Order Code RS20580
Updated December 28, 2000
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Hazardous Materials Transportation
Safety—Federal Program and Legislative Issues
Paul F. Rothberg
Specialist in Science and Technology
Hussein D. Hassan
Technical Information Specialist
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Summary
The 106th Congress considered several bills that would have reauthorized the
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (HMTA), as amended, (including P.L. 93-633
and P.L. 101-500). That body of law specifies the broad purposes and operating
authorities for the U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT’s) hazardous materials
(hazmat) safety program. Although hearings were held during the 106th Congress, none
of the committees of jurisdiction reported out a reauthorization bill. Among the key
issues under consideration were: the level of funding to support DOT’s hazmat
emergency preparedness grant program, the use of registration fees to pay for portions
of DOT’s hazmat program, development of cost-effective strategies to improve hazmat
safety, proposed exemptions for various industries from the safety regulations, and the
appropriate role of DOT in the regulation of hazmat transportation. This report will be
updated as necessary.
Hazmat Transportation Safety and Federal Activities. Hazmats, such as
flammable liquids and corrosives, are pervasive in commerce and are transported to meet
numerous consumer demands and industrial needs.1 DOT estimates that more than 3
billion tons of regulated hazmats are transported each year and that over 800,000
shipments of these materials occur daily. During the last 10 years, the transportation
industry reported to DOT that, on average, about 22 deaths and 493 injuries each year
occurred because of some 13,113 releases of hazmat in transportation.2 Most of these
1For example, various chlorinated materials are transported to ensure safe drinking water, and
certain radioactive materials are delivered to medical centers for use in some medical diagnostics.
Likewise, heating oil is transported to warm homes, and gasoline and diesel fuel are shipped to
power trucks and cars.
2In 1996 in the aviation mode, 110 people died in a crash that allegedly involved the release of
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Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress
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releases and associated deaths and injuries typically occur in the highway mode. More
than 99.99% of all shipments of hazmat are transported without any reported release.3
Safety in hazmat transportation depends extensively on industry practices which are
guided, in part, by government-issued requirements monitored by federal and state
inspectors. Many hazmat container manufacturers, shippers, and carriers implement
measures to promote transportation safety that exceed federal requirements. Despite these
efforts, roughly 400 serious hazmat transportation incidents per year are reported to
DOT.4 Many consider the industry to have a comparatively good safety record, but others
point out that additional steps should be taken to improve safety, especially since the
number of hazmat incidents reported to DOT has increased from 8,879 in 1990 to 16,881
in 1999.5
Hazmats are highly regulated commodities because of the potential risks they pose
during transportation. DOT’s hazmat safety program is intended to provide adequate
protection against the risks to life and property that may result from a release of hazmat
in transportation. The key federal office regulating the transportation of hazmat is the
Office of Hazardous Materials Safety (OHMS) within the Research and Special Programs
Administration of the DOT.6 DOT’s regulations pertain to numerous areas, including the
packaging and placarding of hazmat in transportation.7 In order to promote innovation in
packaging, OHMS may issue exemptions to its regulations. To support regulatory
improvements, OHMS conducts a small (about $1 million per year) research and
development program, and maintains an incident reporting system to track releases of
hazmat and their consequences. This office also provides educational materials and
training to industry and federal and state compliance officers. OHMS periodically updates
a national curriculum to help emergency responders chose training courses that provide
a standardized background.8 The FY2000 appropriation for the OHMS was $17.710
million. For FY2001 the appropriation is $18.75 million.
Each DOT modal administration focuses its enforcement of the hazmat regulations
in its respective area: U.S. Coast Guard on the waterways and port areas, the Federal
2(...continued)
hazmat. Because of this crash, 1996 data are not representative of the number of annual hazmat-
related deaths (on average 11) that have historically been reported to DOT.
3DOT’s hazardous materials information system, [http://hazmat.dot.gov/hmisframe.htm].
4OHMS defines a serious incident as one causing a fatality or major injury, closing a transportation
facility, the evacuation of 6 or more people, or an accident or derailment resulting in a hazmat spill.
5The increased number of reports is thought to be primarily due to increased education and
enforcement activities by DOT.
6That office issues the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR), which govern most aspects of
hazmat transportation. The HMR are generally found in Title 49 of the
Code of Federal
Regulations, parts 171-180.
7Placards are signs that provide limited hazard information that are placed on the sides, front, and
back of trucks and railcars.
8For additional information on the OHMS regulations, activities, and incident reports see:
[http://hazmat.dot.gov].
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Railroad Administration in the railroad environment, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration (FMCSA) on the highways, and the Federal Aviation Administration in the
air mode.
As authorized by Congress, DOT has extended the HMR to cover most intrastate
shipments of hazmat. States and local governments also issue their own regulations that
pertain to hazmat. DOT reports that 48 of the 50 states have issued hazmat regulations
that are substantially the same as the federal regulations.9 DOT has the authority to
preempt state or local regulations that conflict with the federal HMR.10
Legislative Issues and Options. The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
(HMTA), as amended, sets forth the broad purposes and operating authorities for DOT’s
hazmat transportation safety program. That body of law has not been reauthorized since
1994. The reauthorization process provides an opportunity to review current federal
programs affecting hazmat safety and to evaluate various options intended to improve
those federal activities. Although hearings were held during the 106th Congress, no
committee reported out a reauthorization bill. Presented below is an analysis of some of
the key issues addressed as part of the reauthorization process.
Hazmat Emergency Preparedness Grants Program. Since the early 1990s, OHMS
has provided a grant annually to each state to help pay for hazmat emergency response
training, to develop and implement emergency plans, and to determine flow patterns of
hazmat shipments. Local governments and Indian tribes receive about 75% of these funds.
About 60% of the grant funds are used for training purposes. To date, the training of
more than 690,000 emergency responders (police, firefighters, and ambulance service) has
been partly supported by funds from the grant program.11 Since the start of the program,
OHMS has allocated on average $6.4 million annually to assist state and local
governments, but it obligated roughly $12.8 million in grants during FY2000. The amount
of grant funds distributed annually by DOT depends, in part, upon the amount of funds
collected through a fee that is assessed on companies required to register with the OHMS
and any limitation contained in the annual DOT appropriations act. The federal grant
allocated for hazmat emergency response constitutes a small portion of the total
expenditures by state and local governments in this area. The conference agreement on
DOT’s FY2001 appropriation specifies a limitation on obligations of $14,300,000 for the
emergency preparedness grant program.
There is widespread support in the emergency response community and industry for
reauthorization of DOT’s hazmat emergency preparedness grant program.12 DOT issued
9Testimony of Kelley S. Coyner in: U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and
Infrastructure. Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings, Hazardous Materials,
and Pipeline Safety.
Reauthorization of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Program. 106th
Congress, 1st session. February 10, 1999, p. 70.
10See 49 U.S.C. 5125.
11U.S. DOT.
Report to Congress on the Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness Grant
Program. 1998. p. 3.
12Given the high turnover rate of the primarily volunteer force of hazmat responders and the
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a final rule on February 2, 2000, which set the registration fee (including a processing fee)
that can be assessed at $300 per registrant if the entity is designated a small business under
the Small Business Administration guidelines and $2,000 for all other registrants. The
rulemaking also states that those required to register now include all transporters that
require placarding (with the exception of farmers transporting hazmat in conjunction with
their agricultural operations). Thus, in order to double the size of the grant program, DOT
originally projected that it would expand the number of registrants from roughly 27,000
per year to an estimated 42,000 to 45,000, with about 1500 companies expected to pay
the $2000 per year fee.13 More than 5920 companies have already paid the larger amount
and thus this year’s collections exceed the limitation on obligations. In December 2000,
OHMS proposed to reduce the fees assessed for the next six registration years to $275 per
year for small businesses and $500 per year for other entities, including a processing fee.
Some in the transportation industry maintain that it is difficult to levy an equitable fee,
especially considering the diverse-sized companies in the hazmat industry, widely varying
volumes of materials transported by different companies, as well as the wide range of risks
associated with those shipments. Some companies also do not favor DOT’s decision to
exempt farmers from the registration requirement. Many in industry maintain that DOT
could collect additional funds without raising fees if it more strictly enforced payment of
the existing fee. For example, the Association of Waste Hazardous Materials Transporters
states that DOT has narrowly implemented its registration authority, and has not tapped
all segments of the hazmat industry that could legally be required to pay for the grant
program.14 On the other hand, DOT claims that it is already collecting fees from almost
all of the companies that are required to pay.
Increased Registration Fee Proposed to Support OHMS Program. In H.R. 968,
(106th Congress), the Clinton Administration proposed to use a portion of the registration
fee to pay for the operating costs of the OHMS program in addition to paying for the grant
program. Historically, the OHMS operating program has been paid for using general
appropriations. The Administration stated that the increased user fee would ensure that the
industry that benefits from the OHMS program would pay for it instead of taxpayers.15
There is substantial opposition in Congress and industry to allowing the use of registration
fees to pay for OHMS operations. For example, the House Appropriations Committee
stated that it did not want to have the OHMS program funded by the hazmat industry.16
In the FY2001 DOT Appropriations Act (P. L. 106-346), Congress funded the costs of
OHMS operations (not including the hazmat grants) from general appropriations and did
not depend upon an increased fee to pay for OHMS costs.
12(...continued)
dangers inherent in responding to spills, it is widely recognized that there is a continual need for
planning and training.
13DOT. RSPA.
Hazardous Materials Transportation: Registration and Fee Assessment Program.
Federal Register. February 14, 2000. p. 7297-7310. As part of its proposal (H.R. 968) to
reauthorize the HMTA, DOT wants Congress to continue the grant program through FY2005.
14Association of Waste Hazardous Materials Transporters letter, March 20, 1997.
15Testimony of Kelley S. Coyner. p. 73.
16U.S. Congress. House.
Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations
Bill,2000. Report. H.Rept. 106-180. 106th Congress, 1st sess. June 1999. p. 183.
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Local and Regional Response Teams. Many jurisdictions use regional response
teams to deal with spills of hazmat, but many others do not. To improve emergency
response to hazmat spills, a pilot program to assess the benefits of implementing local or
regional response teams has been proposed. Congressman Weiss introduced H.R. 2830
(105th Congress) to establish four local or regional response teams in rural and isolated
areas with transportation corridors that carry a high volume of hazmat. This proposal,
which also was discussed during the 106th Congress, would have allowed four grantees
participating in the proposed pilot program to receive $500,000 per year for four years.
Under the bill, each grantee would assist local communities in responding to hazmat
emergencies. The FRA Administrator, who would oversee the program, would have been
required to report on the results of the projects. The $2.0 million proposed for the pilot
program would have been a substantial addition to the DOT’s hazmat safety budget.
Annual Audit of Motor Carriers Transporting Hazmat. H.R. 646 (106th Congress)
introduced by Representative Bill Pascrell, Jr., would have required motor carriers to
obtain safety permits for the transportation of hazmat. Those permits would have been
subjected to annual renewal by the Secretary of Transportation. Currently, FMCSA does
not require a motor carrier to have a safety permit in order to transport hazmat, and it does
not review the safety fitness of each motor carrier transporting hazmat each year.
Although H.R. 646 would have increased FMCSA’s surveillance over hazmat carriers, the
bill would likely have required that agency to rearrange its priorities and focus much more
on hazmat carriers than it currently does.17 In contrast, the Clinton Administration’s bill
would have required the FMCSA to conduct a study of alternative approaches to increase
the safety of high risk hazmat carriers. The Administration maintained that the proposed
study would be in lieu of the statutory requirement in the 1990 amendment to HMTA that
calls for a federal safety permit (which has not yet been required) for motor carriers of
high-risk hazmat.18
Exemptions from the Regulations. When considering proposed amendments to the
HMTA, Congress has often debated whether to exempt one industry or another from
various provisions of the HMR.19 Consideration of proposed exemptions often involves
an evaluation of the interests of a specific industry weighed against broader concerns over
public safety and an analysis of whether effective compliance with the safety regulations
can be achieved if exemptions were granted. DOT maintains that strong and uniform
national standards are essential to promote the safe transportation of hazmat.20 For
17DOT currently focuses on “problem” motor carriers, e.g., those that have been identified as
having substantial compliance problems during inspections or audits or those which have been
involved in a disproportionate number of crashes. In recent years, DOT has conducted less than
8000 audits per year on all types of motor carriers. There are over 43,800 hazmat motor carriers
that have registered with the DOT.
18Letter from the Secretary of Transportation to the Honorable Al Gore transmitting the
administration’s reauthorization bill. February 16, 1999. p. 12 of the section by section analysis.
19For example, in the 105th Congress, Senator Burns and 10 cosponsor introduced S. 1056 to
provide for farm-related exemptions from certain HMR for a specified period of time.
20DOT states that it strives for uniformity in the HMR to maximize safety and facilitate trade, but
it does allow some flexibility when necessary. U.S. DOT.
RSPA FY 1997 Budget Submission.
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example, DOT has been reluctant to allow exemptions from regulations that convey
information about the hazards of a material. DOT asserts that enforcement personnel,
industry, and emergency responders dealing with releases of hazmat must be cognizant of
this information in order to follow consistent safety practices to protect their lives and the
public.21 Likewise, firefighters maintain that the HMR are among the most important
hazard identification standards that assist them in conducting their jobs. But, some
industry groups and some state enforcement officers suggest that the risks associated with
some proposed exemptions are minimal and should be allowed in view of the costs of
compliance and the need to allow flexibility to states or industries.
Appropriate Role of the DOT in Hazmat Transportation. Hazmat transportation
safety is affected by regulations issued by other federal agencies.22 Various groups have
asked Congress to clarify the appropriate regulatory role of DOT in hazmat transportation
vis-a-vis the role of other federal agencies and state and local governments. Many in the
hazmat industry seek statutory language that would make it unambiguous that DOT is the
federal entity with preeminent (or final) authority to issue hazmat safety regulations. They
maintain that such a provision is necessary in light of increased activity by other federal
agencies that could interfere with DOT’s authority to regulate hazmat transportation.23
On the other hand, many unions oppose such language because they welcome increased
governmental involvement, especially from OSHA, in hazmat regulations that might lead
to increased worker protection. DOT maintains that statutory language is not needed,
noting that it is conducting a rulemaking that would define when the HMR apply to
various transportation activities, such as loading, unloading, and storage.24 Congress has
also considered whether DOT’s HMR should be extended to apply to mail shipments.
Currently, packages delivered by the U.S. Postal Service are not covered by the HMR.
S. 1359 (106th Congress) introduced by Senator Hollings, would have extended this
coverage to include transportation of hazmat by the U.S. Postal Service.
20(...continued)
p. 16.
21Testimony of Kelley S. Coyner. p.70.
22Such as the Environmental Protection Agency, which issues regulations that affect the
transportation of hazardous wastes and hazardous substances; the Department of Labor, which
issues regulations pertaining to the training of workers who respond to chemical spills; and the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which issues regulations that affect the transportation of high-
level activity nuclear materials. This report deals only with the transportation of hazardous
materials. Hazmat are legally distinct from both hazardous wastes, which are defined by the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and hazardous substances, which are defined by the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.
23For example, see testimony of Randy Speight in: U.S. Congress. House. Committee on
Transportation and Infrastructure. Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings,
Hazardous Materials, and Pipeline Safety.
Reauthorization of the Hazardous Materials
Transportation Program. p. 379.
24U.S. DOT. Press Release. April 28, 1999.