Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 2000-2007

October 23, 2008 RL34723

This report is prepared annually to provide Congress with official, unclassified, quantitative data on conventional arms transfers to developing nations by the United States and foreign countries for the preceding eight calendar years for use in its policy oversight functions. All agreement and delivery data in this report for the United States are government-to-government Foreign Military Sales (FMS) transactions. Similar data are provided on worldwide conventional arms transfers by all suppliers, but the principal focus is the level of arms transfers by major weapons suppliers to nations in the developing world. Developing nations continue to be the primary focus of foreign arms sales activity by weapons suppliers. During the years 2000-2007, the value of arms transfer agreements with developing nations comprised 66.6% of all such agreements worldwide. More recently, arms transfer agreements with developing nations constituted 67.7% of all such agreements globally from 2004-2007, and 70.5% of these agreements in 2007. The value of all arms transfer agreements with developing nations in 2007 was nearly $42.3 billion. This was an increase from $38.1 billion in 2006. In 2007, the value of all arms deliveries to developing nations was $17.2 billion, the lowest total in these deliveries values for the entire 2000-2007 period (in constant 2007 dollars). Recently, from 2004-2007, the United States and Russia have dominated the arms market in the developing world, with both nations either ranking first or second for 3 out of 4 years in the value of arms transfer agreements . From 2004-2007, Russia made nearly $39.3 billion, 27.9% of all such agreements, expressed in constant 2007 dollars. During this same period, the United States made $34.7 billion in such agreements, 24.6% of all such agreements. Collectively, the United States and Russia made 52.5% of all arms transfer agreements with developing nations during this four-year period. In 2007, the United States ranked first in arms transfer agreements with developing nations with $12.2 billion or 28.8% of these agreements. The United Kingdom was second with $9.8 billion or 23.2% of such agreements. Russia was third with $9.7 billion or 23%. In 2007, the United States ranked first in the value of arms deliveries to developing nations at $7.6 billion, or 44.2% of all such deliveries. Russia ranked second at $4.6 billion or 26.7% of such deliveries. In 2007, Saudi Arabia ranked first in the value of arms transfer agreements among all developing nations weapons purchasers, concluding $10.6 billion in such agreements. India ranked second with $5 billion in such agreements. Pakistan ranked third with $4.2 billion.

RL34723 -- Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 2000-2007


October 23, 2008





CONTENTS

<font size="+1">List of Tables</font>



Summary

This report is prepared annually to provide Congress with official, unclassified, quantitative data on conventional arms transfers to developing nations by the United States and foreign countries for the preceding eight calendar years for use in its policy oversight functions. All agreement and delivery data in this report for the United States are government-to-government Foreign Military Sales (FMS) transactions. Similar data are provided on worldwide conventional arms transfers by all suppliers, but the principal focus is the level of arms transfers by major weapons suppliers to nations in the developing world.

Developing nations continue to be the primary focus of foreign arms sales activity by weapons suppliers. During the years 2000-2007, the value of arms transfer agreements with developing nations comprised 66.6% of all such agreements worldwide. More recently, arms transfer agreements with developing nations constituted 67.7% of all such agreements globally from 2004-2007, and 70.5% of these agreements in 2007.

The value of all arms transfer agreements with developing nations in 2007 was nearly $42.3 billion. This was an increase from $38.1 billion in 2006. In 2007, the value of all arms deliveries to developing nations was $17.2 billion, the lowest total in these deliveries values for the entire 2000-2007 period (in constant 2007 dollars).

Recently, from 2004-2007, the United States and Russia have dominated the arms market in the developing world, with both nations either ranking first or second for 3 out of 4 years in the value of arms transfer agreements. From 2004-2007, Russia made nearly $39.3 billion, 27.9% of all such agreements, expressed in constant 2007 dollars. During this same period, the United States made $34.7 billion in such agreements, 24.6% of all such agreements. Collectively, the United States and Russia made 52.5% of all arms transfer agreements with developing nations during this four-year period.

In 2007, the United States ranked first in arms transfer agreements with developing nations with $12.2 billion or 28.8% of these agreements. The United Kingdom was second with $9.8 billion or 23.2% of such agreements. Russia was third with $9.7 billion or 23%. In 2007, the United States ranked first in the value of arms deliveries to developing nations at $7.6 billion, or 44.2% of all such deliveries. Russia ranked second at $4.6 billion or 26.7% of such deliveries.

In 2007, Saudi Arabia ranked first in the value of arms transfer agreements among all developing nations weapons purchasers, concluding $10.6 billion in such agreements. India ranked second with $5 billion in such agreements. Pakistan ranked third with $4.2 billion.



Introduction and Overview

This report provides Congress with official, unclassified, background data from U.S. government sources on transfers of conventional arms to developing nations by major suppliers for the period 2000 through 2007. It also includes some data on worldwide supplier transactions. It updates and revises CRS Report RL34187(pdf), Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 1999-2006.

The data in this report provide a means for Congress to identify existing supplier-purchaser relationships in conventional weapons acquisitions. Use of these data can assist Congress in its oversight role of assessing whether the current nature of the international weapons trade affects U.S. national interests. For most of recent American history, maintaining regional stability, and ensuring the security of U.S. allies and friendly nations throughout the world, have been important elements of U.S. foreign policy. Knowing the degree to which individual arms suppliers are making arms transfers to individual nations or regions provides Congress with a context for evaluating policy questions it may confront. Such policy questions may include, for example, whether or not to support specific U.S. arms sales to given countries or regions or to support or oppose such arms transfers by other nations. The data in this report may also assist Congress in evaluating whether multilateral arms control arrangements or other U.S. foreign policy initiatives are being supported or undermined by the actions of arms suppliers.

The principal focus of this report is the level of arms transfers by major weapons suppliers to nations in the developing world -- where most of the potential for the outbreak of regional military conflicts currently exists. For decades, during the height of the Cold War, providing conventional weapons to friendly states was an instrument of foreign policy utilized by the United States and its allies. This was equally true for the Soviet Union and its allies. The underlying rationale for U.S. arms transfer policy then was to help ensure that friendly states were not placed at risk through a military disadvantage created by arms transfers by the Soviet Union or its allies. Following the Cold War's end, U.S. arms transfer policy has been based on assisting friendly and allied nations in developing and maintaining their ability to deal with regional security threats and concerns.

The data in this report illustrate how global patterns of conventional arms transfers have changed in the post-Cold War and post-Persian Gulf War years. Relationships between arms suppliers and recipients continue to evolve in response to changing political, military, and economic circumstances. Where before the principal motivation for arms sales by foreign suppliers might have been to support a foreign policy objective, today that motivation may be based as much on economic considerations as those of foreign or national security policy.

The developing world continues to be the primary focus of foreign arms sales activity by conventional weapons suppliers. During the period of this report, 2000-2007, conventional arms transfer agreements (which represent orders for future delivery) to developing nations comprised 66.6% of the value of all international arms transfer agreements. The portion of agreements with developing countries constituted 67.7% of all agreements globally from 2004-2007. In 2007, arms transfer agreements with developing countries accounted for 70.5% of the value of all such agreements globally. Deliveries of conventional arms to developing nations, from 2004-2007, constituted 64.7% of all international arms deliveries. In 2007, arms deliveries to developing nations constituted 55.6% of the value of all such arms deliveries worldwide.

The data in this new report supersede all data published in previous editions. Since these new data for 2000-2007 reflect potentially significant updates to and revisions in the underlying databases utilized for this report, only the data in this most recent edition should be used. The data are expressed in U.S. dollars for the calendar years indicated, and adjusted for inflation (see box notes on page 3). U.S. commercially licensed arms export delivery values are excluded (see box note on page 20). Also excluded are arms transfers by any supplier to subnational groups. The definition of developing nations, as used in this report, and the specific classes of items included in its values totals are found in box notes on page 3. The report's table of contents provides a detailed listing and description of the various data tables to guide the reader to specific items of interest.

CALENDAR YEAR DATA USED
All arms transfer and arms delivery data in this report are for the calendar year or calendar year period given. This applies to U.S. and foreign data alike. United States government departments and agencies publish data on U.S. arms transfers and deliveries but generally use the United States fiscal year as the computational time period for these data. As a consequence, there are likely to be distinct differences noted in those published totals using a fiscal year basis and those provided in this report which use a calendar year basis. Details on data used are outlined in footnotes at the bottom of Tables 1, 2, 8, and 9.

ARMS TRANSFER VALUES

The values of arms transfer agreements (or deliveries) in this report refer to the total values of conventional arms orders (or deliveries as the case may be) which include all categories of weapons and ammunition, military spare parts, military construction, military assistance and training programs, and all associated services.

DEFINITION OF DEVELOPING NATIONS AND REGIONS

As used in this report, the developing nations category includes all countries except the United States, Russia, European nations, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. A listing of countries located in the regions defined for the purpose of this analysis -- Asia, Near East, Latin America, and Africa -- is provided at the end of the report.

CONSTANT 2007 DOLLARS

Throughout this report values of arms transfer agreements and values of arms deliveries for all suppliers are expressed in U.S. dollars. Values for any given year generally reflect the exchange rates that prevailed during that specific year. The report converts these dollar amounts (current dollars) into constant 2007 dollars. Although this helps to eliminate the distorting effects of U.S. inflation to permit a more accurate comparison of various dollar levels over time, the effects of fluctuating exchange rates are not neutralized. The deflators used for the constant dollar calculations in this report are those provided by the U.S. Department of Defense and are set out at the bottom of tables 1A, 2A, 8A, and 9A. Unless otherwise noted in the report, all dollar values are stated in constant terms. The exceptions to this rule are all regional data tables that are composed of four-year aggregate dollar totals (2000-2003 and 2004-2007). These tables are expressed in current dollar terms. And where tables rank leading arms suppliers to developing nations or leading developing nation recipients using four-year aggregate dollar totals, these values are expressed in current dollars.

Major Findings

General Trends in Arms Transfers Worldwide

The value of all arms transfer agreements worldwide (to both developed and developing nations) in 2007 was nearly $60 billion. This was an increase in arms agreements values over 2006 of 9.2% (Chart 1)(Table 8A).

In 2007, the United States led in arms transfer agreements worldwide, making agreements valued at over $24.8 billion (41.5% of all such agreements), up significantly from $16.7 billion in 2006. Russia ranked second with $10.4 billion in agreements (17.3% of these agreements globally), down from $14.3 billion in 2006. The United Kingdom ranked third, its arms transfer agreements worldwide were $9.8 billion in 2007, up from $4.1 billion in 2006. The United States, Russia, and the United Kingdom collectively made agreements in 2007 valued at over $45 billion, 75.2% of all international arms transfer agreements made by all suppliers (Figure 1)(Tables 8A, 8B, and 8D).

For the period 2004-2007, the total value of all international arms transfer agreements ($208.3 billion) was substantially higher than the worldwide value during 2000-2003 ($147.6 billion), an increase of 29.2%. During the period 2000-2003, developing world nations accounted for 67.7% of the value of all arms transfer agreements made worldwide. During 2004-2007, developing world nations accounted for 67.7% of all arms transfer agreements made globally. In 2007, developing nations accounted for 70.5% of all arms transfer agreements made worldwide (Figure 1)(Table 8A).

In 2007, the United States ranked first in the value of all arms deliveries worldwide, making nearly $12.8 billion in such deliveries or 41.3%. This is the eighth year in a row that the United States has led in global arms deliveries. Russia ranked second in worldwide arms deliveries in 2007, making $4.7 billion in such deliveries. The United Kingdom ranked third in 2007, making $2.6 billion in such deliveries. These top three suppliers of arms in 2007 collectively delivered nearly $20.1 billion, 64.8% of all arms delivered worldwide by all suppliers in that year (Figure 2)(Tables 9A, 9B, and 9D).

The value of all international arms deliveries in 2007 was $31 billion. This is a decrease in the total value of arms deliveries from the previous year (a decline from $33.6 billion). The total value of such arms deliveries worldwide in 2004-2007 ($134.9 billion) was lower than the deliveries worldwide from 2000-2003 ($143.6 billion, a decline of nearly $10 billion) (Figure 2)(Tables 9A and 9B)(Charts 7 and 8).

Developing nations from 2004-2007 accounted for 64.7% of the value of all international arms deliveries. In the earlier period, 2000-2003, developing nations accounted for 65.1% of the value of all arms deliveries worldwide. In 2007, developing nations collectively accounted for 55.6% of the value of all international arms deliveries (Figure 2)(Tables 2A, 9A, and 9B).

Worldwide weapons orders increased in 2007. The total of nearly $60 billion was an increase from $54.9 billion in 2006, or 9.2%. Global arms agreement values for the other years covered here ranged from $48.7 billion in 2005 to $32.6 billion in 2003. Of the major arms orders secured in 2007 most were made by the traditional major suppliers. In some instances these orders represented significant new acquisitions by the purchasing country. In others they reflected the continuation or acceleration of a longer-term weapons-acquisition program.

The increase in new weapons sales can also be explained, in part, by the decision of some purchasing nations to acquire major systems they had deferred buying due to budgetary considerations. Some nations were completing the integration of major weapons systems they have already purchased into their force structures. Some of the growth in arms transfer agreements more recently also reflects contracts related to training and support services, as well as upgrades of existing weapons systems. Individual orders such as these can be expensive, and in given instances prove to be nearly as costly as orders for new units of military equipment.

Because the international arms market continues to be intensely competitive, several producing countries have focused sales efforts on prospective clients in nations and regions where individual suppliers have had competitive advantages resulting from well-established military-support relationships. Arms sales to new NATO member nations in Europe to support their military modernization programs have created new business for arms suppliers, while allowing these NATO states to sell some of their older generation military equipment, in refurbished form, to other less-developed countries.

There are inherent limitations on these European sales due to the smaller defense budgets of many of the purchasing countries. Yet creative seller financing options, as well as the use of co-assembly, co-production, and counter-trade agreements to offset costs to the buyers continue to facilitate new arms agreements. It seems likely that the United States and European countries or consortia will compete vigorously for prospective arms contracts within the European region in the foreseeable future. Such sales seem particularly important to European suppliers, as they can potentially compensate, in part, for lost weapons deals elsewhere in the developing world that result from reduced demand for new weapons.

Developed nations continue their efforts to protect important elements of their national military industrial bases by limiting arms purchases from other developed nations. However, several key arms suppliers have placed additional emphasis on joint production of various weapons systems with other developed nations as a more effective way to preserve a domestic weapons production capability, while sharing the costs of new weapons development. The consolidation of certain sectors of the domestic defense industries of key weapons-producing nations continues, in the face of intense foreign competition. Some supplying nations, meanwhile, have chosen to manufacture items for niche weapons categories where their specialized production capabilities give them important advantages in the international arms marketplace.

Despite the recent upward trend in weapons purchases with the developed world, some developing nations have limited their weapons purchases primarily due to their limited financial resources to pay for such equipment. Other prospective arms purchasers in the developing world with significant financial assets have been cautious in launching new and costly weapons-procurement programs. Increases in the price of oil, while an advantage for major oil producing states in funding their arms purchases, has, simultaneously, caused economic difficulties for many oil consuming states, contributing to their decisions to curtail or defer new weapons acquisitions. A number of less affluent developing nations have chosen to upgrade existing weapons systems in their inventories, while reducing their purchases of new ones. This circumstance may curtail sales of some new weapons systems. Yet the weapons upgrade market can be very lucrative for some arms producers, and partially mitigate the effect of fewer opportunities for the sale of major items of military equipment.

Most recently, the nations in the Near East and Asia regions have resumed large weapons purchases in contrast with arms sales activity in the earliest years of this report. These major orders continue to be made by a select few developing nations in these regions. They have been made principally by India and China in Asia, and Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates in the Near East. These purchasing tendencies are subject to abrupt change based on the strength of either the threat assessments of individual states or the strength of their individual economies. For the larger group of nations in these regions the strength of the economies of a wide range of nations in the developing world continues to be the most significant factor in the timing of many of their arms purchasing decisions.

Latin America, and, to a much lesser extent, Africa, are regions where some nations wish to modernize important sectors of their military forces. Some large arms orders (by regional standards) have been placed by a few states in these two regions within the last decade. Yet in Latin America and Africa, many countries are constrained in their weapons purchases by their financial resources. So long as there is limited availability of seller-supplied credit and financing for weapons purchases, and national budgets for military purchases remain relatively low, it seems likely that major arms sales to these two regions of the developing world will be limited to a small number of nations there.

General Trends in Arms Transfers to Developing Nations

The value of all arms transfer agreements with developing nations in 2007 was nearly $42.3 billion, an increase from the $38.1 billion total in 2006 Chart 1)(Figure 1)(Table 1A). In 2007, the value of all arms deliveries to developing nations ($17.2 billion) was lower than the value of 2006 deliveries (over $21.4 billion), and the lowest total for the 2000-2007 period (Charts 7 and 8)(Figure 2)(Table 2A).

Recently, from 2004-2007, the United States and Russia have dominated the arms market in the developing world, with both nations either ranking first or second for 3 out of these 4 years in the value of arms transfer agreements. From 2004-2007, Russia made nearly $39.3 billion, 27.9% of all such agreements, expressed in constant 2007 dollars. During this same period, the United States made $34.7 billion in such agreements, 24.6% of all such agreements. Collectively, the United States and Russia made 52.5% of all arms transfer agreements with developing nations during this four year period. The United Kingdom, the third leading supplier, from 2004-2007 made $21.3 billion or 15.1% of all such agreements with developing nations during these years. In the earlier period (2000-2003) the United States ranked first with $46.4 billion in arms transfer agreements with developing nations or 48.3%; Russia made $25.6 billion in arms transfer agreements during this period or 26.6%. France made nearly $5 billion in agreements or 5.2% (Table 1A).

From 2000-2007, most arms transfers to developing nations were made by two major suppliers in any given year. The United States ranked first among these suppliers for five of the last eight years during this period, falling to third place in 2005. Russia has been a strong competitor for the lead in arms transfer agreements with developing nations, ranking second every year from 2000 through 2003, and first from 2004-2006. Although Russia has lacked the larger traditional client base for armaments held by the United States and the major West European suppliers, its recent successes in concluding new arms orders suggests that Russia is likely to continue to be, for some time, a significant leader in arms agreements with developing nations. Russia's most significant high value arms transfer agreements continue to be with India and China. Russia has also had some success in concluding arms agreements with clients beyond its principal two. Russia continues to seek to expand its prospects in North Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.

Most recently Russia has increased sales efforts in Latin America, despite having essentially abandoned major arms sales efforts there after the end of the Cold War. Venezuela has become a significant new arms client gained by Russia in this region. The Russian government has adopted more flexible payment arrangements for its prospective customers in the developing world, including a willingness in specific cases to forgive outstanding debts owed to it by a prospective client in order to secure new arms purchases. Additionally, Russia continues to seek to enhance the quality of its follow-on support services to make Russian products more attractive and competitive, and to assure its potential clients that it can effectively provide timely service and spare parts for the weapons systems it exports.

Major West European arms suppliers, particularly France and the United Kingdom, have concluded large orders with developing countries over the last eight years based on either long-term supply relationships or their having specialized weapons systems readily available. Germany has been a key source of naval systems for developing nations. Although it faces increased competition from these other major arms suppliers, the United States appears likely to hold its position as the principal supplier to key developing world nations, especially those able to afford major new weapons. The United States has developed for decades such a wide base of arms equipment clients globally that it is able to conclude a notable number of agreements annually to provide upgrades, ordnance and support services for the large variety of weapons systems it has previously sold to its clients. Thus, even when the United States does not conclude major new arms agreements in a given year, it can still register significant arms agreement values based on transactions in these other categories.

The principal arms-supplying nations continue to focus their sales efforts on the wealthier developing countries. Arms transfers to the less affluent developing nations are still constrained by the scarcity of funds in their defense budgets and the unsettled state of the international economy. The overall decline in the level of arms agreements with developing nations that began after 2001 and continued through 2003 has halted. Arms transfer agreements with developing countries reached their highest total value in 2007 at nearly $43.3 billion. From 2004 through 2007 there has been a steady increase in arms transfer agreements with developing countries, aid to an important degree by sales to the more affluent nations in this group. Those developing nations with notably increased oil revenues have been particularly active in seeking new weaponry most recently.

China, as well as other European and non-European suppliers, appears to have increased their participation in the arms trade with the developing world in recent years, albeit at lower levels, and with more uneven results, than those of the major suppliers. Nevertheless, these non-major arms suppliers have proven capable, on occasion, of making arms deals of consequence. Most of their annual arms transfer agreement values during 2000-2007 have been comparatively low, although the values are larger when they are aggregated together as a group. In individual cases they have been successful in selling older generation equipment, while they procure newer weapons to upgrade their own military forces. These arms suppliers also are more likely to be sources of small arms and light weapons and associated ordnance, rather than routine sellers of major military equipment. Most of these arms suppliers have not consistently ranked with the traditional major suppliers of advanced weaponry in the value of their arms agreements and deliveries (Tables 1A, 1F, 1G, 2A, 2F, and 2G).

United States. The total value -- in real terms -- of United States arms transfer agreements with developing nations rose from $9.1 billion in 2006 to $12.2 billion in 2007. The U.S. share of the value of all such agreements was 28.8% in 2007, up from a 24% share in 2006 (Charts 1, 3 and 4)(Figure 1)(Tables 1A and 1B).

In 2007, the total value of U.S. arms transfer agreements with developing nations was attributable to a few major deals with clients in the Near East and in Asia. A substantial number of smaller valued purchases by a wide number of traditional U.S. arms clients throughout the Near East and Asia contributed notably to the overall U.S. agreements total. The arms agreement total of the United States in 2007 illustrates the continuing U.S. advantage of having well-established defense- support arrangements with weapons purchasers worldwide, based upon the existing variety of U.S. weapons systems their militaries utilize. U.S. agreements with all of its clients in 2007 include not only sales of major weapons systems, but also the upgrading of systems previously provided. The U.S. totals also include agreements for a wide variety of spare parts, ammunition, ordnance, training, and support services which, in the aggregate, have significant value.

Among the larger valued arms transfer agreements the United States concluded in 2007 with developing nations were: with the United Arab Emirates for 26 UH-60M Black Hawk helicopters for over $800 million, and for 20 High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS) launchers and rockets for $595 million. Other U.S. arms agreements in 2007 were with Egypt for co-production of 125 M1A1 Abrams tanks for $771 million; with Saudi Arabia for 152 GE/Pratt&Whitney jet engines for $386 million, and for F-15 aircraft follow-on services for $319 million; with South Korea for 58 AN/VRC-90E SINCGAR radio systems for $427 million and for 210 SM-2 STANDARD Block III missiles for $210 million; with Colombia for 15 UH-60L Black Hawk helicopters for $217 million; and with Jordan for a C4SIR system for $208 million.

Russia. The total value of Russia's arms transfer agreements with developing nations in 2007 was $9.7 billion, a decrease from $14.4 billion in 2006, placing Russia third in such agreements with the developing world. Russia's share of all developing world arms transfer agreements increased, then fell from 37.9% in 2006 to 23% in 2007 (Charts 1, 3, and 4)(Figure 1)(Tables 1A, 1B, and 1G).

Russian arms transfer agreement totals with developing nations have been notable during the last four years. During the 2004-2007 period, Russia ranked first among all suppliers to developing countries, making $37.9 billion in agreements (in current 2007 dollars) (Table 1F). Russia's status as a leading supplier of arms to developing nations stems from a successful effort to overcome the significant economic and political problems associated with the dissolution of the former Soviet Union. Traditional arms clients of the former Soviet Union were generally less wealthy developing countries valued as much for their political support during the Cold War, as for their desire for Soviet weaponry. Several of these Soviet-era client states received substantial military aid grants and significant discounts on their arms purchases. After 1991 Russia consistently placed a premium on obtaining hard currency for the weapons it sold. Faced with stiff competition from Western arms suppliers in the post-Cold War period, Russia modified and adapted its selling practices in an effort to regain and sustain an important share of the developing-world arms market.

In recent years, Russian leaders have made significant efforts to provide more creative financing and payment options for prospective arms clients. They have agreed to engage in counter-trade, offsets, debt-swapping, and, in key cases, to make significant licensed production agreements in order to sell Russia's weapons. The willingness to license production has been a central element in several cases involving Russia's principal arms clients, India and China. Russia's efforts to expand its arms customer base have met with mixed results. Russia's arms sales efforts, apart from those with China and India, have been focused on Southeast Asia. Here Russia has secured arms agreements with Malaysia, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Most recently Russia has concluded major arms deals with Venezuela and with Algeria. Elsewhere in the developing world Russian military equipment can be competitive because it ranges from the most basic to the highly advanced. For less affluent developing nations Russia's less expensive armaments are particularly attractive.

The sale of military aircraft and missiles continues to be a significant portion of Russia's arms exports. But the absence of major new research and development efforts in this and other military equipment areas can jeopardize long-term Russian foreign arms sales prospects. Although military weapons research and development (R&D) programs exist in Russia, other major arms suppliers are currently more advanced in the process of developing and producing weaponry than in existing Russian R&D programs.

Despite these potential difficulties, Russia continues to have important arms development and sales programs involving India and China, which should provide it with sustained business throughout this decade. Through agreements concluded in the mid-1990s, Russia has sold major combat fighter aircraft, and main battle tanks to India, and has provided other major weapons systems though lease or licensed production. It continues to provide support services and items for these various weapons systems. Sales of advanced weaponry in South Asia by Russia have been a matter of ongoing concern to the United States because of long-standing tensions between India and Pakistan. When India acquires a new weapon system this typically leads Pakistan to seek comparable weapons or those with offsetting capabilities. A key U.S. policy objective is keeping a potentially destabilizing arms race in this region within check.(1)

China has been Russia's other key arms client in Asia, especially for advanced aircraft and naval systems. Since 1996, Russia has sold China Su-27 fighter aircraft and agreed to licensed production of them. It has sold the Chinese quantities of Su-30 multi-role fighter aircraft, Sovremenny-class destroyers equipped with Sunburn anti-ship missiles, and Kilo-class Project 636 submarines. Russia has also sold the Chinese a variety of other weapons systems and missiles. In 2005, Russia agreed to sell China 30 IL-76TD military transport aircraft and 8 IL-78M aerial refueling tanker aircraft for more than $1 billion. Russia also signed new arms transfer agreements with China for a number of AL-31F military aircraft engines for $1 billion, and agreed to sell jet engines for China's FC-1 fighter aircraft at a cost in excess of $250 million. Chinese arms acquisitions are apparently aimed at enhancing its military projection capabilities in Asia, and its ability to influence events throughout the region. These acquisitions continue to be monitored by U.S. policymakers. The U.S. policy interest is, among other things, ensuring that it provides appropriate military equipment to U.S. allies and friendly states in Asia to help offset any prospective threat China may pose to such nations, while keeping the U.S. military aware of any threat it may face in any confrontation with China.(2) In 2007 there were no especially large Chinese arms agreements with Russia, possibly because the Chinese military is focused on absorbing and integrating previous arms purchases from Russia into its force structure.

Among the most significant arms transfer deals Russia made in 2007 were with India. These agreements included the sale of 347 T-90 main battle tanks, 40 Su-30MKI combat fighter aircraft and a number of MiG-29 fighter aircraft. Also concluded was an agreement for the production of jet aircraft engines and one for long term defense production cooperation. An important portion of Russia's $9.7 billion arms agreement total for 2007 was with India.

In 2007, Russia also made new arms sales with Indonesia for three Su-27SKM and three Su-30MK2 fighter aircraft for $355 million, and for Mi-17 and Mi35M helicopters for over $100 million. Iran contracted with Russia for five batteries of the S-300PMU1 air defense system, and Syria purchased the Buk-M1-2 air defense system.

China. The Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s provided China with the opportunity to become an important supplier of less expensive weapons to certain developing nations. During that conflict China demonstrated that it was willing to provide arms to both combatants in the war, in quantity and without conditions. Since that time China's arms sales have been more regional and targeted. From 2004-2007, the value of China's arms transfer agreements with developing nations averaged about $2.3 billion annually. During the period of this report, the value of China's arms transfer agreements with developing nations were highest in 2007 at $3.8 billion. A significant portion of that total can be attributed to a significant contract with Pakistan associated with the production of the J-17 fighter aircraft. Generally, China's sales figures reflect several smaller valued weapons deals in Asia, Africa, and the Near East, rather than one or two especially large agreements for major weapons systems (Tables 1A, 1G, and 1H)(Chart 3).

There have been few developing nations with significant financial resources that have sought to purchase Chinese military equipment during the eight-year period of this report, because most Chinese weapons for export are less advanced and sophisticated than weaponry available from Western suppliers or Russia. China, consequently, does not appear likely to be a key supplier of major conventional weapons in the international arms market for the foreseeable future. China's likely client base could be states in Asia and Africa seeking quantities of small arms and light weapons, rather than major combat systems. At the same time, China has been an important source of missiles in the developing world arms market. China supplied Silkworm anti-ship missiles to Iran. Credible reports persist in various publications that China has sold surface-to-surface missiles to Pakistan, a long-standing and important client. Iran and North Korea have also reportedly received Chinese missile technology, which may have increased their capabilities to threaten other countries in their respective neighborhoods. The continued reporting of such activities by credible sources raise important questions about China's stated commitment to the restrictions on missile transfers set out in the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), including its pledge not to assist others in building missiles that could deliver nuclear weapons. Since China has some military products -- particularly missiles -- that some developing countries would like to acquire, it can present an obstacle to efforts to stem proliferation of advanced missile systems to some areas of the developing world where political and military tensions are significant, and where some nations are seeking to develop asymmetric military capabilities.(3)

China, among others, has been a key source of a variety of small arms and light weapons transferred to African states. Although the prospects for significant revenue earnings from these arms sales are limited, China may view such sales as one means of enhancing its status as an international political power, and increasing its ability to obtain access to significant natural resources, especially oil. Controlling the sales of small arms and light weapons to regions of conflict, in particular to some African nations, has been a matter of concern to the United States. The United Nations also has undertaken an examination of this issue in an effort to achieve consensus on a path to address it.(4)

Major West European Suppliers. Beyond the United States and Russia, the four major West European arms suppliers -- France, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy -- are the nations that can supply a wide variety of more highly sophisticated weapons to would-be purchasers. They can serve as alternative sources of armaments that the United States chooses not to supply for policy reasons. The United Kingdom sold major combat fighter aircraft to Saudi Arabia in the mid-1980s, when the U.S. chose not to sell a comparable aircraft for policy reasons. These four NATO nations have been allies of the United States and generally have supported the U.S. position in restricting arms sales to certain nations during the Cold War era. In the post-Cold War era, their national defense export policies have not been fully coordinated with the United States as likely would have been the case at the Cold War's height.

These leading European arms supplying states, particularly France, view arms sales foremost as a matter for national decision. France has also frequently used foreign military sales as an important means for underwriting development and procurement of weapons systems for its own military forces. So the potential exists for policy differences between the United States and major West European supplying states over conventional weapons transfers to specific countries. Such a conflict resulted from an effort led by France and Germany to lift the arms embargo on arms sales to China currently adhered to by members of the European Union. The United States viewed this as a misguided effort, and vigorously opposed it. The proposal to lift the embargo was ultimately not adopted, but it proved to be a source of significant tension between the U.S. and the European Union. Thus, arms sales activities of major European suppliers continue to be of interest to U.S. policymakers, given their capability to make sales of advanced military equipment to countries of concern to U.S. national security policy.(5)

The four major West European suppliers (France, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy), as a group, registered a significant increase in their collective share of all arms transfer agreements with developing nations between 2006 and 2007. This group's share rose from 18.5% in 2006 to 32.2% in 2007. The collective value of this group's arms transfer agreements with developing nations in 2007 was $13.6 billion compared with a total of $7.1 billion in 2006. Of these four nations, the United Kingdom was the leading supplier with $9.8 billion in agreements in 2007, a dramatic increase from $4.1 billion in agreements in 2006. A substantial portion of the United Kingdom's $9.8 billion agreement total in 2007 is attributable to an order valued in excess of $9 billion from Saudi Arabia for 72 Typhoon Eurofighter aircraft. Germany's $1.5 billion in arms agreements in 2007 resulted primarily from an agreement with South Korea for the purchase of an existing Patriot PAC-2 air defense system for $1.2 billion (Charts 3 and 4)(Tables 1A and 1B).

Collectively, the four major West European suppliers held a 32.2% share of all arms transfer agreements with developing nations during 2007. In the period from 2004-2007 they have generally been important participants in the developing world arms market. Individual suppliers within the major West European group have had notable years for arms agreements, especially France in 2000 and 2005 ($2.2 billion and $6.8 billion, respectively). The United Kingdom also had large agreement years in 2004 ($4.5 billion), in 2006 ($4.1 billion), and $9.8 billion in 2007. Germany concluded arms agreements totaling nearly $2 billion in 2006, and $1.5 billion in 2007. In the case of each of these three European nations, large agreement totals in one year have usually reflected the conclusion of very large arms contracts with one or more major purchasers in that particular year (Table 1A and 1B).

The Major West European suppliers have had their competitive position in weapons exports strengthened over the years through strong government marketing support for their foreign arms sales. As they all can produce both advanced and basic air, ground, and naval weapons systems, the four major West European suppliers have competed successfully for arms sales contracts with developing nations against both the United States, which has tended to sell to several of the same clients, and with Russia, which has sold to nations not traditional customers of either the West Europeans or the United States. But the demand for U.S. weapons in the global arms marketplace, from a large established client base, has created a more difficult environment for individual West European suppliers to secure, on a sustained basis, large new contracts with developing nations.

Continuing strong demand for U.S. defense equipment as well as concern for maintaining their market share of the arms trade has led European Union (EU) member states to adopt a new code of conduct for defense procurement practices. This code was agreed to on November 21, 2005, at the European Defense Agency's (EA) steering board meeting. Currently voluntary, the EU hopes it will become mandatory, and through its mechanisms foster greater competition within the European defense equipment sector in the awarding of contracts for defense items. The larger hope is that by fostering greater intra-European cooperation and collaboration in defense contracting, and the resulting programs, that the defense industrial bases of individual EU states will be preserved, and the ability of European defense firms to compete for arms sales in the international arms marketplace will be substantially enhanced.

A few European arms suppliers have begun to phase out production of certain types of weapons systems. Such suppliers have increasingly engaged in joint production ventures with other key European weapons suppliers or even client countries in an effort to sustain major sectors of their individual defense industrial bases -- even if a substantial portion of the weapons produced are for their own armed forces. The Eurofighter project is one example; the Eurocopter is another. Other European suppliers have also adopted the strategy of cooperating in defense production ventures with the United States such as the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF), rather than attempting to compete directly, thereby meeting their own requirements for advanced combat aircraft, while positioning themselves to share in profits resulting from future sales of this new fighter aircraft.(6)

Regional Arms Transfer Agreements

The markets for arms in regions of the developing world have traditionally been dominated by the Near East and by Asia. Nations in the Latin America and Africa regions, by contrast, have not been major purchasers of weapons, except on rare occasions. The regional arms agreement data tables in this report demonstrate this. United States policymakers have placed emphasis on helping to maintain stability throughout the regions of the developing world. Thus, the United States has made and supported arms sales and transfers it has believed would advance that goal, while discouraging significant sales by other suppliers to states and regions where military threats to nations in the area are minimal. Other arms suppliers do not necessarily share the U.S. perspective on what constitutes an appropriate arms sale. For in some instances the financial benefit of the sale to the supplier trumps other considerations. The regional and country specific arms-transfer data in this report provide an indication of where various arms suppliers are focusing their attention and who their principal clients are. By reviewing these data, policymakers can identify potential developments which may be of concern, and use this information to assist their review of options they may choose to consider given the circumstances. What follows below is a review of data on arms-transfer agreement activities in the two regions that lead in arms acquisitions, the Near East and Asia. This is followed, in turn, by a review of data regarding the leading arms purchasers in the developing world.

Near East.(7) The primary catalyst for new weapons procurements in the Near East region in the last decade was the Persian Gulf crisis of August 1990-February 1991. This crisis, culminating in a U.S.-led war to expel Iraq from Kuwait, created new demands by key purchasers such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, and other members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) for a variety of advanced weapons systems. Subsequently, major concerns over the growing strategic threat from Iran has become the principal driver of GCC states' arms purchases. Because GCC states do not share a land border with Iran, their weapons purchases have focused primarily on air, naval, and missile defense systems. Egypt and Israel, meanwhile, have continued their military modernization programs, increasing their arms purchases from the United States.(8)

Most recently, the position of Saudi Arabia as principal arms purchaser in the Persian Gulf region has been re-established. In the period from 2000-2003, Saudi Arabia's total arms agreements were valued at $3.2 billion (in current dollars), less than the levels of the U.A.E., Egypt, and Israel. For the period from 2004-2007, Saudi Arabia's total arms agreements were $23.2 billion (in current dollars), making it the leading Near East purchaser once again.

The Near East has generally been the largest arms market in the developing world. However, in 2000-2003, it accounted for 42.3% of the total value of all developing nations arms transfer agreements ($33.3 billion in current dollars), ranking it second behind Asia which was first with 46.9% of these agreements ($35.2 billion in current dollars). But, during 2004-2007, the Near East region accounted for 46.3% of all such agreements ($63.1 billion in current dollars), again placing it first in arms agreements with the developing world. The Asia region ranked second in 2004-2007 with $57.6 billion in agreements or 42.3% (Tables 1C and 1D).

The United States dominated arms transfer agreements with the Near East during the 2000-2003 period with 73.6% of their total value ($24.5 billion in current dollars). Russia was second during these years with 9.3% ($3.1 billion in current dollars). Recently, from 2004-2007, the United States accounted for 32.8% of arms agreements with this region ($20.7 billion in current dollars), while the United Kingdom accounted for 27.9% of the region's agreements ($17.6 billion in current dollars). Russia accounted for 20.8% of the region's agreements in the most recent period ($13.1 billion in current dollars) (Chart 5)(Tables 1C and 1E).

Asia. Efforts in several developing nations in Asia have been focused on upgrading and modernizing defense forces, and this has led to new conventional weapons sales in that region. Since the mid-1990s, Russia has become the principal supplier of advanced conventional weaponry to China -- selling fighters, submarines, destroyers, and missiles -- while maintaining its position as principal arms supplier to India. Russian arms sales to these two countries have been primarily responsible for the increase in Asia's overall share of the arms market in the developing world. Russia has expanded its client base in Asia, receiving aircraft orders from Malaysia, Vietnam, and Indonesia. India has also expanded its weapons supplier base, purchasing the Phalcon early warning defense system aircraft in 2004 from Israel for $1.1 billion, and numerous items from France in 2005, in particular 6 Scorpene diesel attack submarines for $3.5 billion. In 2007, India made major purchases from Russia of T-90 main battle tanks, Su-30 MKI fighter aircraft, and MiG-29 fighter aircraft. The United States made a multi-billion dollar sale to Pakistan in 2006 of new F-16 fighter aircraft, weapons, and aircraft upgrades, while Sweden sold it a SAAB-2000 based AWACS airborne radar system for over a billion dollars. In 2007, Pakistan contracted with China for production of J-17 fighter aircraft. These transactions have placed Pakistan among the leading major Asian arms buyers of recent years. The data on regional arms-transfer agreements from 2000-2007 continue to reflect that Near East and Asian nations are the primary sources of orders for conventional weaponry in the developing world.

Asia has traditionally been the second largest developing-world arms market. In 2004-2007, Asia ranked second, accounting for 42.3% of the total value of all arms transfer agreements with developing nations ($57.6 billion in current dollars). Yet in the earlier period, 2000-2003, the region ranked first, accounting for 46.9% of all such agreements ($35.2 billion in current dollars) (Tables 1C and 1D).

In the earlier period (2000-2003), Russia ranked first in the value of arms transfer agreements with Asia with 49.8% ($17.5 billion in current dollars). The United States ranked second with 19.8% ($7 billion in current dollars). The major West European suppliers, as a group, made 12.5% of this region's agreements in 2000-2003. In the later period (2004-2007), Russia ranked first in Asian agreements with 35.9% ($20.7 billion in current dollars), primarily due to major combat aircraft, and naval system sales to India and China. The United States ranked second with 19.3% ($11.1 billion in current dollars). The major West European suppliers, as a group, made 17.4% of this region's agreements in 2004-2007. (Chart 6)(Table 1E).

Leading Developing Nations Arms Purchasers

India was the leading developing world arms purchaser from 2000-2007, making arms transfer agreements totaling $31.9 billion during these years (in current dollars). In the 2000-2003 period, China ranked first in arms transfer agreements at $10.1 billion (in current dollars). In 2004-2007 India ranked first in arms transfer agreements, with a large increase to $24.2 billion from $7.7 billion in the earlier 2000-2003 period (in current dollars). This increase reflects the continuation of a military modernization effort by India, underway since the 1990s, based primarily on major arms agreements with Russia. The total value of all arms transfer agreements with developing nations from 2000-2007 was $217.6 billion in current dollars. Thus India alone accounted for 14.7% of all developing-world arms-transfer agreements during these eight years. In the most recent period, 2004-2007, India made $24.2 billion in arms transfer agreements (in current dollars). This total constituted 17.8% of all arms transfer agreements with developing nations during these four years ($136 billion in current dollars). Saudi Arabia ranked second in arms transfer agreements during 2004-2007 with $23.2 billion (in current dollars), or 17.1% of the value of all developing-world arms-transfer agreements (Tables 1, 1I, and 1J).

During 2000-2003, the top ten recipients collectively accounted for 66.9% of all developing world arms transfer agreements. During 2004-2007, the top ten recipients collectively accounted for 61.6% of all such agreements. Arms transfer agreements with the top ten developing world recipients, as a group, totaled $34.1 billion in 2007 or 80.6% of all arms transfer agreements with developing nations in that year. These percentages reflect the continued concentration of major arms purchases by developing nations among a few countries (Tables 1, 1I, and 1J).

Saudi Arabia ranked first among all developing world recipients in the value of arms transfer agreements in 2007, concluding $10.6 billion in such agreements. India ranked second in agreements at $5 billion. Pakistan ranked third with $4.2 billion in agreements. Seven of the top ten recipients were in the Near East region; three were in the Asian region (Table 1J).(9)

India was the leading recipient of arms deliveries among developing world recipients in 2007, receiving $1.6 billion in such deliveries. Israel ranked second in arms deliveries in 2007 with $1.5 billion. Egypt ranked third with $1.5 billion (Table 2J).

Arms deliveries to the top ten developing nation recipients, as a group, were valued at $11.1 billion, or 64.5% of all arms deliveries to developing nations in 2007. Five of these top ten recipients were in Asia; three were in the Near East; one was in Latin America, one was in Africa (Tables 2 and 2J).

Weapons Types Recently Delivered to Near East Nations

Regional weapons delivery data reflect the diverse sources of supply and type of conventional weaponry actually transferred to developing nations. Even though the United States, Russia, and the four major West European suppliers dominate in the delivery of the fourteen classes of weapons examined, it is also evident that the other European suppliers and some non-European suppliers, including China, are capable of being leading suppliers of selected types of conventional armaments to developing nations (Tables 3-7).

Weapons deliveries to the Near East, historically the largest purchasing region in the developing world, reflect the quantities and types delivered by both major and lesser suppliers. The following is an illustrative summary of weapons deliveries to this region for the period 2004-2007 from Table 5:

United States.

  • 557 tanks and self-propelled guns

  • 587 APCs and armored cars

  • 6 minor surface combatants

  • 94 supersonic combat aircraft

  • 29 helicopters

  • 748 surface-to-air missiles

  • 77 anti-ship missiles

Russia.

  • 230 tanks and self-propelled guns

  • 260 APCs and armored cars

  • 30 supersonic combat aircraft

  • 30 helicopters

  • 1,640 surface-to-air missiles

China.

  • 60 other aircraft

  • 80 anti-ship missiles

Major West European Suppliers.

  • 20 tanks and self-propelled guns

  • 60 APCs and armored cars

  • 3 major surface combatants

  • 27 minor surface combatants

  • 6 guided missile boats

  • 20 supersonic combat aircraft

  • 10 helicopters

  • 80 anti-ship missiles

All Other European Suppliers.

  • 130 tanks and self-propelled guns

  • 1,280 APCs and armored cars

  • 10 minor surface combatants

  • 9 guided missile boats

  • 320 surface-to-air missiles

  • 70 anti-ship missiles

All Other Suppliers.

  • 560 APCs and armored cars

  • 88 minor surface combatants

  • 20 helicopters

  • 30 surface-to-surface missiles

  • 20 anti-ship missiles

Large numbers of major combat systems were delivered to the Near East region from 2004-2007, specifically, tanks and self-propelled guns, armored vehicles, major and minor surface combatants, supersonic combat aircraft, helicopters, air defense and anti-ship missiles. The United States and Russia made deliveries of supersonic combat aircraft to the region. The United States, China, and the European suppliers delivered many anti-ship missiles. The United States, Russia, and European suppliers in general were principal suppliers of tanks and self-propelled guns, APCs and armored cars, surface-to-air missiles, as well as helicopters. Three of these weapons categories -- supersonic combat aircraft, helicopters, and tanks and self-propelled guns -- are especially costly and are a large portion of the dollar values of arms deliveries by the United States, Russia, and European suppliers to the Near East region during the 2004-2007 period.

The cost of naval combatants is also generally high, and the suppliers of such systems during this period had their delivery value totals notably increased due to these transfers. Some of the less expensive weapons systems delivered to the Near East are, nonetheless, deadly and can create important security threats within the region. In particular, from 2004-2007, the United States delivered 77 anti-ship missiles to the Near East region, China delivered 80, and the four major West European suppliers delivered 80. The United States delivered six minor surface combatants to the Near East, while the major West European suppliers collectively delivered three major surface combatants, 27 minor surface combatants and six guided missile boats. The non-major West European suppliers collectively delivered 70 anti-ship missiles. Other non-European suppliers collectively delivered 560 APCs and armored cars, 88 minor surface combatants, as well as 30 surface-to-surface missiles, a weapons category not delivered by any of the other major weapons suppliers during this period to any region.

UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL ARMS EXPORTS


United States commercially licensed arms deliveries data are not included in this report. The United States is the only major arms supplier that has two distinct systems for the export of weapons: the government-to-government Foreign Military Sales (FMS) system, and the licensed commercial export system. It should be noted that data maintained on U.S. commercial sales agreements and deliveries are incomplete, and are not collected or revised on an on-going basis, making them significantly less precise than those for the U.S. FMS program -- which accounts for the overwhelming portion of U.S. conventional arms transfer agreements and deliveries involving weapons systems. There are no official compilations of commercial agreement data comparable to that for the FMS program maintained on an annual basis. Once an exporter receives from the State Department a commercial license authorization to sell -- valid for four years -- there is no current requirement that the exporter provide to the State Department, on a systematic and on-going basis, comprehensive details regarding any sales contract that results from the license authorization, including if any such contract is reduced in scope or cancelled. Nor is the exporter required to report that no contract with the prospective buyer resulted.

Annual commercially licensed arms deliveries data are obtained from shipper's export documents and completed licenses from ports of exit by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency which are then provided to the U.S. Census Bureau. The Census Bureau takes these arms export data, and, following a minimal review of them, submits them to the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls in the Political-Military Bureau (PM/DDTC) of the State Department, which makes the final compilation of such data -- details of which are not publicly available. Once compiled by the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls at the State Department, these commercially licensed arms deliveries data are not revised. By contrast, the U.S. Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program data, for both agreements and deliveries, maintained by the Defense Department, are systematically collected, reviewed for accuracy on an on-going basis, and are revised from year-to-year as needed to reflect any changes or to correct any errors in the information. This report includes all FMS deliveries data. By excluding U.S. commercial licensed arms deliveries data, the U.S. arms delivery totals will be understated.

Some have suggested that a systematic data collection and reporting system for commercial licensed exports, comparable to the one which exists now in the Department of Defense, should be established by the Department of State. Having current and comprehensive agreement and delivery data on commercially licensed exports would provide a more complete picture of the U.S. arms export trade, in this view, and thus facilitate Congressional oversight of this sector of U.S. exports.

Arms Values Data Tables and Charts for 2000-2007

Tables 1 through 1J present data on arms transfer agreements with developing nations by major suppliers from 2000-2007. These data show the most recent trends in arms contract activity by major suppliers. Delivery data, which reflect implementation of sales decisions taken earlier, are shown in Tables 2 through 2J. Tables 8, 8A, 8B, 8C, and 8D provide data on worldwide arms transfer agreements from 2000-2007, while Tables 9, 9A, 9B, 9C, and 9D provide data on worldwide arms deliveries during this period. To use these data regarding agreements for purposes other than assessing general trends in seller/buyer activity is to risk drawing conclusions that can be readily invalidated by future events -- precise values and comparisons, for example, may change due to cancellations or modifications of major arms transfer agreements.

These data sets reflect the comparative magnitude of arms transactions by arms suppliers with recipient nations expressed in constant dollar terms, unless otherwise noted. Illustrative pie and bar charts are provided in this section to give the relative market share of individual arms suppliers globally, to the developing world and to specific regions. Figure 1 provides the value of worldwide arms transfer agreements for 2000-2003, 2004-2007, and 2007, and the suppliers' share of such agreements with the developing world. Figure 2 provides the value of worldwide arms deliveries for 2000-2003, 2004-2007, and 2007, and the suppliers' share of such deliveries with the developing world. Specific content of other individual data tables is described below.

Table 1 shows the annual current dollar values of arms transfer agreements to developing nations by major suppliers from 2000-2007. This table provides the data from which Tables 1A (constant dollars) and Table 1B (supplier percentages) are derived.

  • Regional Arms Transfer Agreements, 2000-2007

Table 1C gives the values of arms transfer agreements between suppliers and individual regions of the developing world for the periods 2000-2003 and 2004-2007. These values are expressed in current U.S. dollars.(10) Table 1D, derived from Table 1C, gives the percentage distribution of each supplier's agreement values within the regions for the two time periods. Table 1E, also derived from Table 1C, illustrates what percentage share of each developing world region's total arms transfer agreements was held by specific suppliers during the years 2000-2003 and 2004-2007.

  • Arms Transfer Agreements With Developing Nations, 2000-2007: Leading Suppliers Compared

Table 1F gives the values of arms transfer agreements with the developing nations from 2000-2007 by the top eleven suppliers. The table ranks these suppliers on the basis of the total current dollar values of their respective agreements with the developing world for each of three periods -- 2000-2003, 2004-2007, and 2000-2007.

  • Arms Transfer Agreements With Developing Nations in 2007: Leading Suppliers Compared

Table 1G ranks and gives for 2007 the values of arms transfer agreements with developing nations of the top eleven suppliers in current U.S. dollars.

  • Arms Transfer Agreements With Near East 2000-2007: Suppliers and Recipients

Table 1H gives the values of arms transfer agreements with the Near East nations by suppliers or categories of suppliers for the periods 2000-2003 and 2004-2007. These values are expressed in current U.S. dollars. They are a subset of the data contained in Table 1 and Table 1C.

  • Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 2000-2007: Agreements With Leading Recipients

Table 1I gives the values of arms transfer agreements made by the top ten recipients of arms in the developing world from 2000-2007 with all suppliers collectively. The table ranks recipients on the basis of the total current dollar values of their respective agreements with all suppliers for each of three periods--2000-2003, 2004-2007, and 2000-2007.

  • Arms Transfers to Developing Nations in 2007: Agreements With Leading Recipients

Table 1J names the top ten developing world recipients of arms transfer agreements in 2007. The table ranks these recipients on the basis of the total current dollar values of their respective agreements with all suppliers in 2007.

  • Developing Nations Arms Delivery Values

Table 2 shows the annual current dollar values of arms deliveries (items actually transferred) to developing nations by major suppliers from 2000-2007. The utility of these particular data is that they reflect transfers that have occurred. They provide the data from which Tables 2A (constant dollars) and Table 2B (supplier percentages) are derived.

  • Regional Arms Delivery Values, 2000-2007

Table 2C gives the values of arms deliveries by suppliers to individual regions of the developing world for the periods 2000-2003 and 2004-2007. These values are expressed in current U.S. dollars.(11) Table 2D, derived from Table 2C, gives the percentage distribution of each supplier's deliveries values within the regions for the two time periods. Table 2E, also derived from Table 2C, illustrates what percentage share of each developing world region's total arms delivery values was held by specific suppliers during the years 2000-2003 and 2004-2007.

  • Arms Deliveries to Developing Nations, 2000-2007: Leading Suppliers Compared

Table 2F gives the values of arms deliveries to developing nations from 2000-2007 by the top eleven suppliers. The table ranks these suppliers on the basis of the total current dollar values of their respective deliveries to the developing world for each of three periods -- 2000-2003, 2004-2007, and 2000-2007.

  • Arms Deliveries to Developing Nations in 2007: Leading Suppliers Compared

Table 2G ranks and gives for 2007 the values of arms deliveries to developing nations of the top ten suppliers in current U.S. dollars.

  • Arms Deliveries to Near East, 2000-2007: Suppliers and Recipients

Table 2H gives the values of arms delivered to Near East nations by suppliers or categories of suppliers for the periods 2000-2003 and 2004-2007. These values are expressed in current U.S. dollars. They are a subset of the data contained in Table 2 and Table 2C.

  • Arms Deliveries to Developing Nations, 2000-2007: The Leading Recipients

Table 2I gives the values of arms deliveries made to the top ten recipients of arms in the developing world from 2000-2007 by all suppliers collectively. The table ranks recipients on the basis of the total current dollar values of their respective deliveries from all suppliers for each of three periods -- 2000-2003, 2004-2007, and 2000-2007.

  • Arms Transfers to Developing Nations in 2007: Agreements With Leading Recipients

Table 2J names the top ten developing world recipients of arms transfer agreements in 2007. The table ranks these recipients on the basis of the total current dollar values of their respective agreements with all suppliers in 2007.

Chart 1. Arms Transfer Agreements Worldwide, 2000-2007 Developed and Developing Worlds Compared

Source: U.S. Government

Chart 2. Arms Transfer Agreements Worldwide (supplier percentage of value)

Source: U.S. Government

Chart 3. Arms Transfer Agreements With Developing Nations (supplier percentage of value)

Source: U.S. Government

Chart 4. Arms Transfer Agreements With Developing Nations by Major Supplier, 2000-2007

(billions of constant 2007 dollars)

Source: U.S. Government

Figure 1. Worldwide Arms Transfer Agreements, 2000-2007 and Suppliers' Share with Developing World (in millions of constant 2007 U.S. dollars)


Supplier 		Worldwide Agreements Value 2000-2003 Percentage of Total with Developing World
United States 65,948 70.40
Russia 26,610 96.00
France 13,656 36.30
United Kingdom 2,919 39.50
China 3,164 100.00
Germany 6,660 21.80
Italy 2,677 26.00
All Other European 15,601 38.20
All Others 10,322 64.90
TOTAL  147,558  65.10 
 

Supplier 		Worldwide Agreements Value 2004-2007 Percentage of Total with Developing World
United States 68,886 50.40
Russia 40,940 96.00
France 18,440 53.50
United Kingdom 23,506 90.70
China 9,383 100.00
Germany 7,199 61.10
Italy 4,367 61.90
All Other European 23,421 44.70
All Others 12,202 72.80
TOTAL  208,344  67.70 
 

Supplier 		Worldwide Agreements Value 2007 Percentage of Total with Developing World
United States 24,860 48.90
Russia 10,400 93.30
France 1,800 83.30
United Kingdom 9,800 100.00
China 3,800 100.00
Germany 1,500 100.00
Italy 900 88.90
All Other European 4,400 36.40
All Others 2,500 56.00
TOTAL  59,960  70.50 

Source: U.S. Government

Chart 5. Arms Transfer Agreements with Near East (supplier percentage of value)

Source: U.S. Government

Chart 6. Arms Transfer Agreements With Developing Nations in Asia (supplier percentage of value) (excludes Japan, Australia, and New Zealand)

Source: U.S. Government

Chart 7. Arms Deliveries Worldwide 2000-2007 Developed and Developing Worlds Compared

Source: U.S. Government

Chart 8. Arms Deliveries to Developing Countries by Major Supplier, 2000-2007

(in billions of constant 2007 dollars)

Source: U.S. Government

Figure 2. Worldwide Arms Deliveries, 2000-2007 and Suppliers' Share with Developing World (in millions of constant 2007 U.S. dollars)

Supplier  Worldwide Deliveries Value
2000-2003 		Percentage of Total to
Developing World 
United States 50,551 60.30
Russia 19,752 91.60
France 10,056 66.30
United Kingdom 23,290 75.30
China 4,094 89.50
Germany 6,380 30.90
Italy 2,095 33.40
All Other European 15,266 56.00
All Others 12,132 48.20
TOTAL  143,617  65.10 
 
Supplier  Worldwide Deliveries Value
2004-2007 		Percentage of Total to
Developing World 
United States 51,216 64.30
Russia 20,125 95.90
France 12,174 73.00
United Kingdom 14,512 69.40
China 4,460 93.20
Germany 7,328 32.90
Italy 1,975 31.40
All Other European 12,248 37.40
All Others 10,881 39.90
TOTAL  134,918  64.70 
 
Supplier  Worldwide Deliveries Value 2007 Percentage of Total to Developing World
United States 12,793 59.50
Russia 4,700 97.90
France 2,100 33.30
United Kingdom 2,600 34.60
China 1,400 85.70
Germany 1,000 40.00
Italy 500 40.00
All Other European 3,200 34.40
All Others 2,700 18.50
TOTAL  30,933  55.60 

Source: U.S. Government

Table 1. Arms Transfer Agreements with Developing Nations, by Supplier, 2000-2007 (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

  2000  2001  2002  2003  2004  2005  2006  2007  2000-2007 
United States 18,624 6,343 8,334 5,915 6,819 5,643 8,925 12,160 72,763
Russia 6,600 5,300 5,400 4,500 7,300 6,800 14,100 9,700 59,700
France 1,800 1,100 400 900 1,100 6,400 400 1,500 13,600
United Kingdom 0 200 700 100 4,100 2,800 4,000 9,800 21,700
China 600 1,100 400 600 900 3,000 1,400 3,800 11,800
Germany 1,000 100 100 0 100 800 1,900 1,500 5,500
Italy 100 200 0 300 600 600 600 800 3,200
All Other European 1,300 1,100 1,400 1,300 2,300 3,500 2,600 1,600 15,100
All Others 1,800 1,600 1,100 1,200 2,500 1,300 3,300 1,400 14,200
 
TOTAL  31,824  17,043  17,834  14,815  25,719  30,843  37,225  42,260  217,563 

Source: U.S. Government

Note: Developing nations category excludes the U.S., Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. All data are for the calendar year given except for U. S. MAP (Military Assistance Program), IMET (International Military Education and Training), and Excess Defense Article data which are included for the particular fiscal year. All amounts given include the values of all categories of weapons, spare parts, construction, all associated services, military assistance, excess defense articles, and training programs. Statistics for foreign countries are based upon estimated selling prices. All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million. The United States total in 2000 includes a $6.432 billion licensed commercial agreement with the United Arab Emirates for 80 F-16 aircraft.

Table 1A. Arms Transfer Agreements with Developing Nations, by Supplier, 2000-2007 (in millions of constant 2007 U.S. dollars)

  2000  2001  2002  2003  2004  2005  2006  2007  TOTAL 2000-2007
United States 22,673 7,491 9,585 6,654 7,445 5,956 9,142 12,160 81,105
Russia 8,035 6,259 6,210 5,062 7,970 7,177 14,442 9,700 64,856
France 2,191 1,299 460 1,012 1,201 6,755 410 1,500 14,828
United Kingdom 0 236 805 112 4,476 2,955 4,097 9,800 22,482
China 730 1,299 460 675 983 3,166 1,434 3,800 12,547
Germany 1,217 118 115 0 109 844 1,946 1,500 5,850
Italy 122 236 0 337 655 633 615 800 3,398
All Other European 1,583 1,299 1,610 1,462 2,511 3,694 2,663 1,600 16,422
All Others 2,191 1,889 1,265 1,350 2,730 1,372 3,380 1,400 15,577
 
TOTAL  38,744  20,126  20,511  16,665  28,081  32,552  38,129  42,260  237,067 
 
Dollar inflation Index:
(2007=1.00)* 		0.8214 0.8468 0.8695 0.889 0.9159 0.9475 0.9763 1  

Source: U.S. Government

*Based on Department of Defense Price Deflator.

Table 1B. Arms Transfer Agreements with Developing Nations, by Supplier, 2000-2007 (expressed as a percent of total, by year)

  2000  2001  2002  2003  2004  2005  2006  2007 
United States 58.52% 37.22% 46.73% 39.93% 26.51% 18.30% 23.98% 28.77%
Russia 20.74% 31.10% 30.28% 30.37% 28.38% 22.05% 37.88% 22.95%
France 5.66% 6.45% 2.24% 6.07% 4.28% 20.75% 1.07% 3.55%
United Kingdom 0.00% 1.17% 3.93% 0.67% 15.94% 9.08% 10.75% 23.19%
China 1.89% 6.45% 2.24% 4.05% 3.50% 9.73% 3.76% 8.99%
Germany 3.14% 0.59% 0.56% 0.00% 0.39% 2.59% 5.10% 3.55%
Italy 0.31% 1.17% 0.00% 2.02% 2.33% 1.95% 1.61% 1.89%
All Other European 4.08% 6.45% 7.85% 8.77% 8.94% 11.35% 6.98% 3.79%
All Others 5.66% 9.39% 6.17% 8.10% 9.72% 4.21% 8.87% 3.31%
[Major West European* 9.11% 9.39% 6.73% 8.77% 22.94% 34.37% 18.54% 32.18%]
TOTAL  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00% 

Source: U.S. Government

*Major West European category includes France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy.

Table 1C. Regional Arms Transfer Agreements, by Supplier, 2000-2007 (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

  Asia  Near East  Latin America  Africa 
2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007 
United States 6,977 11,092 24,487 20,655 1,191 1,638 94 186
Russia 17,500 20,700 3,100 13,100 300 3,600 900 500
France 2,700 4,600 1,200 3,600 0 300 100 900
United Kingdom 400 2,400 500 17,600 0 700 0 0
China 1,300 6,000 700 1,800 100 200 600 1,200
Germany 1,100 1,800 100 1,500 0 1,100 0 0
Italy 200 1,200 100 1,000 200 100 200 300
All Other European 2,100 3,900 1,800 2,600 200 2,800 1,000 800
All Others 2,900 5,900 1,300 1,200 900 800 700 500
[Major West European* 4,400 10,000 1,900 23,700 200 2,200 300 1,200]
TOTAL  35,177  57,592  33,287  63,055  2,891  11,238  3,594  4,386 

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million. The United States total for Near East in 2000-2003 includes a $6.432 billion licensed commercial agreement with the United Arab Emirates in 2000 for 80 F-16 aircraft.

*Major West European category included France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy.

Table 1D. Percentage of Each Supplier's Agreements Value by Region, 2000-2007

  Asia  Near East  Latin America  Africa  TOTAL 
2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007 
United States 21.30% 33.04% 74.77% 61.53% 3.64% 4.88% 0.29% 0.55% 100.00%  100.00% 
Russia 80.28% 54.62% 14.22% 34.56% 1.38% 9.50% 4.13% 1.32% 100.00%  100.00% 
France 67.50% 48.94% 30.00% 38.30% 0.00% 3.19% 2.50% 9.57% 100.00%  100.00% 
United Kingdom 44.44% 11.59% 55.56% 85.02% 0.00% 3.38% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00%  100.00% 
China 48.15% 65.22% 25.93% 19.57% 3.70% 2.17% 22.22% 13.04% 100.00%  100.00% 
Germany 91.67% 40.91% 8.33% 34.09% 0.00% 25.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00%  100.00% 
Italy 28.57% 46.15% 14.29% 38.46% 28.57% 3.85% 28.57% 11.54% 100.00%  100.00% 
All Other
European 		41.18% 38.61% 35.29% 25.74% 3.92% 27.72% 19.61% 7.92% 100.00%  100.00% 
All Others 50.00% 70.24% 22.41% 14.29% 15.52% 9.52% 12.07% 5.95% 100.00%  100.00% 
[Major West
European* 		 64.71% 26.95% 27.94% 63.88% 2.94% 5.93% 4.41% 3.23% 100.00%  100.00%] 
TOTAL  46.93% 42.26% 44.41% 46.27% 3.86% 8.25% 4.80% 3.22% 100.00%  100.00% 

Source: U.S. Government

*Major West European category included France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy.

Table 1E. Percentage of Total Agreements Value by Supplier to Regions, 2000-2007

  Asia  Near East  Latin America  Africa 
2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007 
United States 19.83% 19.26% 73.56% 32.76% 41.20% 14.58% 2.62% 4.24%
Russia 49.75% 35.94% 9.31% 20.78% 10.38% 32.03% 25.04% 11.40%
France 7.68% 7.99% 3.61% 5.71% 0.00% 2.67% 2.78% 20.52%
United Kingdom 1.14% 4.17% 1.50% 27.91% 0.00% 6.23% 0.00% 0.00%
China 3.70% 10.42% 2.10% 2.85% 3.46% 1.78% 16.69% 27.36%
Germany 3.13% 3.13% 0.30% 2.38% 0.00% 9.79% 0.00% 0.00%
Italy 0.57% 2.08% 0.30% 1.59% 6.92% 0.89% 5.56% 6.84%
All Other European 5.97% 6.77% 5.41% 4.12% 6.92% 24.92% 27.82% 18.24%
All Others 8.24% 10.24% 3.91% 1.90% 31.13% 7.12% 19.48% 11.40%
[Major West European* 12.51% 17.36% 5.71% 37.59% 6.92% 19.58% 8.35% 27.36%]
TOTAL  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00% 

Source: U.S. Government

*Major West European category includes France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy.

Table 1F. Arms Transfer Agreements with Developing Nations, 2000-2007: Leading Suppliers Compared (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

Rank  Supplier  Agreements Value 2000-2003 
1 United States* 39,216
2 Russia 21,800
3 France 4,200
4 China 2,700
5 Israel 2,100
6 Ukraine 1,800
7 Germany 1,200
8 United Kingdom 1,000
9 Brazil 700
10 Italy 600
11 Poland 600
 
Rank  Supplier  Agreements Value 2004-2007 
1 Russia 37,900
2 United States 33,547
3 United Kingdom 20,700
4 France 9,400
5 China 9,100
6 Israel 4,900
7 Germany 4,300
8 Italy 2,600
9 Spain 2,100
10 Ukraine 1,500
11 Netherlands 1,400
 
Rank  Supplier  Agreements Value 2000-2007 
1 United States* 72,763
2 Russia 59,700
3 United Kingdom 21,700
4 France 13,600
5 China 11,800
6 Israel 7,100
7 Germany 5,500
8 Ukraine 3,300
9 Italy 3,200
10 Spain 2,500
11 Netherlands 1,500

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million. Where rounded data totals are the same, the rank order is maintained.

*The United States total includes a $6.432 billion licensed commercial agreement with the United Arab Emirates in 2000 for 80 F-16 aircraft.

Table 1G. Arms Transfer Agreements with Developing Nations in 2007: Leading Suppliers Compared (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

Rank  Supplier  Agreements Value 2007 
1 United States 12,160
2 United Kingdom 9,800
3 Russia 9,700
4 China 3,800
5 France 1,500
6 Germany 1,500
7 Italy 800
8 Israel 700
9 Brazil 300
10 Ukraine 300
11 Switzerland 300

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million. Where rounded data totals are the same, the rank order is maintained.

Table 1H. Arms Transfer Agreements with Near East, by Supplier (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

Recipient Country U.S.  Russia  China  Major West European* All Other European All Others Total 
2000-2003 
Algeria 0 400 100 0 100 0 600 
Bahrain 400 0 0 0 0 0 400 
Egypt 5,900 400 200 100 200 0 6,800 
Iran 0 200 100 0 100 100 500 
Iraq 0 100 0 0 200 100 400 
Israel 5,000 0 0 0 100 0 5,100 
Jordan 700 0 0 0 100 200 1,000 
Kuwait 1,700 100 200 0 0 200 2,200 
Lebanon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Libya 0 100 0 0 200 300 600 
Morocco 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 
Oman 900 0 0 400 0 0 1,300 
Qatar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Saudi Arabia 2,700 0 0 500 0 0 3,200 
Syria 0 400 0 0 0 300 700 
Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
U.A.E.** 7,100 800 0 800 400 200 9,300 
Yemen 0 700 100 0 200 0 1,000 
2004-2007 
Algeria 0 3,900 100 0 0 0 4,000 
Bahrain 400 0 0 100 0 100 600 
Egypt 4,300 500 300 0 300 100 5,500 
Iran 0 2,100 400 0 300 100 2,900 
Iraq 2,000 100 100 400 700 200 3,500 
Israel 3,300 300 0 800 0 0 4,400 
Jordan 1,100 200 0 0 300 0 1,600 
Kuwait 1,100 0 0 0 0 0 1,100 
Lebanon 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 
Libya 0 400 0 800 200 100 1,500 
Morocco 100 200 0 500 0 200 1,000 
Oman 200 0 0 2,300 0 100 2,600 
Qatar 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 
Saudi Arabia 5,200 0 600 16,900 400 100 23,200 
Syria 0 4,900 0 0 0 500 5,400 
Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
U.A.E. 2,700 200 0 1,600 200 300 5,000 
Yemen 0 200 0 0 100 200 500 

Source: U.S. Government

Note: 0=data less than $50 million or nil. All data are rounded to nearest $100 million.

*Major West European includes France, United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy totals as an aggregate figure.

**The United States total for 2000-2003 includes a $6.432 billion licensed commercial agreement with the United Arab Emirates in 2000 for 80 F-16 aircraft.

Table 1I. Arms Transfer Agreements with Developing Nations, 2000-2007: Agreements by the Leading Recipients (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

Rank  Recipient  Agreements Value 2000-2003 
1 China 10,100
2 U.A.E.* 9,300
3 India 7,700
4 Egypt 6,800
5 Israel 5,100
6 South Korea 4,700
7 Saudi Arabia 3,200
8 Malaysia 3,100
9 Singapore 2,300
10 Kuwait 2,200
 
Rank  Recipient  Agreements Value 2004-2007 
1 India 24,200
2 Saudi Arabia 23,200
3 Pakistan 12,100
4 China 5,900
5 Egypt 5,500
6 Syria 5,400
7 U.A.E. 5,000
8 Venezuela 4,700
9 Israel 4,400
10 South Korea 4,200
 
Rank  Recipient  Agreements Value 2000-2007 
1 India 31,900
2 Saudi Arabia 26,400
3 China 16,000
4 U.A.E.* 14,300
5 Pakistan 13,700
6 Egypt 12,300
7 Israel 9,500
8 South Korea 8,900
9 Syria 6,100
10 Venezuela 4,900

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million. Where rounded data totals are the same, the rank order is maintained.

*The U.A.E. total includes a $6.432 billion licensed commercial agreement with the United States in 2000 for 80 F-16 aircraft.

Table 1J. Arms Transfer Agreements with Developing Nations in 2007: Agreements by Leading Recipients (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

Rank  Recipient  Agreements Value
2007 
1 Saudi Arabia 10,600
2 India 5,000
3 Pakistan 4,200
4 Syria 3,700
5 South Korea 2,700
6 U.A.E. 1,900
7 Iraq 1,900
8 Egypt 1,700
9 Oman 1,400
10 Israel 1,000

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million. Where rounded data totals are the same, the rank order is maintained.

Table 2. Arms Deliveries to Developing Nations, by Supplier, 2000-2007 (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

  2000  2001  2002  2003  2003  2005  2006  2007  TOTAL 2000-2007
United States 8,027 5,389 6,500 6,096 7,471 8,388 8,126 7,613 57,610
Russia 3,500 4,300 3,500 4,200 5,300 3,100 5,500 4,600 34,000
France 1,900 1,000 900 1,900 5,200 2,000 400 700 14,000
United Kingdom 4,300 3,400 3,400 3,900 2,400 3,000 3,300 900 24,600
China 800 800 800 700 900 900 1,000 1,200 7,100
Germany 500 100 300 800 800 300 800 400 4,000
Italy 100 200 200 100 100 100 200 200 1,200
All Other European 2,100 1,800 1,900 1,500 900 1,300 1,100 1,100 11,700
All Others 1,100 1,400 1,500 1,000 1,700 1,400 500 500 9,100
TOTAL  22,327  18,389  19,000  20,196  24,771  20,488  20,926  17,213  163,310 

Source: U.S. Government

Note: Developing nations category excludes the United States, Russia, Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. All data are for the calendar year given, except for U.S. MAP (Military Assistance Program), IMET (International Military Education and Training), excess defense articles, which are included for the particular fiscal year. Licensed commercial exports are excluded. All amounts given include the values of all categories of weapons and ammunition, military spare parts, military construction, military assistance and training programs, and all associated services. Statistics for foreign countries are based upon estimated selling prices. All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million.

Table 2A. Arms Deliveries to Developing Nations, by Supplier, 2000-2007 (in millions of constant 2007 U.S. dollars)

  2000  2001  2002  2003  2004  2005  2006  2007  TOTAL
2000-2007 
United States 9,772 6,364 7,476 6,857 8,157 8,853 8,323 7,613 63,415
Russia 4,261 5,078 4,025 4,724 5,787 3,272 5,634 4,600 37,381
France 2,313 1,181 1,035 2,137 5,677 2,111 410 700 15,564
United Kingdom 5,235 4,015 3,910 4,387 2,620 3,166 3,380 900 27,614
China 974 945 920 787 983 950 1,024 1,200 7,783
Germany 609 118 345 900 873 317 819 400 4,381
Italy 122 236 230 112 109 106 205 200 1,320
All Other European 2,557 2,126 2,185 1,687 983 1,372 1,127 1,100 13,136
All Others 1,339 1,653 1,725 1,125 1,856 1,478 512 500 10,188
TOTAL  27,182  21,716  21,852  22,718  27,046  21,623  21,434  17,213  180,783 
 
Dollar inflation index:
(2007=1.00)* 		0.8214 0.8468 0.8695 0.889 0.9159 0.9475 0.9763 1  

Source: U.S. Government

*Based on Department of Defense Price Deflator.

Table 2B. Arms Deliveries to Developing Nations, by Supplier, 2000-2007 (expressed as a percent of total, by year)

  2000  2001  2002  2003  2004  2005  2006  2007 
United States 35.95% 29.31% 34.21% 30.18% 30.16% 40.94% 38.83% 44.23%
Russia 15.68% 23.38% 18.42% 20.80% 21.40% 15.13% 26.28% 26.72%
France 8.51% 5.44% 4.74% 9.41% 20.99% 9.76% 1.91% 4.07%
United Kingdom 19.26% 18.49% 17.89% 19.31% 9.69% 14.64% 15.77% 5.23%
China 3.58% 4.35% 4.21% 3.47% 3.63% 4.39% 4.78% 6.97%
Germany 2.24% 0.54% 1.58% 3.96% 3.23% 1.46% 3.82% 2.32%
Italy 0.45% 1.09% 1.05% 0.50% 0.40% 0.49% 0.96% 1.16%
All Other European 9.41% 9.79% 10.00% 7.43% 3.63% 6.35% 5.26% 6.39%
All Others 4.93% 7.61% 7.89% 4.95% 6.86% 6.83% 2.39% 2.90%
[Major West European* 30.46% 25.56% 25.26% 33.17% 34.31% 26.36% 22.46% 12.78%]
 
TOTAL  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00% 

Source: U.S. Government

*Major West European category includes France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy.

Table 2C. Regional Arms Deliveries by Supplier, 2000-2007 (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

  Asia  Near East  Latin America  Africa 
2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007 
United States 8,699 10,374 16,507 19,803 716 1,265 90 156
Russia 13,200 12,800 1,700 3,100 100 2,000 500 600
France 600 1,600 4,900 6,100 100 400 100 100
United Kingdom 600 600 14,400 8,000 0 200 0 700
China 1,600 2,300 900 900 0 100 400 800
Germany 1,100 900 400 300 0 0 200 1,100
Italy 100 100 100 0 200 100 100 300
All Other European 1,400 1,300 4,300 1,600 700 1,200 1,000 500
All Others 6,500 3,000 1,300 900 400 700 700 300
[Major West European*   2,400 3,200 19,800 14,400 300 700 400 2,200]
 
TOTAL  33,799  32,974  44,507  40,703  2,216  5,965  3,090  4,556 

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million.

*Major West European category includes France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy.

Table 2D. Percentage of Supplier Deliveries Value by Region, 2000-2007

  Asia  Near East  Latin America  Africa  TOTAL
2000-2003 		 TOTAL
2004-2007 
2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007 
United States 33.44% 32.83% 63.46% 62.67% 2.75% 4.00% 0.35% 0.49% 100.00%  100.00% 
Russia 85.16% 69.19% 10.97% 16.76% 0.65% 10.81% 3.23% 3.24% 100.00%  100.00% 
France 10.53% 19.51% 85.96% 74.39% 1.75% 4.88% 1.75% 1.22% 100.00%  100.00% 
United Kingdom 4.00% 6.32% 96.00% 84.21% 0.00% 2.11% 0.00% 7.37% 100.00%  100.00% 
China 55.17% 56.10% 31.03% 21.95% 0.00% 2.44% 13.79% 19.51% 100.00%  100.00% 
Germany 64.71% 39.13% 23.53% 13.04% 0.00% 0.00% 11.76% 47.83% 100.00%  100.00% 
Italy 20.00% 20.00% 20.00% 0.00% 40.00% 20.00% 20.00% 60.00% 100.00%  100.00% 
All Other European 18.92% 28.26% 58.11% 34.78% 9.46% 26.09% 13.51% 10.87% 100.00%  100.00% 
All Others 73.03% 61.22% 14.61% 18.37% 4.49% 14.29% 7.87% 6.12% 100.00%  100.00% 
[Major West European* 10.48% 15.61% 86.46% 70.24% 1.31% 3.41% 1.75% 10.73% 100.00%  100.00%] 
 
TOTAL  40.42% 39.16% 53.23% 48.34% 2.65% 7.08% 3.70% 5.41% 100.00%  100.00% 

Source: U.S. Government

*Major West European category includes France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy.

Table 2E. Percentage of Total Deliveries Value by Supplier to Regions, 2000-2007

  Asia  Near East  Latin America  Africa 
2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007  2000-2003  2004-2007 
United States 25.74% 31.46% 37.09% 48.65% 32.31% 21.21% 2.91% 3.42%
Russia 39.05% 38.82% 3.82% 7.62% 4.51% 33.53% 16.18% 13.17%
France 1.78% 4.85% 11.01% 14.99% 4.51% 6.71% 3.24% 2.19%
United Kingdom 1.78% 1.82% 32.35% 19.65% 0.00% 3.35% 0.00% 15.36%
China 4.73% 6.98% 2.02% 2.21% 0.00% 1.68% 12.94% 17.56%
Germany 3.25% 2.73% 0.90% 0.74% 0.00% 0.00% 6.47% 24.14%
Italy 0.30% 0.30% 0.22% 0.00% 9.03% 1.68% 3.24% 6.58%
All Other European 4.14% 3.94% 9.66% 3.93% 31.59% 20.12% 32.36% 10.97%
All Others 19.23% 9.10% 2.92% 2.21% 18.05% 11.74% 22.65% 6.58%
[Major West European*   7.10% 9.70% 44.49% 35.38% 13.54% 11.74% 12.94% 48.29%]
 
TOTAL  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00% 

Source: U.S. Government

*Major West European category includes France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy.

Table 2F. Arms Deliveries to Developing Nations, 2000-2007 Leading Suppliers Compared (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

Rank  Supplier  Deliveries Value 2000-2003 
1 United States 26,012
2 Russia 15,500
3 United Kingdom 15,000
4 France 5,700
5 China 3,100
6 Sweden 2,500
7 Israel 1,700
8 Germany 1,700
9 Ukraine 1,300
10 North Korea 800
11 Belarus 600
 
Rank  Supplier  Deliveries Value 2004-2007 
1 United States 31,598
2 Russia 18,500
3 United Kingdom 9,600
4 France 8,300
5 China 4,000
6 Germany 2,300
7 Israel 1,300
8 Netherlands 900
9 Ukraine 800
10 Italy 600
11 Brazil 500
 
Rank  Supplier  Deliveries Value 2000-2007 
1 United States 57,610
2 Russia 34,000
3 United Kingdom 24,600
4 France 14,000
5 China 7,000
6 Germany 3,900
7 Israel 3,000
8 Sweden 2,900
9 Ukraine 2,200
10 Italy 1,200
11 North Korea 1,000

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million. Where rounded data totals are the same, the rank order is maintained.

Table 2G. Arms Deliveries to Developing Nations in 2007: Leading Suppliers Compared (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

Rank  Supplier  Deliveries Value
2007 
1 United States 7,613
2 Russia 4,600
3 China 1,200
4 United Kingdom 900
5 France 700
6 Germany 400
7 Netherlands 200
8 Spain 200
9 Ukraine 200
10 Italy 200
11 Israel 200

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million. Where rounded data totals are the same, the rank order is maintained.

Table 2H. Arms Deliveries to Near East, by Supplier (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

Recipient Country U.S.  Russia  China  Major West European* All Other European All Others Total 
2000-2003 
Algeria 0 300 100 0 200 100 700 
Bahrain 600 0 0 0 0 0 600 
Egypt 5,100 200 300 100 100 0 5,800 
Iran 0 300 0 0 100 400 800 
Iraq 0 0 0 0 100 100 200 
Israel 3,000 0 0 300 0 0 3,300 
Jordan 600 0 400 100 100 100 1,300 
Kuwait 1,000 100 0 300 0 200 1,600 
Lebanon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Libya 0 100 0 0 100 200 400 
Morocco 0 0 0 100 100 100 300 
Oman 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 
Qatar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Saudi Arabia 6,000 0 0 15,300 2,800 0 24,100 
Syria 0 200 0 0 100 0 300 
Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
U.A.E. 200 300 100 3,300 300 100 4,300 
Yemen 0 300 900 100 200 0 1,500 
2004-2007 
Algeria 0 900 100 0 0 0 1,000 
Bahrain 300 0 0 100 0 0 400 
Egypt 5,500 200 500 0 400 0 6,600 
Iran 0 400 200 0 0 200 800 
Iraq 300 100 0 0 200 200 800 
Israel 5,700 100 0 0 0 0 5,800 
Jordan 600 100 0 0 0 0 700 
Kuwait 1,500 0 0 0 0 0 1,500 
Lebanon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Libya 0 200 0 0 200 0 400 
Morocco 100 100 0 0 0 200 400 
Oman 700 0 0 300 0 0 1,000 
Qatar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Saudi Arabia 4,400 0 0 9,900 200 0 14,500 
Syria 0 300 0 0 0 300 600 
Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
U.A.E. 600 300 0 4,000 400 0 5,300 
Yemen 0 300 0 0 100 200 600 

Source: U.S. Government

Note: 0=data less than $50 million or nil. All data are rounded to nearest $100 million.

*Major West European includes France, United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy totals as an aggregate figure.

Table 2I. Arms Deliveries to Developing Nations, 2000-2007: The Leading Recipients (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

Rank  Recipient  Deliveries Value 2000-2003
1 Saudi Arabia 24,100
2 China 8,500
3 Egypt 5,800
4 India 4,900
5 U.A.E. 4,300
6 Taiwan 4,100
7 South Korea 3,400
8 Israel 3,300
9 Pakistan 1,700
10 Kuwait 1,600
 
Rank  Recipient  Deliveries Value 2004-2007
1 Saudi Arabia 14,500
2 China 8,500
3 India 6,600
4 Egypt 6,600
5 Israel 5,800
6 U.A.E. 5,300
7 Taiwan 4,300
8 South Korea 3,200
9 Pakistan 3,100
10 South Africa 2,200
 
Rank  Recipient  Deliveries Value 2000-2007
1 Saudi Arabia 38,600
2 China 17,000
3 Egypt 12,400
4 India 11,500
5 U.A.E. 9,600
6 Israel 9,100
7 Taiwan 8,400
8 South Korea 6,600
9 Pakistan 4,800
10 Kuwait 3,100

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million. Where rounded data totals are the same, the rank order is maintained.

Table 2J. Arms Deliveries to Developing Nations in 2007: The Leading Recipients (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

Rank  Recipient  Deliveries Value
2007 
1 India 1,600
2 Israel 1,500
3 Egypt 1,500
4 Saudi Arabia 1,100
5 Pakistan 1,100
6 South Korea 1,000
7 Venezuela 1,000
8 South Africa 800
9 Taiwan 800
10 China 700

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million. Where rounded data totals are the same, the rank order is maintained.

Selected Weapons Deliveries to Developing Nations, 2000-2007

Other useful data for assessing arms transfers are those that indicate who has actually delivered specific numbers of specific classes of military items to a region. These data are relatively "hard" in that they reflect actual transfers of military equipment. They have the limitation of not giving detailed information regarding either the sophistication or the specific name of the equipment delivered. However, these data show relative trends in the delivery of important classes of military equipment and indicate who the leading suppliers are from region to region over time. Data in the following tables set out actual deliveries of fourteen categories of weaponry to developing nations from 2000-2007 by the United States, Russia, China, the four major West European suppliers as a group, all other European suppliers as a group, and all other suppliers as a group. The tables show these deliveries data for all of the developing nations collectively, for Asia, for the Near East, for Latin America, and for Africa (Tables 3-7).

Care should be taken in using the quantitative data within these specific tables. Aggregate data on weapons categories delivered by suppliers do not provide precise indices of the quality and/or quantity of the weaponry delivered. The history of recent conventional conflicts suggests that quality and/or sophistication of weapons can offset quantitative advantage. Further, these data do not provide an indication of the relative capabilities of the recipient nations to use effectively the weapons delivered to them. Superior training -- coupled with good equipment, tactical and operational proficiency, and sound logistics -- may, in the last analysis, be a more important factor in a nation's ability to engage successfully in conventional warfare than the size of its weapons inventory.

Table 3. Numbers of Weapons Delivered by Suppliers to Developing Nations

Weapons Category U.S.  Russia  China  Major West European* All Other European All Others
2000-2003 
Tanks and Self-Propelled Guns 462 420 200 390 860 130
Artillery 209 440 630 110 630 670
APCs and Armored Cars 60 620 360 90 1,090 560
Major Surface Combatants 16 5 0 5 2 2
Minor Surface Combatants 4 4 40 45 90 92
Guided Missile Boats 0 0 1 9 0 0
Submarines 0 1 0 2 2 0
Supersonic Combat Aircraft 67 240 70 20 80 70
Subsonic Combat Aircraft 15 10 0 30 10 0
Other Aircraft 53 20 90 130 150 130
Helicopters 121 390 10 70 100 50
Surface-to-Air Missiles 3,017 1,770 550 50 720 540
Surface-to-Surface Missiles 0 40 0 0 0 40
Anti-Ship Missiles 309 170 60 170 0 50
2004-2007 
Tanks and Self-Propelled Guns 375 270 150 40 420 30
Artillery 239 20 440 10 1,260 750
APCs and Armored Cars 641 510 450 220 1,880 691
Major Surface Combatants 0 3 0 17 5 17
Minor Surface Combatants 21 3 43 48 40 97
Guided Missile Boats 0 0 0 6 9 1
Submarines 0 8 0 5 4 0
Supersonic Combat Aircraft 104 170 30 70 30 40
Subsonic Combat Aircraft 2 0 0 30 0 10
Other Aircraft 36 20 120 10 70 100
Helicopters 67 180 0 70 30 40
Surface-to-Air Missiles 1,222 2,810 530 10 390 150
Surface-to-Surface Missiles 0 0 0 0 0 30
Anti-Ship Missiles 260 360 120 140 80 20

Source: U.S. Government

Note: Developing nations category excludes the U.S., Russia, Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. All data are for calendar years given. *Major West European includes France, United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy totals as an aggregate figure. Data relating to surface-to-surface and anti-ship missiles by foreign suppliers are estimates based on a variety of sources having a wide range of accuracy. As such, individual data entries in these two weapons delivery categories are not necessarily definitive.

Table 4. Number of Weapons Delivered by Suppliers to Asia and the Pacific

Weapons Category U.S.  Russia  China  Major West European* All Other European All Others
2000-2003 
Tanks and Self-Propelled Guns 88 340 140 0 120 20
Artillery 108 10 370 10 100 170
APCs and Armored Cars 20 320 310 20 250 80
Major Surface Combatants 12 5 0 0 1 2
Minor Surface Combatants 0 2 11 4 26 21
Guided Missile Boats 0 0 0 0 0 0
Submarines 0 1 0 1 2 0
Supersonic Combat Aircraft 16 200 60 0 10 40
Subsonic Combat Aircraft 15 0 0 30 0 0
Other Aircraft 8 20 30 0 60 60
Helicopters 81 230 0 20 10 10
Surface-to-Air Missiles 2657 1090 510 0 70 480
Surface-to-Surface Missiles 0 0 0 0 0 0
Anti-Ship Missiles 232 140 0 80 0 0
2004-2007 
Tanks and Self-Propelled Guns 115 40 150 0 10 20
Artillery 108 20 190 10 110 60
APCs and Armored Cars 54 250 80 110 440 1
Major Surface Combatants 0 3 0 4 1 16
Minor Surface Combatants 6 3 14 11 8 0
Guided Missile Boats 0 0 0 0 0 0
Submarines 0 8 0 1 2 0
Supersonic Combat Aircraft 0 110 20 40 10 40
Subsonic Combat Aircraft 2 0 0 10 0 0
Other Aircraft 12 10 10 10 20 20
Helicopters 22 80 0 20 10 0
Surface-to-Air Missiles 474 1070 530 0 70 150
Surface-to-Surface Missiles 0 0 0 0 0 0
Anti-Ship Missiles 173 360 40 50 0 0

Source: U.S. Government

Note: Asia and Pacific category excludes Japan, Australia and New Zealand. All data are for calendar years given. *Major West European includes France, United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy totals as an aggregate figure. Data relating to surface-to-surface and anti-ship missiles by foreign suppliers are estimates based on a variety of sources having a wide range of accuracy. As such, individual data entries in these two weapons delivery categories are not necessarily definitive.

Table 5. Numbers of Weapons Delivered by Suppliers to Near East

Weapons Category U.S.  Russia  China  Major West European* All Other European All Others
2000-2003 
Tanks and Self-Propelled Guns 327 70 0 340 430 30
Artillery 76 0 100 70 30 0
APCs and Armored Cars 39 150 50 20 290 120
Major Surface Combatants 2 0 0 2 1 0
Minor Surface Combatants 4 0 0 30 31 44
Guided Missile Boats 0 0 1 9 0 0
Submarines 0 0 0 1 0 0
Supersonic Combat Aircraft 47 30 0 20 30 0
Subsonic Combat Aircraft 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other Aircraft 30 0 40 90 50 40
Helicopters 15 80 0 30 20 20
Surface-to-Air Missiles 360 580 0 0 540 0
Surface-to-Surface Missiles 0 0 0 0 0 40
Anti-Ship Missiles 77 30 60 90 0 20
2004-2007 
Tanks and Self-Propelled Guns 557 230 0 20 130 0
Artillery 30 0 0 0 20 40
APCs and Armored Cars 587 260 0 60 1280 560
Major Surface Combatants 0 0 0 3 0 0
Minor Surface Combatants 6 0 0 27 10 88
Guided Missile Boats 0 0 0 6 9 0
Submarines 0 0 0 0 0 0
Supersonic Combat Aircraft 94 30 0 20 0 0
Subsonic Combat Aircraft 0 0 0 10 0 0
Other Aircraft 6 0 60 0 20 40
Helicopters 29 30 0 10 0 20
Surface-to-Air Missiles 748 1640 0 0 320 0
Surface-to-Surface Missiles 0 0 0 0 0 30
Anti-Ship Missiles 77 0 80 80 70 20

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All data for calendar years given. *Major West European includes France, United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy totals as an aggregate figure. Data relating to surface-to-surface and anti-ship missiles by foreign suppliers are estimates based on a variety of sources having a wide range of accuracy. As such, individual data entries in theses two weapons delivery categories are not necessarily definitive.

Table 6. Numbers of Weapons Delivered by Suppliers to Latin America

Weapons Category U.S.  Russia  China  Major West European* All Other European All Others
2000-2003 
Tanks and Self-Propelled Guns 0 0 0 50 130 20
Artillery 25 0 0 10 30 20
APCs and Armored Cars 1 0 0 0 0 0
Major Surface Combatants 2 0 0 2 0 0
Minor Surface Combatants 0 0 20 1 13 0
Guided Missile Boats 0 0 0 0 0 0
Submarines 0 0 0 0 0 0
Supersonic Combat Aircraft 4 0 0 0 0 0
Subsonic Combat Aircraft 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other Aircraft 7 0 0 30 20 20
Helicopters 25 10 0 10 30 0
Surface-to-Air Missiles 0 30 40 50 40 40
Surface-to-Surface Missiles 0 0 0 0 0 0
Anti-Ship Missiles 0 0 0 0 0 30
2004-2007 
Tanks and Self-Propelled Guns 0 0 0 20 0 0
Artillery 101 0 10 0 10 0
APCs and Armored Cars 0 0 0 0 0 0
Major Surface Combatants 0 0 0 7 4 0
Minor Surface Combatants 9 0 0 1 2 2
Guided Missile Boats 0 0 0 0 0 0
Submarines 0 0 0 2 2 0
Supersonic Combat Aircraft 10 10 0 10 20 0
Subsonic Combat Aircraft 0 0 0 0 0 10
Other Aircraft 18 10 10 0 20 30
Helicopters 16 40 0 10 0 10
Surface-to-Air Missiles 0 0 0 0 0 0
Surface-to-Surface Missiles 0 0 0 0 0 0
Anti-Ship Missiles 10 0 0 0 10 0

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All data for calendar years given. *Major West European includes France, United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy totals as an aggregate figure. Data relating to surface-to-surface and anti-ship missiles by foreign suppliers are estimates based on a variety of sources having a wide range of accuracy. As such, individual data entries in theses two weapons delivery categories are not necessarily definitive.

Table 7. Number of Weapons Delivered by Suppliers to Africa

Weapons Category U.S.  Russia  China  Major West European* All Other European All Others
2000-2003 
Tanks and Self-Propelled Guns 0 10 60 0 180 60
Artillery 0 430 160 20 470 480
APCs and Armored Cars 0 150 0 50 550 360
Major Surface Combatants 0 0 0 1 0 0
Minor Surface Combatants 0 2 9 10 20 27
Guided Missile Boats 0 0 0 0 0 0
Submarines 0 0 0 0 0 0
Supersonic Combat Aircraft 0 10 10 0 40 30
Subsonic Combat Aircraft 0 10 0 0 10 0
Other Aircraft 8 0 20 10 20 10
Helicopters 0 70 10 10 40 20
Surface-to-Air Missiles 0 70 0 0 70 20
Surface-to-Surface Missiles 0 40 0 0 0 0
Anti-Ship Missiles 0 0 0 0 0 0
2004-2007 
Tanks and Self-Propelled Guns 0 0 0 0 280 10
Artillery 0 0 240 0 1120 650
APCs and Armored Cars 0 0 370 50 160 130
Major Surface Combatants 0 0 0 3 0 1
Minor Surface Combatants 0 0 29 9 20 7
Guided Missile Boats 0 0 0 0 0 1
Submarines 0 0 0 2 0 0
Supersonic Combat Aircraft 0 20 10 0 0 0
Subsonic Combat Aircraft 0 0 0 10 0 0
Other Aircraft 0 0 40 0 10 10
Helicopters 0 30 0 30 20 10
Surface-to-Air Missiles 0 100 0 10 0 0
Surface-to-Surface Missiles 0 0 0 0 0 0
Anti-Ship Missiles 0 0 0 10 0 0

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All data are for calendar years given. *Major West European includes France, United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy totals as an aggregate figure. Data relating to surface-to-surface and anti-ship missiles by foreign suppliers are estimates based on a variety of sources having a wide range of accuracy. As such, individual data entries in these two weapons delivery categories are not necessarily definitive.

Worldwide Arms Transfer Agreements and Deliveries Values, 2000-2007

Ten tables follow. Tables 8, 8A, and 8B and Tables 9, 9A, and 9B, provide the total dollar values for arms transfer agreements and arms deliveries worldwide for the years 2000-2007 in the same format and detail as do Tables 1, 1A, and 1B and Tables 2, 2A, and 2B for arms transfer agreements with and arms deliveries to developing nations. Tables 8C, 8D, 9C, and 9D provide a list of the top eleven arms suppliers to the world based on the total values (in current dollars) of their arms transfer agreements and arms deliveries worldwide during calendar years 2000-2003, 2004-2007, and 2007. These tables are set out in the same format and detail as Tables 1F and 1G for arms transfer agreements with, and Tables 2F and 2G for arms deliveries to developing nations, respectively.

  • Total Worldwide Arms Transfer Agreements Values, 2000-2007

Table 8 shows the annual current dollar values of arms transfer agreements worldwide. Since these figures do not allow for the effects of inflation, they are, by themselves, of limited use. They provide, however, the data from which Tables 8A (constant dollars) and 8B (supplier percentages) are derived.

  • Total Worldwide Delivery Values 2000-2007

Table 9 shows the annual current dollar values of arms deliveries (items actually transferred) worldwide by major suppliers from 2000-2007. The utility of these data is that they reflect transfers that have occurred. They provide the data from which Tables 9A (constant dollars) and 9B (supplier percentages) are derived.

Table 8. Arms Transfer Agreements with the World, by Supplier, 2000-2007 (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

  2000  2001  2002  2003  2004  2005  2006  2007  TOTAL 2000-2007
United States 17,474 11,414 12,987 14,455 12,602 12,852 16,307 24,860 122,951
Russia 6,700 5,500 5,800 4,700 7,500 7,300 14,300 10,400 62,200
France 3,700 4,400 700 2,800 2,900 8,400 4,500 1,800 29,200
United Kingdom 600 600 700 600 6,000 2,800 4,100 9,800 25,200
China 600 1,100 400 600 900 3,000 1,400 3,800 11,800
Germany 1,200 2,000 1,000 1,500 1,700 1,700 2,000 1,500 12,600
Italy 200 1,100 400 600 600 1,500 1,200 900 6,500
All Other European 4,100 2,700 4,400 2,100 5,700 6,400 5,900 4,400 35,700
All Others 2,400 2,600 2,200 1,600 3,100 2,200 3,900 2,500 20,500
 
TOTAL  36,974  31,414  28,587  28,955  41,002  46,152  53,607  59,960  326,651 

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All data are for the calendar year given, except for U.S. MAP (Military Assistance Program) and IMET (International Military Education and Training), excess defense articles, which are included for the particular fiscal year. All amounts given include the values of all categories of weapons and ammunition, military spare parts, military construction, excess defense articles, military assistance and training programs, and all associated services. Statistics for foreign countries are based upon estimated selling prices. All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million. The U.S. total in 2000 includes a $6.432 billion licensed commercial agreement with the United Arab Emirates for 80 F-16 aircraft.

Table 8A. Arms Transfer Agreements with the World, by Supplier, 2000-2007 (in millions of constant 2007 U.S. dollars)

  2000  2001  2002  2003  2004  2005  2006  2007  TOTAL 2000-2007
United States 21,273 13,479 14,936 16,260 13,759 13,564 16,703 24,860 134,835
Russia 8,157 6,495 6,671 5,287 8,189 7,704 14,647 10,400 67,549
France 4,505 5,196 805 3,150 3,166 8,865 4,609 1,800 32,096
United Kingdom 730 709 805 675 6,551 2,955 4,200 9,800 26,425
China 730 1,299 460 675 983 3,166 1,434 3,800 12,547
Germany 1,461 2,362 1,150 1,687 1,856 1,794 2,049 1,500 13,859
Italy 243 1,299 460 675 655 1,583 1,229 900 7,045
All Other European 4,991 3,188 5,060 2,362 6,223 6,755 6,043 4,400 39,024
All Others 2,922 3,070 2,530 1,800 3,385 2,322 3,995 2,500 22,523
 
TOTAL  45,013  37,097  32,878  32,570  44,767  48,709  54,908  59,960  355,903 
 
Dollar inflation index: (2007=1.00)* 0.8214 0.8468 0.8695 0.889 0.9159 0.9475 0.9763 1  

Source: U.S. Government

*Based on Department of Defense Price Deflator.

Table 8B. Arms Transfer Agreements with the World, by Supplier, 2000-2007 (expressed as a percent of total, by year)

  2000  2001  2002  2003  2004  2005  2006  2007 
 
United States 47.26% 36.33% 45.43% 49.92% 30.74% 27.85% 30.42% 41.46%
Russia 18.12% 17.51% 20.29% 16.23% 18.29% 15.82% 26.68% 17.34%
France 10.01% 14.01% 2.45% 9.67% 7.07% 18.20% 8.39% 3.00%
United Kingdom 1.62% 1.91% 2.45% 2.07% 14.63% 6.07% 7.65% 16.34%
China 1.62% 3.50% 1.40% 2.07% 2.20% 6.50% 2.61% 6.34%
Germany 3.25% 6.37% 3.50% 5.18% 4.15% 3.68% 3.73% 2.50%
Italy 0.54% 3.50% 1.40% 2.07% 1.46% 3.25% 2.24% 1.50%
All Other European 11.09% 8.59% 15.39% 7.25% 13.90% 13.87% 11.01% 7.34%
All Others 6.49% 8.28% 7.70% 5.53% 7.56% 4.77% 7.28% 4.17%
[Major West European*  15.42% 25.78% 9.79% 18.99% 27.32% 31.20% 22.01% 23.35%]
 
TOTAL  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00% 

Source: U.S. Government

Note: Columns may not total due to rounding.

*Major West European category includes France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy.

Table 8C. Arms Transfer Agreements with the World, 2000-2007: Leading Suppliers Compared (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

Rank  Supplier  Agreements Value 2000-2003 
1 United States* 56,330
2 Russia 22,700
3 France 11,600
4 Germany 5,700
5 Israel 4,000
6 Ukraine 3,600
7 China 2,700
8 United Kingdom 2,500
9 Italy 2,300
10 Spain 2,100
11 Sweden 1,300
 
Rank  Supplier  Agreements Value 2004-2007 
1 United States 66,621
2 Russia 39,500
3 United Kingdom 22,700
4 France 17,600
5 China 9,100
6 Germany 6,900
7 Israel 6,800
8 Spain 4,400
9 Italy 4,200
10 Sweden 4,100
11 Austria 3,000
 
Rank  Supplier  Agreements Value 2000-2007 
1 United States* 122,951
2 Russia 62,200
3 France 29,200
4 United Kingdom 25,200
5 Germany 12,600
6 China 11,800
7 Israel 10,800
8 Italy 6,500
9 Spain 6,500
10 Ukraine 5,500
11 Sweden 5,400



Source: U.S. Government

Note: All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million. Where rounded data totals are the same, the rank order is maintained. *The U.S. total includes a $6.432 billion licensed commercial agreement with the United Arab Emirates in 2000 for 80 F-16 aircraft.

Table 8D. Arms Transfer Agreements with the World in 2007: Leading Suppliers Compared (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

Rank  Supplier  Agreements Value 2007 
1 United States 24,860
2 Russia 10,400
3 United Kingdom 9,800
4 China 3,800
5 Spain 2,000
6 France 1,800
7 Germany 1,500
8 Israel 1,000
9 Italy 900
10 South Korea 500
11 Switzerland 400

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million.

Where rounded data totals are the same, the rank order is maintained.

Table 9. Arms Deliveries to the World, by Supplier, 2000-2007 (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

  2000  2001  2002  2003  2004  2005  2006  2007  TOTAL 2000-2007
United States 12,865 9,166 10,058 11,110 11,747 12,053 12,571 12,793 92,363
Russia 4,200 4,700 3,600 4,400 5,500 3,200 5,900 4,700 36,200
France 2,500 2,000 1,500 2,600 5,500 2,400 1,500 2,100 20,100
United Kingdom 5,900 4,200 4,900 4,900 3,300 3,700 4,300 2,600 33,800
China 900 900 900 800 900 900 1,100 1,400 7,800
Germany 1,300 700 1,300 2,200 2,000 1,500 2,500 1,000 12,500
Italy 300 500 600 400 200 900 300 500 3,700
All Other European 3,100 3,000 3,000 4,000 2,200 2,900 3,500 3,200 24,900
All Others 2,300 2,600 3,000 2,500 3,100 2,700 1,900 2,700 20,800
 
TOTAL  33,365  27,766  28,858  32,910  34,447  30,253  33,571  30,993  252,163 

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All data are for the calendar year given, except for U.S. MAP (Military Assistance Program), IMET (International Military Education and Training), excess defense articles, which are included for the particular fiscal year. Licensed commercial exports are excluded. All amounts given include the values of all categories of weapons and ammunition, military spare parts, military construction, excess defense articles, military assistance and training programs, and all associated services. Statistics for foreign countries are based upon estimated selling prices. All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million.

Table 9A. Arms Deliveries to the World, by Supplier, 2000-2007 (in millions of constant 2007 U.S. dollars)

  2000  2001  2002  2003  2004  2005  2006  2007  TOTAL 2000- 2007
United States 15,662 10,824 11,568 12,497 12,826 12,721 12,876 12,793 101,767
Russia 5,113 5,550 4,140 4,949 6,005 3,377 6,043 4,700 39,879
France 3,044 2,362 1,725 2,925 6,005 2,533 1,536 2,100 22,230
United Kingdom 7,183 4,960 5,635 5,512 3,603 3,905 4,404 2,600 37,802
China 1,096 1,063 1,035 900 983 950 1,127 1,400 8,553
Germany 1,583 827 1,495 2,475 2,184 1,583 2,561 1,000 13,707
Italy 365 590 690 450 218 950 307 500 4,071
All Other European 3,774 3,543 3,450 4,499 2,402 3,061 3,585 3,200 27,514
All Others 2,800 3,070 3,450 2,812 3,385 2,850 1,946 2,700 23,013
TOTAL  40,620  32,789  33,189  37,019  37,610  31,929  34,386  30,993  278,536 
 
Dollar inflation index: (2007=1.00)* 0.8214 0.8468 0.8695 0.889 0.9159 0.9475 0.9763 1  

Source: U.S. Government

*Based on Department of Defense Price Deflator.

Table 9B. Arms Deliveries to the World, by Supplier 2000-2007 (expressed as a percent of total, by year)

  2000  2001  2002  2003  2004  2005  2006  2007 
United States 38.56% 33.01% 34.85% 33.76% 34.10% 39.84% 37.45% 41.28%
Russia 12.59% 16.93% 12.47% 13.37% 15.97% 10.58% 17.57% 15.16%
France 7.49% 7.20% 5.20% 7.90% 15.97% 7.93% 4.47% 6.78%
United Kingdom 17.68% 15.13% 16.98% 14.89% 9.58% 12.23% 12.81% 8.39%
China 2.70% 3.24% 3.12% 2.43% 2.61% 2.97% 3.28% 4.52%
Germany 3.90% 2.52% 4.50% 6.68% 5.81% 4.96% 7.45% 3.23%
Italy 0.90% 1.80% 2.08% 1.22% 0.58% 2.97% 0.89% 1.61%
All Other European 9.29% 10.80% 10.40% 12.15% 6.39% 9.59% 10.43% 10.32%
All Others 6.89% 9.36% 10.40% 7.60% 9.00% 8.92% 5.66% 8.71%
 
[Major West European*  29.97% 26.65% 28.76% 30.69% 31.93% 28.10% 25.62% 20.00%]
 
TOTAL  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00%  100.00% 

Source: U.S. Government

*Major West European category includes France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy.

Table 9C. Arms Deliveries to the World, 2000-2007: Leading Suppliers Compared (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

Rank  Supplier  Deliveries Value 2000-2003 
1 United States 48,358
2 United Kingdom 18,400
3 Russia 16,100
4 France 9,800
5 Germany 5,000
6 Sweden 4,300
7 China 3,200
8 Ukraine 2,300
9 Israel 2,200
10 Canada 1,900
11 Italy 1,000
Rank  Supplier  Deliveries Value 2004-2007 
1 United States 49,164
2 Russia 19,300
3 United Kingdom 13,900
4 France 11,500
5 Germany 7,000
6 China 4,300
7 Canada 3,000
8 Sweden 2,500
9 Israel 2,000
10 Italy 1,900
11 Netherlands 1,700
Rank  Supplier  Deliveries Value 2000-2007 
1 United States 92,363
2 Russia 36,200
3 United Kingdom 33,800
4 France 20,100
5 Germany 12,500
6 China 7,800
7 Sweden 6,000
8 Canada 5,600
9 Israel 5,000
10 Ukraine 4,300
11 Italy 3,700

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million. Where rounded data totals are the same, the rank order is maintained.

Table 9D. Arms Deliveries to the World in 2007: Leading Suppliers Compared (in millions of current U.S. dollars)

Rank  Supplier  Deliveries Value
2007 
1 United States 12,793
2 Russia 4,700
3 United Kingdom 2,600
4 France 2,100
5 China 1,400
6 Germany 1,000
7 Canada 900
8 Sweden 800
9 Spain 600
10 Israel 500
11 Italy 500

Source: U.S. Government

Note: All foreign data are rounded to the nearest $100 million. Where rounded data totals are the same, the rank order is maintained.

Description of Items Counted in Weapons Categories, 2000-2007

Tanks and Self-propelled Guns: This category includes light, medium, and heavy tanks; self-propelled artillery; self-propelled assault guns.

Artillery: This category includes field and air defense artillery, mortars, rocket launchers and recoilless rifles -- 100 mm and over; FROG launchers -- 100mm and over.

Armored Personnel Carriers (APCs) and Armored Cars: This category includes personnel carriers, armored and amphibious; armored infantry fighting vehicles; armored reconnaissance and command vehicles.

Major Surface Combatants: This category includes aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates.

Minor Surface Combatants: This category includes minesweepers, subchasers, motor torpedo boats, patrol craft, motor gunboats.

Submarines: This category includes all submarines, including midget submarines.

Guided Missile Patrol Boats: This category includes all boats in this class.

Supersonic Combat Aircraft: This category includes all fighter and bomber aircraft designed to function operationally at speeds above Mach 1.

Subsonic Combat Aircraft: This category includes all fighter and bomber aircraft designed to function operationally at speeds below Mach 1.

Other Aircraft: This category includes all other fixed-wing aircraft, including trainers, transports, reconnaissance aircraft, and communications/utility aircraft.

Helicopters: This category includes all helicopters, including combat and transport.

Surface-to-air Missiles: This category includes all ground-based air defense missiles.

Surface-to-surface Missiles: This category includes all surface-surface missiles without regard to range, such as Scuds and CSS-2s. It excludes all anti-tank missiles. It also excludes all anti-ship missiles, which are counted in a separate listing.

Anti-ship Missiles: This category includes all missiles in this class such as the Harpoon, Silkworm, Styx and Exocet.

Regions Identified in Arms Transfer Tables and Charts

ASIA

Afghanistan

Australia

Bangladesh

Brunei

Burma (Myanmar)

China

Fiji

India

Indonesia

Japan

Cambodia

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

Laos

Malaysia

Nepal

New Zealand

North Korea

Pakistan

Papua New Guinea

Philippines

Pitcairn

Singapore

South Korea

Sri Lanka

Taiwan

Tajikistan

Thailand

Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

Vietnam

NEAR EAST

Algeria

Bahrain

Egypt

Iran

Iraq

Israel

Jordan

Kuwait

Lebanon

Libya

Morocco

Oman

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

Syria

Tunisia

United Arab Emirates

Yemen

EUROPE

Albania

Armenia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Belarus

Bosnia/Herzegovina

Bulgaria

Belgium

Canada

Croatia

Czechoslovakia/

Czech Republic

Cyprus

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

FYR/Macedonia

Georgia

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Iceland

Ireland

Italy

Latvia

Liechtenstein

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta

Moldova

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russia

Slovak Republic

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

Ukraine

United Kingdom

Yugoslavia/Federal Republic(Serbia/Montenegro)

AFRICA

Angola

Benin

Botswana

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cameroon

Cape Verde

Central African Republic

Chad

Congo

Côte d'Ivoire

Djibouti

Equatorial Guinea

Ethiopia

Gabon

Gambia

Ghana

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Kenya

Lesotho

Liberia

Madagascar

Malawi

Mali

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mozambique

Namibia

Niger

Nigeria

Réunion

Rwanda

Senegal

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Somalia

South Africa

Sudan

Swaziland

Tanzania

Togo

Uganda

Zaire

Zambia

Zimbabwe

LATIN AMERICA

Antigua

Argentina

Bahamas

Barbados

Belize

Bermuda

Bolivia

Brazil

British Virgin Islands

Cayman Islands

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

El Salvador

French Guiana

Grenada

Guadeloupe

Guatemala

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Jamaica

Martinique

Mexico

Montserrat

Netherlands Antilles

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

St. Kitts & Nevis

St. Lucia

St. Pierre & Miquelon

St. Vincent

Suriname

Trinidad

Turks & Caicos

Venezuela



Footnotes

1. (back) For detailed background see CRS Report RL33515, Combat Aircraft Sales to South Asia: Potential Implications, by [author name scrubbed], [author name scrubbed], and [author name scrubbed]; CRS Report RL32115, Missile Proliferation and the Strategic Balance in South Asia, by Andrew Feickert and [author name scrubbed]; and CRS Report RL30427, Missile Survey: Ballistic and Cruise Missiles of Selected Foreign Countries, by [author name scrubbed].

2. (back) For detailed background see CRS Report RL30700(pdf), China's Foreign Conventional Arms Acquisitions: Background and Analysis, by Shirley Kan, [author name scrubbed], and [author name scrubbed]; and CRS Report RL33153, China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities -- Background and Issues for Congress, by [author name scrubbed].

3. (back) For detailed background on the MTCR and proliferation control regimes and related policy issues see CRS Report RL31559, Proliferation Control Regimes: Background and Status, by Mary Beth Nikitin, Paul Kerr, [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed], and CRS Report RL31848(pdf), Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) and International Code of Conduct Against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (ICOC): Background and Issues for Congress, by Andrew Feickert.

4. (back) For background on China's actions and motivations for increased activities in Africa see CRS Report RL33055, China and Sub-Saharan Africa, by [author name scrubbed], [author name scrubbed], and Michelle Lau. For background on U.S. policy concerns regarding small arms and light weapons transfers see CRS Report RS20958, International Small Arms and Light Weapons Transfers: U.S. Policy, by [author name scrubbed].

5. (back) For detailed background see CRS Report RL32870, European Union's Arms Embargo on China: Implications and Options for U.S. Policy, by [author name scrubbed], [author name scrubbed], and Shirley Kan. It should be noted that members of the European Union, and others, have agreed to a common effort to attempt some degree of control on the transfer of certain weapons systems, but the principal vehicle for this cooperation -- the Wassenaar Arrangement -- lacks a mechanism to enforce its rules. For detailed background see CRS Report RS20517(pdf), Military Technology and Conventional Weapons Exports Controls: The Wassenaar Arrangement, by [author name scrubbed].

6. (back) For detailed background on issues relating to the Joint Strike Fighter program see CRS Report RL30563, F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program: Background, Status, and Issues, by [author name scrubbed].

7. (back) In this report the Near East region includes the following nations: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. The countries included in the other geographic regions are listed at the end of the report.

8. (back) For detailed background see CRS Report RL31533, The Persian Gulf States: Issues for U.S. Policy, 2006, by [author name scrubbed].

9. (back) For countries included in the Asia region and the Latin American region see the listings of nations by regions given at the end of this report.

10. (back) Because these regional data are composed of four-year aggregate dollar totals, they are expressed in current dollar terms.

11. (back) Because these regional data are composed of four-year aggregate dollar totals, they are expressed in current dollar terms.



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