB10027, Kosovo and Macedonia: U.S. and Allied Military
Operations,b y Steven R. Bowman (archived, available from author); and CRS Report
RL30729, Kosovo and the 106th Congress, by
and Julie Kim. The following legislation
is representative of what was introduced
and voted on in the 106th Congress.
House Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments
H.Res. 103
CRS-32
Congress
106th
Bill and Title
H.Res. 103
Description and
Comments
Votes
Provides for consideration
of the concurrent
resolution, H.Con.Res. 42, regarding
regarding the use of U.S.
Armed Forces as part of a
NATO peacekeeping operation
operation implementing a
Kosovo peace agreement. March 11, 1999:
Motion to order the
previous question (thus
ending debate and the
possibility of amendment)
on adoption
of H.Res. 103.
Motion agreed to in House, 219-203 (roll call vote #45).
in House
March 11, 1999
219-203
(vote #45)
Resolution
agreed to in House, 218-201 (roll call vote #46).
H.Con.Res. 42
A concurrent resolution
House
March 11, 1999
218-201
(vote #46)
106th
H.Con.Res. 42
Peacekeeping
Operations in
Kosovo
Resolution
A concurrent resolution
authorizing the President to
deploy U.S. Armed Forces
personnel to Kosovo as part
of a NATO peacekeeping
operation implementing a
Kosovo peace agreement, subject to certain limitations. March 11, 1999: Measure
passed House, 219-191 (roll call vote #49).
CRS-17
Fowler amendment to limit the deployment of U.S. Armed Forces to Kosovo and
to not authorize the President to deploy ground
subject to certain
limitations
Measure passed
House
March 11, 1999
219-191
(vote #49)
106th
H.Amdt. 25 to
H.Con.Res. 42
Fowler amendment to limit
the deployment of U.S.
Armed Forces to Kosovo
and to not authorize the
President to deploy ground
forces as part of a NATO
peacekeeping operation. Rejected in House, 178-237 (roll call vote #48).
H.Res. 130
Expresses the support of the House of Representatives for the members of the
U.S. Armed Forces who are engaged in military operations against Yugoslavia.
March 24, 1999: Resolution agreed to in House, 424-1 (roll call vote #71).
H.Res. 151
Provides for consideration of the bill (H.R. 1569) to prohibit the use of funds
appropriated to the Department of Defense from being used for the deployment of
ground elements of the U.S. Armed Forces in Yugoslavia unless that deployment is
specifically authorized by law; for consideration of the concurrent resolution
(H.Con.Res. 82) directing the President, pursuant to Section 5(c) of the War Powers
Resolution, to remove U.S. Armed Forces from their positions in connection with the
present operations against Yugoslavia; for consideration of the joint resolution
(H.J.Res. 44) declaring a state of war between the United States and the Government
of Yugoslavia; and for consideration of the concurrent resolution (S.Con.Res. 21)
authorizing the President of the United States to conduct military air operations and
missile strikes against Yugoslavia. April 28, 1999: Resolution agreed to in House,
213-210 (roll call vote #99).
H.R. 1569
A bill to prohibit the use of funds appropriated to the Department of Defense
from being used for the deployment of ground elements of the U.S. Armed Forces in
Yugoslavia unless that deployment is specifically authorized by law. April 28, 1999:
Measure passed House, 249-180 (roll call vote #100).
H.Con.Res. 82
A concurrent resolution directing the President, pursuant to Section 5(c) of the
War Powers Resolution, to remove U.S. Armed Forces from their positions in
connection with the present operations against Yugoslavia. April 28, 1999: Measure
rejected in House, 139-290 (roll call vote #101).
H.J.Res. 44
A joint resolution declaring a state of war between the United States and the
government of Yugoslavia. April 28, 1999: Measure rejected in House, 2-427 (roll call
vote #102).
H.Res. 159
Provides for consideration of the bill (H.R. 1664) making emergency
supplemental appropriations for military operations, refugee relief, and humanitarian
assistance relating to the conflict in Kosovo ... for the fiscal year ending September
30, 1999, and for other purposes. May 6, 1999: Resolution agreed to in House, 253171 (roll call vote #116).
H.R. 1664
A bill (as introduced) making emergency supplemental appropriations for
military operations, refugee relief, and humanitarian assistance relating to the conflict
CRS-18
in Kosovo ... for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999, and for other purposes —
provided $13.1 billion relating to Kosovo operations and other purposes (Kosovorelated supplemental funding was ultimately removed from this legislation and
included in H.R. 1141). May 6, 1999: Measure passed House as amended, 311-105
(roll call vote #120).
Obey amendment to provide the President’s funding request for military
operations in Kosovo, etc. Rejected in House, 164-260 (roll call vote #118).
Istook amendment to prohibit funding for the implementation of any plan to
invade Yugoslavia with ground forces, except in time of war. Rejected in House,
117-301 (roll call vote #119).
P.L. 106-31/H.R. 1141
A bill making emergency supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1999, and for other purposes — provides $15 billion for Central
American humanitarian relief, aid to Jordan, U.S. farmer assistance, and U.S. military
and humanitarian operations in the Balkans. March 24, 1999: Measure passed House,
220-211 (roll call vote #70). March 25, 1999: Measure passed Senate, as amended,
in lieu of S. 544 (voice vote). May 18, 1999: House agreed to conference report, 269158 (roll call vote #133). May 20, 1999: Senate agreed to conference report, 64-36
(roll call vote #136).
H.R. 1401
A bill to authorize appropriations for fiscal years 2000 and 2001 for military
activities of the Department of Defense ... and for other purposes. June 10, 1999:
Measure passed House, 365-58 (roll call vote #191).
June 6, 1999: Souder amendment to prohibit any FY2000 funding for military
operations in Yugoslavia. Rejected in House, 97-328 (roll call vote #187).
Skelton amendment to delete language which prohibits any funding for combat
or peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia after September 30, 1999; retains language
which requires the President to request supplemental appropriations in order to
conduct combat or peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia. Agreed to in House, 270155 (roll call vote #189).
Senate Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments
S. 544
An original bill making emergency supplemental appropriations and rescissions
for recovery from natural disasters, and foreign assistance, for the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1999, and for other purposes. March 23, 1999: Cloture motion (thus
limiting debate) on the Lott amendment (S.Amdt. 124) to the Hutchison amendment
(S.Amdt. 81) to prohibit the use of funds for military operations in Yugoslavia unless
Congress enacts specific authorizations in law for the conduct of those operations.
Cloture motion rejected in Senate, 55-44, because three-fifths did not vote for it (roll
call vote #55). Measure passed Senate (voice vote).
CRS-19
S.Con.Res. 21
A concurrent resolution authorizing the President of the United States to conduct
military air operations and missile strikes against Yugoslavia. March 23, 1999:
Measure passed Senate, 58-41 (roll call vote #57). April 28, 1999: Measure rejected
in House, 213-213 (roll call vote #103).
S.J.Res. 20
A joint resolution authorizing the President to use all necessary force and other
means, in concert with the U.S. allies, to accomplish U.S. and NATO objectives in
Yugoslavia. May 4, 1999: Motion to table agreed to in Senate, 78-22 (roll call vote
#98).
P.L. 106-65/S. 1059
An original bill to authorize appropriations for FY2000 for military activities of
the Department of Defense ... and for other purposes. May 27, 1999: Measure passed
Senate as amended, 92-3 (roll call vote #154). June 14, 1999: Measure passed House,
in lieu of H.R. 1401 (voice vote). September 15, 1999: House agreed to conference
report, 375-45 (roll call vote #424). September 22, 1999: Senate agreed to conference
report (voice vote).
May 25, 1999: Specter amendment to direct the President, pursuant to the U.S.
Constitution and the War Powers Resolution, to seek approval from Congress prior
to the introduction of ground troops from the U.S. Armed Forces in connection with
the present operations against Yugoslavia or funding for that operation will not be
authorized. Motion to table agreed to in Senate, 52-48 (roll call vote #145).
May 26, 1999: B. Smith amendment to prohibit, effective October 1, 1999, the
use of funds for military operations in Yugoslavia unless Congress enacts specific
authorization in law for the conduct of those operations. Motion to table agreed to in
Senate, 77-21 (roll call vote #151).
Rejected in
House
March 11, 1999
178-237
(vote #48)
CRS-33
Congress
106th
106th
Bill and Title
S. 544
Emergency
Supplemental
Appropriations
Act for Fiscal
Year 1999
S.Con.Res 21
Description and
Comments
Votes
An original bill making
emergency supplemental
appropriations and
rescissions for recovery
from natural disasters, and
foreign assistance, for the
fiscal year ending
September 30, 1999, and
for other purposes. March
23, 1999: Cloture motion
(thus limiting debate) on
the Lott amendment
(S.Amdt. 124) to the
Hutchison amendment
(S.Amdt. 81) to prohibit
the use of funds for military
operations in Yugoslavia
unless Congress enacts
specific authorizations in
law for the conduct of
those operations.
Cloture motion
rejected in
Senate
March 23, 1999
55-44
(vote #55)
A concurrent resolution
authorizing the President of
the United States to
conduct military air
operations and missile
strikes against Yugoslavia.
Measure passed
Senate
March 23, 1999
58-41
(vote #57)
Measure passed
Senate
March 23, 1999
(voice vote)
Measure rejected
in House
April 28, 1999
213-213
(vote #103)
106th
H.Res. 130
Expresses the support of
the House of
Representatives for the
members of the U.S.
Armed Forces who are
engaged in military
operations against
Yugoslavia.
Resolution
agreed to in
House
March 24, 1999
424-1
(vote #71)
CRS-34
Congress
106th
Bill and Title
H.R. 1141
(P.L. 106-31)
1999
Emergency
Supplemental
Appropriations
Act
Description and
Comments
A bill making emergency
supplemental
appropriations for the fiscal
year ending September 30,
1999, and for other
purposes — provides $15
billion for Central
American humanitarian
relief, aid to Jordan, U.S.
farmer assistance, and U.S.
military and humanitarian
operations in the Balkans.
Votes
Measure passed
House
March 24, 1999
220-211
(vote #70)
Measure passed
Senate, as
amended, in lieu
of S. 544
March 24, 1999
(voice vote)
House agreed to
conference
report
May 18, 1999
269-158
(vote #133)
Senate agreed to
conference
report
May 20, 1999
64-36
(vote #136)
CRS-35
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
106th
H.Res. 151
Provides for consideration
of the bill (H.R. 1569) to
prohibit the use of funds
appropriated to the
Department of Defense
from being used for the
deployment of ground
elements of the U.S. Armed
Forces in Yugoslavia
unless that deployment is
specifically authorized by
law; for consideration of
the concurrent resolution
(H.Con.Res. 82) directing
the President, pursuant to
Section 5(c) of the War
Powers Resolution, to
remove U.S. Armed Forces
from their positions in
connection with the present
operations against
Yugoslavia; for
consideration of the joint
resolution (H.J.Res. 44)
declaring a state of war
between the United States
and the Government of
Yugoslavia; and for
consideration of the
concurrent resolution
(S.Con.Res. 21)
authorizing the President of
the United States to
conduct military air
operations and missile
strikes against Yugoslavia.
Resolution
agreed to in
House
April 28, 1999
213-210
(vote #99)
106th
H.R. 1569
Military
Operations in
the Federal
Republic of
Yugoslavia
Limitation Act
of 1999
A bill to prohibit the use of
funds appropriated to the
Department of Defense
from being used for the
deployment of ground
elements of the U.S. Armed
Forces in Yugoslavia
unless that deployment is
specifically authorized by
law.
Measure passed
House
April 28, 1999
249-180
(vote #100)
CRS-36
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
106th
H.Con.Res. 82
A concurrent resolution
directing the President,
pursuant to Section 5(c) of
the War Powers
Resolution, to remove U.S.
Armed Forces from their
positions in connection
with the present operations
against Yugoslavia.
Measure rejected
in House
April 28, 1999
139-290
(vote #101)
106th
H.J.Res 44
A joint resolution declaring
a state of war between the
United States and the
government of Yugoslavia
Measure rejected
in House
April 28, 1999
2-427
(vote #102)
106th
S.J.Res. 20
A joint resolution
authorizing the President to
use all necessary force and
other means, in concert
with the U.S. allies, to
accomplish U.S. and
NATO objectives in
Yugoslavia.
Motion to table
agreed to in
Senate
May 4, 1999
78-22
(vote #98)
106th
H.Res. 159
Provides for consideration
of the bill (H.R. 1664)
making emergency
supplemental
appropriations for military
operations, refugee relief,
and humanitarian
assistance relating to the
conflict in Kosovo ... for
the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1999, and
for other purposes.
Resolution
agreed to in
House
May 6, 1999
253-171
(vote #116)
CRS-37
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
106th
H.R. 1664
(P.L. 106-51)
Kosovo
Emergency
Supplemental
Appropriations
bill
A bill (as introduced)
making emergency
supplemental
appropriations for military
operations, refugee relief,
and humanitarian
assistance relating to the
conflict in Kosovo ... for
the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1999, and
for other purposes —
provided $13.1 billion
relating to Kosovo
operations and other
purposes (Kosovo-related
supplemental funding was
ultimately removed from
this legislation and
included in H.R. 1141).
Measure passed
House as
amended
May 6, 1999
311-105
(vote #120)
106th
H.Amdt. 68 to
H.R. 1664
Obey amendment to
provide the President’s
funding request for military
operations in Kosovo, etc.
Rejected in
House
May 6, 1999
164-260
(vote #118)
106th
H.Amdt. 76 to
H.R. 1664
Istook amendment to
prohibit funding for the
implementation of any plan
to invade Yugoslavia with
ground forces, except in
time of war.
Rejected in
House
May 6, 1999
117-301
(vote #119)
CRS-38
Congress
106th
Bill and Title
S. 1059
(P.L. 106-65)
National
Defense
Authorization
Act for Fiscal
Year 2000
Description and
Comments
An original bill to
authorize appropriations for
FY2000 for military
activities of the Department
of Defense ... and for other
purposes.
Votes
Measure passed
Senate as
amended
May 27, 1999
92-3
(vote #154)
Measure passed
House, in lieu of
H.R. 1401
June 14, 1999
(voice vote)
House agreed to
conference
report
September 15,
1999
375-45
(vote #424)
Senate agreed to
conference
report
September 22,
1999
(voice vote)
106th
S.Amdt. 383 to
S. 1059
Specter amendment to
direct the President,
pursuant to the U.S.
Constitution and the War
Powers Resolution, to seek
approval from Congress
prior to the introduction of
ground troops from the
U.S. Armed Forces in
connection with the present
operations against
Yugoslavia or funding for
that operation will not be
authorized.
Motion to table
agreed to in
Senate
May 25, 1999
52-48
(vote #145)
CRS-39
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
106th
S.Amdt. 406 to
S. 1059
B. Smith amendment to
prohibit, effective October
1, 1999, the use of funds
for military operations in
Yugoslavia unless
Congress enacts specific
authorization in law for the
conduct of those
operations.
Motion to table
agreed to in
Senate
May 26, 1999
77-21
(vote #151)
106th
H.R. 1401
National
Defense
Authorization
Act for Fiscal
Year 2000
A bill to authorize
appropriations for fiscal
years 2000 and 2001 for
military activities of the
Department of Defense ...
and for other purposes.
Measure passed
House
June 10, 1999
365-58
(vote #191)
106th
H.Amdt. 160 to
H.R. 1401
Souder amendment to
prohibit any FY2000
funding for military
operations in Yugoslavia.
Rejected in
House
June 10, 1999
97-328
(vote #187)
106th
H.Amdt. 161 to
H.R. 1401
Skelton amendment to
delete language which
prohibits any funding for
combat or peacekeeping
operations in Yugoslavia
after September 30, 1999;
retains language which
requires the President to
request supplemental
appropriations in order to
conduct combat or
peacekeeping operations in
Yugoslavia.
Agreed to in
House
June 10, 1999
270-155
(vote #189)
Terrorist Attack Against America (2001)
On September 11, 2001, terrorists attacked the United States with a coordinated
series of aircraft hijackings and suicide crashes into populated buildings. Two
airplanes crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City,
causing their complete destruction. Another airplane crashed into the Pentagon, and
a fourth airplane crashed in southwestern Pennsylvania (near Shanksville) after
passengers attempted to take control of the aircraft in order to prevent it from crashing
CRS-40
crashing into an important symbol of democracy and freedom, perhaps in the
Washington, D.C.
area. Over 3,000 people lost their lives in these terrorist attacks.
Consequently, on September 14, 2001, Congress passed a joint resolution, which
which “authorizes the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those
those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized,
committed, or
aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or
harbored such
organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of
international terrorism
against the United States by such nations, organizations, or
persons.” It further states
that the act is intended to constitute specific statutory
authorization within the
CRS-20
meaning of the War Powers Resolution. President
George W. Bush signed the joint
resolution into law on September 18, 2001. On
October 9, 2001, President Bush
reported in a letter to Congress that U.S. Armed
Forces had begun combat action in
Afghanistan against the Al Qaeda terrorists
and their Taliban supporters starting at
12:30 p.m. (EDT) on October 7, 2001.
P.L. 107-40/S.J.Res. 23;H.J.Res. 64
Joint resolutions to authorize the use of United States
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
107th
H.J.Res 64
Authorization
for Use of
Military Force
Joint resolution to authorize
the use of United States
armed forces against those
responsible for the recent
(September 11, 2001) attacks
launched against the United
States. September 14, 2001: Measure passed Senate, 98-0 (roll call vote #281).
Measure passed House, 420-1 (roll call vote #342). For a legislative history of P.L.
107-40, see CRS Report RS22357, Authorization For Use Of Military Force in
Response to the 9/11 Attacks (P.L. 107-40): Legislative History, by Richard F.
Grimmett.
Measure passed
House
September 14,
2001
420-1
(vote #342)
S.J.Res. 23
(P.L. 107-40)2
Joint resolution to authorize
the use of United States
armed forces against those
responsible for the recent
(September 11, 2001) attacks
launched against the United
States.
Measure passed
Senate
September 14,
2001
98-0
(vote #281)
Use of Force Against Iraq (2002-2003)
On October 10, 2002, after several days of debate, the House passed H.J.Res.
114, which authorized the use of military force against Iraq. The Senate had
considered its own measure, S.J.Res. 45, beginning on October 3, but indefinitely
postponed it, and passed H.J.Res. 114 instead on October 11, 2002. As enacted into
law, the joint resolution provides authorization for the use of military force against
Iraq and expresses support for the President’s efforts to
2
For a legislative history of P.L. 107-40, see CRS Report RS22357, Authorization
For Use Of Military Force in Response to the 9/11 Attacks (P.L. 107-40): Legislative
History, by Richard F. Grimmett.
CRS-41
(1) strictly enforce through the United Nations Security Council all relevant
Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq; and
(2) obtain prompt and decisive action by the Security Council to ensure that Iraq
abandons its strategy of delay, evasion, and noncompliance and promptly and
strictly complies with all relevant Security Council resolutions.
In addition, it authorizes the President to use the U.S. Armed Forces to (1)
defend U.S. national security against the continuing threat posed by Iraq; and (2)
enforce all relevant Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq. It directs the
President, prior to or as soon as possible (but no later than 48 hours) after exercising
such authority, to make available to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and
the President pro tempore of the Senate his determination that:
(1) reliance on further diplomatic or peaceful means alone will not achieve the
above purposes; and
(2) acting pursuant to this joint resolution is consistent with the United States and
and other countries continuing to take necessary actions against international
terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those who planned, authorized,
committed, or aided the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
It declares that this section is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization for
for use of the armed forces, consistent with the requirements of the War Powers
CRS-21
Resolution. Finally, it requires the President to report to Congress at least every 60
days on matters relevant to this resolution.
The war with Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom) began on March 19, 2003, with an
aerial attack against a location where Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was suspected
to be meeting with top Iraqi officials. U.S. and British troops entered Iraq on March
20, 2003, and while the invasion encountered resistance, particularly in its early
stages, U.S. forces had largely gained control of Baghdad by April 9, 2003. The
northern cities of Kirkuk and Mosul fell shortly afterward, and on April 14, 2003,
U.S.
troops entered Tikrit, Saddam’s birthplace and the last major population center outside
outside coalition control. On April 15, 2003, President Bush declared that “the
regime of
Saddam Hussein is no more.” For more information on Operation Iraqi Freedom, see
CRS Report RL31715, Iraq War: Background and Issues Overview, by Raymond W.
Copson, coordinator.
P.L. 107-243/H.J.Res. 114 Saddam Hussein is no more.”
CRS-42
Congress
107th
Bill and
Title
H.J.Res.
114 (P.L.
107-243)
Description and
Comments
Joint resolution to authorize
the use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq.
October 10, 2002: Measure passed House, 296-133 (roll call vote #455). October 11,
2002: Measure passed Senate, 77-23 (roll call vote #237).
The following material is taken from CQ Weekly, October 5 and 12, 2002.
October 10, 2002: B. Lee amendment that would urge the President to work
through the United Nations to ensure that Iraq is not developing weapons of mass
destruction, and urge the use of peaceful means to resolve the issue, including the
resumption of weapons inspections. Rejected in House, 72-355 (roll call vote #452).
Spratt amendment to authorize the U.S. military to support any new U.N.
Security Council resolution that orders the elimination, by force if required, of Iraq’s
weapons of mass destruction, long-range missiles, and the means of producing such
weapons. The President would be required to seek congressional authority before
using military force against Iraq without such a U.N. resolution. Rejected in House,
155-270 (roll call vote #453).
Kucinich motion to recommit the bill to the House International Relations
Committee with instructions that it be reported back with language that would require
the President, prior to the use of force, to report to Congress on the effect of war with
Iraq, including estimates of its impact on the U.S. economy, Iraqi citizens, and
international stability. Rejected in House, 101-325 (roll call vote #454).
S.J.Res. 45
Joint resolution to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq.
October 9, 2002: McCain motion to table the Graham amendment to the
Lieberman substitute amendment. The Graham amendment would authorize the use
of force against Iraq and five terrorist organizations. It would require the
Administration to report to Congress that diplomatic options have been exhausted no
later than 48 hours after action has begun. The President would be required to report
to Congress at least every 60 days. Agreed to in Senate, 88-10 (roll call vote #231).
CRS-22
October 10, 2002: Byrd amendment to the Lieberman substitute amendment.
The Byrd amendment would provide for the termination of congressional
authorization of the use of force 12 months after the resolution’s enactment, unless the
President certifies that an extension is necessary and Congress does not pass a joint
resolution disapproving of the extension. Rejected in Senate, 31-66 (roll call vote
#232).
Motion to invoke cloture (thus limiting debate) on the Lieberman substitute
amendment that would authorize the use of force against Iraq and require the
Administration to report to Congress that diplomatic options have been exhausted no
later than 48 hours after military action has begun. The President also would be
required to submit a progress report to Congress at least every 60 days. Agreed to in
Senate, 75-25 (roll call vote #233).
Byrd amendment to the Lieberman substitute amendment. The Byrd amendment
would clarify that any authorization of the use of force against Iraq would not alter the
constitutional authority of Congress to declare war. It also would clarify that no
additional authority not directly related to a clear threat of imminent, sudden, and
direct attack on the United States be granted to the President unless Congress
authorizes it. Rejected in Senate, 14-86 (roll call vote #234).
Levin amendment to the Lieberman substitute amendment. The Levin
amendment would authorize the use of force against Iraq if it failed to comply with
a new U.N. resolution that demanded unrestricted access for U.N. weapons inspectors
in Iraq and authorized the use of military force by U.N. members to enforce the
resolution. Congress could return to session at any time to promptly consider
proposals related to Iraq if the U.N. failed to adopt such a resolution. Rejected in
Senate, 24-75 (roll call vote #235).
Durbin amendment to the Lieberman substitute amendment. The Durbin
amendment would authorize the use of military force to cover an “imminent threat”
by Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction, rather than a “continuing threat” by Iraq.
Rejected in Senate, 30-70 (roll call vote #236).
S.Res. 95
A resolution commending the President and the armed forces of the United States
of America in the conflict against Iraq. March 20, 2003: Measure passed Senate, 990. (roll call vote #61).
H.Con.Res. 104
A concurrent resolution expressing the support and appreciation of the nation for
the President and the members of the armed forces who are participating in Operation
Iraqi Freedom. March 21, 2003: Measure passed House, 392-11 (roll call vote #83).
CRS-23
War on Iraq (2003-present)
108th Congress (2003-2004)
Armed Forces against Iraq.
Votes
Measure passed
House
October 10, 2002
296-133
(vote #455)
Measure passed
Senate
October 11, 2002
77-23
(vote #237)
107th
H.Amdt.
608 to
H.J.Res.
114
B. Lee amendment that
would urge the President to
work through the United
Nations to ensure that Iraq
is not developing weapons
of mass destruction, and to
urge the use of peaceful
means to resolve the issue,
including the resumption of
weapons inspections.
Rejected in House
October 10, 2002
72-355
(vote #452)
107th
H.Amdt.
609 to
H.J.Res.
114
Spratt amendment to
authorize the U.S. military
to support any new U.N.
Security Council resolution
that orders the elimination,
by force if required, of
Iraq’s weapons of mass
destruction, long-range
missiles, and the means of
producing such weapons.
The President would be
required to seek
congressional authority
before using military force
against Iraq without such a
U.N. resolution.
Rejected in House
October 10, 2002
155-270
(vote #453)
CRS-43
Congress
Bill and
Title
107th
107th
107th
S.J.Res. 45
Description and
Comments
Votes
Kucinich motion to
recommit the bill to the
House International
Relations Committee with
instructions that it be
reported back with
language that would require
the President, prior to the
use of force, to report to
Congress on the effect of
war with Iraq, including
estimates of its impact on
the U.S. economy, Iraqi
citizens, and international
stability.
Rejected in House
October 10, 2002
101-325
(vote #454)
Joint resolution to authorize
the use of United States
Armed Forces against Iraq.
Indefinitely
postponed by
Senate
October 11, 2002
(unanimous
consent)
McCain motion to table the
Graham amendment
(S.Amdt. 4857) to the
Lieberman substitute
amendment (S.Amdt.
4856). The Graham
amendment would
authorize the use of force
against Iraq and five
terrorist organizations. It
would require the
Administration to report to
Congress that diplomatic
options have been
exhausted no later than 48
hours after action has
begun. The President
would be required to report
to Congress at least every
60 days.
Agreed to in Senate
October 9, 2002
88-1
(vote #231)
CRS-44
Congress
107th
107th
Bill and
Title
Description and
Comments
S.Amdt.
4869 to
S.J.Res. 45
Byrd amendment to the
Lieberman substitute
amendment (S.Amdt.
4856). The Byrd
amendment would provide
for the termination of
congressional authorization
of the use of force 12
months after the
resolution’s enactment,
unless the President
certifies that an extension is
necessary and Congress
does not pass a joint
resolution disapproving of
the extension.
Rejected in Senate
October 10, 2002
31-6
(vote #232)
Motion to invoke cloture
(thus limiting debate) on
the Lieberman substitute
amendment (S.Amdt. 4856)
that would authorize the use
of force against Iraq and
require the Administration
to report to Congress that
diplomatic options have
been exhausted no later
than 48 hours after military
action has begun. The
President also would be
required to submit a
progress report to Congress
at least every 60 days.
Agreed to in Senate
October 10, 2002
75-25
(vote #233)
Votes
CRS-45
Bill and
Title
Description and
Comments
107th
S.Amdt.
4868 to
S.J.Res. 45
Byrd amendment to the
Lieberman substitute
amendment (S.Amdt.
4856). The Byrd
amendment would clarify
that any authorization of the
use of force against Iraq
would not alter the
constitutional authority of
Congress to declare war. It
also would clarify that no
additional authority not
directly related to a clear
threat of imminent, sudden,
and direct attack on the
United States be granted to
the President unless
Congress authorizes it.
Rejected in Senate
October 10, 2002
14-86
(vote #234)
107th
S.Amdt.
4862 to
S.J.Res. 45
Levin amendment to the
Lieberman substitute
amendment (S.Amdt.
4856). The Levin
amendment would
authorize the use of force
against Iraq if it failed to
comply with a new U.N.
resolution that demanded
unrestricted access for U.N.
weapons inspectors in Iraq
and authorized the use of
military force by U.N.
members to enforce the
resolution. Congress could
return to session at any time
to promptly consider
proposals related to Iraq if
the U.N. failed to adopt
such a resolution.
Rejected in Senate
October 10, 2002
24-75
(vote #235)
Congress
Votes
CRS-46
Bill and
Title
Description and
Comments
107th
S.Amdt.
4865 to
S.J.Res. 45
Durbin amendment to the
Lieberman substitute
amendment (S.Amdt.
4856). The Durbin
amendment would
authorize the use of military
force to cover an “imminent
threat” by Iraq’s weapons of
mass destruction, rather
than a “continuing threat”
by Iraq.
Rejected in Senate
October 10, 2002
30-70
(vote #236)
108th
S.Res. 95
A resolution commending
the President and the armed
forces of the United States
of America in the conflict
against Iraq.
Measure passed
Senate
March 20, 2003
99-0
(vote #61)
108th
H.Con.Res.
104
A concurrent resolution
expressing the support and
appreciation of the nation
for the President and the
members of the armed
forces who are participating
in Operation Iraqi Freedom.
Measure passed
House
March 21, 2003
392-11
(vote #83)
Congress
Votes
War on Iraq (2003-present)
On March 25, 2003, President Bush requested $74.8 billion in the FY2003
Emergency Supplemental for the ongoing military operations in Iraq, postwar
occupation, reconstruction and relief in Iraq, and international assistance to countries
contributing to the war in Iraq or the global war on terrorism. The cost of the
continued U.S. presence in Afghanistan and additional funds for homeland security
were also included. H.R. 1559, enacted into law as P.L. 108-11 on April 16, 2003,
provided $78.49 billion in funding for these purposes. The Senate passed H.R. 1559
in lieu of its version, S. 762, by unanimous consent.
On September 17, 2003, President Bush formally requested an additional $87
billion for the ongoing military operations and for reconstruction assistance in Iraq,
Afghanistan, and elsewhere. H.R. 3289 (FY2004 supplemental appropriations for
Iraq, Afghanistan, and the global war on terrorism) was enacted into law as P.L. 108106 on November 6, 2003, providing $87.5 billion in funding. The House approved
the conference agreement by a roll call vote on October 31, 2003, and the Senate
approved the conference agreement by voice vote on November 3, 2003. Earlier, on
October 17, 2003, the Senate had approved its own version of the measure, S. 1689,
but vitiated its passage and returned the bill to the Senate Calendar.
House Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments.
P.L. 108-11/H.R. 1559
A bill making emergency wartime supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year
ending September 30, 2003, and for other purposes. April 3, 2003: Measure passed
House, 414-12 (roll call vote #108). April 7, 2003: Measure passed Senate in lieu of
S. 762 by unanimous consent. April 12, 2003: House agreed to conference report
(voice vote). April 12, 2003: Senate agreed to conference report by unanimous
consent.
P.L. 108-106/H.R. 3289
A bill making emergency supplemental appropriations for defense and for the
reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2004,
and for other purposes. October 17, 2003: Measure passed House, 303-125 (roll call
vote #562). October 17, 2003: Measure passed Senate with an amendment by
unanimous consent. October 31, 2003: House agreed to conference report, 298-11
(roll call vote #601). November 3, 2003: Senate agreed to conference report by voice
vote.
October 16, 2003: Hastings motion to order the previous question (thus ending
debate and possibility of amendment) on adoption of the rule (H.Res. 396) to provide
for House floor consideration of H.R. 3289. Motion agreed to in House, 221-202, 1
Present (roll call vote #544).
Obey amendment to require that half of all reconstruction aid to Iraq be in the
form of loans. Rejected in House, 200-226 (roll call vote #546).
CRS-24
Obey amendment to transfer $3.6 billion in Iraq reconstruction funds for quality
of life enhancements for U.S. service members. Rejected in House, 209-216 (roll call
vote #547).
Waxman amendment to reduce Iraqi reconstruction funds in the bill by $250
million. Rejected in House, 197-224 (roll call vote #548).
Kirk amendment to strike the provision of the bill that would allow
noncompetitive contracts to be reported to Congress seven days after the contract has
been awarded in certain circumstances; executive agencies would be required to
inform Congress of “no-bid” contracts before they are offered. Adopted in House,
405-20 (roll call vote #549).
Holt amendment to strike $900 million from the bill for importing petroleum
products into Iraq. Rejected in House, 169-256 (roll call vote #551).
Loretta Sanchez amendment to bar the Secretary of Defense from carrying out
military construction projects in excess of $1.5 million outside Iraq without prior
notification to Congress. Rejected in House, 128-295 (roll call vote #552).
October 17, 2003: Kind amendment to reduce reconstruction funds for Iraq in
the bill by 50%. Rejected in House, 156-267, 1 Present (roll call vote #553).
Stupak amendment to increase military pay in the bill by $265 million to cover
$1,500 bonuses for each service member in Iraq and Afghanistan in FY2004.
Rejected in House, 213-213 (roll call vote # 554).
Sherman amendment to require normal competitive bidding procedures for all
government contracts relating to Iraq’s oil infrastructure. Agreed to in House, 248179 (roll call vote #557).
Hastings motion to order the previous question (thus ending debate and the
possibility of amendment) on adoption of the rule (H.Res. 401) to provide for further
House floor consideration of H.R. 3289. Agreed to in House, 221-199, 1 Present (roll
call vote #559).
Adoption of the rule (H.Res. 401) to provide for further consideration of H.R.
3289. Agreed to in House, 221-201 (roll call vote #560).
October 21, 2003: Obey motion to instruct House conferees to insist on
provisions in the Senate bill that would structure $10 billion of the $20.3 billion in
reconstruction aid to Iraq in the form of loans subject to certain conditions (and for
other purposes). Motion agreed to in House, 277-139 (roll call vote #567).
October 30, 2003: Adoption of the rule (H.Res. 421) to waive the two-thirds
vote requirement for same day consideration of the rule (H.Res. 424) providing or
House floor consideration of the conference report on H.R. 3289. Agreed to in House,
217-197 (roll call vote #597).
CRS-25
Obey motion to recommit the conference report to the conference committee with
instructions that it be reported back to the House with provisions that would put half
the reconstruction aid to Iraq in the form of loans (and for other purposes). Motion
rejected in the House, 198-221, (roll call vote #600).
H.Res. 557
Commends the members of the U.S. Armed Forces and Coalition forces for
liberating Iraq and expresses its gratitude for their valiant service. March 17, 2004:
Agreed to in House, 327-93, 7 Present (roll call vote #64).
H.Res. 627
Expresses deep appreciation to the members of the Armed Forces who have
selflessly served, or are so serving, in Operation Iraqi Freedom. May 6, 2004:
Agreed to in House, 365-50 (roll call vote #150).
H.Res. 691
Expresses gratitude to the U.S. armed forces for their ongoing valiant service to
their country; offers continued support to the U.S. armed forces; and reaffirms that the
U.S. armed forces operating in Iraq after June 30, 2004, will remain under the full
authority and control of their American commanders. June 25, 2004: Agreed to in
House, 352-57 (roll call vote #319).
H.R. 4613/P.L. 108-287
Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2005. Appropriates additional
funds, to be designated for overseas contingency operations, to DOD for military
personnel, operation and maintenance, and procurement (including National Guard
and reserve equipment). July 22, 2004: Agreed to in House, 410-12 (roll call vote
#418); July 22, 2004: Agreed to in Senate, 96-0 (roll call vote #163).
June 24, 2004: Byrd amendment (S.Amdt. 3502) to H.R. 4613. Expresses the
sense of the Senate that any request for funds for a fiscal year for an ongoing military
operation overseas, including operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, should be included
in the annual budget of the President; and that any funds provided for such a military
operation should be provided in appropriations Acts for such fiscal year through
appropriations to specific accounts set forth in such Acts. Agreed to in Senate, 89-9
(roll call vote #147).
H.R. 4200/P.L. 108-375
Ronald W. Reagan national Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005.
Authorizes the Secretary of Defense, during FY2005 through 2009, to increase, by up
to 30,000 for the Army and 9,000 for the Marine Corps, the end strength authorized
to support operational missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Authorizes, during FY2005,
the use of up to $300 million from DOD O&M funds to provide funds for the
Commanders’ Emergency Response Program for enabling military commanders in
Iraq to respond to urgent humanitarian relief and reconstruction requirements, and for
a similar program to assist the people of Afghanistan. October 10, 2004: Agreed to
in House, 359-14 (roll call vote #528).
CRS-26
Senate Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments.
S. 762
An original bill making supplemental appropriations to support Department of
Defense operations in Iraq, Department of Homeland Security, and related efforts for
the fiscal year ending September 30, 2003, and for other purposes. April 3, 2003:
Measure passed Senate, 93-0 (roll call vote #125).
The following vote descriptions are taken from the Congressional Quarterly
website at [http://www.cq.com].
Cochran motion to table the Hollings amendment that would express the sense
of the Senate that the President should submit a report to the Senate Finance
Committee on a plan to raise revenues to offset the funds in the bill spent on the war
with Iraq. Motion agreed to in Senate, 79-18 (roll call vote #121).
Kohl amendment to appropriate $600 million for food assistance to the people
of Iraq. Agreed to in Senate, 67-26 (roll call vote #124).
S. 1689
An original bill making emergency supplemental appropriations for Iraq and
Afghanistan security and reconstruction for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2004,
and for other purposes. October 17, 2003: Measure passed Senate, 87-12 (roll call
vote #400).
October 1, 2003: Byrd amendment to eliminate $15.2 billion of the $20.3 billion
allocated for Iraqi reconstruction efforts. The remaining $5.1 billion would be used
for security, including public safety requirement, national security, and justice
purposes. Rejected in Senate, 38-59 (roll call vote #371).
October 2, 2003: McConnell amendment that expresses the sense of the Senate
thanking U.S. troops serving in Iraq and Afghanistan and extending condolences to
the families of those who have been killed or injured. Agreed to in Senate, 98-1 (roll
call vote #372).
Stevens motion to table the Biden amendment that would offset Iraqi
reconstruction costs by eliminating income tax cuts enacted in 2001 for the top 1
percent of earners. Motion agreed to in Senate, 57-42 (roll call vote #373).
Stevens motion to table the Leahy amendment that would remove the Coalition
Provisional Authority in Iraq from Defense Department control and place it under the
jurisdiction of the State Department within 60 days after the bill’s enactment. Motion
agreed to in Senate, 56-42 (roll call vote #374).
Stevens motion to table the Dodd amendment that would add $322 million to the
bill’s spending on battlefield clearance and safety equipment for U.S. troops in Iraq.
The money would be offset by a reduction in Iraqi reconstruction funds. Motion
agreed to in Senate, 49-37 (roll call vote #376).
CRS-27
October 14, 2003: Division I of the Bingaman amendment that would authorize
the Defense Department to award the Iraqi Liberation Medal to any person who served
in any capacity in the armed forces in Southwest Asia in connection with “Operation
Iraqi Freedom.” Rejected in Senate, 47-48 (roll call vote #378).
Stevens motion to table the Stabenow amendment that would reduce the amount
provided for Iraqi reconstruction by $5.03 billion, and redirect that funding for
domestic programs. Also would express the sense of the Senate that Congress should
consider an additional $5.03 billion in funding for Iraqi reconstruction during the
fiscal 2005 budget and appropriations process. Motion agreed to in Senate, 59-35
(roll call vote #379).
Stevens motion to table the Dorgan amendment that would strike $20.3 billion
in appropriations for Iraqi reconstruction funds and require the President to direct the
head of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq to establish an Iraq Reconstruction
Finance Authority. Motion agreed to in Senate, 57-39 (roll call vote #380).
October 15, 2003: Stevens motion to table the Reed amendment that would
authorize an additional 10,000 in Army personnel. Additional personnel would be
required to be trained, incorporated into an appropriate force structure, and used for
constabulary duty such as military police and light infantry. It would also require that
$409 million be made available from the Iraqi Freedom Fund to fund the additional
personnel. Motion rejected in Senate, 45-52 (roll call vote #382).
Byrd amendment to require the Coalition Provisional Authority to report to
Congress quarterly on the costs related to reconstruction activities and the revenue
provided by foreign nations and international organizations. It would also require the
Comptroller General to conduct an ongoing audit of the Coalition Provisional
Authority to evaluate the reconstruction and security activities in Iraq. Agreed to in
Senate, 97-0 (roll call vote #383).
Graham amendment to express the sense of Congress that the removal of the
government of Iraq under Saddam Hussein has enhanced the security of Israel and
other U.S. allies. Agreed to in Senate, 95-2 (roll call vote #384).
October 16, 2003: Stevens motion to table the Byrd amendment that would
appropriate $5.1 billion in security funding immediately and up to $5 billion for Iraqi
reconstruction funding before April 1. The remaining $10.2 billion in reconstruction
funding could be released after April 1 as part of a separate appropriations bill — but
only if the United Nations had adopted a new resolution authorizing a multinational
military force under U.S. leadership in Iraq, with U.N. leadership in political and
economic reconstruction. The President would also be required to provide a detailed
reconstruction plan that includes an estimated schedule for the transfer of sovereignty
to the Iraqi people and the withdrawal of troops. Motion agreed to in Senate, 57-42
(roll call vote #385).
Stevens motion to table the Lautenberg amendment that would prohibit the use
of Iraqi reconstruction funds for any contact or financial agreement with an entity that
pays deferred compensation to the President, Vice President, or a Cabinet-level
official, or any entity in which the President, Vice President, or Cabinet-level official
CRS-28
holds options to purchase more than 1,000 shares of stock. Motion agreed to in
Senate, 65-34 (roll call vote #386).
McConnell amendment to express the sense of the Senate that the Secretary of
Defense should issue necessary regulations to implement and begin awarding the
Global War on Terrorism Medal to members of the armed forces serving in Operation
Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Noble Eagle. Agreed to
in Senate, 97-1 (roll call vote #387).
Nickles amendment to express the sense of the Senate that all countries that hold
debt from loans for the former Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein should be urged to
forgive their debt. Agreed to in Senate, 98-0 (roll call vote #388).
Bayh amendment to provide a total of $10.3 billion as a grant to rebuild Iraq,
including $5.1 billion for security and $5.2 billion for reconstruction costs. The
remaining $10 billion would be structured as a loan to be converted to a grant if 90%
of all bilateral debt incurred by the former Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein has been
forgiven by other countries (and for other related purposes). Agreed to in Senate, 5147 (roll call vote #389).
October 17, 2003: Durbin amendment to require that a federal employee who
takes leave without pay in order to perform certain service as a member of the
uniformed service or the National Guard, be reimbursed for the difference between
their salary and the pay and allowances they receive while on duty. Agreed to in
Senate, 96-3 (roll call vote #390).
Stevens motion to table the Daschle amendment that would require the President
to certify that future appropriations which exceed the amount in the bill are equal to
or exceeded by contributions by the international community. The requirement could
be waived if the President provides a report to Congress that determines the funding
is in the national security interests of the United States. Motion agreed to in Senate,
55-44 (roll call vote #391).
Stevens motion to table the Landrieu amendment that would require the President
to direct the head of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq to establish an Iraq
Reconstruction Finance Authority. The Authority would be required to obtain
financing for the reconstruction of Iraq’s infrastructure through the issuance of
securities and loans and by collateralizing future revenue from its oil reserves. Motion
agreed to in Senate, 52-47 (roll call vote #392).
Boxer amendment to reimburse service members who paid for meals while
hospitalized as a result of injuries or illness while in combat or training since
September 11, 2001. Agreed to in Senate, 99-0 (roll call vote #393).
Stevens motion to table the Corzine amendment that would establish a 12member independent, bipartisan commission to examine and report on the role of
policy makers in the development and use of intelligence related to Iraq and Operation
Iraqi Freedom. The amendment would authorize $5 million for the commission.
Motion agreed to in Senate, 67-32 (roll call vote #395).
CRS-29
Stevens motion to table the Byrd amendment that would limit the use of
reconstruction funds for certain programs and projects, reduce reconstruction funding
by $1.65 billion, and reallocate the funds to other purposes such as destroying
conventional weapons in Iraq and accelerating reconstruction in Afghanistan. Motion
agreed to in Senate, 51-47 (roll call vote #396).
Stevens motion to table the Byrd amendment that would prohibit the use of funds
in the bill for the involuntary deployment overseas for Operation Iraqi Freedom of
members of the National Guard and Reserves who have been involuntarily deployed
for six months or more during the past six years. Motion agreed to in Senate, 82-15
(roll call vote #397).
Stevens motion to table the Byrd amendment that would strike a provision in the
bill that allows the President to reallocate funds for the reconstruction of Iraq and
insert a provision that would require the President to seek additional funding in
subsequent appropriations bills. Motion agreed to in Senate, 49-46 (roll call vote
#398).
Stevens motion to table the Brownback amendment that would decrease the
amount in the bill for Iraqi reconstruction by $600 million and increase the amount
available to the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps by $50 million (and for other purposes).
Motion agreed to in Senate, 55-43 (roll call vote #399).
S. 2400/P.L. 108-375
Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005.
Authorizes the Secretary, during FY2005 through 2009, to increase as necessary by
up to 30,000 the end strength authorized for the Army to support the Army’s
operational mission in Iraq and Afghanistan and to achieve Army transformational
reorganization objectives. Requires a fiscal year’s budget to be amended to reflect any
such increase. Authorizes supplemental appropriations of $25 billion for DOD for
FY2005, to be available only for activities in support of operations in Iraq and
Afghanistan. Allocates such funds among specified military department and
defense-wide accounts. Allows such authorization only to the extent that a budget
request is transmitted from the President to Congress that includes a designation of the
requested amount as an emergency and essential to support activities in such
countries. Provides certain transfer authority limits. Directs the Secretary to report
monthly to the defense and appropriations committees on the use of such authorized
funds. June 23, 2004: Agreed to in Senate, 97-0 (roll call vote #146).
June 2, 2004: Warner amendment (S.Amdt. 3260) to S. 2400. Authorized to be
appropriated for the Department of Defense for FY2005, $25,000,000,000, to be
available only for activities in support of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Agreed
to in Senate, 95-0 (roll call vote #106).
June 17, 2004: Biden amendment (S.Amdt. 3379) to S. 2400. To provide funds
for the security and stabilization of Iraq by suspending a portion of the reduction in
the highest income tax rate for individual taxpayers. Rejected by Senate, 44-53 (roll
call vote #130).
CRS-30
109th Congress (2005-2006)
House Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments.
H.R. 1268/P.L. 109-13
FY2005 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq and Afghanistan, Tsunami Relief,
and Other Activities. Provides funds for ongoing military operations in Iraq and
Afghanistan. Expresses the sense of the Senate that (1) any request for funds for a
fiscal year after 2006 for an ongoing military operation overseas, including those in
Afghanistan and Iraq, should be included in the annual budget of the President
submitted to Congress; (2) the President should submit to Congress an amendment to
the 2006 budget setting forth detailed cost estimates for such operations; and (3) any
funds for such purposes should be provided in appropriations Acts through
appropriations to specific accounts. Requires additional information concerning such
operations, including Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom, to be included
in reports required under both the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for
Defense and for the Reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan, 2004, and the
Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2005. May 5, 2005: Conference report
agreed to in House, 368-58, 1 Present (roll call vote #161); May 10, 2005:
Conference report agreed to in Senate, 100-0 (roll call vote #117).
April 18, 2005: Byrd amendment (S.Amdt. 464) to H.R. 1268 (Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and
Tsunami Relief, 2005). States that it is the sense of the Senate that any request for
funds for a fiscal year after FY2006 for an ongoing military operation overseas,
including operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, should be included in the President’s
annual budget. Agreed to in the Senate, 61-31 (roll call vote #96).
H.R. 1815
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006. H.Amdt. 214
(Woolsey). Expresses the sense of Congress that the President should develop a plan
for the withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Iraq and submit this plan to the
congressional defense committees. May 25, 2005: Rejected in House, 128-300 (roll
call vote #220).
H.Res. 383
Commends U.S. and coalition forces for liberating the Iraqi people from the
repressive regime of Saddam Hussein and for their ongoing efforts in support of Iraq’s
freedom and stability. July 27, 2005: Agreed to in House, 426-0 (roll call vote #438).
H.Res. 571
Expresses the sense of the House of Representatives that the deployment of U.S.
forces in Iraq be terminated immediately. November 18, 2005: Rejected in House,
3-403 (roll call vote #608).
H.Res. 612
Expresses the commitment of the House of Representatives to achieving victory
in Iraq. December 16, 2005: Agreed to in House, 279-109, 34 Present (roll call vote
#648).
CRS-31
H.R. 2863
Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2006. Additional War-Related
Appropriations: Appropriates additional funds, to be designated for contingency
operations related to the global war on terrorism. Authorizes amounts for operations
in Iraq and Afghanistan to be used for the purchase of heavy and light armored
vehicles. Allows O&M funds appropriated in this title to be used to provide supplies,
services, transportation, and other logistical support to coalition forces supporting
military and stability operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. December 19, 2005: Agreed
to in House, 308-106, 2 Present (roll call vote #669 ); December 21, 2005: Agreed
to in Senate, 93-0 (roll call vote #366).
Senate Resolutions, Bills, and Amendments.
S. 1042
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006. Authorizes emergency
supplemental appropriations to DOD for FY2006 for operations in Iraq, Afghanistan,
and the global war on terrorism. November 15, 2005: Passed in Senate, 98-0 (roll
call vote #326).
November 15, 2005: Warner amendment (S.Amdt. 2518) to S. 1042. To clarify
and recommend changes to the policy of the United States on Iraq. States that
calendar year 2006 should be a period of significant transition to full Iraqi sovereignty,
with Iraqi security forces taking the lead for the security of a free and sovereign Iraq,
thereby creating the conditions for the phased redeployment of United States forces
from Iraq, and that United States military forces should not stay in Iraq any longer
than required. Agreed to in Senate, 79-19 (roll call vote #323).
Levin amendment (S.Amdt. 2519) to S. 1042. To clarify and recommend
changes to the policy of the United States on Iraq. States that calendar year 2006
should be a period of significant transition to full Iraqi sovereignty, with Iraqi security
forces taking the lead for the security of a free and sovereign Iraq, thereby creating the
conditions for the phased redeployment of United States forces from Iraq, and that
United States military forces should not stay in Iraq indefinitely. Rejected in Senate,
40-58 (roll call vote #322).
CRS-32
Sources Consulted
Congressional Quarterly, Inc. [http://www.cq.com]
Congressional Quarterly Almanac. Washington, CQ Press. Annual.
CQ Weekly. Washington, CQ Press. Various issues.
CRS Issue Brief IB81050. The War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance, by
Richard F. Grimmett.
CRS Report RL32170. Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad,
1798-2004, by Richard F. Grimmett.
CRS Report RL32267. The War Powers Resolution: After Thirty Years, by Richard
F. Grimmett.
CRS Report RL31829. Supplemental Appropriations FY2003: Iraq Conflict,
Afghanistan, Global War on Terrorism, and Homeland Security, by Amy
Belasco and Larry Nowels.
CRS Report RL32090. FY2004 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq, Afghanistan,
and the Global War on Terrorism: Military Operations and Reconstruction
Assistance, by Stephen Daggett, Larry Nowels, Curt Tarnoff, and Rhoda
Margesson.
CRS Report RL32783. FY2005 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq and
Afghanistan, Tsunami Relief, and Other Activities, by Amy Belasco and Larry
CRS-47
Congress
108th
Bill and Title
H.R. 1559
(P.L. 108-11)
Emergency
Wartime
Supplemental
Appropriations
Act, 2003
Description and
Comments
A bill making emergency
wartime supplemental
appropriations for the
fiscal year ending
September 30, 2003, and
for other purposes.
Votes
Measure passed
House
April 3, 2003
414-12
(vote #108)
Measure passed
Senate in lieu of
S. 762
April 7, 2003
(unanimous
consent)
House agreed to
conference report
April 12, 2003
(voice vote)
Senate agreed to
conference report
April 12, 2003
(unanimous
consent)
108th
S. 762
Supplemental
Appropriations
Act to Support
Department of
Defense
Operations in
Iraq for Fiscal
Year 2003
An original bill making
supplemental
appropriations to support
Department of Defense
operations in Iraq,
Department of Homeland
Security, and related
efforts for the fiscal year
ending September 30,
2003, and for other
purposes.
Measure passed
Senate
April 3, 2003
93-0
(vote #125)
CRS-48
Congress
Bill and Title
108th
Description and
Comments
Votes
Cochran motion to table
the Hollings amendment
(S.Amdt. 479)that would
express the sense of the
Senate that the President
should submit a report to
the Senate Finance
Committee on a plan to
raise revenues to offset the
funds in the bill spent on
the war with Iraq.
Motion agreed to
in Senate
April 3, 2003
79-18
(vote #121)
108th
S.Amdt. 455 to
S. 762
Kohl amendment to
appropriate $600 million
for food assistance to the
people of Iraq.
Agreed to in
Senate
April 3, 2003
67-26
(vote #124)
108th
H.R. 3289
(P.L. 108-106)
Emergency
Supplemental
Appropriations
Act for Defense
and for the
Reconstruction
of Iraq and
Afghanistan,
2004
A bill making emergency
supplemental
appropriations for defense
and for the reconstruction
of Iraq and Afghanistan
for the fiscal year ending
September 30, 2004, and
for other purposes.
Measure passed
House
October 17, 2003
303-125
(vote #562)
Measure passed
Senate with an
amendment
October 17, 2003
(unanimous
consent)
House agreed to
conference report
October 31, 2003
298-11
(vote #601)
Senate agreed to
conference report
November 3,
2003
(voice vote)
CRS-49
Congress
Bill and Title
108th
Description and
Comments
Votes
Hastings motion to order
the previous question
(thus ending debate and
possibility of amendment)
on adoption of the rule
(H.Res. 396) to provide
for House floor
consideration of H.R.
3289.
Motion agreed to
in House
October 16, 2003
221-202, 1
Present
(vote #544)
108th
H.Amdt. 409 to
H.R. 3289
Obey amendment to
require that half of all
reconstruction aid to Iraq
be in the form of loans.
Rejected in
House
October 16, 2003
200-226
(vote #546)
108th
H.Amdt. 407 to
H.R. 3289
Obey amendment to
transfer $3.6 billion in
Iraq reconstruction funds
for quality of life
enhancements for U.S.
service members.
Rejected in
House
October 16, 2003
209-216
(vote #547)
108th
H.Amdt. 4109
to H.R. 3289
Waxman amendment to
reduce Iraqi
reconstruction funds in the
bill by $250 million.
Rejected in
House
October 16, 2003
197-224
(vote #548)
108th
H.Amdt. 411 to
H.R. 3289
Kirk amendment to strike
the provision of the bill
that would allow
noncompetitive contracts
to be reported to Congress
seven days after the
contract has been awarded
in certain circumstances;
executive agencies would
be required to inform
Congress of “no-bid”
contracts before they are
offered.
Adopted in
House
October 16, 2003
405-20
(vote #549)
108th
H.Amdt. 415 to
H.R. 3289
Holt amendment to strike
$900 million from the bill
for importing petroleum
products into Iraq.
Rejected in
House
October 16, 2003
169-256
(vote #551)
CRS-50
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
108th
H.Amdt. 421 to
H.R. 3289
Loretta Sanchez
amendment to bar the
Secretary of Defense from
carrying out military
construction projects in
excess of $1.5 million
outside Iraq without prior
notification to Congress.
Rejected in
House
October 16, 2003
128-295
(vote #552)
108th
H.Amdt. 422 to
H.R. 3289
Kind amendment to
reduce reconstruction
funds for Iraq in the bill
by 50%.
Rejected in
House
October 17, 2003
156-267, 1
Present (vote
#553)
108th
H.Amdt. 423 to
H.R. 3289
Stupak amendment to
increase military pay in
the bill by $265 million to
cover $1,500 bonuses for
each service member in
Iraq and Afghanistan in
FY2004.
Rejected in
House
October 17, 2003
213-213
(vote # 554)
108th
H.Amdt. 431 to
H.R. 3289
Sherman amendment to
require normal
competitive bidding
procedures for all
government contracts
relating to Iraq’s oil
infrastructure.
Agreed to in
House
October 17, 2003
248-179
(vote #557)
108th
H.R. 3289
Obey motion to instruct
House conferees to insist
on provisions in the
Senate bill that would
structure $10 billion of the
$20.3 billion in
reconstruction aid to Iraq
in the form of loans
subject to certain
conditions (and for other
purposes).
Motion agreed to
in House
October 21, 2003
277-139
(vote #567)
CRS-51
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
108th
H.R. 3289
Obey motion to recommit
the conference report to
the conference committee
with instructions that it be
reported back to the
House with provisions
that would put half the
reconstruction aid to Iraq
in the form of loans (and
for other purposes).
Motion rejected
in the House
October 31, 2003
198-221
(vote #600)
108th
S. 1689
Emergency
Supplemental
Appropriations
for Iraq and
Afghanistan
Security and
Reconstruction
Act, 2004
An original bill making
emergency supplemental
appropriations for Iraq and
Afghanistan security and
reconstruction for the
fiscal year ending
September 30, 2004, and
for other purposes.
Measure passed
Senate
October 17, 2003
87-12
(vote #400)
108th
S.Amdt. 1794 to
S. 1689
Byrd amendment to
eliminate $15.2 billion of
the $20.3 billion allocated
for Iraqi reconstruction
efforts. The remaining
$5.1 billion would be used
for security, including
public safety requirement,
national security, and
justice purposes.
Rejected in
Senate
October 1, 2003
38-59
(vote #371)
108th
S.Amdt. 1795 to
S. 1689
McConnell amendment
that expresses the sense of
the Senate thanking U.S.
troops serving in Iraq and
Afghanistan and
extending condolences to
the families of those who
have been killed or
injured.
Agreed to in
Senate
October 2, 2003
98-1
(vote #372)
CRS-52
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
108th
Stevens motion to table
the Biden amendment
(S.Amdt. 1796) that
would offset Iraqi
reconstruction costs by
eliminating income tax
cuts enacted in 2001 for
the top 1% of earners.
Motion agreed to
in Senate
October 2, 2003
57-42
(vote #373)
108th
Stevens motion to table
the Leahy amendment
(S.Amdt. 1803) that
would remove the
Coalition Provisional
Authority in Iraq from
Defense Department
control and place it under
the jurisdiction of the
State Department within
60 days after the bill’s
enactment.
Motion agreed to
in Senate
October 2, 2003
56-42
(vote #374)
108th
Stevens motion to table
the Dodd amendment
(S.Amdt. 1817) that
would add $322 million to
the bill’s spending on
battlefield clearance and
safety equipment for U.S.
troops in Iraq. The money
would be offset by a
reduction in Iraqi
reconstruction funds.
Motion agreed to
in Senate
October 2, 2003
49-37
(vote #376)
108th
Division I of the
Bingaman amendment
(S.Amdt. 1830) that
would authorize the
Defense Department to
award the Iraqi Liberation
Medal to any person who
served in any capacity in
the armed forces in
Southwest Asia in
connection with
“Operation Iraqi
Freedom.”
Rejected in
Senate
October 14, 2003
47-48
(vote #378)
CRS-53
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
108th
Stevens motion to table
the Stabenow amendment
(S.Amdt. 1823) that
would reduce the amount
provided for Iraqi
reconstruction by $5.03
billion and redirect that
funding for domestic
programs. Also would
express the sense of the
Senate that Congress
should consider an
additional $5.03 billion in
funding for Iraqi
reconstruction during the
fiscal 2005 budget and
appropriations process.
Motion agreed to
in Senate
October 14, 2003
59-35
(vote #379)
108th
Stevens motion to table
the Dorgan amendment
(S.Amdt. 1826) that
would strike $20.3 billion
in appropriations for Iraqi
reconstruction funds and
require the President to
direct the head of the
Coalition Provisional
Authority in Iraq to
establish an Iraq
Reconstruction Finance
Authority.
Motion agreed to
in Senate
October 14, 2003
57-39
(vote #380)
CRS-54
Congress
Bill and Title
108th
Description and
Comments
Votes
Stevens motion to table
the Reed amendment
(S.Amdt. 1834) that
would authorize an
additional 10,000 in Army
personnel. Additional
personnel would be
required to be trained,
incorporated into an
appropriate force
structure, and used for
constabulary duty such as
military police and light
infantry. It would also
require that $409 million
be made available from
the Iraqi Freedom Fund to
fund the additional
personnel.
Motion rejected
in Senate
October 14, 2003
45-52
(vote #382)
108th
S.Amdt. 1846 to
S. 1689
Byrd amendment to
require the Coalition
Provisional Authority to
report to Congress
quarterly on the costs
related to reconstruction
activities and the revenue
provided by foreign
nations and international
organizations. It would
also require the
Comptroller General to
conduct an ongoing audit
of the Coalition
Provisional Authority to
evaluate the
reconstruction and
security activities in Iraq.
Agreed to in
Senate
October 15, 2003
97-0
(vote #383)
108th
S.Amdt. 1806 to
S. 1689
Graham amendment to
express the sense of
Congress that the removal
of the government of Iraq
under Saddam Hussein
has enhanced the security
of Israel and other U.S.
allies.
Agreed to in
Senate
October 15, 2003
95-2
(vote #384)
CRS-55
Congress
108th
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Stevens motion to table
the Byrd amendment
(S.Amdt. 1818) that
would appropriate $5.1
billion in security funding
immediately and up to $5
billion for Iraqi
reconstruction funding
before April 1. The
remaining $10.2 billion in
reconstruction funding
could be released after
April 1 as part of a
separate appropriations
bill — but only if the
United Nations had
adopted a new resolution
authorizing a
multinational military
force under U.S.
leadership in Iraq, with
U.N. leadership in
political and economic
reconstruction. The
President would also be
required to provide a
detailed reconstruction
plan that includes an
estimated schedule for the
transfer of sovereignty to
the Iraqi people and the
withdrawal of troops.
Votes
Motion agreed to
in Senate
October 16, 2003
57-42
(vote #385)
CRS-56
Congress
Bill and Title
108th
Description and
Comments
Votes
Stevens motion to table
the Lautenberg
amendment (S.Amdt.
1868) that would prohibit
the use of Iraqi
reconstruction funds for
any contact or financial
agreement with an entity
that pays deferred
compensation to the
President, Vice President,
or a Cabinet-level official,
or any entity in which the
President, Vice President,
or Cabinet-level official
holds options to purchase
more than 1,000 shares of
stock.
Motion agreed to
in Senate
October 16, 2003
65-34
(vote #386)
108th
S.Amdt. 1874 to
S. 1689
McConnell amendment to
express the sense of the
Senate that the Secretary
of Defense should issue
necessary regulations to
implement and begin
awarding the Global War
on Terrorism Medal to
members of the armed
forces serving in
Operation Iraqi Freedom,
Operation Enduring
Freedom, and Operation
Noble Eagle.
Agreed to in
Senate
October 16, 2003
97-1
(vote #387)
108th
S.Amdt. 1876 to
S. 1689
Nickles amendment to
express the sense of the
Senate that all countries
that hold debt from loans
for the former Iraqi regime
of Saddam Hussein should
be urged to forgive their
debt.
Agreed to in
Senate
October 16, 2003
98-0
(vote #388)
CRS-57
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
108th
S.Amdt. 1871 to
S. 1689
Bayh amendment to
provide a total of $10.3
billion as a grant to
rebuild Iraq, including
$5.1 billion for security
and $5.2 billion for
reconstruction costs. The
remaining $10 billion
would be structured as a
loan to be converted to a
grant if 90% of all
bilateral debt incurred by
the former Iraqi regime of
Saddam Hussein has been
forgiven by other
countries (and for other
related purposes).
Agreed to in
Senate
October 16, 2003
51-47
(vote #389)
108th
S.Amdt. 1837 to
S. 1689
Durbin amendment to
require that a federal
employee who takes leave
without pay in order to
perform certain service as
a member of the
uniformed service or the
National Guard, be
reimbursed for the
difference between their
salary and the pay and
allowances they receive
while on duty.
Agreed to in
Senate
October 17, 2003
96-3
(vote #390)
CRS-58
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
108th
Stevens motion to table
the Daschle amendment
(S.Amdt. 1854) that
would require the
President to certify that
future appropriations
which exceed the amount
in the bill are equal to or
exceeded by contributions
by the international
community. The
requirement could be
waived if the President
provides a report to
Congress that determines
the funding is in the
national security interests
of the United States.
Motion agreed to
in Senate
October 17, 2003
55-44
(vote #391)
108th
Stevens motion to table
the Landrieu amendment
(S.Amdt. 1859) that
would require the
President to direct the
head of the Coalition
Provisional Authority in
Iraq to establish an Iraq
Reconstruction Finance
Authority. The Authority
would be required to
obtain financing for the
reconstruction of Iraq’s
infrastructure through the
issuance of securities and
loans and by
collateralizing future
revenue from its oil
reserves.
Motion agreed to
in Senate
October 17, 2003
52-47
(vote #392)
Boxer amendment to
reimburse service
members who paid for
meals while hospitalized
as a result of injuries or
illness while in combat or
training since September
11, 2001.
Agreed to in
Senate
October 17, 2003
99-0
(vote #393)
108th
S.Amdt. 1843 to
S. 1689
CRS-59
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
108th
Stevens motion to table
the Corzine amendment
(S.Amdt. 1882) that
would establish a
12-member independent,
bipartisan commission to
examine and report on the
role of policy makers in
the development and use
of intelligence related to
Iraq and Operation Iraqi
Freedom. The amendment
would authorize $5
million for the
commission.
Motion agreed to
in Senate
October 17, 2003
67-32
(vote #395)
108th
Stevens motion to table
the Byrd amendment
(S.Amdt. 1819) that
would limit the use of
reconstruction funds for
certain programs and
projects, reduce
reconstruction funding by
$1.65 billion, and
reallocate the funds to
other purposes, such as
destroying conventional
weapons in Iraq and
accelerating
reconstruction in
Afghanistan.
Motion agreed to
in Senate
October 17, 2003
51-47
(vote #396)
108th
Stevens motion to table
the Byrd amendment
(S.Amdt. 1886) that
would prohibit the use of
funds in the bill for the
involuntary deployment
overseas for Operation
Iraqi Freedom of members
of the National Guard and
Reserves who have been
involuntarily deployed for
six months or more during
the past six years.
Motion agreed to
in Senate
October 17, 2003
82-15
(vote #397)
CRS-60
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
108th
Stevens motion to table
the Byrd amendment
(S.Amdt. 1888) that
would strike a provision
in the bill that allows the
President to reallocate
funds for the
reconstruction of Iraq and
insert a provision that
would require the
President to seek
additional funding in
subsequent appropriations
bills.
Motion agreed to
in Senate
October 17, 2003
49-46
(vote #398)
108th
Stevens motion to table
the Brownback
amendment (S.Amdt.
1885) that would decrease
the amount in the bill for
Iraqi reconstruction by
$600 million and increase
the amount available to
the Iraqi Civil Defense
Corps by $50 million (and
for other purposes).
Motion agreed to
in Senate
October 17, 2003
55-43
(vote #399)
108th
H.Res. 557
Commends the members
of the U.S. Armed Forces
and Coalition forces for
liberating Iraq and
expresses its gratitude for
their valiant service.
Agreed to in
House
March 17, 2004
327-93, 7 Present
(vote #64)
108th
H.Res. 627
Expresses deep
appreciation to the
members of the Armed
Forces who have selflessly
served, or are so serving,
in Operation Iraqi
Freedom.
Agreed to in
House
May 6, 2004
365-50
(vote #150)
CRS-61
Congress
108th
Bill and Title
S. 2400
(P.L. 108-375)
Ronald W.
Reagan National
Defense
Authorization
Act for Fiscal
Year 2005.
Description and
Comments
Authorizes the Secretary,
during FY2005 through
2009, to increase as
necessary by up to 30,000
the end strength
authorized for the Army to
support the Army’s
operational mission in
Iraq and Afghanistan and
to achieve Army
transformational
reorganization objectives.
Requires a fiscal year’s
budget to be amended to
reflect any such increase.
Authorizes supplemental
appropriations of $25
billion for DOD for
FY2005, to be available
only for activities in
support of operations in
Iraq and Afghanistan.
Allocates such funds
among specified military
department and
defense-wide accounts.
Allows such authorization
only to the extent that a
budget request is
transmitted from the
President to Congress that
includes a designation of
the requested amount as
an emergency and
essential to support
activities in such
countries. Provides certain
transfer authority limits.
Directs the Secretary to
report monthly to the
defense and
appropriations committees
on the use of such
authorized funds.
Votes
Agreed to in
Senate
June 23, 2004
97-0
(vote #146)
CRS-62
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
108th
S.Amdt. 3260 to
S. 2400
Warner amendment to
authorize to be
appropriated for the DOD
for FY2005, $25 billion,
to be available only for
activities in support of
operations in Iraq and
Afghanistan.
Agreed to in
Senate
June 2, 2004
95-0
(vote #106)
108th
S.Amdt. 3379 to
S. 2400
Biden amendment to
provide funds for the
security and stabilization
of Iraq by suspending a
portion of the reduction in
the highest income tax
rate for individual
taxpayers.
Rejected by
Senate
June 17, 2004
44-53
(vote #130)
108th
H.Res. 691
Expresses gratitude to the
U.S. armed forces for their
ongoing valiant service to
their country; offers
continued support to the
U.S. armed forces; and
reaffirms that the U.S.
armed forces operating in
Iraq after June 30, 2004,
will remain under the full
authority and control of
their American
commanders.
Agreed to in
House
June 25, 2004
352-57
(vote #319)
108th
H.R. 4613
(P.L. 108-287)
Department of
Defense
Appropriations
Act, 2005.
Appropriates additional
funds, to be designated for
overseas contingency
operations, to DOD for
military personnel,
operation and
maintenance, and
procurement (including
National Guard and
reserve equipment).
Agreed to in
House
June 25, 2004
410-12
(vote #418)
Agreed to in
Senate
July 22, 2004
96-0
(vote #163)
CRS-63
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
108th
S.Amdt. 3502 to
H.R. 4613
Byrd amendment to
express the sense of the
Senate that any request for
funds for a fiscal year for
an ongoing military
operation overseas,
including operations in
Afghanistan and Iraq,
should be included in the
annual budget of the
President; and that any
funds provided for such a
military operation should
be provided in
appropriations Acts for
such fiscal year through
appropriations to specific
accounts set forth in such
Acts.
Agreed to in
Senate
June 24, 2004
89-9
(vote #147)
108th
H.R. 4200
(P.L. 108-375)
Ronald W.
Reagan National
Defense
Authorization
Act for Fiscal
Year 2005
Authorizes the Secretary
of Defense, during
FY2005 through 2009, to
increase, by up to 30,000
for the Army and 9,000
for the Marine Corps, the
end strength authorized to
support operational
missions in Iraq and
Afghanistan. Authorizes,
during FY2005, the use of
up to $300 million from
DOD O&M funds to
provide funds for the
Commanders’ Emergency
Response Program for
enabling military
commanders in Iraq to
respond to urgent
humanitarian relief and
reconstruction
requirements, and for a
similar program to assist
the people of Afghanistan.
Agreed to in
House
October 10, 2004
359-14
(vote #528)
CRS-64
Congress
109th
Bill and Title
H.R. 1268
(P.L. 109-13)
FY2005
Supplemental
Appropriations
for Iraq and
Afghanistan,
Tsunami Relief,
and Other
Activities.
Description and
Comments
Provides funds for
ongoing military
operations in Iraq and
Afghanistan. Expresses
the sense of the Senate
that (1) any request for
funds for a fiscal year
after 2006 for an ongoing
military operation
overseas, including those
in Afghanistan and Iraq,
should be included in the
annual budget of the
President submitted to
Congress; (2) the
President should submit to
Congress an amendment
to the 2006 budget setting
forth detailed cost
estimates for such
operations; and (3) any
funds for such purposes
should be provided in
appropriations Acts
through appropriations to
specific accounts.
Requires additional
information concerning
such operations, including
Operations Enduring
Freedom and Iraqi
Freedom, to be included
in reports required under
both the Emergency
Supplemental
Appropriations Act for
Defense and for the
Reconstruction of Iraq and
Afghanistan, 2004, and
the Department of
Defense Appropriations
Act, 2005.
Votes
Conference
report agreed to
in House
May 5, 2005
368-58, 1 Present
(vote #161)
Conference
report agreed to
in Senate
May 10, 2005
100-0
(vote #117)
CRS-65
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
109th
S.Amdt. 464 to
H.R. 1268
Byrd amendment that
states that it is the sense of
the Senate that any request
for funds for a fiscal year
after FY2006 for an
ongoing military operation
overseas, including
operations in Afghanistan
and Iraq, should be
included in the President’s
annual budget.
Agreed to in the
Senate
April 18, 2005
61-31
(vote #96)
109th
H.Amdt. 214 to
H.R. 1815
National
Defense
Authorization
Act for Fiscal
Year 2006
Woolsey amendment to
express the sense of
Congress that the
President should develop
a plan for the withdrawal
of U.S. military forces
from Iraq and submit this
plan to the congressional
defense committees.
Rejected in
House
May 25,2005
128-300
(vote #220)
109th
H.Res. 383
Commends U.S. and
coalition forces for
liberating the Iraqi people
from the repressive regime
of Saddam Hussein and
for their ongoing efforts in
support of Iraq’s freedom
and stability.
Agreed to in
House
July 27, 2005
426-0
(vote #438)
109th
S. 1042
National
Defense
Authorization
Act for Fiscal
Year 2006
Authorizes emergency
supplemental
appropriations to DOD for
FY2006 for operations in
Iraq, Afghanistan, and the
global war on terrorism.
Passed in Senate
November 15,
2005
98-0
(vote #326)
CRS-66
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
109th
S.Amdt. 2518 to
S. 1042
Warner amendment to
clarify and recommend
changes to the policy of
the United States on Iraq.
States that calendar year
2006 should be a period of
significant transition to
full Iraqi sovereignty, with
Iraqi security forces taking
the lead for the security of
a free and sovereign Iraq,
thereby creating the
conditions for the phased
redeployment of United
States forces from Iraq,
and that United States
military forces should not
stay in Iraq any longer
than required.
Agreed to in
Senate
November 15,
2005
79-19
(vote #323)
109th
S.Amdt. 2519 to
S. 1042
Levin amendment to
clarify and recommend
changes to the policy of
the United States on Iraq.
States that calendar year
2006 should be a period of
significant transition to
full Iraqi sovereignty, with
Iraqi security forces taking
the lead for the security of
a free and sovereign Iraq,
thereby creating the
conditions for the phased
redeployment of United
States forces from Iraq,
and that United States
military forces should not
stay in Iraq indefinitely.
Rejected in
Senate
November 15,
2005
40-58
(vote #322)
109th
H.Res. 571
Expresses the sense of the
House of Representatives
that the deployment of
U.S. forces in Iraq be
terminated immediately.
Rejected in
House
November 18,
2005 3-403, 6
Present
(vote #608)
CRS-67
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and
Comments
Votes
109th
H.Res. 612
Expresses the
commitment of the House
of Representatives to
achieving victory in Iraq.
Agreed to in
House
December 16,
2005 279-109, 34
Present (vote
#648)
109th
H.R. 2863
Department of
Defense
Appropriations
Act, 2006
Appropriates additional
funds, to be designated for
contingency operations
related to the global war
on terrorism. Authorizes
amounts for operations in
Iraq and Afghanistan to be
used for the purchase of
heavy and light armored
vehicles. Allows O&M
funds appropriated in this
title to be used to provide
supplies, services,
transportation, and other
logistical support to
coalition forces supporting
military and stability
operations in Iraq and
Afghanistan.
Agreed to in
House
December 19,
2005
308-106, 2
Present
(vote #669 )
Agreed to in
Senate
December 21,
2005
93-0
(vote #366)
CRS-68
Sources Consulted
Congressional Quarterly, Inc. [http://www.cq.com]
Congressional Quarterly Almanac. Washington, CQ Press. Annual.
CQ Weekly. Washington, CQ Press. Various issues.
CRS Issue Brief IB81050. The War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance,
by Richard F. Grimmett.
CRS Report RL32170. Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad,
1798-2004, by Richard F. Grimmett.
CRS Report RL32267. The War Powers Resolution: After Thirty Years, by
Richard F. Grimmett.
CRS Report RL31829. Supplemental Appropriations FY2003: Iraq Conflict,
Afghanistan, Global War on Terrorism, and Homeland Security, by Amy
Belasco and Larry Nowels.
CRS Report RL32090. FY2004 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq,
Afghanistan, and the Global War on Terrorism: Military Operations and
Reconstruction Assistance, by Stephen Daggett, Larry Nowels, Curt Tarnoff,
and Rhoda Margesson.
CRS Report RL32783. FY2005 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq and
Afghanistan, Tsunami Relief, and Other Activities, by Amy Belasco and
Larry Nowels.
Legislative Information System of the U.S. Congress. [http://www.congress.gov/].