Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2002 Update
Order Code RL31651
Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Interstate Shipment of
Municipal Solid Waste:
2002 Update
November 26, 2002
James E. McCarthy
and
Anne L. Hardenbergh
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress
Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste:
2002 Update
Summary
This report, which replaces CRS Report RL31051, provides updated
information on interstate shipment of municipal solid waste (MSW). Since the late
1980s, Congress has considered, but not enacted, numerous bills that would allow
states to impose restrictions on interstate waste shipments, a step the Constitution
prohibits in the absence of congressional authorization. Over this period, there has
been a continuing interest in knowing how much waste is being shipped across state
lines for disposal, and what states might be affected by proposed legislation. This
report provides data useful in addressing these questions.
Total interstate waste shipments continue to rise due to the closure of older local
landfills and the increasing consolidation of the waste management industry. About
35 million tons of municipal solid waste crossed state lines for disposal in 2001, an
increase of 9.4% over 2000. Waste imports have grown each year since CRS began
tracking them in the early 1990s, and now represent 21.6% of all municipal solid
waste disposed at landfills and waste combustion facilities. In the last eight years,
reported imports have increased 141%.
Pennsylvania remains, by far, the largest waste importer. The state received
10.7 million tons of municipal solid waste and 1.9 million tons of other non-
hazardous waste from out of state in 2001, more than 30% of the national total for
interstate shipments. Virginia, the second largest importer, received 4.1 million tons,
62% less than the amount received by Pennsylvania. Michigan, the third largest
importer, imported 3.6 million tons of MSW in fiscal year 2001; waste imports to
Michigan have doubled since 1999. Twenty-three states had increased imports in the
current report – the largest increases occurring in Pennsylvania and Michigan. In all,
eight states reported imports that exceeded one million tons.
While waste imports increased overall, several states (including New
Hampshire, South Carolina, Connecticut, Arizona, and Washington) reported sharp
declines in waste imports.
New York remains the largest exporter of waste, with New Jersey and Illinois
in second and third place, respectively. Four states (New York, New Jersey, Illinois,
and Maryland) account for more than half the national total of waste exports.
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Total Shipments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
States Reporting Increased Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
States Reporting Decreased Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Major Exporters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Net Imports and Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
List of Figures
Figure 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Figure 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
List of Tables
Table 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Table 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Table 3. Net Imports/Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year . . 6
Table 4. Amount and Destination of Exported MSW, and Amount and
Sources of Imported MSW, by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Interstate Shipment of
Municipal Solid Waste: 2002 Update
Introduction
This report provides updated information on interstate shipment of municipal
solid waste. Concerned about increased waste imports, some states have attempted
to regulate this commerce; federal courts, however, have declared these state
restrictions unconstitutional. If states are to have such authority, congressional action
is required.
Since the late 1980s, Congress has considered, but not enacted, numerous bills
that would grant such authority.1 Over this period, there has been a continuing
interest in knowing how much waste is being shipped across state lines for disposal,
and what states might be affected by proposed legislation. This report provides data
useful in addressing these questions. It updates information provided in earlier CRS
reports.2
The report presents information gathered through telephone contacts with solid
waste officials in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Canadian province
of Ontario. The data obtained from these contacts are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and
3, and Figures 1 and 2. Table 4 presents additional information, including the names
and telephone numbers of state contacts.
Not all states require reporting of waste imports, and very few track exports, so
the available data are incomplete and in some cases represent estimates rather than
actual measurements. In a number of cases, faced with conflicting reports from
exporters and importers or no quantitative data at all, we provided our best estimate
based on discussions with state officials or other sources.
1 Legislation on interstate shipment of waste has been introduced in every Congress since
the 100th. In the 104th Congress, the Senate passed S. 534. The bill would have granted
states authority to restrict new shipments of municipal solid waste from out of state, if
requested by an affected local government. In the 103rd Congress, both the House and
Senate passed interstate waste legislation (H.R. 4779 and S. 2345), but lack of agreement
on common language prevented enactment. For a discussion of the issues addressed in these
bills, see CRS Report RS20106, Interstate Waste Transport: Legislative Issues.
2 This report replaces Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2001 Update, CRS
Report RL31051. Earlier reports, now out of print but available directly from the author,
were Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2000 Update, CRS Report RL30409,
Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 1998 Update, CRS Report 98-689; Interstate
Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 1997 Update, CRS Report 97-349; Interstate Shipment
of Municipal Solid Waste: 1996 Update, CRS Report 96-712; Interstate Shipment of
Municipal Solid Waste: 1995 Update, CRS Report 95-570; and Interstate Shipment of
Municipal Solid Waste, CRS Report 93-743.
CRS-2
Figure 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or latest year,
in tons
Amounts in Tons
1,000,000 or greater
500,000 to 999,999
100,000 to 499,999
0 to 100,000
Figure 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or latest
year, in tons
CRS-3
Table 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year
(in tons)
State
Quantity Imported
Pennsylvania
a 10,666,090
Virginia
b 4,098,684
Michigan
c,d 3,597,729
Ohio
1,988,753
Indiana
e 1,456,699
Illinois
d 1,440,804
Oregon
f 1,301,882
Wisconsin
1,106,928
Georgia
g 964,285
New Jersey
f 892,394
New York
839,700
New Mexico
750,000
Kentucky
701,442
Kansas
636,847
South Carolina
h 579,299
Nevada
532,615
Iowa
h 505,598
Mississippi
466,399
Alabama
f,i 382,000
Tennessee
329,036
Arizona
j 260,000
New Hampshire
250,000
West Virginia
200,000
Missouri
178,032
Maine
k 164,527
Oklahoma
125,000
Nebraska
122,500
Washington
f 116,365
North Dakota
f 103,382
Connecticut
h, l 75,941
Massachusetts
67,247
Maryland
m 39,926
Texas
n 34,173
Montana
33,964
California
f 28,672
North Carolina
h 21,614
Arkansas
12,718
Idaho
12,583
Utah
o 5,967
South Dakota
1,400
a In addition, Pennsylvania received 1,938,857 tons i As reported by BioCycle magazine.
of other waste (industrial waste, construction/ k 1999.
demolition [C&D] waste, ash, asbestos, and sludge) l Connecticut import total does not include waste
from out of state at MSW landfills in 2001. from New York that was received at a Connecticut
b Virginia also imported 720,782 tons of other waste, transfer station and re-exported to other states for
mostly sludge, incinerator ash, and C&D waste in 2001. disposal.
c 10/1/2000 - 9/30/2001. m Maryland also imported 422,945 tons of C&D
d Converted from cubic yards using 3.3 cu. yds. = 1 ton. waste.
e Indiana also imported 172,410 tons of non-municipal n 9/1/2000 - 8/31/2001.
solid waste, primarily C&D and industrial waste o Utah landfills have generally imported more
in 2000. industrial than municipal solid waste.
f 2000.
g 7/1/2001 - 6/30/2002.
h 7/1/2000 - 6/30/2001.
j 4/1/2001 - 3/31/2002.
Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews with and data provided by state program officials.
CRS-4
Table 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year
(in tons)
State
Quantity Exported
New York
a 7,493,130
New Jersey
b 5,431,121
Illinois
3,084,880
Maryland
2,081,230
Ontario, Canada
1,976,000
Missouri
c 1,671,162
Massachusetts
1,015,042
Ohio
986,693
District of Columbia
961,052
Washington
949,685
Indiana
d 927,245
North Carolina
e 900,743
California
746,433
Connecticut
f 732,439
Minnesota
671,800
Pennsylvania
576,525
Florida
519,251
Texas
g 518,698
Iowa
e 390,917
Georgia
350,000
West Virginia
331,635
Tennessee
303,882
Kentucky
275,341
Wisconsin
204,831
Michigan
146,358
Idaho
134,062
Rhode Island
h 121,631
Vermont
121,546
Alabama
107,769
Louisiana
103,539
South Carolina
e 101,603
Arkansas
91,088
Delaware
i 83,689
Mississippi
74,515
New Hampshire
57,000
Kansas
53,111
Maine
j 50,862
Virginia
47,419
Alaska
30,000
Nebraska
17,900
Oklahoma
19,990
Oregon
h 19,384
North Dakota
15,418
Nevada
5,475
South Dakota
2,400
Utah
1,000
a As reported by seven importing states. New York’s data indicate exports of 4,900,100 tons.
b As reported by six importing states. New Jersey’s data indicated substantially smaller exports (2,651,000 tons
in 2000).
c As reported by receiving states. Missouri’s data indicate exports of 1,439,834 tons in 2001. A significant
percentage of Missouri’s exports are believed to be construction and demolition or industrial waste sent to MSW
landfills.
d As reported by four receiving states (Michigan, Kentucky, Ohio, and Illinois). Indiana reported 335,190 tons
of exports, but noted that the amount was incomplete because it only counted exports from transfer stations.
e July 2000 - June 2001.
CRS-5
f As reported by receiving states, Connecticut exports may include waste that originated in New York State, but
was managed at a Connecticut transfer station.
g September 1, 1999 - August 31, 2000.
h 2000 data.
i As reported by 4 receiving states. Delaware reported only 14,518 tons of exports in 2001.
j 1999 data.
Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews with and data provided by state program officials. In many cases,
the amount is based on data compiled by receiving states. See Table 4 entries for additional information.
CRS-6
Table 3. Net Imports/Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or
Latest Year
(in tons)
(Data subject to numerous qualifications: see notes from Tables 1, 2, and 4.)
State
Imports
Exports
Net Imports/Exports
Pennsylvania
10,666,090
576,525
10,089,565
Virginia
4,098,684
47,419
4,051,265
Michigan
3,597,729
146,358
3,451,371
Oregon
1,301,882
19,384
1,282,498
Ohio
1,988,753
986,693
1,002,060
Wisconsin
1,106,928
204,831
902,097
New Mexico
750,000
-
750,000
Georgia
964,285
350,000
614,285
Kansas
636,847
53,111
583,736
Indiana
1,456,699
927,245
529,454
Nevada
532,615
5,475
527,140
South Carolina
579,299
101,603
477,696
Kentucky
701,442
275,341
426,101
Mississippi
466,399
74,515
391,884
Alabama
382,000
107,769
274,231
Arizona
260,000
-
260,000
New Hampshire
250,000
57,000
193,000
Iowa
505,598
390,917
114,681
Maine
164,527
50,862
113,665
Oklahoma
125,000
19,990
105,010
Nebraska
122,500
17,900
104,600
North Dakota
103,382
15,418
87,964
Montana
33,964
-
33,964
Tennessee
329,036
303,882
25,154
Utah
5,967
1,000
4,967
South Dakota
1,400
2,400
-1,000
Alaska
-
30,000
-30,000
Arkansas
12,718
91,088
-78,370
Delaware
-
83,689
-83,689
Louisiana
-
103,539
-103,539
Idaho
12,583
134,062
-121,479
Vermont
-
121,546
-121,546
Rhode Island
-
121,631
-121,631
West Virginia
200,000
331,635
-131,635
Texas
34,173
518,698
-484,525
Florida
-
519,251
-519,251
Connecticut
75,941
732,439
-656,498
Minnesota
- 671,800
-671,800
California
28,672
746,443
-717,771
Washington
116,365
949,685
-833,320
North Carolina
21,614
900,743
-879,129
Massachusetts
67,247
1,015,042
-947,795
District of Columbia
-
961,052
-961,052
Missouri
178,032
1,671,162
-1,493,130
Illinois
1,440,804
3,084,880
-1,644,076
Ontario, Canada
-
1,976,000
-1,976,000
Maryland
39,926
2,081,230
-2,041,304
New Jersey
892,394
5,431,121
-4,538,727
New York
839,700
7,493,130
-6,653,430
Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews.
CRS-7
Fifteen of the states provided data for a period other than calendar year 2001 –
either their latest fiscal year or a different calendar year. This adds another layer of
imprecision: we combined data for whatever was the latest reporting period, even
though in these 15 cases, this meant combining data from different time periods.
Each of the exceptions from the 2001 reporting period is noted in the appropriate
tables, but the reader should perhaps keep in mind that many of the totals reported
here are our best estimate rather than precise figures.
Total Shipments
The data show that total interstate waste shipments continue to rise: imports in
the current survey totaled 35.0 million tons, 15.1% of the 231.9 million tons of
municipal solid waste generated in the United States.3 Of municipal waste disposed
(as opposed to recycled or composted), the percentage is even higher. EPA estimates
that 69.9 million tons of municipal solid waste were recycled or composted in 2000,
leaving 162 million tons to be disposed in landfills or incinerators. Of this amount,
21.6% crossed state lines for disposal.4
Between CRS’s year 2001 report (reporting largely 1999 and 2000 data) and the
current survey (reporting generally 2001 data), imports increased 3.0 million tons, or
9.4%. Since 1993, reported imports have risen 141%, from 14.5 million tons in 1993
to 35.0 million tons in the current survey.
States Reporting Increased Imports
Twenty-three states had increased imports of municipal waste in 2001, with the
largest increases occurring in Pennsylvania and Michigan. The increases in these two
states, 0.9 million tons and 0.75 million tons respectively, total 55% of the entire
increase nationally.
The preponderance of these two states in the 2001 waste statistics demonstrates
another element of the emerging picture of interstate waste shipment: 52% of total
municipal waste imports are disposed in just three states: Pennsylvania, Virginia, and
Michigan.
Pennsylvania continues to be the largest waste importer, by far. Disposal
facilities in the state received 10.7 million tons of MSW and 1.9 million tons of other
3 Because many of the larger importers now differentiate MSW from other non-hazardous
waste imports, we compared total MSW imports to EPA’s national estimate of MSW
generation (231.9 million tons in the latest available year, 2000). State-reported waste
generation, summarized in BioCycle magazine’s annual survey, is substantially higher (409
million tons in 2000) but is likely to include other nonhazardous waste, provided it was
disposed at MSW facilities. For state-reported data, see Nora Goldstein and Celeste Madtes,
“The State of Garbage in America,” BioCycle, December 2001, p. 42.
4 Much of the waste destined for recycling may also have crossed state lines, but waste
destined for recycling does not carry the same stigma as that sent for disposal, and recycling
facilities do not generally require permits by state agencies. Thus, amounts shipped across
state lines for recycling cannot generally be tracked by the solid waste agencies.
CRS-8
nonhazardous waste from out of state in 2001. The amounts represented half of all
solid waste disposed in the state and more than 30% of the national total for interstate
shipments.
After Pennsylvania, Virginia is the largest waste importer, with 4.1 million tons
of MSW imports and 720,782 tons of other nonhazardous waste. Despite predictions
that Virginia would receive increased imports as New York’s Fresh Kills landfill
phased out operations, waste imports to Virginia have remained roughly the same in
the 1998-2001 period. (Instead, New York’s increased exports appear to have gone
primarily to Pennsylvania and New Jersey.)
Michigan, the third largest waste importer in 2001, saw out-of-state waste
disposed in the state grow by more than 750,000 tons that year. Substantial amounts
of waste come to Michigan from Illinois, Indiana, and other neighboring states; but
the biggest source, accounting for about half of Michigan’s out-of-state waste, is
Ontario, Canada. Ontario’s waste shipments are growing as the Toronto area awards
new contracts for waste disposal and closes its two remaining landfills. At the
beginning of 1999, the Toronto area was generating about 2.8 million tons of waste
annually, of which about 700,000 tons were shipped to Michigan. By early 2003,
however, there will be virtually no local disposal capacity. Barring unforeseen
developments, most of this waste is expected to be sent to Michigan for disposal.
In other highlights:
! Eight states reported imports exceeding one million tons per year in
the latest year, a figure unchanged from our two previous surveys,
which reported 1998 and 2000 data.
! Another 21 states had imports exceeding 100,000 tons.
! For the fourth year in a row, New Jersey is on the list of major
importers, with 892,394 tons of MSW imports in 2000 (2001 data
were not yet available). The state is still a major exporter of waste,
as well: receiving states estimate New Jersey’s exports at more than
5.4 million tons in 2001. But the absence of flow control (local
government requirements that waste within their jurisdiction be
disposed at local facilities, which were overturned by the courts in
the mid-1990s) has led waste-to-energy facilities in New Jersey to
search for waste to replace local waste now being disposed
elsewhere. As a result, large amounts of waste are entering New
Jersey from New York.
! New York, the nation’s largest waste exporter, also saw rapid
growth in waste imports in 2000 and 2001. The state imported
839,700 tons of waste in 2001, an increase from 539,000 tons in our
previous survey.
! Other states reporting major increases in imports were Ohio,
Georgia, and New Mexico. Ohio has had a nearly 900,000 ton
increase in MSW imports between 1998 and 2001; Georgia
CRS-9
experienced a nearly 750,000 ton increase over the same three years;
and New Mexico had a 500,000 ton increase in the last two years.
! Oklahoma made its first appearance on our list of importers: the
state reported that in September 2001, it began receiving 1,500 tons
per day of waste from Wichita, Kansas. Based on this information,
we estimate imports at 125,000 tons for the year 2001. This amount
will increase to around 400,000 tons in 2002.
! Although there are no comprehensive data, imports to transfer
stations5 are a political issue in some locations. Transfer stations are
generally located in urban areas and are subject to less stringent
regulation than disposal facilities. Heavy truck traffic and odors
have aroused concerns in some neighboring communities.
Connecticut, Rhode Island, and the District of Columbia report
significant amounts of out-of-state waste imported to transfer
stations, then exported to other states for disposal. New York City’s
plan to export waste to transfer stations in New Jersey raised
substantial controversy, before being rescinded.
States Reporting Decreased Imports
While waste imports increased overall, 14 states reported declines in waste
imports. In many cases, the declines were small, but five of the states (New
Hampshire, South Carolina, Connecticut, Arizona, and Washington) had declines
exceeding 100,000 tons. Most notable were: South Carolina, where imports declined
by about one-third in the last two years (simultaneous with a major increase in
Georgia’s imports); Connecticut, where imports declined by two-thirds; and New
Hampshire, where new permit conditions imposed on the state’s largest landfill have
contributed to a state-wide reduction in imports of more than 560,000 tons since
1997.
Major Exporters
Six states (New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Maryland, Missouri, and
Massachusetts) each exported more than one million tons of waste to facilities in
other states in the latest reporting period, and ten other states and the District of
Columbia exported more than half a million tons. The Canadian province of Ontario
also exported a substantial amount of municipal waste (about 2,000,000 tons), most
of it to Michigan.
New York, New Jersey, Illinois, and Maryland remained the largest exporters.
Together these four states accounted for 52% of waste exports nationally.
New York’s exports rose to 7,493,130 tons in 2001, according to seven
receiving states, an increase of nearly 700,000 tons over the previous year. The
5 Transfer stations receive waste from collection trucks, compact it, bale it, and load it on
larger trucks for disposal elsewhere.
CRS-10
increase reflects the March 2001 closure of New York City’s Fresh Kills Landfill —
the city’s last disposal facility.
New Jersey’s estimated exports, 5.4 million tons, have also grown dramatically.
In New Jersey’s case, the cause of increased exports is the overturning of the state’s
flow control law, which, until 1997, directed much of the state’s waste to high-cost
local facilities for disposal. The state law was overturned and the state exhausted its
appeals in October 1997. Exports have since grown by about 3 million tons per year.
Illinois’ exports, at 3.1 million tons, declined slightly in 2001, after several years
of rapid growth: despite the decline, the state’s exports in 2001 were still three and
a half times the amount reported for 1995.6 Most of the exports originate in Cook
County (Chicago and its suburbs), which has a relative shortage of disposal capacity.
Illinois as a whole reported a more than doubling of landfill capacity between 1995
and 2000, but Chicago is located near the border of both Indiana and Wisconsin; so
increases in capacity elsewhere in Illinois may not affect disposal decisions in the
metropolitan area.
In all, 13 states (and Ontario, Canada) increased waste exports by more than
100,000 tons each in the period, while 4 states had major decreases. In addition to
the exporters discussed above, Pennsylvania and Maryland showed the largest
increases (although in Pennsylvania’s case, the increased exports were dwarfed by
additional waste entering the state). Among states showing decreased exports,
California showed the largest drop, a reduction of nearly 450,000 tons.
Net Imports and Exports
Table 3 combines import and export data to rank the states by net amounts
imported or exported. The table shows that 25 states were net importers, 22 plus the
District of Columbia were net exporters. Thirty-nine of the 50 states had net imports
or exports exceeding 100,000 tons in the reporting period; 23 exceeded 500,000 tons.
Perhaps most interesting, given the tendency to identify states as either exporters or
importers, 17 states both exported and imported in excess of 100,000 tons of
municipal solid waste.
Several factors are at work here. In the larger states, there are sometimes
differences in available disposal capacity in different regions within the state. Areas
without capacity may be closer to landfills (or may at least find cheaper disposal
options) in other states. A good example is Illinois: the Chicago area, which is close
to two other states, exports significant amounts of waste out of state. Downstate,
however, Illinois has substantial available landfill capacity, and imports about 1
million tons annually from St. Louis and other locations in Missouri.
As noted earlier, the movement of waste also represents the growing
regionalization and consolidation of the waste industry. In 2001, the three largest
firms (Waste Management, Allied Waste, and Republic Services) accounted for 73%
6 Illinois, like most states, does not report waste exports. This export estimate was derived
from data provided by neighboring states.
CRS-11
of total revenues of the industry’s 100 largest firms.7 These large firms offer
integrated waste services, from collection to transfer station to disposal site, in many
locations. Often, they ship waste to their own disposal facility across a border, rather
than dispose of it at an in-state facility owned by a rival. As small landfills continue
to close — the number of U.S. landfills declined 52% between 1993 and 20008 —
this trend toward regionalization and consolidation is likely to continue. The amount
of waste being shipped across state lines for disposal may rise in this process.
Additional Information
The remainder of this report consists of a table summarizing waste import and
export data, by state. All 50 states and the District of Columbia are listed in
alphabetical order, with data for the amount of waste exported, destination of exports,
amount of waste imported, source of imports, and a state agency contact for
additional information.
7 “Waste Age 100,” Waste Age, June 2002, pp. 42-52.
8 “The State of Garbage in America,” BioCycle, April 1994, p. 51, and December 2001, p.
42.
CRS-12
Table 4. Amount and Destination of Exported MSW, and Amount and Sources of Imported MSW, by State
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
The state has no reporting
97% to Mississippi; small
The state has no reporting
Mostly from Georgia.
John Narramore,
system but plans to begin
amounts to Georgia and
system but plans to begin
AL Dept. of
collecting information
Tennessee.
collecting information
Environmental
Alabama
soon. Surrounding states
soon. BioCycle magazine
Management
report 107,769 tons of
reports 382,000 tons of
(334) 271-7764
exports from Alabama.
imports to Alabama.
Alaska estimates exports
Nearly all to Washington;
No imports.
N.A.
Glenn Miller,
at around 30,000 tons.
maybe a small amount to
AK Dept. of
Alaska
Oregon.
Environmental
Conservation
(907) 465-5153
Arizona does not export
Nevada, New Mexico
260,000 tons in the period
Nearly all from California.
David Janke,
significant amounts of
4/1/2001 to 3/31/2002.
A small amount comes
AZ Dept. of
MSW. There may be
from New Mexico. Very
Environmental Quality
flows of less than 100 tons
small amounts may also
(607) 207-4173
Arizona
per year to Nevada and
come from Nevada or
New Mexico. Also, the
Utah.
state does not track waste
of the Navajo nation,
which may export waste.
State reports 91,088 tons
State reports Oklahoma,
State does not track
Missouri
Darlene Hale,
exported in 2001. This
Missouri, and Louisiana
imports. According to the
AR Dept. of Pollution
includes all waste
are the main destinations.
state, there is probably
Control and Ecology
Arkansas
exported, not just MSW.
Mississippi also reports
very little waste being
(501) 682-0586
Receiving states report
imports from Arkansas.
imported. Missouri reports
comparable amounts.
exporting 12,718 tons to
Arkansas in 2001.
CRS-13
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
According to California,
Nevada and Arizona are
28,672 tons in 2000.
State does not keep track
Janelle Auyeung,
exports were
the major destinations. A
of where waste comes
CA Integrated Waste
2000: 746,433 tons
small amount goes to
from.
Management Board
1999: 1,010,232 tons
Washington.
(916) 341-6218
1998: 676,327 tons.
Receiving states report
California
slightly higher amounts.
Although exports are
substantial, they represent
only about 2% of the
MSW generated in the
state.
State does not track
Kansas, Nebraska, and
State does not track
Kansas, Nebraska, North
Glenn Mallory,
exports. Some very small
New Mexico
imports. Small amounts of
Dakota, and South Dakota
CO Dept. of Public Health
amounts of MSW may be
MSW may be imported
and Environment
exported to Kansas,
from Kansas and
(303) 692-3445
Colorado
Nebraska, and New
Nebraska. Out-of-state
Mexico.
tires are sometimes
disposed of in the state
from the Dakotas, Kansas,
and Nebraska.
CRS-14
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
According to Connecticut,
482,049 tons to
75,941 tons of MSW
36,617 tons from Rhode
Judy Belaval,
303,069 tons of MSW
Pennsylvania;
imported in FY2001
Island; 28,535 from
CT Dept. of
were exported in FY2001
123,067 tons to Ohio;
(7/1/2000 - 6/30/2001).
Massachusetts; 10,788
Environmental Protection
(7/1/2000 - 6/30/2001).
100,000 tons to NY; This does not include
from New York.
(860) 424-3237
This includes only waste
27,323 tons to Mass.
40,442 tons of NY waste
reported through transfer
managed at a CT transfer
Connecticut
stations and not waste
station and then exported
taken directly out of state
for disposal. Waste
by haulers. Receiving
imports have decreased
states report much more: a
substantially in recent
total of 732,439 tons
years.
received in 4 states in
2001.
MSW exports in 2001
97% to Pennsylvania and
The state operates 3
N.A.
Jamie Rutherford,
were 14,518 tons,
Virginia. Small amounts
landfills that are all
DE Dept. of Natural
according to Delaware.
reported by New York and
prohibited from accepting
Resources and
Receiving states report
Ohio.
out of state waste. There is
Environmental Control,
83,689 tons.
one private facility that is
(302) 739-3689
permitted as an industrial
waste facility that has in
Delaware
the past imported about
400,000 tons of
construction and
demolition waste.
However, most of the
waste going to that facility
now is probably from in-
state.
CRS-15
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
Receiving states report a
Virginia (97%)
New York reports sending
Mostly Maryland.
Sybil Hammond,
total of 966,052 tons in
Pennsylvania (3%)
800 tons of MSW to D.C.
D.C. Dept. of Public
2001.
in 2001. DC also imports
Works
substantial amounts of
(202) 673-6833
District of Columbia
waste from Maryland to
transfer stations located in
the District. None of this
waste is disposed in DC.
The state does not track
Georgia (93%)
The state does not track
N.A.
Peter Goren,
exports. Georgia and
South Carolina (7%)
imports. There is little
FL Dept. of
South Carolina report
incentive to import, since
Environmental Protection
receiving 519,251 tons of
disposal is less expensive
(850) 488-0300
MSW from Florida.
in Georgia.
Florida
Exports increased by two-
thirds in the most recent
report, but still represent
less than 2% of Florida’s
waste generation.
The state has no
Mostly to Alabama. South
964,285 tons in FY 2002
50% of the waste comes
Scott Henson,
information on exports.
Carolina and Tennessee
(7/1/2001 to 6/30/2002).
from Florida, 21% from
GA Dept. of Natural
CRS estimates 350,000
each report about 20,000
Waste imports have
New Jersey, 11% from
Resources
Georgia
tons of exports based on
tons from Georgia.
quadrupled since FY
South Carolina, 6% from
(404) 362-4533
information available for
1998.
Rhode Island, 4% from
three receiving states.
New York.
No exports of MSW.
N.A.
No imports of MSW.
N.A.
Gary Siu,
Hawaii
HI Dept. of Health
(808) 586-4244
Idaho estimates 134,062
Washington (82,928 tons)
State estimates 12,583
7,103 tons from Oregon;
Dean Ehlert,
tons of exports.
Oregon (27,956 tons)
tons of imports.
5,475 tons from Nevada; 5
ID Dept. of
Idaho
Montana (23,178 tons).
tons from Utah
Environmental Quality
(208) 373-0416
CRS-16
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
3,084,880 tons in 2001,
1,336,000 tons to Indiana
The state reports
Missouri (72%); Iowa
Ellen Gambach,
according to six receiving
(CRS estimate based on
importing 1,440,804 tons
(20%); Wisconsin (4%);
IL Environmental
states.
Indiana data). 865,000
in 2001.
Indiana (3%); Kentucky
Protection Agency
Illinois
tons to Wisconsin.
(1%); negligible amounts
(217) 782-9288
779,000 tons to Michigan.
from 6 other states.
Smaller amounts to three
other states.
Four receiving states
Michigan (536,033 tons),
1,456,699 tons of MSW in
92% from Illinois. The
Michelle Weddle,
report receiving a total of
Ohio (180,407 tons),
2001.
remainder mostly from
IN Dept of Environmental
927,245 tons from
Kentucky (161,858 tons),
Ohio, Kentucky, and
Management
Indiana. Indiana reports
Illinois (48,947 tons).
Michigan.
(317) 233-4624
335,190 tons of exports in
Indiana
2001, but this includes
only waste exported by
transfer stations, not waste
taken directly out of state
by haulers.
In FY2001 (7/1/2000-
345,372 tons to Illinois;
Iowa imported 505,598
478,641 tons (95%) from
Tammie Krausman,
6/30/2001), Iowa exported
24,599 tons to Nebraska;
tons of MSW in FY2001
Minnesota; smaller
IA Dept of Natural
Iowa
390,917 tons of MSW.
18,833 tons to Missouri;
(7/1/2000-6/30/2001).
amounts from Missouri,
Resources
2,113 tons to Wisconsin.
Nebraska, Illinois, South
(515) 281-8382
Dakota, and Wisconsin
53,111 tons exported in
Missouri and Oklahoma.
636,847 tons in 2001,
608,212 tons (96%) from
Kent Foerster,
2001. Oklahoma reports
which was 19% of total
Missouri; the remainder
KS Dept. of Health and
Kansas
substantially higher
MSW disposed of in the
from Oklahoma and
Environment
amounts.
state.
Nebraska.
(785) 296-1540
CRS-17
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
The state does not track
Tennessee (58%)
701,442 tons of MSW
379,820 tons (54%) from
Carol Sole,
exports. Four neighboring
Ohio (21%)
imported in 2001.
Ohio; 161,858 tons (23%)
KY Dept. for
states report 275,341 tons
Indiana (18%)
from Indiana; 119,617
Environmental Protection
Kentucky
of Kentucky exports.
Illinois (3%).
tons (17%) from W. Va.;
(502) 564-6716 x216
35,851 tons (5%) from
Tennessee. Small amts.
from 4 other states.
No tracking system, but
Mississippi. Small
No tracking. Mississippi
Mississippi
Dennis Duszynski,
Mississippi reports that it
amounts may go to Texas,
reports its border areas
LA Dept. of
Louisiana
received 103,539 tons
as well.
may export small amounts
Environmental Quality
from Louisiana in 2001.
to Louisiana.
(225) 765-0230
50,862 tons in 1999, plus
19,000 to New Brunswick
164,527 tons of MSW in
Massachusetts (74%); the
George MacDonald,
40,412 tons of
(Canada); most of the rest
1999.
rest from New Hampshire.
ME Dept of
Maine
construction and
to New Hampshire.
Environmental Protection
demolition waste.
(207) 287-5759
Maryland reported
1,718,468 tons to Virginia;
39,926 tons imported in
Delaware, Pennsylvania,
Frank Diller,
1,547,065 tons of MSW
361,710 tons to
2001. Maryland also
Virginia, West Virginia,
MD Dept of the
exported in 2000.
Pennsylvania.
imported 422,945 tons of
and D.C.
Environment
Maryland
Receiving states, which
C&D waste.
(410) 631-4143
have reported data for
2001, reported receiving
2,081,230 tons.
CRS-18
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
1,015,042 tons exported in
327,576 tons to South
67,247 tons of MSW
27,323 tons from
Brian Holdridge,
2001; nearly 400,000 tons
Carolina; 273,111 tons to
imported in 2001; 141,135
Connecticut; 21,196 tons
MA Dept. of
of other waste (mainly
New York; 200,242 tons to
tons of other waste
from New Hampshire;
Environmental Protection
construction and
New Hampshire; 155,314
(mainly construction and
16,189 tons from Rhode
(617) 292-5578
demolition waste and
tons to Maine; smaller
demolition waste, tires,
Island; 2,078 tons from
tires).
amounts to Connecticut,
and ash).
Vermont; 461 tons from
Massachusetts
Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode
New York.
Island, and Canada. New
York reports receiving
450,000 tons of MSW in
2001, substantially more
than Massachusetts
reports.
The state does not track
Ohio (55%)
In FY2001, 10/1/2000 -
Ontario, Canada (50%),
Lynn Dumroese,
exports, but two
Indiana (45%).
9/30/2001, imports were
Illinois (22%), Indiana
MI Dept. of
neighboring states
3,597,729 tons, 757,000
(15%), Ohio (9%),
Environmental Quality
Michigan
reported 146,358 tons
tons more than in FY2000.
Wisconsin (4%)
(517) 373-4738
from Michigan in 2001, an
(Data converted from
Imports from Ontario are
increase of 72%.
cubic yards by CRS).
growing rapidly.
671,800 tons in 2001, a
372,300 tons to Iowa;
Imports were
N.A.
Jim Chiles,
slight decrease from
239,700 tons to Wisconsin; inconsequential.
MN Pollution Control
Minnesota
704,878 tons in 2000.
58,400 to North Dakota;
Agency
1,400 to South Dakota .
(651) 296-7273
State does not track
Any exports most likely go
466,399 tons of MSW in
230,237 tons (49%) from
Pradip Bhowal,
exports, but believes small
to Alabama, Louisiana,
2001.
Tennessee; 104,550 tons
MS Dept. of
amounts of waste are
and Tennessee.
(22%) from Alabama;
Environmental Quality
being exported from
103,539 tons (22%) from
(601) 961-5082
Mississippi
“isolated areas” near the
Louisiana; 27,910 tons
borders. Tennessee
(6%) from Arkansas.
reports receiving 74,515
tons of Mississippi waste.
CRS-19
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
According to Missouri,
Illinois (62%),
178,032 tons in 2001.
80,441 tons from Illinois;
Debbie Sessler,
1,439,834 tons in 2001.
Kansas (36%).
75,937 tons from
MO Dept. of Natural
MSW definition includes
Small amounts to
Arkansas; 11,135 tons
Resources
Missouri
some industrial waste.
Arkansas, Iowa,
from Kansas; 10,159 tons
(573) 751-5401
Receiving states report
Tennessee, and Indiana.
from Iowa.
1,671,162 tons.
The state says it sends a
North Dakota
33,964 tons in 2001.
27,373 tons (81%) from
Pat Crowley,
“tiny little bit” to North
Idaho; small amounts
MT Dept. of Health and
Montana
Dakota.
from North Dakota,
Environmental Sciences
Washington, and
(406) 444-5294
Wyoming.
Nebraska does not collect
Iowa and Kansas.
Nebraska does not collect
Mostly from Iowa. Some
Keith Powell,
annual data on waste
annual data on waste
from South Dakota.
NE Dept. of
exports. From 7/1/2000 -
imports. A one-time
Environmental Quality
6/30/2001, Iowa reports
survey reported 122,500
(402) 471-4210
receiving 9,255 tons. In
tons in 1997. Probably
Nebraska
calendar year 2001,
hasn’t been much change
Kansas reports receiving
since then, according to
8,645.
the state. Iowa reports
sending 24,599 tons from
7/1/2000 - 6/30/2001.
There are no exports from
Idaho
532,615 tons in 2001,
Almost all from
Les Gould,
Nevada according to the
about 16% of total MSW
California. Tiny amounts
NV Division of
Nevada
state. Idaho reports
disposed in Nevada.
from Arizona and Utah.
Environmental Protection
receiving 5,475 tons from
(775) 687-4670 x3018
Nevada.
57,000 tons in 2001.
Massachusetts and New
250,000 tons in 2001, less
Mainly Massachusetts.
Pierce Rigrod,
York
than half of what was
NH Dept. of
New Hampshire
imported in 1999.
Environmental Services
(603) 271-3713
CRS-20
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
5,431,121 tons in 2001,
88% to Pennsylvania, 5%
892,394 tons in 2000, a
Nearly all from New
Ray Worob,
according to six importing
to Ohio, 4% to Georgia,
slight increase from 1999.
York.
NJ Dept. of
New Jersey
states. New Jersey reports
3% to Virginia.
Environmental Protection
substantially less:
(609) 984-6903
2,651,000 tons in 2000.
The state says there are no
Arizona and Texas
In 2001, 750,000 tons of
Colorado, Texas, and
John O’Connell,
exports: New Mexico’s
MSW were imported,
maquiladora waste from
NM Environment Dept.
tipping fees are lower than
more than triple the
Mexican border areas.
(505) 827-2385
those in surrounding
amount two years earlier.
New Mexico
states. However, Texas
The imported waste
and Arizona both report
represented 25% of all
receiving small amounts
waste landfilled in the
of waste from New
state in 2001.
Mexico.
Seven importing states report
Primarily Pennsylvania (4.8
New York estimates
450,000 tons (54%) from
Gerard Wagner,
a total of 7,493,130 tons
million tons), Virginia (1.1
839,700 tons were
Massachusetts; 200,000
NY State Dept. of
from New York. New York
million tons), New Jersey
imported in 2001 from
tons (24%) from
Environmental
facilities reported exports of
(879,000 tons), and Ohio
“selected states”. Waste
Pennsylvania; 100,000
Conservation
4,900,100 tons in 2001, but
(664,000 tons).
these data are believed to be
imports to New York have
tons (12%) from
(518) 402-8692
incomplete.
grown by 700,000 tons
Connecticut; lesser
since 1998.
amounts from Vermont,
New York
New Jersey, New
Hampshire, Maine,
Maryland, and other
states. In addition,
Ontario, Canada reports
sending 190,000 tons of
MSW to New York.
CRS-21
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
900,743 tons in FY2001
Virginia, South Carolina,
21,614 tons in FY2001
Virginia
Paul Chrisman,
(July 2000 to June 2001),
incidental amounts to
NC Dept. of Environment
a decline of 206,000 tons
Georgia and Tennessee
and Natural Resources
North Carolina
from the previous year,
(919) 733-0692 x254
but still an 8-fold increase
since FY 1996.
The state does not track
Montana (3,735 tons)
103,382 tons MSW in
Mainly from Minnesota;
Steve Tillotson,
MSW exports. Two states
Pennsylvania (11,683
2000.
small amounts from South
ND Dept. of Health
North Dakota
report receiving a total of
tons).
Dakota and Montana.
(701) 328-5166
15,418 tons of MSW from
North Dakota.
986,693 tons in 2001.
Mostly to Kentucky (46%)
Ohio reports importing
New York (33%),
Michelle Kenton,
and Michigan (31%).
1,988,753 tons of MSW in
Pennsylvania (19%), New
OH Environmental
Lesser amounts to West
2001, a 200,000 ton
Jersey (13%), Indiana
Protection Agency
Virginia (12%),
increase from 2000.
(9%), Connecticut (6%),
(614) 728-5368
Ohio
Pennsylvania (9%), and
and West Virginia (6%)
Indiana (3%).
accounted for the bulk of
imports. The other 14%
came from 20 states, DC,
and the Virgin Islands.
The state does not track
Kansas
CRS estimates 125,000
Mostly from Kansas.
John Roberts,
waste exports but does not
tons in 2001. Oklahoma
Arkansas and Texas also
OK Dept. of
believe much waste is
does not track waste
report sending MSW to
Environmental Quality
exported. Kansas reports
imports, but the state is
Oklahoma.
(405) 702-5100
receiving 19,990 tons of
aware that in September
MSW from Oklahoma in
2001, the City of Wichita,
Oklahoma
2001.
Kansas began exporting
about 1,500 tons per day
of MSW to Oklahoma for
disposal. In addition,
small amounts come from
Arkansas and Texas.
CRS-22
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
Michigan reports
Michigan, New York
None.
N.A.
Bruce Pope,
receiving 1,786,284 tons
Ontario Ministry of
of waste from Ontario,
Environment and Energy
Ontario, Canada
10/1/2000 - 9/30/2001.
(416) 325-4420
Ontario estimates that
another 190,000 tons is
disposed in New York.
19,384 tons of MSW in
Some to Idaho, most to
1,301,882 tons of MSW in
Most from Seattle-area in
Judy Henderson,
2000.
Washington.
2000.
Washington; small amount
OR Dept. of
Oregon
from California and Idaho.
Environmental Quality
(503) 229-5521
The state does not track
64% to Ohio,
10,666,090 tons of MSW
New York and New Jersey
Sally Lohman,
exports. According to
35% to New York,
in 2001, 30% of the nat’l
accounted for nearly 90%
PA Dept. of
neighboring states,
1% to Virginia.
total, an increase of about
of MSW imports, at about
Environmental Protection
Pennsylvania exported
900,000 tons from 2000.
45% each. 482,049 tons,
(717) 787-7382
Pennsylvania
576,525 tons of MSW in
The state also imported
or 5%, came from
2001.
1,938,857 tons of sludge,
Connecticut; 361,410 tons
industrial, residual, C&D,
(4%) from Maryland. The
ash, and asbestos waste, a
rest came from 8 other
decrease from 2000.
states and DC.
121,631 tons in 2000, all
Connecticut about 36,000
121,930 tons in 2000,
N.A.
Robert Schmidt,
of which was waste
tons, Massachusetts about
nearly all of this waste
RI Dept. of Environmental
Rhode Island
imported to a transfer
41,000. Georgia reports
was imported to transfer
Management
station and then exported
receiving 56,883 tons.
stations and then exported
(401) 222-2797 x7260
elsewhere for disposal.
for disposal.
CRS-23
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
101,603 tons in FY2001
Georgia
The state reports that it
345,570 tons (60%) from
Celeste Duckett,
(7/1/2000 - 6/30/2001).
imported 579,298 tons of
Massachusetts; 133,986
SC Dept. of Health and
“defined” MSW in
tons (23%) from Texas;
Environmental Control
FY2001 (7/1/2000 -
The remainder from
(803) 896-4226
6/30/2001), which
Florida, New Jersey,
South Carolina
includes residential,
Georgia, and North
commercial, institutional
Carolina.
and industrial
packaging/administrative
wastes.
The state does not track
Iowa
The state does not track
Minnesota Jim
Wente,
exports. A small amount
imports. A small amount
SD Dept. of Environment
of exporting may occur,
of importing may occur,
and Natural Resources
South Dakota
but it is not significant.
but it is not significant.
(605) 773-3153
Iowa reports 2,400 tons of
Minnesota reports sending
waste from South Dakota
1,400 tons to South
in FY 2001.
Dakota.
The state does not track
Mississippi (76%)
329,036 tons in 2001.
159,772 tons (49%) from
A. Wayne Brashear,
waste exports, but
Kentucky (12%)
Kentucky; 74,515 tons
TN Dept. of Environment
neighboring states report
Virginia (9%)
(23%) from Mississippi;
and Conservation
303,882 tons of Tennessee
Georgia (3%).
41,725 tons (13%) from
(615) 532-8010
waste exports.
North Carolina; 21,324
Tennessee
tons (6%) from Virginia;
19,547 tons (6%) from
Georgia; the rest from
Arkansas, Missouri, and
Alabama.
CRS-24
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
No reporting requirement
New Mexico is probably
In FY2001 (9/1/2000 -
Louisiana, New Mexico,
Lynne Haase,
for exported waste.
the major destination.
8/31/2001), 34,173 tons of
Oklahoma, and Mexico.
TX Commission on
Estimates based on
Texas says waste most
MSW were imported.
Some smaller amounts
Environmental Quality
regional plans show
likely goes to New
may come from other
(512) 239-6613
Texas
518,698 tons of residential
Mexico, Louisiana, and
states.
and commercial MSW
Oklahoma. South Carolina
were exported to other
also reports receiving
states from Sept. 1,1999 to
significant quantities of
Aug. 31, 2000.
Texas waste.
As in 2000, about 1,000
Nevada
5,967 tons in 2001, a large
Massachusetts
Jeff Emmons,
tons of 2001 MSW went
decrease from 2000
UT Dept. of
from Wendover, Utah to
(66,000 tons).
Environmental Quality
Utah
Wendover, Nevada. There
(801)538-6748
might be some small
amount of exports from
Indian reservations.
121,546 tons in 2000, an
74,982 tons to New York;
No reported imports.
N.A.
Julie Hackbarth,
increase from 88,350 in
44,988 tons to New
VT Dept. of
Vermont
1999.
Hampshire; 1,576 tons to
Environmental
Massachusetts.
Conservation
(802) 241-3446
The state does not track
North Carolina (46%)
4,098,684 tons of MSW in
97% from 3 states and
Kathy Frahm,
MSW exports. Three
Tennessee (45%)
2001, plus 720,782 tons of
DC: 1,443,724 tons from
VA Dept. of
states report 47,419 tons
Pennsylvania (9%).
other waste (mostly
Maryland; 1,120,111 tons
Environmental Quality
Virginia
of exports from Virginia.
sludge, incinerator ash,
from New York; 936,387
(804) 698-4376
and C&D waste).
tons from DC; 486,942
tons from NC; less than
3% from 13 other states.
CRS-25
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
949,685 tons in 2000.
Oregon
116,365 tons in 2000, a
41,808 tons from Canada
Ellen Caywood,
decrease from 243,292
(mainly British
WA Dept. of Ecology
tons in 1999, mainly due
Columbia); California,
(360) 407-6132
Washington
to a landfill losing a
30,139 tons; Idaho, 24,035
California contract.
tons; Alaska, 20,129 tons;
Oregon 198 tons;
Antarctica, 56 tons.
No tracking system. Ohio,
Ohio and Kentucky (36%
The state has no tracking
Ohio reports shipping
Anne Howell,
Kentucky, Pennsylvania,
each), Pennsylvania
system, but estimates that
119,077 tons to West
WV Division of
West Virginia
and Virginia reported
(16%), Virginia (12%).
it imports about 200,000
Virginia in 2001. Other
Environmental Protection
331,635 tons from West
tons of MSW per year.
sources, N.A.
(304) 558-4253
Virginia.
The state does not collect
Michigan (146,442 tons)
1,106,928 tons in 2001.
865,404 tons (78%) from
Wayne Ringquist,
export data, but three
Illinois (57,049 tons)
Illinois; 238,836 tons
WI Dept. of Natural
receiving states report
Indiana (1,340 tons).
(22%) from Minnesota.
Resources
Wisconsin
204,831 tons of Wisconsin
Small amounts from Iowa
(608)267-7557
exports in 2001, about
and Michigan.
18% less than in 1999.
The state does not collect
N.A.
The state does not collect
N.A.
Bob Doctor,
export data. A few tons a
import data. A few tons a
WY Dept. of
Wyoming
day may leave the state.
day may enter the state.
Environmental Quality
(307) 473-3468
N.A. = not available
Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews with and data provided by state program officials.
Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Interstate Shipment of
Municipal Solid Waste:
2002 Update
November 26, 2002
James E. McCarthy
and
Anne L. Hardenbergh
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress
Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste:
2002 Update
Summary
This report, which replaces CRS Report RL31051, provides updated
information on interstate shipment of municipal solid waste (MSW). Since the late
1980s, Congress has considered, but not enacted, numerous bills that would allow
states to impose restrictions on interstate waste shipments, a step the Constitution
prohibits in the absence of congressional authorization. Over this period, there has
been a continuing interest in knowing how much waste is being shipped across state
lines for disposal, and what states might be affected by proposed legislation. This
report provides data useful in addressing these questions.
Total interstate waste shipments continue to rise due to the closure of older local
landfills and the increasing consolidation of the waste management industry. About
35 million tons of municipal solid waste crossed state lines for disposal in 2001, an
increase of 9.4% over 2000. Waste imports have grown each year since CRS began
tracking them in the early 1990s, and now represent 21.6% of all municipal solid
waste disposed at landfills and waste combustion facilities. In the last eight years,
reported imports have increased 141%.
Pennsylvania remains, by far, the largest waste importer. The state received
10.7 million tons of municipal solid waste and 1.9 million tons of other non-
hazardous waste from out of state in 2001, more than 30% of the national total for
interstate shipments. Virginia, the second largest importer, received 4.1 million tons,
62% less than the amount received by Pennsylvania. Michigan, the third largest
importer, imported 3.6 million tons of MSW in fiscal year 2001; waste imports to
Michigan have doubled since 1999. Twenty-three states had increased imports in the
current report – the largest increases occurring in Pennsylvania and Michigan. In all,
eight states reported imports that exceeded one million tons.
While waste imports increased overall, several states (including New
Hampshire, South Carolina, Connecticut, Arizona, and Washington) reported sharp
declines in waste imports.
New York remains the largest exporter of waste, with New Jersey and Illinois
in second and third place, respectively. Four states (New York, New Jersey, Illinois,
and Maryland) account for more than half the national total of waste exports.
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Total Shipments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
States Reporting Increased Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
States Reporting Decreased Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Major Exporters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Net Imports and Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
List of Figures
Figure 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Figure 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
List of Tables
Table 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Table 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Table 3. Net Imports/Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year . . 6
Table 4. Amount and Destination of Exported MSW, and Amount and
Sources of Imported MSW, by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Interstate Shipment of
Municipal Solid Waste: 2002 Update
Introduction
This report provides updated information on interstate shipment of municipal
solid waste. Concerned about increased waste imports, some states have attempted
to regulate this commerce; federal courts, however, have declared these state
restrictions unconstitutional. If states are to have such authority, congressional action
is required.
Since the late 1980s, Congress has considered, but not enacted, numerous bills
that would grant such authority.1 Over this period, there has been a continuing
interest in knowing how much waste is being shipped across state lines for disposal,
and what states might be affected by proposed legislation. This report provides data
useful in addressing these questions. It updates information provided in earlier CRS
reports.2
The report presents information gathered through telephone contacts with solid
waste officials in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Canadian province
of Ontario. The data obtained from these contacts are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and
3, and Figures 1 and 2. Table 4 presents additional information, including the names
and telephone numbers of state contacts.
Not all states require reporting of waste imports, and very few track exports, so
the available data are incomplete and in some cases represent estimates rather than
actual measurements. In a number of cases, faced with conflicting reports from
exporters and importers or no quantitative data at all, we provided our best estimate
based on discussions with state officials or other sources.
1 Legislation on interstate shipment of waste has been introduced in every Congress since
the 100th. In the 104th Congress, the Senate passed S. 534. The bill would have granted
states authority to restrict new shipments of municipal solid waste from out of state, if
requested by an affected local government. In the 103rd Congress, both the House and
Senate passed interstate waste legislation (H.R. 4779 and S. 2345), but lack of agreement
on common language prevented enactment. For a discussion of the issues addressed in these
bills, see CRS Report RS20106, Interstate Waste Transport: Legislative Issues.
2 This report replaces Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2001 Update, CRS
Report RL31051. Earlier reports, now out of print but available directly from the author,
were Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2000 Update, CRS Report RL30409,
Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 1998 Update, CRS Report 98-689; Interstate
Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 1997 Update, CRS Report 97-349; Interstate Shipment
of Municipal Solid Waste: 1996 Update, CRS Report 96-712; Interstate Shipment of
Municipal Solid Waste: 1995 Update, CRS Report 95-570; and Interstate Shipment of
Municipal Solid Waste, CRS Report 93-743.
CRS-2
Figure 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or latest year,
in tons
Amounts in Tons
1,000,000 or greater
500,000 to 999,999
100,000 to 499,999
0 to 100,000
Figure 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or latest
year, in tons
CRS-3
Table 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year
(in tons)
State
Quantity Imported
Pennsylvania
a 10,666,090
Virginia
b 4,098,684
Michigan
c,d 3,597,729
Ohio
1,988,753
Indiana
e 1,456,699
Illinois
d 1,440,804
Oregon
f 1,301,882
Wisconsin
1,106,928
Georgia
g 964,285
New Jersey
f 892,394
New York
839,700
New Mexico
750,000
Kentucky
701,442
Kansas
636,847
South Carolina
h 579,299
Nevada
532,615
Iowa
h 505,598
Mississippi
466,399
Alabama
f,i 382,000
Tennessee
329,036
Arizona
j 260,000
New Hampshire
250,000
West Virginia
200,000
Missouri
178,032
Maine
k 164,527
Oklahoma
125,000
Nebraska
122,500
Washington
f 116,365
North Dakota
f 103,382
Connecticut
h, l 75,941
Massachusetts
67,247
Maryland
m 39,926
Texas
n 34,173
Montana
33,964
California
f 28,672
North Carolina
h 21,614
Arkansas
12,718
Idaho
12,583
Utah
o 5,967
South Dakota
1,400
a In addition, Pennsylvania received 1,938,857 tons i As reported by BioCycle magazine.
of other waste (industrial waste, construction/ k 1999.
demolition [C&D] waste, ash, asbestos, and sludge) l Connecticut import total does not include waste
from out of state at MSW landfills in 2001. from New York that was received at a Connecticut
b Virginia also imported 720,782 tons of other waste, transfer station and re-exported to other states for
mostly sludge, incinerator ash, and C&D waste in 2001. disposal.
c 10/1/2000 - 9/30/2001. m Maryland also imported 422,945 tons of C&D
d Converted from cubic yards using 3.3 cu. yds. = 1 ton. waste.
e Indiana also imported 172,410 tons of non-municipal n 9/1/2000 - 8/31/2001.
solid waste, primarily C&D and industrial waste o Utah landfills have generally imported more
in 2000. industrial than municipal solid waste.
f 2000.
g 7/1/2001 - 6/30/2002.
h 7/1/2000 - 6/30/2001.
j 4/1/2001 - 3/31/2002.
Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews with and data provided by state program officials.
CRS-4
Table 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year
(in tons)
State
Quantity Exported
New York
a 7,493,130
New Jersey
b 5,431,121
Illinois
3,084,880
Maryland
2,081,230
Ontario, Canada
1,976,000
Missouri
c 1,671,162
Massachusetts
1,015,042
Ohio
986,693
District of Columbia
961,052
Washington
949,685
Indiana
d 927,245
North Carolina
e 900,743
California
746,433
Connecticut
f 732,439
Minnesota
671,800
Pennsylvania
576,525
Florida
519,251
Texas
g 518,698
Iowa
e 390,917
Georgia
350,000
West Virginia
331,635
Tennessee
303,882
Kentucky
275,341
Wisconsin
204,831
Michigan
146,358
Idaho
134,062
Rhode Island
h 121,631
Vermont
121,546
Alabama
107,769
Louisiana
103,539
South Carolina
e 101,603
Arkansas
91,088
Delaware
i 83,689
Mississippi
74,515
New Hampshire
57,000
Kansas
53,111
Maine
j 50,862
Virginia
47,419
Alaska
30,000
Nebraska
17,900
Oklahoma
19,990
Oregon
h 19,384
North Dakota
15,418
Nevada
5,475
South Dakota
2,400
Utah
1,000
a As reported by seven importing states. New York’s data indicate exports of 4,900,100 tons.
b As reported by six importing states. New Jersey’s data indicated substantially smaller exports (2,651,000 tons
in 2000).
c As reported by receiving states. Missouri’s data indicate exports of 1,439,834 tons in 2001. A significant
percentage of Missouri’s exports are believed to be construction and demolition or industrial waste sent to MSW
landfills.
d As reported by four receiving states (Michigan, Kentucky, Ohio, and Illinois). Indiana reported 335,190 tons
of exports, but noted that the amount was incomplete because it only counted exports from transfer stations.
e July 2000 - June 2001.
CRS-5
f As reported by receiving states, Connecticut exports may include waste that originated in New York State, but
was managed at a Connecticut transfer station.
g September 1, 1999 - August 31, 2000.
h 2000 data.
i As reported by 4 receiving states. Delaware reported only 14,518 tons of exports in 2001.
j 1999 data.
Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews with and data provided by state program officials. In many cases,
the amount is based on data compiled by receiving states. See Table 4 entries for additional information.
CRS-6
Table 3. Net Imports/Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or
Latest Year
(in tons)
(Data subject to numerous qualifications: see notes from Tables 1, 2, and 4.)
State
Imports
Exports
Net Imports/Exports
Pennsylvania
10,666,090
576,525
10,089,565
Virginia
4,098,684
47,419
4,051,265
Michigan
3,597,729
146,358
3,451,371
Oregon
1,301,882
19,384
1,282,498
Ohio
1,988,753
986,693
1,002,060
Wisconsin
1,106,928
204,831
902,097
New Mexico
750,000
-
750,000
Georgia
964,285
350,000
614,285
Kansas
636,847
53,111
583,736
Indiana
1,456,699
927,245
529,454
Nevada
532,615
5,475
527,140
South Carolina
579,299
101,603
477,696
Kentucky
701,442
275,341
426,101
Mississippi
466,399
74,515
391,884
Alabama
382,000
107,769
274,231
Arizona
260,000
-
260,000
New Hampshire
250,000
57,000
193,000
Iowa
505,598
390,917
114,681
Maine
164,527
50,862
113,665
Oklahoma
125,000
19,990
105,010
Nebraska
122,500
17,900
104,600
North Dakota
103,382
15,418
87,964
Montana
33,964
-
33,964
Tennessee
329,036
303,882
25,154
Utah
5,967
1,000
4,967
South Dakota
1,400
2,400
-1,000
Alaska
-
30,000
-30,000
Arkansas
12,718
91,088
-78,370
Delaware
-
83,689
-83,689
Louisiana
-
103,539
-103,539
Idaho
12,583
134,062
-121,479
Vermont
-
121,546
-121,546
Rhode Island
-
121,631
-121,631
West Virginia
200,000
331,635
-131,635
Texas
34,173
518,698
-484,525
Florida
-
519,251
-519,251
Connecticut
75,941
732,439
-656,498
Minnesota
- 671,800
-671,800
California
28,672
746,443
-717,771
Washington
116,365
949,685
-833,320
North Carolina
21,614
900,743
-879,129
Massachusetts
67,247
1,015,042
-947,795
District of Columbia
-
961,052
-961,052
Missouri
178,032
1,671,162
-1,493,130
Illinois
1,440,804
3,084,880
-1,644,076
Ontario, Canada
-
1,976,000
-1,976,000
Maryland
39,926
2,081,230
-2,041,304
New Jersey
892,394
5,431,121
-4,538,727
New York
839,700
7,493,130
-6,653,430
Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews.
CRS-7
Fifteen of the states provided data for a period other than calendar year 2001 –
either their latest fiscal year or a different calendar year. This adds another layer of
imprecision: we combined data for whatever was the latest reporting period, even
though in these 15 cases, this meant combining data from different time periods.
Each of the exceptions from the 2001 reporting period is noted in the appropriate
tables, but the reader should perhaps keep in mind that many of the totals reported
here are our best estimate rather than precise figures.
Total Shipments
The data show that total interstate waste shipments continue to rise: imports in
the current survey totaled 35.0 million tons, 15.1% of the 231.9 million tons of
municipal solid waste generated in the United States.3 Of municipal waste disposed
(as opposed to recycled or composted), the percentage is even higher. EPA estimates
that 69.9 million tons of municipal solid waste were recycled or composted in 2000,
leaving 162 million tons to be disposed in landfills or incinerators. Of this amount,
21.6% crossed state lines for disposal.4
Between CRS’s year 2001 report (reporting largely 1999 and 2000 data) and the
current survey (reporting generally 2001 data), imports increased 3.0 million tons, or
9.4%. Since 1993, reported imports have risen 141%, from 14.5 million tons in 1993
to 35.0 million tons in the current survey.
States Reporting Increased Imports
Twenty-three states had increased imports of municipal waste in 2001, with the
largest increases occurring in Pennsylvania and Michigan. The increases in these two
states, 0.9 million tons and 0.75 million tons respectively, total 55% of the entire
increase nationally.
The preponderance of these two states in the 2001 waste statistics demonstrates
another element of the emerging picture of interstate waste shipment: 52% of total
municipal waste imports are disposed in just three states: Pennsylvania, Virginia, and
Michigan.
Pennsylvania continues to be the largest waste importer, by far. Disposal
facilities in the state received 10.7 million tons of MSW and 1.9 million tons of other
3 Because many of the larger importers now differentiate MSW from other non-hazardous
waste imports, we compared total MSW imports to EPA’s national estimate of MSW
generation (231.9 million tons in the latest available year, 2000). State-reported waste
generation, summarized in BioCycle magazine’s annual survey, is substantially higher (409
million tons in 2000) but is likely to include other nonhazardous waste, provided it was
disposed at MSW facilities. For state-reported data, see Nora Goldstein and Celeste Madtes,
“The State of Garbage in America,” BioCycle, December 2001, p. 42.
4 Much of the waste destined for recycling may also have crossed state lines, but waste
destined for recycling does not carry the same stigma as that sent for disposal, and recycling
facilities do not generally require permits by state agencies. Thus, amounts shipped across
state lines for recycling cannot generally be tracked by the solid waste agencies.
CRS-8
nonhazardous waste from out of state in 2001. The amounts represented half of all
solid waste disposed in the state and more than 30% of the national total for interstate
shipments.
After Pennsylvania, Virginia is the largest waste importer, with 4.1 million tons
of MSW imports and 720,782 tons of other nonhazardous waste. Despite predictions
that Virginia would receive increased imports as New York’s Fresh Kills landfill
phased out operations, waste imports to Virginia have remained roughly the same in
the 1998-2001 period. (Instead, New York’s increased exports appear to have gone
primarily to Pennsylvania and New Jersey.)
Michigan, the third largest waste importer in 2001, saw out-of-state waste
disposed in the state grow by more than 750,000 tons that year. Substantial amounts
of waste come to Michigan from Illinois, Indiana, and other neighboring states; but
the biggest source, accounting for about half of Michigan’s out-of-state waste, is
Ontario, Canada. Ontario’s waste shipments are growing as the Toronto area awards
new contracts for waste disposal and closes its two remaining landfills. At the
beginning of 1999, the Toronto area was generating about 2.8 million tons of waste
annually, of which about 700,000 tons were shipped to Michigan. By early 2003,
however, there will be virtually no local disposal capacity. Barring unforeseen
developments, most of this waste is expected to be sent to Michigan for disposal.
In other highlights:
! Eight states reported imports exceeding one million tons per year in
the latest year, a figure unchanged from our two previous surveys,
which reported 1998 and 2000 data.
! Another 21 states had imports exceeding 100,000 tons.
! For the fourth year in a row, New Jersey is on the list of major
importers, with 892,394 tons of MSW imports in 2000 (2001 data
were not yet available). The state is still a major exporter of waste,
as well: receiving states estimate New Jersey’s exports at more than
5.4 million tons in 2001. But the absence of flow control (local
government requirements that waste within their jurisdiction be
disposed at local facilities, which were overturned by the courts in
the mid-1990s) has led waste-to-energy facilities in New Jersey to
search for waste to replace local waste now being disposed
elsewhere. As a result, large amounts of waste are entering New
Jersey from New York.
! New York, the nation’s largest waste exporter, also saw rapid
growth in waste imports in 2000 and 2001. The state imported
839,700 tons of waste in 2001, an increase from 539,000 tons in our
previous survey.
! Other states reporting major increases in imports were Ohio,
Georgia, and New Mexico. Ohio has had a nearly 900,000 ton
increase in MSW imports between 1998 and 2001; Georgia
CRS-9
experienced a nearly 750,000 ton increase over the same three years;
and New Mexico had a 500,000 ton increase in the last two years.
! Oklahoma made its first appearance on our list of importers: the
state reported that in September 2001, it began receiving 1,500 tons
per day of waste from Wichita, Kansas. Based on this information,
we estimate imports at 125,000 tons for the year 2001. This amount
will increase to around 400,000 tons in 2002.
! Although there are no comprehensive data, imports to transfer
stations5 are a political issue in some locations. Transfer stations are
generally located in urban areas and are subject to less stringent
regulation than disposal facilities. Heavy truck traffic and odors
have aroused concerns in some neighboring communities.
Connecticut, Rhode Island, and the District of Columbia report
significant amounts of out-of-state waste imported to transfer
stations, then exported to other states for disposal. New York City’s
plan to export waste to transfer stations in New Jersey raised
substantial controversy, before being rescinded.
States Reporting Decreased Imports
While waste imports increased overall, 14 states reported declines in waste
imports. In many cases, the declines were small, but five of the states (New
Hampshire, South Carolina, Connecticut, Arizona, and Washington) had declines
exceeding 100,000 tons. Most notable were: South Carolina, where imports declined
by about one-third in the last two years (simultaneous with a major increase in
Georgia’s imports); Connecticut, where imports declined by two-thirds; and New
Hampshire, where new permit conditions imposed on the state’s largest landfill have
contributed to a state-wide reduction in imports of more than 560,000 tons since
1997.
Major Exporters
Six states (New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Maryland, Missouri, and
Massachusetts) each exported more than one million tons of waste to facilities in
other states in the latest reporting period, and ten other states and the District of
Columbia exported more than half a million tons. The Canadian province of Ontario
also exported a substantial amount of municipal waste (about 2,000,000 tons), most
of it to Michigan.
New York, New Jersey, Illinois, and Maryland remained the largest exporters.
Together these four states accounted for 52% of waste exports nationally.
New York’s exports rose to 7,493,130 tons in 2001, according to seven
receiving states, an increase of nearly 700,000 tons over the previous year. The
5 Transfer stations receive waste from collection trucks, compact it, bale it, and load it on
larger trucks for disposal elsewhere.
CRS-10
increase reflects the March 2001 closure of New York City’s Fresh Kills Landfill —
the city’s last disposal facility.
New Jersey’s estimated exports, 5.4 million tons, have also grown dramatically.
In New Jersey’s case, the cause of increased exports is the overturning of the state’s
flow control law, which, until 1997, directed much of the state’s waste to high-cost
local facilities for disposal. The state law was overturned and the state exhausted its
appeals in October 1997. Exports have since grown by about 3 million tons per year.
Illinois’ exports, at 3.1 million tons, declined slightly in 2001, after several years
of rapid growth: despite the decline, the state’s exports in 2001 were still three and
a half times the amount reported for 1995.6 Most of the exports originate in Cook
County (Chicago and its suburbs), which has a relative shortage of disposal capacity.
Illinois as a whole reported a more than doubling of landfill capacity between 1995
and 2000, but Chicago is located near the border of both Indiana and Wisconsin; so
increases in capacity elsewhere in Illinois may not affect disposal decisions in the
metropolitan area.
In all, 13 states (and Ontario, Canada) increased waste exports by more than
100,000 tons each in the period, while 4 states had major decreases. In addition to
the exporters discussed above, Pennsylvania and Maryland showed the largest
increases (although in Pennsylvania’s case, the increased exports were dwarfed by
additional waste entering the state). Among states showing decreased exports,
California showed the largest drop, a reduction of nearly 450,000 tons.
Net Imports and Exports
Table 3 combines import and export data to rank the states by net amounts
imported or exported. The table shows that 25 states were net importers, 22 plus the
District of Columbia were net exporters. Thirty-nine of the 50 states had net imports
or exports exceeding 100,000 tons in the reporting period; 23 exceeded 500,000 tons.
Perhaps most interesting, given the tendency to identify states as either exporters or
importers, 17 states both exported and imported in excess of 100,000 tons of
municipal solid waste.
Several factors are at work here. In the larger states, there are sometimes
differences in available disposal capacity in different regions within the state. Areas
without capacity may be closer to landfills (or may at least find cheaper disposal
options) in other states. A good example is Illinois: the Chicago area, which is close
to two other states, exports significant amounts of waste out of state. Downstate,
however, Illinois has substantial available landfill capacity, and imports about 1
million tons annually from St. Louis and other locations in Missouri.
As noted earlier, the movement of waste also represents the growing
regionalization and consolidation of the waste industry. In 2001, the three largest
firms (Waste Management, Allied Waste, and Republic Services) accounted for 73%
6 Illinois, like most states, does not report waste exports. This export estimate was derived
from data provided by neighboring states.
CRS-11
of total revenues of the industry’s 100 largest firms.7 These large firms offer
integrated waste services, from collection to transfer station to disposal site, in many
locations. Often, they ship waste to their own disposal facility across a border, rather
than dispose of it at an in-state facility owned by a rival. As small landfills continue
to close — the number of U.S. landfills declined 52% between 1993 and 20008 —
this trend toward regionalization and consolidation is likely to continue. The amount
of waste being shipped across state lines for disposal may rise in this process.
Additional Information
The remainder of this report consists of a table summarizing waste import and
export data, by state. All 50 states and the District of Columbia are listed in
alphabetical order, with data for the amount of waste exported, destination of exports,
amount of waste imported, source of imports, and a state agency contact for
additional information.
7 “Waste Age 100,” Waste Age, June 2002, pp. 42-52.
8 “The State of Garbage in America,” BioCycle, April 1994, p. 51, and December 2001, p.
42.
CRS-12
Table 4. Amount and Destination of Exported MSW, and Amount and Sources of Imported MSW, by State
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
The state has no reporting
97% to Mississippi; small
The state has no reporting
Mostly from Georgia.
John Narramore,
system but plans to begin
amounts to Georgia and
system but plans to begin
AL Dept. of
collecting information
Tennessee.
collecting information
Environmental
Alabama
soon. Surrounding states
soon. BioCycle magazine
Management
report 107,769 tons of
reports 382,000 tons of
(334) 271-7764
exports from Alabama.
imports to Alabama.
Alaska estimates exports
Nearly all to Washington;
No imports.
N.A.
Glenn Miller,
at around 30,000 tons.
maybe a small amount to
AK Dept. of
Alaska
Oregon.
Environmental
Conservation
(907) 465-5153
Arizona does not export
Nevada, New Mexico
260,000 tons in the period
Nearly all from California.
David Janke,
significant amounts of
4/1/2001 to 3/31/2002.
A small amount comes
AZ Dept. of
MSW. There may be
from New Mexico. Very
Environmental Quality
flows of less than 100 tons
small amounts may also
(607) 207-4173
Arizona
per year to Nevada and
come from Nevada or
New Mexico. Also, the
Utah.
state does not track waste
of the Navajo nation,
which may export waste.
State reports 91,088 tons
State reports Oklahoma,
State does not track
Missouri
Darlene Hale,
exported in 2001. This
Missouri, and Louisiana
imports. According to the
AR Dept. of Pollution
includes all waste
are the main destinations.
state, there is probably
Control and Ecology
Arkansas
exported, not just MSW.
Mississippi also reports
very little waste being
(501) 682-0586
Receiving states report
imports from Arkansas.
imported. Missouri reports
comparable amounts.
exporting 12,718 tons to
Arkansas in 2001.
CRS-13
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
According to California,
Nevada and Arizona are
28,672 tons in 2000.
State does not keep track
Janelle Auyeung,
exports were
the major destinations. A
of where waste comes
CA Integrated Waste
2000: 746,433 tons
small amount goes to
from.
Management Board
1999: 1,010,232 tons
Washington.
(916) 341-6218
1998: 676,327 tons.
Receiving states report
California
slightly higher amounts.
Although exports are
substantial, they represent
only about 2% of the
MSW generated in the
state.
State does not track
Kansas, Nebraska, and
State does not track
Kansas, Nebraska, North
Glenn Mallory,
exports. Some very small
New Mexico
imports. Small amounts of
Dakota, and South Dakota
CO Dept. of Public Health
amounts of MSW may be
MSW may be imported
and Environment
exported to Kansas,
from Kansas and
(303) 692-3445
Colorado
Nebraska, and New
Nebraska. Out-of-state
Mexico.
tires are sometimes
disposed of in the state
from the Dakotas, Kansas,
and Nebraska.
CRS-14
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
According to Connecticut,
482,049 tons to
75,941 tons of MSW
36,617 tons from Rhode
Judy Belaval,
303,069 tons of MSW
Pennsylvania;
imported in FY2001
Island; 28,535 from
CT Dept. of
were exported in FY2001
123,067 tons to Ohio;
(7/1/2000 - 6/30/2001).
Massachusetts; 10,788
Environmental Protection
(7/1/2000 - 6/30/2001).
100,000 tons to NY; This does not include
from New York.
(860) 424-3237
This includes only waste
27,323 tons to Mass.
40,442 tons of NY waste
reported through transfer
managed at a CT transfer
Connecticut
stations and not waste
station and then exported
taken directly out of state
for disposal. Waste
by haulers. Receiving
imports have decreased
states report much more: a
substantially in recent
total of 732,439 tons
years.
received in 4 states in
2001.
MSW exports in 2001
97% to Pennsylvania and
The state operates 3
N.A.
Jamie Rutherford,
were 14,518 tons,
Virginia. Small amounts
landfills that are all
DE Dept. of Natural
according to Delaware.
reported by New York and
prohibited from accepting
Resources and
Receiving states report
Ohio.
out of state waste. There is
Environmental Control,
83,689 tons.
one private facility that is
(302) 739-3689
permitted as an industrial
waste facility that has in
Delaware
the past imported about
400,000 tons of
construction and
demolition waste.
However, most of the
waste going to that facility
now is probably from in-
state.
CRS-15
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
Receiving states report a
Virginia (97%)
New York reports sending
Mostly Maryland.
Sybil Hammond,
total of 966,052 tons in
Pennsylvania (3%)
800 tons of MSW to D.C.
D.C. Dept. of Public
2001.
in 2001. DC also imports
Works
substantial amounts of
(202) 673-6833
District of Columbia
waste from Maryland to
transfer stations located in
the District. None of this
waste is disposed in DC.
The state does not track
Georgia (93%)
The state does not track
N.A.
Peter Goren,
exports. Georgia and
South Carolina (7%)
imports. There is little
FL Dept. of
South Carolina report
incentive to import, since
Environmental Protection
receiving 519,251 tons of
disposal is less expensive
(850) 488-0300
MSW from Florida.
in Georgia.
Florida
Exports increased by two-
thirds in the most recent
report, but still represent
less than 2% of Florida’s
waste generation.
The state has no
Mostly to Alabama. South
964,285 tons in FY 2002
50% of the waste comes
Scott Henson,
information on exports.
Carolina and Tennessee
(7/1/2001 to 6/30/2002).
from Florida, 21% from
GA Dept. of Natural
CRS estimates 350,000
each report about 20,000
Waste imports have
New Jersey, 11% from
Resources
Georgia
tons of exports based on
tons from Georgia.
quadrupled since FY
South Carolina, 6% from
(404) 362-4533
information available for
1998.
Rhode Island, 4% from
three receiving states.
New York.
No exports of MSW.
N.A.
No imports of MSW.
N.A.
Gary Siu,
Hawaii
HI Dept. of Health
(808) 586-4244
Idaho estimates 134,062
Washington (82,928 tons)
State estimates 12,583
7,103 tons from Oregon;
Dean Ehlert,
tons of exports.
Oregon (27,956 tons)
tons of imports.
5,475 tons from Nevada; 5
ID Dept. of
Idaho
Montana (23,178 tons).
tons from Utah
Environmental Quality
(208) 373-0416
CRS-16
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
3,084,880 tons in 2001,
1,336,000 tons to Indiana
The state reports
Missouri (72%); Iowa
Ellen Gambach,
according to six receiving
(CRS estimate based on
importing 1,440,804 tons
(20%); Wisconsin (4%);
IL Environmental
states.
Indiana data). 865,000
in 2001.
Indiana (3%); Kentucky
Protection Agency
Illinois
tons to Wisconsin.
(1%); negligible amounts
(217) 782-9288
779,000 tons to Michigan.
from 6 other states.
Smaller amounts to three
other states.
Four receiving states
Michigan (536,033 tons),
1,456,699 tons of MSW in
92% from Illinois. The
Michelle Weddle,
report receiving a total of
Ohio (180,407 tons),
2001.
remainder mostly from
IN Dept of Environmental
927,245 tons from
Kentucky (161,858 tons),
Ohio, Kentucky, and
Management
Indiana. Indiana reports
Illinois (48,947 tons).
Michigan.
(317) 233-4624
335,190 tons of exports in
Indiana
2001, but this includes
only waste exported by
transfer stations, not waste
taken directly out of state
by haulers.
In FY2001 (7/1/2000-
345,372 tons to Illinois;
Iowa imported 505,598
478,641 tons (95%) from
Tammie Krausman,
6/30/2001), Iowa exported
24,599 tons to Nebraska;
tons of MSW in FY2001
Minnesota; smaller
IA Dept of Natural
Iowa
390,917 tons of MSW.
18,833 tons to Missouri;
(7/1/2000-6/30/2001).
amounts from Missouri,
Resources
2,113 tons to Wisconsin.
Nebraska, Illinois, South
(515) 281-8382
Dakota, and Wisconsin
53,111 tons exported in
Missouri and Oklahoma.
636,847 tons in 2001,
608,212 tons (96%) from
Kent Foerster,
2001. Oklahoma reports
which was 19% of total
Missouri; the remainder
KS Dept. of Health and
Kansas
substantially higher
MSW disposed of in the
from Oklahoma and
Environment
amounts.
state.
Nebraska.
(785) 296-1540
CRS-17
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
The state does not track
Tennessee (58%)
701,442 tons of MSW
379,820 tons (54%) from
Carol Sole,
exports. Four neighboring
Ohio (21%)
imported in 2001.
Ohio; 161,858 tons (23%)
KY Dept. for
states report 275,341 tons
Indiana (18%)
from Indiana; 119,617
Environmental Protection
Kentucky
of Kentucky exports.
Illinois (3%).
tons (17%) from W. Va.;
(502) 564-6716 x216
35,851 tons (5%) from
Tennessee. Small amts.
from 4 other states.
No tracking system, but
Mississippi. Small
No tracking. Mississippi
Mississippi
Dennis Duszynski,
Mississippi reports that it
amounts may go to Texas,
reports its border areas
LA Dept. of
Louisiana
received 103,539 tons
as well.
may export small amounts
Environmental Quality
from Louisiana in 2001.
to Louisiana.
(225) 765-0230
50,862 tons in 1999, plus
19,000 to New Brunswick
164,527 tons of MSW in
Massachusetts (74%); the
George MacDonald,
40,412 tons of
(Canada); most of the rest
1999.
rest from New Hampshire.
ME Dept of
Maine
construction and
to New Hampshire.
Environmental Protection
demolition waste.
(207) 287-5759
Maryland reported
1,718,468 tons to Virginia;
39,926 tons imported in
Delaware, Pennsylvania,
Frank Diller,
1,547,065 tons of MSW
361,710 tons to
2001. Maryland also
Virginia, West Virginia,
MD Dept of the
exported in 2000.
Pennsylvania.
imported 422,945 tons of
and D.C.
Environment
Maryland
Receiving states, which
C&D waste.
(410) 631-4143
have reported data for
2001, reported receiving
2,081,230 tons.
CRS-18
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
1,015,042 tons exported in
327,576 tons to South
67,247 tons of MSW
27,323 tons from
Brian Holdridge,
2001; nearly 400,000 tons
Carolina; 273,111 tons to
imported in 2001; 141,135
Connecticut; 21,196 tons
MA Dept. of
of other waste (mainly
New York; 200,242 tons to
tons of other waste
from New Hampshire;
Environmental Protection
construction and
New Hampshire; 155,314
(mainly construction and
16,189 tons from Rhode
(617) 292-5578
demolition waste and
tons to Maine; smaller
demolition waste, tires,
Island; 2,078 tons from
tires).
amounts to Connecticut,
and ash).
Vermont; 461 tons from
Massachusetts
Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode
New York.
Island, and Canada. New
York reports receiving
450,000 tons of MSW in
2001, substantially more
than Massachusetts
reports.
The state does not track
Ohio (55%)
In FY2001, 10/1/2000 -
Ontario, Canada (50%),
Lynn Dumroese,
exports, but two
Indiana (45%).
9/30/2001, imports were
Illinois (22%), Indiana
MI Dept. of
neighboring states
3,597,729 tons, 757,000
(15%), Ohio (9%),
Environmental Quality
Michigan
reported 146,358 tons
tons more than in FY2000.
Wisconsin (4%)
(517) 373-4738
from Michigan in 2001, an
(Data converted from
Imports from Ontario are
increase of 72%.
cubic yards by CRS).
growing rapidly.
671,800 tons in 2001, a
372,300 tons to Iowa;
Imports were
N.A.
Jim Chiles,
slight decrease from
239,700 tons to Wisconsin; inconsequential.
MN Pollution Control
Minnesota
704,878 tons in 2000.
58,400 to North Dakota;
Agency
1,400 to South Dakota .
(651) 296-7273
State does not track
Any exports most likely go
466,399 tons of MSW in
230,237 tons (49%) from
Pradip Bhowal,
exports, but believes small
to Alabama, Louisiana,
2001.
Tennessee; 104,550 tons
MS Dept. of
amounts of waste are
and Tennessee.
(22%) from Alabama;
Environmental Quality
being exported from
103,539 tons (22%) from
(601) 961-5082
Mississippi
“isolated areas” near the
Louisiana; 27,910 tons
borders. Tennessee
(6%) from Arkansas.
reports receiving 74,515
tons of Mississippi waste.
CRS-19
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
According to Missouri,
Illinois (62%),
178,032 tons in 2001.
80,441 tons from Illinois;
Debbie Sessler,
1,439,834 tons in 2001.
Kansas (36%).
75,937 tons from
MO Dept. of Natural
MSW definition includes
Small amounts to
Arkansas; 11,135 tons
Resources
Missouri
some industrial waste.
Arkansas, Iowa,
from Kansas; 10,159 tons
(573) 751-5401
Receiving states report
Tennessee, and Indiana.
from Iowa.
1,671,162 tons.
The state says it sends a
North Dakota
33,964 tons in 2001.
27,373 tons (81%) from
Pat Crowley,
“tiny little bit” to North
Idaho; small amounts
MT Dept. of Health and
Montana
Dakota.
from North Dakota,
Environmental Sciences
Washington, and
(406) 444-5294
Wyoming.
Nebraska does not collect
Iowa and Kansas.
Nebraska does not collect
Mostly from Iowa. Some
Keith Powell,
annual data on waste
annual data on waste
from South Dakota.
NE Dept. of
exports. From 7/1/2000 -
imports. A one-time
Environmental Quality
6/30/2001, Iowa reports
survey reported 122,500
(402) 471-4210
receiving 9,255 tons. In
tons in 1997. Probably
Nebraska
calendar year 2001,
hasn’t been much change
Kansas reports receiving
since then, according to
8,645.
the state. Iowa reports
sending 24,599 tons from
7/1/2000 - 6/30/2001.
There are no exports from
Idaho
532,615 tons in 2001,
Almost all from
Les Gould,
Nevada according to the
about 16% of total MSW
California. Tiny amounts
NV Division of
Nevada
state. Idaho reports
disposed in Nevada.
from Arizona and Utah.
Environmental Protection
receiving 5,475 tons from
(775) 687-4670 x3018
Nevada.
57,000 tons in 2001.
Massachusetts and New
250,000 tons in 2001, less
Mainly Massachusetts.
Pierce Rigrod,
York
than half of what was
NH Dept. of
New Hampshire
imported in 1999.
Environmental Services
(603) 271-3713
CRS-20
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
5,431,121 tons in 2001,
88% to Pennsylvania, 5%
892,394 tons in 2000, a
Nearly all from New
Ray Worob,
according to six importing
to Ohio, 4% to Georgia,
slight increase from 1999.
York.
NJ Dept. of
New Jersey
states. New Jersey reports
3% to Virginia.
Environmental Protection
substantially less:
(609) 984-6903
2,651,000 tons in 2000.
The state says there are no
Arizona and Texas
In 2001, 750,000 tons of
Colorado, Texas, and
John O’Connell,
exports: New Mexico’s
MSW were imported,
maquiladora waste from
NM Environment Dept.
tipping fees are lower than
more than triple the
Mexican border areas.
(505) 827-2385
those in surrounding
amount two years earlier.
New Mexico
states. However, Texas
The imported waste
and Arizona both report
represented 25% of all
receiving small amounts
waste landfilled in the
of waste from New
state in 2001.
Mexico.
Seven importing states report
Primarily Pennsylvania (4.8
New York estimates
450,000 tons (54%) from
Gerard Wagner,
a total of 7,493,130 tons
million tons), Virginia (1.1
839,700 tons were
Massachusetts; 200,000
NY State Dept. of
from New York. New York
million tons), New Jersey
imported in 2001 from
tons (24%) from
Environmental
facilities reported exports of
(879,000 tons), and Ohio
“selected states”. Waste
Pennsylvania; 100,000
Conservation
4,900,100 tons in 2001, but
(664,000 tons).
these data are believed to be
imports to New York have
tons (12%) from
(518) 402-8692
incomplete.
grown by 700,000 tons
Connecticut; lesser
since 1998.
amounts from Vermont,
New York
New Jersey, New
Hampshire, Maine,
Maryland, and other
states. In addition,
Ontario, Canada reports
sending 190,000 tons of
MSW to New York.
CRS-21
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
900,743 tons in FY2001
Virginia, South Carolina,
21,614 tons in FY2001
Virginia
Paul Chrisman,
(July 2000 to June 2001),
incidental amounts to
NC Dept. of Environment
a decline of 206,000 tons
Georgia and Tennessee
and Natural Resources
North Carolina
from the previous year,
(919) 733-0692 x254
but still an 8-fold increase
since FY 1996.
The state does not track
Montana (3,735 tons)
103,382 tons MSW in
Mainly from Minnesota;
Steve Tillotson,
MSW exports. Two states
Pennsylvania (11,683
2000.
small amounts from South
ND Dept. of Health
North Dakota
report receiving a total of
tons).
Dakota and Montana.
(701) 328-5166
15,418 tons of MSW from
North Dakota.
986,693 tons in 2001.
Mostly to Kentucky (46%)
Ohio reports importing
New York (33%),
Michelle Kenton,
and Michigan (31%).
1,988,753 tons of MSW in
Pennsylvania (19%), New
OH Environmental
Lesser amounts to West
2001, a 200,000 ton
Jersey (13%), Indiana
Protection Agency
Virginia (12%),
increase from 2000.
(9%), Connecticut (6%),
(614) 728-5368
Ohio
Pennsylvania (9%), and
and West Virginia (6%)
Indiana (3%).
accounted for the bulk of
imports. The other 14%
came from 20 states, DC,
and the Virgin Islands.
The state does not track
Kansas
CRS estimates 125,000
Mostly from Kansas.
John Roberts,
waste exports but does not
tons in 2001. Oklahoma
Arkansas and Texas also
OK Dept. of
believe much waste is
does not track waste
report sending MSW to
Environmental Quality
exported. Kansas reports
imports, but the state is
Oklahoma.
(405) 702-5100
receiving 19,990 tons of
aware that in September
MSW from Oklahoma in
2001, the City of Wichita,
Oklahoma
2001.
Kansas began exporting
about 1,500 tons per day
of MSW to Oklahoma for
disposal. In addition,
small amounts come from
Arkansas and Texas.
CRS-22
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
Michigan reports
Michigan, New York
None.
N.A.
Bruce Pope,
receiving 1,786,284 tons
Ontario Ministry of
of waste from Ontario,
Environment and Energy
Ontario, Canada
10/1/2000 - 9/30/2001.
(416) 325-4420
Ontario estimates that
another 190,000 tons is
disposed in New York.
19,384 tons of MSW in
Some to Idaho, most to
1,301,882 tons of MSW in
Most from Seattle-area in
Judy Henderson,
2000.
Washington.
2000.
Washington; small amount
OR Dept. of
Oregon
from California and Idaho.
Environmental Quality
(503) 229-5521
The state does not track
64% to Ohio,
10,666,090 tons of MSW
New York and New Jersey
Sally Lohman,
exports. According to
35% to New York,
in 2001, 30% of the nat’l
accounted for nearly 90%
PA Dept. of
neighboring states,
1% to Virginia.
total, an increase of about
of MSW imports, at about
Environmental Protection
Pennsylvania exported
900,000 tons from 2000.
45% each. 482,049 tons,
(717) 787-7382
Pennsylvania
576,525 tons of MSW in
The state also imported
or 5%, came from
2001.
1,938,857 tons of sludge,
Connecticut; 361,410 tons
industrial, residual, C&D,
(4%) from Maryland. The
ash, and asbestos waste, a
rest came from 8 other
decrease from 2000.
states and DC.
121,631 tons in 2000, all
Connecticut about 36,000
121,930 tons in 2000,
N.A.
Robert Schmidt,
of which was waste
tons, Massachusetts about
nearly all of this waste
RI Dept. of Environmental
Rhode Island
imported to a transfer
41,000. Georgia reports
was imported to transfer
Management
station and then exported
receiving 56,883 tons.
stations and then exported
(401) 222-2797 x7260
elsewhere for disposal.
for disposal.
CRS-23
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
101,603 tons in FY2001
Georgia
The state reports that it
345,570 tons (60%) from
Celeste Duckett,
(7/1/2000 - 6/30/2001).
imported 579,298 tons of
Massachusetts; 133,986
SC Dept. of Health and
“defined” MSW in
tons (23%) from Texas;
Environmental Control
FY2001 (7/1/2000 -
The remainder from
(803) 896-4226
6/30/2001), which
Florida, New Jersey,
South Carolina
includes residential,
Georgia, and North
commercial, institutional
Carolina.
and industrial
packaging/administrative
wastes.
The state does not track
Iowa
The state does not track
Minnesota Jim
Wente,
exports. A small amount
imports. A small amount
SD Dept. of Environment
of exporting may occur,
of importing may occur,
and Natural Resources
South Dakota
but it is not significant.
but it is not significant.
(605) 773-3153
Iowa reports 2,400 tons of
Minnesota reports sending
waste from South Dakota
1,400 tons to South
in FY 2001.
Dakota.
The state does not track
Mississippi (76%)
329,036 tons in 2001.
159,772 tons (49%) from
A. Wayne Brashear,
waste exports, but
Kentucky (12%)
Kentucky; 74,515 tons
TN Dept. of Environment
neighboring states report
Virginia (9%)
(23%) from Mississippi;
and Conservation
303,882 tons of Tennessee
Georgia (3%).
41,725 tons (13%) from
(615) 532-8010
waste exports.
North Carolina; 21,324
Tennessee
tons (6%) from Virginia;
19,547 tons (6%) from
Georgia; the rest from
Arkansas, Missouri, and
Alabama.
CRS-24
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
No reporting requirement
New Mexico is probably
In FY2001 (9/1/2000 -
Louisiana, New Mexico,
Lynne Haase,
for exported waste.
the major destination.
8/31/2001), 34,173 tons of
Oklahoma, and Mexico.
TX Commission on
Estimates based on
Texas says waste most
MSW were imported.
Some smaller amounts
Environmental Quality
regional plans show
likely goes to New
may come from other
(512) 239-6613
Texas
518,698 tons of residential
Mexico, Louisiana, and
states.
and commercial MSW
Oklahoma. South Carolina
were exported to other
also reports receiving
states from Sept. 1,1999 to
significant quantities of
Aug. 31, 2000.
Texas waste.
As in 2000, about 1,000
Nevada
5,967 tons in 2001, a large
Massachusetts
Jeff Emmons,
tons of 2001 MSW went
decrease from 2000
UT Dept. of
from Wendover, Utah to
(66,000 tons).
Environmental Quality
Utah
Wendover, Nevada. There
(801)538-6748
might be some small
amount of exports from
Indian reservations.
121,546 tons in 2000, an
74,982 tons to New York;
No reported imports.
N.A.
Julie Hackbarth,
increase from 88,350 in
44,988 tons to New
VT Dept. of
Vermont
1999.
Hampshire; 1,576 tons to
Environmental
Massachusetts.
Conservation
(802) 241-3446
The state does not track
North Carolina (46%)
4,098,684 tons of MSW in
97% from 3 states and
Kathy Frahm,
MSW exports. Three
Tennessee (45%)
2001, plus 720,782 tons of
DC: 1,443,724 tons from
VA Dept. of
states report 47,419 tons
Pennsylvania (9%).
other waste (mostly
Maryland; 1,120,111 tons
Environmental Quality
Virginia
of exports from Virginia.
sludge, incinerator ash,
from New York; 936,387
(804) 698-4376
and C&D waste).
tons from DC; 486,942
tons from NC; less than
3% from 13 other states.
CRS-25
Amount of
Destination of
Amount of
Sources of
State
MSW Exported
Exported Waste
MSW Imported
Imported Waste
State Contact
949,685 tons in 2000.
Oregon
116,365 tons in 2000, a
41,808 tons from Canada
Ellen Caywood,
decrease from 243,292
(mainly British
WA Dept. of Ecology
tons in 1999, mainly due
Columbia); California,
(360) 407-6132
Washington
to a landfill losing a
30,139 tons; Idaho, 24,035
California contract.
tons; Alaska, 20,129 tons;
Oregon 198 tons;
Antarctica, 56 tons.
No tracking system. Ohio,
Ohio and Kentucky (36%
The state has no tracking
Ohio reports shipping
Anne Howell,
Kentucky, Pennsylvania,
each), Pennsylvania
system, but estimates that
119,077 tons to West
WV Division of
West Virginia
and Virginia reported
(16%), Virginia (12%).
it imports about 200,000
Virginia in 2001. Other
Environmental Protection
331,635 tons from West
tons of MSW per year.
sources, N.A.
(304) 558-4253
Virginia.
The state does not collect
Michigan (146,442 tons)
1,106,928 tons in 2001.
865,404 tons (78%) from
Wayne Ringquist,
export data, but three
Illinois (57,049 tons)
Illinois; 238,836 tons
WI Dept. of Natural
receiving states report
Indiana (1,340 tons).
(22%) from Minnesota.
Resources
Wisconsin
204,831 tons of Wisconsin
Small amounts from Iowa
(608)267-7557
exports in 2001, about
and Michigan.
18% less than in 1999.
The state does not collect
N.A.
The state does not collect
N.A.
Bob Doctor,
export data. A few tons a
import data. A few tons a
WY Dept. of
Wyoming
day may leave the state.
day may enter the state.
Environmental Quality
(307) 473-3468
N.A. = not available
Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews with and data provided by state program officials.